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volatile profile and microbiological characterization of hollow defect in dry-cured ham.this paper describes the physicochemical and microbiological parameters and volatile profile of the muscles surrounding the coxofemoral joint which are affected with hollow defect when compared to the part of muscles nearby which did not show this defect. differences of the same parameters between both areas in dry-cured hams without this defect were also analyzed. gram-positive catalase-positive cocci were the predominant flora in the muscles affected with hollow defect, with the main species b ...201020674188
the chitinolytic activity of listeria monocytogenes egd is regulated by carbohydrates but also by the virulence regulator prfa.chitin, an insoluble polymer of n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (glcnac), is one of the most abundant carbohydrate polymers in marine and terrestrial environments. chitin hydrolysis by listeria monocytogenes depends on two chitinase-encoding genes, chia and chib, and the aim of this study was to investigate their regulation. chitin induces the expression of both chitinases in late exponential growth phase, and chia but not chib is furthermore induced by the monomer glcnac. furthermore, their expression i ...201020675445
modeling the effect of abrupt acid and osmotic shifts within the growth region and across growth boundaries on adaptation and growth of listeria monocytogenes.this study aims to model the effects of acid and osmotic shifts on the intermediate lag time of listeria monocytogenes at 10°c in a growth medium. the model was developed from data from a previous study (c. i. a. belessi, y. le marc, s. i. merkouri, a. s. gounadaki, s. schvartzman, k. jordan, e. h. drosinos, and p. n. skandamis, submitted for publication) on the effects of osmotic and ph shifts on the kinetics of l. monocytogenes. the predictive ability of the model was assessed on new data in m ...201020675449
transcriptome analysis of alkali shock and alkali adaptation in listeria monocytogenes 10403s.alkali stress is an important means of inactivating undesirable pathogens in a wide range of situations. unfortunately, listeria monocytogenes can launch an alkaline tolerance response, significantly increasing persistence of the pathogen in such environments. this study compared transcriptome patterns of alkali and non-alkali-stressed l. monocytogenes 10403s cells, to elucidate the mechanisms by which listeria adapts and/or grows during short- or long-term alkali stress. transcription profiles ...201020677981
a new family of phosphoinositide phosphatases in microorganisms: identification and biochemical analysis.phosphoinositide metabolism is essential to membrane dynamics and impinges on many cellular processes, including phagocytosis. modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism is important for pathogenicity and virulence of many human pathogens, allowing them to survive and replicate in the host cells. phosphoinositide phosphatases from bacterial pathogens are therefore key players in this modulation and constitute attractive targets for chemotherapy. mptpb, a virulence factor from mycobacterium tuberc ...201020678187
application of an active alginate coating to control the growth of listeria monocytogenes on poached and deli turkey products.the relatively high prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (rte) turkey products is of great concern. the overall objective of this study was to develop antimicrobial edible coating formulations to effectively control the growth of this pathogen. the antimicrobials studied were nisin (500iu/g), novagard cb 1 (0.25%), guardian nr100 (500ppm), sodium lactate (sl, 2.4%), sodium diacetate (sd, 0.25%), and potassium sorbate (ps, 0.3%). these were incorporated alone or in binary combinat ...201020678824
neutrophils influence the level of antigen presentation during the immune response to protein antigens in adjuvants.neutrophils modulated ag presentation following immunization with ags in cfa or ifa or alum. the neutrophils had an important negative role in the cd4 t cell and b cell responses to three protein ags: hen egg white lysozyme, ova, and listeriolysin o. in their absence (by depleting with abs for only the first 24 h, or using genetically neutropenic mice), the cellular responses increased several-fold. the cd8 response was not affected or slightly decreased. competition for ag between the presentin ...201020679530
presence and incidence of food-borne pathogens in australian chicken litter.1. litter samples were collected at the end of the production cycle from spread litter in a single shed from each of 28 farms distributed across the three eastern seaboard states of australia. 2. the geometric mean for salmonella was 44 most probable number (mpn)/g for the 20 positive samples. five samples were between 100 and 1000 mpn/g and one at 10(5) mpn/g, indicating a range of factors are contributing to these varying loads of this organism in litter. 3. the geometric mean for campylobacte ...201020680865
listeria monocytogenes (delta-acta mutant) infection in tumor necrosis factor receptor p55-deficient neonatal mice.using tnf receptor 1 knock out (tnfr1ko) mice, we investigated the role played by tnfr1 in immune regulation during neonatal listeriosis. induction of protective immune response in wild type pups resulted in the prompt control of infection with an attenuated deltaacta mutant listeria monocytogenes, accompanied by enhanced hepatic expression of mrna for ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha, and il-10. conversely, the lack of tnfr1 signalling in tnfr1ko neonatal mice resulted in substantial changes in the profile ...201020685289
amoxicillin-bearing microparticles: potential in the treatment of listeria monocytogenes infection in swiss albino mice.the present study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of amoxicillin-bearing hsa (human serum albumin) and plga [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] microparticles in combating listeria monocytogenes infection in swiss albino mice. amoxicillin-bearing hsa microspheres were prepared by chemical cross-linking of a drug/albumin mixture with glutaraldehyde, and plga microspheres were prepared by the w/o/w (water-in-oil-in-water) emulsion technique. the microspheres were characterized for their size ...201120687896
brichos domain-containing leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 1-like cdna from disk abalone haliotis discus discus.a brichos domain-containing leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 1-like cdna was cloned from the disk abalone (haliotis discus discus) and designated as ablect-1. a full-length (705 bp) of ablect-1 cdna was composed of a 576 bp open reading frame that translates into a putative peptide of 192 amino acids. deduced amino acid sequence of ablect-1 had 15.5- and 27.8% identity and similarity to human lect-1, respectively. quantitative real-time pcr analysis results showed that the mrna of ablect-1 was ...201020688173
characterisation of an antiviral pediocin-like bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecium.the bacteriocin-producing strain enterococcus faecium st5ha was isolated from smoked salmon and identified by biomolecular techniques. ent. faecium st5ha produces a pediocin-like bacteriocin with activity against several lactic acid bacteria, listeria spp. and some other human and food pathogens, and remarkably against hsv-1 virus. bacteriocin st5ha was produced at high levels in mrs broth at 30 degrees c and 37 degrees c, reaching a maximum production of 1.0 x 10(9) au/ml, checked against liste ...201020688228
isolation and identification of enterococcus faecium from seafoods: antimicrobial resistance and production of bacteriocin-like substances.a collection of isolates from uncooked seafoods (molluscs, fish, and fish fillets) were identified as enterococcus faecium species and studied in further detail. isolates were clustered in well-defined genomic groups according to food origin after eric-pcr analysis. four isolates (fr 1-2, fb 1-3-b, fb 3-1, fta 1-2) decarboxylated lysine, ornithine, and tyrosine. isolate fr 1-2 also decarboxylated histidine. most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics of clinical use, but resistance was detected ...201020688238
molecular pathogenesis of listeria monocytogenes in the alternative model host galleria mellonella.larvae of galleria mellonella, the greater wax moth, provide an alternative infection model for many human pathogens as they are amenable to use at elevated incubation temperatures (37 °c). this study and a parallel study by mukherjee et al. [mukherjee, k., altincicek, b., hain, t., domann, e., vilcinskas, a. & chakraborty, t. (2010). appl environ microbiol 76, 310-317] establish this insect host as an appropriate model to investigate the pathogenesis of listeria species. in this study we ...201020688820
glutamate decarboxylase-mediated nisin resistance in listeria monocytogenes.analysis of a complete set of glutamate decarboxylase (gad) mutants of listeria monocytogenes strain lo28 (δgadd1, δgaddt1, δgadd2, δgadt2, and δgadd3 mutants) revealed that the δgadd1 mutant is impaired in its ability to tolerate exposure to both sublethal and lethal levels of the lantibiotic nisin. gadd1 is strain variable and is found only in approximately 50% of l. monocytogenes strains. growth and survival experiments revealed that possession of gadd1 correlates with a higher degree of tole ...201020693450
[comparative characteristics of oxygen-dependent and nitroxide-forming enzymatic systems of macrophages in staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes infections].the reactivity of oxide-dependent and nitroxide-forming enzymatic systems of macrophages infected by bacteria, characterized by intraphagosomal (staphylococcus aureus) and intracytoplasmatic (listeria monocytogenes) localization in the phagocyte has been investigated. the correlation analysis revealed links between indices of the activity of oxide-dependent and nitroxide-forming enzymatic systems of infected macrophages.201020695216
when toll-like receptor and t-cell receptor signals collide: a mechanism for enhanced cd8 t-cell effector function.emerging reports reveal that activating toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2)-myd88 signals in cd8 t lymphocytes enhances cytokine production and cytotoxicity; however, the signaling pathway remains undefined. in the present study, we examined the physiologic significance and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. we found that tlr2 engagement on t-cell receptor transgenic cd8 ot-1 t cells increased t-bet transcription factor levels consequently, augmenting effector transcript and protein levels b ...201020696947
surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks --- united states, 2007.foodborne agents cause an estimated 76 million illnesses annually in the united states. outbreak surveillance provides insights into the causes of foodborne illness, types of implicated foods, and settings of foodborne infections that can be used in food safety strategies to prevent and control foodborne disease. cdc collects data on foodborne disease outbreaks submitted from all states and territories. this report summarizes epidemiologic data for the 1,097 reported outbreaks occurring during 2 ...201020703204
foodborne proportion of gastrointestinal illness: estimates from a canadian expert elicitation survey.the study used a structured expert elicitation survey to derive estimates of the foodborne attributable proportion for nine illnesses caused by enteric pathogens in canada. it was based on a similar study conducted in the united states and focused on campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoidal salmonella enterica, shigella spp., vibrio spp., yersinia enterocolitica, cryptosporidium parvum, and norwalk-like virus. for each pathogen, experts were asked to provide ...201020704505
salt stress phenotypes in listeria monocytogenes vary by genetic lineage and temperature.listeria monocytogenes can survive and grow under wide-ranging environmental stress conditions encountered both in foods and in the host. the ability of certain l. monocytogenes subtypes to thrive under stress conditions present in specific niches was hypothesized to reflect genetic characteristics and phenotypic capabilities conserved among strains within a subtype. to quantify variations in salt stress phenotypes among 40 strains selected to represent the diversity of the three major l. monocy ...201020707723
growth temperature-dependent contributions of response regulators, σb, prfa, and motility factors to listeria monocytogenes invasion of caco-2 cells.foodborne pathogens encounter rapidly changing environmental conditions during transmission, including exposure to temperatures below 37°c. the goal of this study was to develop a better understanding of the effects of growth temperatures and temperature shifts on regulation of invasion phenotypes and invasion-associated genes in listeria monocytogenes. we specifically characterized the effects of l. monocytogenes growth at different temperatures (30°c vs. 37°c) on (i) the contributions to caco- ...201020707735
listeria monocytogenes lineages: genomics, evolution, ecology, and phenotypic characteristics.listeria monocytogenes consists of at least 4 evolutionary lineages (i, ii, iii, and iv) with different but overlapping ecological niches. most l. monocytogenes isolates seem to belong to lineages i and ii, which harbor the serotypes more commonly associated with human clinical cases, including serotype 1/2a (lineage ii) and serotypes 1/2b and 4b (lineage i). lineage ii strains are common in foods, seem to be widespread in the natural and farm environments, and are also commonly isolated from an ...201120708964
fidelity of pathogen-specific cd4+ t cells to the th1 lineage is controlled by exogenous cytokines, interferon-gamma expression, and pathogen lifestyle.the degree of lineage stability achieved by pathogen-specific cd4(+) t cells in vivo, and how this impacts host defense against infection, remains unclear. we demonstrate that in response to th1-polarizing intracellular bacterial or viral pathogens, only 80%-90% of responding polyclonal t cells become indelibly committed to this lineage. th1 commitment was nearly invariant in cells that proliferated extensively, but perturbations to the extrinsic cytokine milieu or the pathogen's ability to ente ...201020709293
a targeted multilocus genotyping assay for lineage, serogroup, and epidemic clone typing of listeria monocytogenes.a 30-probe assay was developed for simultaneous classification of listeria monocytogenes isolates by lineage (i to iv), major serogroup (4b, 1/2b, 1/2a, and 1/2c), and epidemic clone (ec) type (eci, ecia, ecii, and eciii). the assay was designed to facilitate rapid strain characterization and the integration of subtype data into risk-based inspection programs.201020709839
tela contributes to the innate resistance of listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.nisin is a class i bacteriocin (lantibiotic), which is employed by the food and veterinary industries and exhibits potent activity against numerous pathogens. however, this activity could be further improved through the targeting and inhibition of factors that contribute to innate nisin resistance. here we describe a novel locus, lmo1967, which is required for optimal nisin resistance in listeria monocytogenes. the importance of this locus, which is a homologue of the tellurite resistance gene t ...201020713661
tyrosine kinase 2 controls il-1ß production at the translational level.il-1beta is an important proinflammatory cytokine with a major role in several inflammatory diseases. expression of il-1beta is tightly regulated at the level of transcription, mrna stability, and proteolytic processing. in this study, we report that il-1beta expression in response to lps is also regulated at the translational level. lps-induced il-1beta protein levels in macrophages derived from murine bone marrow are markedly increased in the absence of tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2). increased il-1 ...201020713887
isolation and purification of two bacteriocins 3d produced by enterococcus faecium with inhibitory activity against listeria monocytogenes.strain 3d, isolated from fermented traditional moroccan dairy product, and identified as enterococcus faecium, was studied for its capability to produce two bacteriocins acting against listeria monocytogenes. bacteriocins 3 da and 3db were heat stable inactivated by proteinase k, pepsin, and trypsin but not when treated with catalase. the evidenced bacteriocins were stable in a wide ph range from 2 to 11 and bactericidal activity was kept during storage at 4°c. however, the combination of temper ...201120717676
impact of mechanical shear on the survival of listeria monocytogenes on surfaces.the impact of mechanical surface shear on microbial viability is rarely a subject for exploration in food processing. the objective of this research was to investigate the impact of mechanical shear on the survival of listeria monocytogenes on surfaces. mechanical shear created by slicing a model food was explored to investigate the viability of l. monocytogenes. cell injury/death was readily demonstrated in fluorescence images by confocal microscopy in which the live and dead cells were fluores ...201020722924
hrca and dnak are important for static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance in listeria monocytogenes.the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes is able to form biofilms in food processing environments. since biofilms are generally difficult to eradicate during clean-up procedures, they pose a major risk for the food industry. stress resistance mechanisms involved in l. monocytogenes biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance have, to our knowledge, not been identified thus far. in this study, we investigated the role of hrca, which encodes the transcriptional regulator of the class i hea ...201020724383
development of a live and highly attenuated listeria monocytogenes-based vaccine for the treatment of her2/neu-overexpressing cancers in human.a chimeric human her2/neu gene (chher2) harboring most of the known major histocompatibility complex class i epitopes of the her2/neu oncogene was expressed as a fusion protein to a non-hemolytic fragment of listeriolysin o (llo), by the highly attenuated listeria vector lmdda, which lacks antibiotic selection markers and the ability to spread from cell-to-cell. this construct (adxs31-164) was tested for immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects in mice. despite being highly attenuated, adxs31-164 p ...201120725099
rapid identification of listeria species and screening for variants by melting curve and high-resolution melting curve analyses of the intergenic spacer region of the rrna gene.the presence of any listeria species in food may be an indicator of poor hygiene in food processing facilities. the biochemical identification of listeria species is laborious and time consuming. therefore, the development of novel identification methods that are rapid and simple to perform would be an asset. in this study, large intergenic spacer region amplicons of 343-374 bp were generated from 207 listeria isolates. the melting curve analysis of these amplicons specifically classified all is ...201020725130
[typing of listeria monocytogenes in import and export foods with pfge].to investigate the molecular type and genetic correlation of listeria monocytogenes (lmo) isolated from imported and exported foods.201020726251
differentiation and persistence of memory cd8(+) t cells depend on t cell factor 1.t cell factor 1 (tcf-1) is a transcription factor known to act downstream of the canonical wnt pathway and is essential for normal t cell development. however, its physiological roles in mature cd8(+) t cell responses are unknown. here we showed that tcf-1 deficiency limited proliferation of cd8(+) effector t cells and impaired their differentiation toward a central memory phenotype. moreover, tcf-1-deficient memory cd8(+) t cells were progressively lost over time, exhibiting reduced expression ...201020727791
first molluscan transcription factor activator protein-1 (ap-1) member from disk abalone and its expression profiling against immune challenge and tissue injury.the regulation of transcriptional activation is an essential and critical point in gene expression. in this study, we describe a novel transcription factor activator protein-1 (ap-1) gene from disk abalone haliotis discus discus (abap-1) for the first time in mollusk. it was identified by homology screening of an abalone normalized cdna library. the cloned abap-1 consists of a 945 bp coding region that encodes a putative protein containing 315 amino acids. the abap-1 gene is composed of a charac ...201020732431
class iia bacteriocin resistance in enterococcus faecalis v583: the mannose pts operon mediates global transcriptional responses.the class iia bacteriocin, pediocin pa-1, has clear potential as food preservative and in the medical field to be used against gram negative pathogen species as enterococcus faecalis and listeria monocytogenes. resistance towards class iia bacteriocins appear in laboratory and characterization of these phenotypes is important for their application. to gain insight into bacteriocin resistance we studied mutants of e. faecalis v583 resistant to pediocin pa-1 by use of transcriptomic analyses.201020738841
heterologous production of pediocin pa-1 in lactobacillus reuteri.the recombinant dna plr5cat_psab in which pediocin pa-1 structural and immunity genes (pedab) fused with the promoter and deduced signal sequence of an alpha-amylase gene from a bifidobacterial strain were inserted in plr5cat, an escherichia coli-lactobacilli shuttle vector was transferred to lactobacillus reuteri kctc 3679 and the transformant presented bacteriocin activity. the recombinant l. reuteri kctc 3679 transformed with the shortened plr5cat(s)_psab, where non-essential region for the l ...201020798585
inhibitory effect of the essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa on the growth of food-borne pathogens.in this study, the antibacterial activity of essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa (sieb. et zucc) leaves and twigs was investigated. the test strains were klebsiella pneumoniae, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, legionella pneumophila, and methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus. antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring bacterial growth inhibition. histopathological examination was also performed. c. obtusa oil distinctly in ...201020799092
inactivation of several strains of listeria monocytogenes attached to the surface of packaging material by na-chlorophyllin-based photosensitization.this study was focused on the possibility to inactivate thermosensitive listeria monocytogenes atc(l3)c 7644 and thermoresistant 56 ly strain by na-chlorophyllin (na-chl)-based photosensitization in vitro and on the surface of packaging. comparative analysis of antimicrobial efficiency of photosensitization with conventional surface cleaning was performed. data indicate that both listeria strains, after incubation with na-chl and following illumination (λ=400nm, 20mwcm(-2)), were inactivated by ...201020801669
diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in australia.the occurrence of 10 pathogens and three fecal indicators was assessed by quantitative pcr in manures of australian feedlot cattle. most samples tested positive for one or more pathogens. for the dominant pathogens campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes, giardia spp., cryptosporidium spp., and eaea-positive escherichia coli, 10² to 10⁷ genome copies g⁻¹ (dry weight) manure were recovered.201020802080
antimicrobial resistance and investigation of the molecular epidemiology of listeria monocytogenes in dairy products.listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous microorganism in nature and is responsible for listeriosis, an infectious disease caused by consumption of contaminated food.201020802935
splenic autotransplantation reverses interferon-gamma and nitric oxide production and resistance to listeria monocytogenes in splenectomized mice.splenectomized mice control listeria monocytogenes infection better than non-splenectomized mice. here, balb/c mice subjected to splenectomy and autogenous grafting of spleen were evaluated after 3 and 7 days of intravenous l. monocytogenes infection. the group of splenectomized animals (sp) presented a lower number of bacteria in the liver in comparison with both the sham-operated control group (ct) and the group that received splenic autotransplantation (at) in the retroperitoneal site. the at ...201120804533
regulation of memory cd8 t-cell differentiation by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1.induction of potent t-cell memory is the goal of vaccinations, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate the formation of memory cd8 t cells are not well understood. despite the recognition that controls of cellular proliferation and apoptosis govern the number of memory t cells, the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms that control these key cellular processes in cd8 t cells during an immune response are poorly defined. here, we have identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) as a ...201020805358
large listeriosis outbreak linked to cheese made from pasteurized milk, germany, 2006-2007.a commercial cheese (acid curd) made from pasteurized milk caused a large listeriosis outbreak in germany from october 2006 through february 2007. the listeria monocytogenes outbreak strain was identified in humans and in cheese samples from a patient's home and from the production plant. during the outbreak period, 189 patients were affected, which was 97% above the mean case number for the respective time period of the years 2002 to 2005. of patients with available detailed information on chee ...201020807110
sensitive immunoassay of listeria monocytogenes with highly fluorescent bioconjugated silica nanoparticles probe.in this paper, a sensitive immunoassay method was proposed for listeria monocytogenes detection by using highly fluorescent bioconjugated nanoparticles probe. (fitc-igg)-doped fluorescent silica nanoparticles (fsnps) firstly were synthesized by a microemulsion method and characterized by tem and fluorescent spectra. then the prepared fsnps were conjugated with polyclonal rabbit anti-l. monocytogenes antibody (pab) and used as indicator probe. a sandwich-type immune affinity reaction between poly ...201020807555
bacterial delivery of rnai effectors: transkingdom rnai.rna interference (rnai) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mrna expression. besides its potential as a powerful laboratory tool, the rnai pathway appears to be promising for therapeutic utilization. for development of rna interference (rnai)-based therapies, delivery of rnai-mediating agents to target cells is one of the major obstacles. a novel strategy to overcome this hurdle is transkingdom rnai (tkrnai). this technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria, e.g. escheri ...201020811323
partial purification and characterization of the mode of action of enterocin s37: a bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecalis s37 isolated from poultry feces.the aim of this research was to purify and characterize the mode of action of enterocin s37, a bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecalis s37, a strain recently isolated from the chicken feces. enterocin s37 has a molecular weight comprised between 4 and 5 kda. it remained active after 1 h at 80(o)c and at ph values ranging from 4.0 to 9.0. furthermore, cell-free supernatant of enterococcus faecalis s37 and purified enterocin s37 were active against gram-positive bacteria including listeria m ...201020811593
a large outbreak of listeria monocytogenes infection with short incubation period in a tertiary care hospital.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate. we report a large, nosocomial outbreak of listeria monocytogenes infection.201020813130
temperature-dependent requirement for catalase in aerobic growth of listeria monocytogenes f2365.listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, psychrotrophic, facultative intracellular food-borne pathogen responsible for severe illness (listeriosis). the bacteria can grow in a wide range of temperatures (1 to 45°c), and low-temperature growth contributes to the food safety hazards associated with contamination of ready-to-eat foods with this pathogen. to assess the impact of oxidative stress responses on the ability of l. monocytogenes to grow at low temperatures and to tolerate repeated freez ...201020817809
contribution of chitinases to listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis.listeria monocytogenes secretes two chitinases and one chitin binding protein. mutants lacking chia, chib, or lmo2467 exhibited normal growth in cultured cells but were defective for growth in the livers and spleens of mice. mammals lack chitin; thus, l. monocytogenes may have adapted chitinases to recognize alternative substrates to enhance pathogenesis.201020817810
clinical problem-solving. thinking inside the box. 201020818893
performance of food safety management systems in poultry meat preparation processing plants in relation to campylobacter spp. contamination.a diagnostic instrument comprising a combined assessment of core control and assurance activities and a microbial assessment instrument were used to measure the performance of current food safety management systems (fsmss) of two poultry meat preparation companies. the high risk status of the company's contextual factors, i.e., starting from raw materials (poultry carcasses) with possible high numbers and prevalence of pathogens such as campylobacter spp., requires advanced core control and assu ...201020819354
inactivation of a cold-induced putative rna helicase gene of listeria monocytogenes is accompanied by failure to grow at low temperatures but does not affect freeze-thaw tolerance.freeze-thaw tolerance (cryotolerance) of listeria monocytogenes is markedly influenced by temperature of growth of the bacteria, and may involve responses to low-temperature stresses encountered during freezing and thawing. a cold-sensitive mariner-based transposon mutant of l. monocytogenes f2365 was found to harbor a single insertion in lmof2365_1746, encoding a putative rna helicase, and earlier shown by other investigators to be induced during 4 degrees c growth of l. monocytogenes. the muta ...201020819357
characterization of listeria monocytogenes recovered from imported cheese contributed to the national pulsenet database by the u.s. food and drug administration from 2001 to 2008.imported foods must meet the same u.s. food and drug administration (fda) standards as domestic foods. the fda determines whether an imported food is in compliance with the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act. pursuant to its regulatory activities, the fda conducts compliance surveillance on imported foods offered for entry into the u.s. commerce. the national pulsenet database is the molecular surveillance network for foodborne infections and is widely used to provide real-time subtyping suppo ...201020819363
prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods sampled from the point of sale in wales, united kingdom.a survey of listeria in ready-to-eat food took place in wales, united kingdom, between february 2008 and january 2009. in total, 5,840 samples were taken and examined for the presence of listeria species, including l. monocytogenes. samples were tested using detection and enumeration methods, and the results were compared with current united kingdom guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods. the majority of samples were negative for listeria by both direct plating and enri ...201020819364
removal of listeria monocytogenes biofilms with bacteriophage p100.listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen with a persistent ability to form biofilm matrices in the food processing environments. in this study, we have determined the ability of bacteriophage p100 to reduce l. monocytogenes cell populations under biofilm conditions by using 21 l. monocytogenes strains representing 13 different serotypes. there were considerable differences in the ability of various strains of l. monocytogenes to form biofilms, with strains of serotype 1/2a showi ...201020819365
reclassification of the listeria-camp test strain atcc 49444 staphylococcus aureus as staphylococcus pseudintermedius.atcc 49444, originally designated as staphylococcus aureus, has been cited as a component strain in the camp test for identification of listeria monocytogenes. a polyphasic study, in which molecular data were combined with cytochemical properties and physiological characteristics, identified this isolate as staphylococcus pseudintermedius. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna and soda genes from atcc 49444 were determined and found to be identical to those of other s. pseudintermedius strain ...201020819366
hydrocephalus in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis.to evaluate the occurrence, treatment, and outcome of hydrocephalus complicating community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults.201020820003
antimicrobial activity and occurrence of bacteriocin structural genes in enterococcus spp. of human and animal origin isolated in portugal.the main objective of this study was to detect the antimicrobial activity and the presence of bacteriocin structural genes in 224 enterococcal isolates from fecal origin obtained from humans, pets, wild animals and birds. direct antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes cect4032 was detected in 102 (45.6%) of the tested isolates. from these, only 22 displayed bacteriocin activity against this indicator. the bacteriocinogenic strains contained one or more of the bacteriocin structural ...201020821195
critical role for the host gtpase-activating protein arap2 in inlb-mediated entry of listeria monocytogenes.the bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes causes food-borne illnesses culminating in gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion. listeria induces its internalization into some mammalian cells through binding of the bacterial surface protein inlb to the host receptor tyrosine kinase met. interaction of inlb with the met receptor elicits host downstream signaling pathways that promote f-actin cytoskeletal changes responsible for pathogen engulfment. here we show that the mammalian signaling prot ...201020823205
branched-chain fatty acids promote listeria monocytogenes intracellular infection and virulence.anteiso-branched-chain fatty acids (bcfa) represent the dominant group of membrane fatty acids and have been established as crucial determinants in resistance against environmental stresses in listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular pathogen. here, we investigate the role of anteiso-bcfa in l. monocytogenes virulence by using mutants deficient in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (bkd), an enzyme complex involved in the synthesis of bcfa. in tissue culture models of infect ...201020823206
listeria monocytogenes prsa2 is required for virulence factor secretion and bacterial viability within the host cell cytosol.in the course of establishing its replication niche within the cytosol of infected host cells, the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes must efficiently regulate the secretion and activity of multiple virulence factors. l. monocytogenes encodes two predicted posttranslocation secretion chaperones, prsa1 and prsa2, and evidence suggests that prsa2 has been specifically adapted for bacterial pathogenesis. prsa-like chaperones have been identified in a number of gram- ...201020823208
thermal inactivation of heat-shocked escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes in dairy compost.thermal resistance of heat-shocked escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes was compared with that of non-heat-shocked (control) strains in finished dairy compost. a three-strain mixture of each pathogen was heat shocked at 47.5°c for 1 h and inoculated into the compost at a final concentration of 10(7) cfu/g. the inoculated compost was placed inside an environmental chamber set at 50, 55, or 60°c with humidity at ca. 70%. the heat-shocked e. coli o157:h7, salmonella, and ...201020828469
incidence and persistence of listeria monocytogenes in the catfish processing environment and fresh fillets.incidence of listeria spp. in whole raw catfish, catfish fillets, and processing environments from two catfish processing facilities was determined in august 2008 and august 2009. thirty-nine (18.4%) of 212 samples collected in august 2008 were positive for listeria monocytogenes. prevalences of listeria species l. innocua and l. seeligeri-l. welshimeri-l. ivanovii were 11.3 and 23.6%, respectively. of 209 samples collected in august 2009, 12.4% were positive for l. monocytogenes, 11% for l. inn ...201020828470
prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in retailed meat in the tokyo metropolitan area.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in retailed meats, comprising beef, chicken, and pork, in the tokyo metropolitan area. a total of 379 samples of retailed meat were collected from 1998 to 2003, most of which were obtained by simultaneously purchasing the three classes of meat from a shop and then making another simultaneous purchase of meat from the same shop a few weeks later. the prevalence of l. monocytogenes was 28.0%, and the serotypes isolated ...201020828477
the characterization of listeria spp. isolated from food products and the food-processing environment.to enhance the information pertaining to the epidemiology of a collection of 378 listeria spp. isolates obtained from several food-processing plants in ireland over a 3-year period (2004-2007).201020831655
comparison of inactivation of listeria monocytogenes within a biofilm matrix using chlorine dioxide gas, aqueous chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite treatments.the present research compared the effect of chlorine dioxide (cd) gas, aqueous cd and aqueous sodium hypochlorite (shc) treatments on the inactivation of a five strain mixture of listeria monocytogenes - containing biofilms. four day old biofilms were developed on a stainless steel (ss 304) coupon by using a mixture of five cultures of l. monocytogenes (scott a, n1-227, 103m, 82 and 311) using a 100% relative humidity (rh) dessicator for incubation at room temperature (22 ± 2 °c). after biofilm ...201020832674
the effects of x-ray radiation on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri inoculated on whole roma tomatoes.in the last two decades several foodborne disease outbreaks associated with produce were reported. tomatoes, in particular, have been associated with several multi-state salmonella outbreaks. inactivation of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole roma tomato surfaces by x-ray at 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 kgy was studied. the main purpose of this study was to achieve a 5 log reduction in consistent with the recommendation ...201020832685
variation of microbial load and visual quality of ready-to-eat salads by vegetable type, season, processor and retailer.microbial components and visual quality were determined on 1158 consumer units of ready-to-eat salads from several processors, two per each of 579 process lots, with residual shelf-life varying around a mode of five days, collected over 19 months in the years 2006-2008 from retail stores of two italian cities close to a major producing and processing area. the salads were mainly baby leaf of single species (lettuce, arugula, spinach, lamb's lettuce), with approximately 10% of the lots made up by ...201020832687
functional gene discovery using rna interference-based genomic screens to combat pathogen infection.the rampant use of antibiotics in the last half-century has imposed an unforeseen biological cost, the unprecedented acceleration of bacterial evolution to produce drug-resistant strains to practically every approved antibiotic. this rise in antimicrobial drug resistance, alongside the failure of conventional research efforts to discover new antibiotics, may eventually lead to a public health crisis that can drastically curtail our ability to combat infectious disease. to address this public hea ...201020836760
monoassociation with probiotic lactobacillus delbrueckii ufv-h2b20 stimulates the immune system and protects germfree mice against listeria monocytogenes infection.in the present study, we investigated the protective effects of lactobacillus delbrueckii ufv-h2b20 on the resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection in gnotobiotic mice. germfree mice or monoassociated mice were infected with l. monocytogenes, and the microbiological and immunological responses were evaluated after 1, 3, and 5 days of infection. monoassociation with l. delbrueckii was capable of protecting mice against death caused by l. monocytogenes and induced a faster clearance of the b ...201120838807
comprehensive appraisal of the extracellular proteins from a monoderm bacterium: theoretical and empirical exoproteomes of listeria monocytogenes egd-e by secretomics.defined as proteins actively transported via secretion systems, secreted proteins can have radically different subcellular destinations in monoderm (gram-positive) bacteria. from degradative enzymes in saprophytes to virulence factors in pathogens, secreted proteins are the main tools used by bacteria to interact with their surroundings. the etiological agent of listeriosis, listeria monocytogenes, is a gram-positive facultative intracellular foodborne pathogen, whose ecological niche is the soi ...201020839850
identification of the full set of listeria monocytogenes penicillin-binding proteins and characterization of pbpd2 (lmo2812).bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) can be visualized by their ability to bind radiolabeled or fluorescent β-lactam derivatives both whole cells and membrane/cell enriched fractions. analysis of the listeria monocytogenes genome sequence predicted ten genes coding for putative pbps, but not all of their products have been detected in studies using radiolabeled antibiotics, thus hindering their characterization. here we report the positive identification of the full set of l. monocytogen ...201020843347
how a routine checking of escherichia coli in retailed food of animal origin can protect consumers against exposition to campylobacter spp. and listeria monocytogenes?according to the literature that has been published over the last two decades campylobacter spp i listeria monocitogens can be identified as causes of numerous diseases derived by consuming food of animal origin. the purpose of this paper was to find out how established national microbiological criteria of the republic of serbia on food safety in retailed food of animal origin could contribute to consumer's protection against exposition to foodborne pathogens such as campylobacter spp. and liste ...201020845664
the growth potential of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes in dairy manure-based compost in a greenhouse setting under different seasons.the pathogen growth in dairy compost was studied in a greenhouse setting under different seasons.201020846332
probing the pan-genome of listeria monocytogenes: new insights into intraspecific niche expansion and genomic diversification.bacterial pathogens often show significant intraspecific variations in ecological fitness, host preference and pathogenic potential to cause infectious disease. the species of listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of human listeriosis, consists of at least three distinct genetic lineages. two of these lineages predominantly cause human sporadic and epidemic infections, whereas the third lineage has never been implicated in human disease outbreaks de ...201020846431
probabilistic modeling of the fate of listeria monocytogenes in diced bacon during the manufacturing process.to assess the impact of the manufacturing process on the fate of listeria monocytogenes, we built a generic probabilistic model intended to simulate the successive steps in the process. contamination evolution was modeled in the appropriate units (breasts, dice, and then packaging units through the successive steps in the process). to calibrate the model, parameter values were estimated from industrial data, from the literature, and based on expert opinion. by means of simulations, the model was ...201120849402
monoclonal antibodies against stx1b subunit of escherichia coli o157:h7 distinguish the bacterium from other bacteria.the shiga-like toxins (stx) are critical virulence factors of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec). stx1b subunit plays important roles in ehec infection. this work aims to generate and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the stx1b and to investigate their utility in discrimination elisa.201020854398
potent antilisterial cell-free supernatants produced by complex red-smear cheese microbial consortia.the microbial surface ripening consortia of 49 soft cheeses were investigated with respect to their inhibition of listeria monocytogenes. when l. monocytogenes egde (serovar 1/2a) was cultivated in cell-free supernatants obtained from consortia grown for 8 h in liquid medium, a strong bactericidal activity was observed in several cases. the cell-free supernatants of 2 of these consortia (i and ii) reduced an initial l. monocytogenes inoculum of 5 × 10(7) cfu/ml to zero after 24 h of incubation. ...201020854983
bactericidal activity of lauric arginate in milk and queso fresco cheese against listeria monocytogenes cold growth.lauric arginate (lae) at concentrations of 200 ppm and 800 ppm was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing cold growth of listeria monocytogenes in whole milk, skim milk, and queso fresco cheese (qfc) at 4°c for 15 to 28 d. use of 200 ppm of lae reduced 4 log cfu/ml of l. monocytogenes to a nondetectable level within 30 min at 4°c in tryptic soy broth. in contrast, when 4 log cfu/ml of l. monocytogenes was inoculated in whole milk or skim milk, the reduction of l. monocytogenes was approxima ...201020854985
the listeria monocytogenes inlc protein interferes with innate immune responses by targeting the i{kappa}b kinase subunit ikk{alpha}.listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen responsible for severe foodborne infections. it can replicate in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic mammalian cells. the infectious process at the cellular level has been studied extensively, but how the bacterium overcomes early host innate immune responses remains largely unknown. here we show that inlc, a member of the internalin family, is secreted intracellularly and directly interacts with ikkα, a subunit of the iκb kinase complex critical ...201020855622
effect of a novel dna vaccine on angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo.to develop a dna cancer vaccine that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.201020855677
visualization of gold and platinum nanoparticles interacting with salmonella enteritidis and listeria monocytogenes.rapid development of nanotechnology has recently brought significant attention to the extraordinary biological features of nanomaterials. the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate morphological characteristics of the assembles of gold and platinum nanoparticles (nano-au and nano-pt respectively), with salmonella enteritidis (gram-negative) and listeria monocytogenes (gram-positive), to reveal possibilities of constructing bacteria-nanoparticle vehicles.201020856838
demonstration of the effective performance of a combined enrichment/real-time pcr method targeting the prfa gene of listeria monocytogenes by testing fresh naturally contaminated acid curd cheese.a rapid real-time pcr-based method for the detection of listeria monocytogenes was applied to the examination of 44 quargel cheese samples from a recent outbreak in austria and compared to the standard method according to iso-16140.201020860085
tetrabutylammonium phosphate-assisted separation of multiplex polymerase chain reaction products in non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis.a method based on non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis (ngs-ce) with ultraviolet (uv) detection has been developed for the separation of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products of three pathogenic bacteria in which hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was used as the sieving medium and dynamic capillary coating. in the method, an ion pair reagent, tetrabutylammonium phosphate (tbap), was first used in ngs-ce to improve the detection sensitivities and resolutions of dna fragments. the int ...201020868644
antibacterial activity of class i and iia bacteriocins combined with polymyxin e against resistant variants of listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli.development of resistance could render antimicrobial peptides ineffective as bio-preservatives in food. variants resistant to nisin a or pediocin pa-1 were developed from listeria monocytogenes and a variant resistant to polymyxin e was developed from escherichia coli rr1. inhibition of these organisms by these agents alone or in combination was assessed using critical dilution microassay and optical density measurement. the combination of pediocin or nisin with polymyxin e was synergistic again ...201020868743
characterization of phenolic content, in vitro biological activity, and pesticide loads of extracts from white grape skins from organic and conventional cultivars.grape skin extracts of riesling vitis vinifera l. grapes from conventionally or organically managed cultivars were compared on the basis of their phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties and pesticide loads. promising results on their biological properties suggest that those extracts would be valuable as food preservatives. the antioxidant capacity of conventional extracts was significantly higher, according to the higher content in catechin, epicatechin ...201020870004
an extracellular loop of the mannose phosphotransferase system component iic is responsible for specific targeting by class iia bacteriocins.class iia bacteriocins target a phylogenetically defined subgroup of mannose-phosphotransferase systems (man-pts) on sensitive cells. by the use of man-pts genes of the sensitive listeria monocytogenes (mpt) and the nonsensitive lactococcus lactis (ptn) species to rationally design a series of man-pts chimeras and site-directed mutations, we identified an extracellular loop of the membrane-located protein mptc that was responsible for specific target recognition by the class iia bacteriocins.201020870773
variations in the nanomechanical properties of virulent and avirulent listeria monocytogenes.atomic force microscopy (afm) was used to quantify both the nanomechanical properties of pathogenic (atcc 51776 & egde) and non-pathogenic (atcc 15313 & hcc25) listeria monocytogenes strains and the conformational properties of their surface biopolymers. the nanomechanical properties of the various l. monocytogenes strains were quantified in terms of young's moduli of cells. to estimate young's moduli, the classic hertz model of contact mechanics and a modified version of it that takes into acco ...201020871743
angelica sinensis modulates immunohematopoietic response and increases survival of mice infected with listeria monocytogenes.the effects of a dry extract of the roots of angelica sinensis (oliv.) diels (ase) on the growth and differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (cfu-gm) in normal and listeria monocytogenes-infected mice were studied. myelosuppression concomitant with increased numbers of spleen cfu-gm was observed in infected mice. prophylactic administration of ase (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) stimulated marrow myelopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner and reduced spleen colony formation to control val ...201020874242
alternative endogenous protein processing via an autophagy-dependent pathway compensates for yersinia-mediated inhibition of endosomal major histocompatibility complex class ii antigen presentation.extracellular yersinia pseudotuberculosis employs a type iii secretion system (t3ss) for translocating virulence factors (yersinia outer proteins [yops]) directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. recently, we used yope as a carrier molecule for t3ss-dependent secretion and translocation of listeriolysin o (llo) from listeria monocytogenes. we demonstrated that translocation of chimeric yope/llo into the cytosol of macrophages by yersinia results in the induction of a codominant antigen-spec ...201020876292
listeria monocytogenes uses listeria adhesion protein (lap) to promote bacterial transepithelial translocation and induces expression of lap receptor hsp60.listeria monocytogenes interaction with the intestinal epithelium is a key step in the infection process. we demonstrated that listeria adhesion protein (lap) promotes adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and facilitates extraintestinal dissemination in vivo. the lap receptor is a stress response protein, hsp60, but the precise role for the lap-hsp60 interaction during listeria infection is unknown. here we investigated the influence of physiological stressors and listeria infection on host h ...201020876294
differentiation of propeptide residues regulating the compartmentalization, maturation and activity of the broad-range phospholipase c of listeria monocytogenes.the intracellular bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes secretes a broad-range phospholipase c enzyme called pc-plc (phosphatidylcholine phospholipase c) whose compartmentalization and enzymatic activity is regulated by a 24-amino-acid propeptide (cys28-ser51). during intracytosolic multiplication, bacteria accumulate the proform of pc-plc at their membrane-cell-wall interface, whereas during cell-to-cell spread vacuolar acidification leads to maturation and rapid translocation of pc-plc acr ...201020879990
a tandem repeat of a fragment of listeria monocytogenes internalin b protein induces cell survival and proliferation.hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is critical for tissue homeostasis and repair in many organs including the lung, heart, kidney, liver, nervous system, and skin. hgf is a heterodimeric protein containing 20 disulfide bonds distributed among an amino-terminal hairpin, four kringle domains, and a serine protease-like domain. due to its complex structure, recombinant production of hgf in prokaryotes requires denaturation and refolding, processes that are impractical for large-scale manufacture. thus, ...201020889677
importance of sigb for listeria monocytogenes static and continuous-flow biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that is able to form biofilms in food processing facilities. biofilms are generally more resistant to antimicrobial agents, making it difficult to eradicate them during cleanup procedures. so far, little is known about the function of stress resistance mechanisms in biofilm formation and their resistance to disinfectants. in this study, we investigated the role of sigb, which encodes a major transcriptional regulator of stress response genes, in l. ...201020889779
inactivation and recovery of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus after high hydrostatic pressure treatments up to 900 mpa.high hydrostatic pressure (hp) processing is used in the food industry to enhance the safety and extend the shelf-life of food. although a drastic decrease in microbial viability is achieved immediately after the application of hp treatments, under favorable conditions the injured bacteria can recover. the present study evaluated the inactivation and recovery of five strains of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus subjected to pressures of 400, 600, and 900 mpa u ...201020890844
multi-species integrative biclustering.we describe an algorithm, multi-species cmonkey, for the simultaneous biclustering of heterogeneous multiple-species data collections and apply the algorithm to a group of bacteria containing bacillus subtilis, bacillus anthracis, and listeria monocytogenes. the algorithm reveals evolutionary insights into the surprisingly high degree of conservation of regulatory modules across these three species and allows data and insights from well-studied organisms to complement the analysis of related but ...201020920250
non-coding rna detection methods combined to improve usability, reproducibility and precision.non-coding rnas gain more attention as their diverse roles in many cellular processes are discovered. at the same time, the need for efficient computational prediction of ncrnas increases with the pace of sequencing technology. existing tools are based on various approaches and techniques, but none of them provides a reliable ncrna detector yet. consequently, a natural approach is to combine existing tools. due to a lack of standard input and output formats combination and comparison of existing ...201020920260
listeria monocytogenes: knowledge gained through dna sequence-based subtyping, implications, and future considerations.the purpose of subtyping is to differentiate bacterial isolates beyond the classification of species or subspecies. subtyping methods can be grouped into two broad categories based on the cellular components targeted: (1) phenotypic subtyping methods that differentiate isolates by the enzymes, proteins, or other metabolites expressed by the cell, and (2) molecular subtyping methods that discriminate isolates based on interrogation of nucleic acid sequences. the two major types of molecular subty ...201020922962
antimicrobial properties of volatile phenylpropanes.the examination of antimicrobial structure-activity relationships of 93 volatile phenylpropanes (vps) and 21 related aromatic compounds revealed a dependence of antimicrobial activity from the kind and number of substituents on the aromatic ring, their substitution pattern and microbial characteristics, such as gram coloring and strain specific factors. eugenol isomers were predominantly inhibitory in a concentration range from 25 to 2000 mg/l against all microorganisms tested, which were three ...201020922996
the beta-human chorionic gonadotropin-related peptide lqgv exerts anti-inflammatory effects through activation of the adrenal gland and glucocorticoid receptor in c57bl/6 mice.the systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a complex host response to a variety of clinical insults, generally leading to severe pathology. the human chorionic gonadotropin β-chain-related tetrapeptide leucine-glutamine-glycine-valine (lqgv) reduces hemorrhagic and lps-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome, but its mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. through the combination of in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo approaches, we demonstrate that lqgv actively stimulates cor ...201020926791
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