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pgadb-builder: a web service tool for creating pan-genome allele database for molecular fine typing.with the advance of next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing (wgs) is expected to become the optimal method for molecular subtyping of bacterial isolates. to use wgs as a general subtyping method for disease outbreak investigation and surveillance, the layout of wgs-based typing must be comparable among laboratories. whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgmlst) is an approach that achieves this requirement. to apply wgmlst as a standard subtyping approach, a pan-genome ...201627824078
analysis of pcerc7, a small antibiotic resistance plasmid from a commensal st131 escherichia coli, defines a diverse group of plasmids that include various segments adjacent to a multimer resolution site and encode the same nika relaxase accessory protein enabling mobilisation.the ampicillin resistance plasmid pcerc7, carrying transposon tn2 with an is4 insertion, was detected in the draft genome of a commensal escherichia coli isolate. the genome data also revealed that this isolate belongs to st131, clade b. pcerc7 is 9712bp comprised of a 3319bp backbone, tn2::is4 (6388bp) and 5bp of target site duplication, and was present at a copy number of 40. pcerc7 is related to several plasmids composed of only the backbone, or the backbone with the tn2 insertion in the same ...201727826018
fe(3+)-dependent epistasis between the cpxr-activated loci and the pmra-activated lps modification loci in salmonella enterica.bacteria utilize varying combinations of two-component regulatory systems, many of which respond and adapt closely to stress conditions, thus expanding their niche steadily. while mechanisms of recognition and avoidance of the specific fe(3+) signal by the pmra/pmrb system is well understood, those of the cpxr/cpxa system are more complex because they can be induced by various stress conditions, which, in turn, expresses a variety of phenotypes. here, we highlight another aspect of the cpxr/cpxa ...201727829584
the salmonella effector sted mediates march8-dependent ubiquitination of mhc ii molecules and inhibits t cell activation.the spi-2 type iii secretion system (t3ss) of intracellular salmonella enterica translocates effector proteins into mammalian cells. infection of antigen-presenting cells results in spi-2 t3ss-dependent ubiquitination and reduction of surface-localized mature mhc class ii (mmhcii). we identify the effector sted as required and sufficient for this process. in mel juso cells, sted localized to the golgi network and vesicles containing the e3 ubiquitin ligase march8 and mmhcii. sted caused march8-d ...201627832589
spatial distribution and risk factors associated with salmonella enterica in pigs.the importance of pork in the transmission of salmonella spp. to humans has led to the development of control programmes worldwide. for this, knowledge on the epidemiology of the infection in the production system is fundamental to the efficacy of the regulations. our objective was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella-infected farms in the central region of argentina, and to identify the predominant serotypes and epidemiological factors associated with an increased ...201727834167
distribution trends & antibiogram pattern of salmonella enterica serovar newport in india.salmonellosis is a major public health concern worldwide. besides typhoidal salmonellae, infections due to non-typhoidal serovars of salmonella are also associated with high morbidity and mortality leading to huge economic losses. among non-typhoidal serovars, salmonella newport has been reported as a major cause of foodborne infections resulting in outbreaks due to consumption of contaminated food items. little data related to this serovar are available from india leading to the scarcity of inf ...201627834330
a proteomic approach to the development of diva elisa distinguishing pigs infected with salmonella typhimurium and pigs vaccinated with a salmonella typhimurium-based inactivated vaccine.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the most common enteropathogenic bacteria found in pigs in europe. in our previous work, we demonstrated the protective effects in suckling piglets when their dams had been vaccinated with an s. typhimurium-based inactivated vaccine. this study is focused on a procedure leading to serological discrimination between vaccinated and infected pigs. as we supposed, distinct environment during natural infection and in bacterial cultures used for vaccin ...201627835998
effect of holarrhena antidysentrica (ha) and andrographis paniculata (ap) on the biofilm formation and cell membrane integrity of opportunistic pathogen salmonella typhimurium.increasing occurrence of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by food borne opportunistic microorganisms has become a major problem in food industry as well as in immunocompromised host. antimicrobial agents are losing their efficacy due to increase in the microbial resistance. for such reasons, conventional treatment has become limited to manage the infections state. need of the hour is to instigate the search for safer holistic alternatives. the present study was hence conducted to assess the anti ...201627836761
high resolution melting (hrm) analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum represent the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis, which result in high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. it is difficult and laborious to discriminate these diseases based on biochemical or phenotypic methods. herein, we report the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) pcr-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) assay for the detection and discrimination of both s pullorum and s gallinaru ...201627837117
acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing stimulates biofilm formation by salmonella enteritidis in anaerobic conditions.quorum sensing regulates a variety of phenotypes in bacteria including the production of virulence factors. salmonella spp. have quorum sensing systems mediated by three autoinducers (ai-1, ai-2, and ai-3). the ai-1-mediated system is incomplete in that the bacterium relies on the synthesis of signaling molecules by other microorganisms. this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the ai-1 n-dodecanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone (c12-hsl) on the growth, motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation of ...201727838734
study of the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids on salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes.this work assessed the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids (potassium acetate, potassium citrate and calcium lactate) on salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes. this activity was compared in terms of minimal inhibitory (bactericidal) concentration to the effect of commercial acetic, citric and lactic acid at equivalent titratable acidity. staining live/dead baclight method was used to consider physiological state of ...201727838894
single-cell rna-seq ties macrophage polarization to growth rate of intracellular salmonella.intracellular bacterial pathogens can exhibit large heterogeneity in growth rate inside host cells, with major consequences for the infection outcome. if and how the host responds to this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. here, we combined a fluorescent reporter of bacterial cell division with single-cell rna-sequencing analysis to study the macrophage response to different intracellular states of the model pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the transcriptomes of individual ...201627841856
biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in salmonella isolates from hen eggshells.the aim of the present study was to determine biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in salmonella isolates from hen eggshells. a total of 39 isolates from hen eggshells, identified as either salmonella spp. or salmonella enterica according to 16s rdna sequencing, were selected for biocide tolerance. isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) above the wild-type mics were considered to be biocide tolerant: benzalkonium chloride (bc, 7.7%), cetrimide (ct, 7.7%), hexadecylpyridini ...201727841937
antimicrobial activity of buttermilk and lactoferrin peptide extracts on poultry pathogens.antibiotics are commonly used in poultry feed as growth promoters. this practice is questioned given the arising importance of antibiotic resistance. antimicrobial peptides can be used as food additives for a potent alternative to synthetic or semi-synthetic antibiotics. the objective of this study was to develop a peptide production method based on membrane adsorption chromatography in order to produce extracts with antimicrobial activity against avian pathogens (salmonella enterica var. enteri ...201627845023
contribution of asparagine catabolism to salmonella virulence.salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. salmonellae establish infection and avoid clearance by the immune system by mechanisms that are not well understood. we previously showed that l-asparaginase ii produced by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) inhibits t cell responses and mediates virulence. in addition, we previously showed that asparagine deprivation such as that mediated by l-asparaginase ii of s typhimu ...201727849183
mg2+ regulates transcription of mgta in salmonella typhimurium via translation of proline codons during synthesis of the mgtl peptide.in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, mg(2+) limitation induces transcription of the mgta mg(2+) transport gene, but the mechanism involved is unclear. the 5' leader of the mgta mrna contains a 17-codon, proline-rich orf, mgtl, whose translation regulates the transcription of mgta [park s-y et al. (2010) cell 142:737-748]. rapid translation of mgtl promotes formation of a secondary structure in the mgta mrna that permits termination of transcription by the rho protein upstream of mgta, whe ...201627849575
metagenomic analysis of medicinal cannabis samples; pathogenic bacteria, toxigenic fungi, and beneficial microbes grow in culture-based yeast and mold tests.background: the presence of bacteria and fungi in medicinal or recreational cannabis poses a potential threat to consumers if those microbes include pathogenic or toxigenic species. this study evaluated two widely used culture-based platforms for total yeast and mold (tym) testing marketed by 3m corporation and biomérieux, in comparison with a quantitative pcr (qpcr) approach marketed by medicinal genomics corporation. methods: a set of 15 medicinal cannabis samples were analyzed using 3m and bi ...201627853518
complete genome sequences of three siphoviridae bacteriophages infecting salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.three bacteriophages, 118970_sal1, 118970_sal2, and 64795_sal3, were isolated from water buffalo feces in southern italy, exhibiting lytic activity against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. these bacteriophages belong to the siphoviridae family and have a 60,113-bp, 123,930-bp, and 48,094-bp double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome containing 72, 173, and 80 coding sequences (cdss), respectively.201627856572
genome sequences of two salmonella enterica serovar kentucky isolates recovered from poultry carcasses in the united states.we report here the draft genome sequences of two salmonella enterica serovar kentucky eburstgroup 15 isolates collected from poultry carcasses in georgia (usa).201627856587
multidrug-resistant outbreak-associated salmonella strains in irrigation water from the metropolitan region, chile.salmonella enterica (s. enterica) is the main cause of foodborne diseases in the chilean population. with the aim of characterizing the presence of s. enterica in bodies of water, samples from 40 sources were obtained, including rivers and irrigation canals used by agricultural farms in the most populated regions of chile. as result, 35 s. enterica isolates belonging to several serotypes were detected, with the highest frequency represented by typhimurium and enteritidis. all strains showed phen ...201627860367
salmonella in swine: microbiota interactions.for the important foodborne pathogen salmonella enterica to cause disease or persist in pigs, it has evolved an intricate set of interactions between itself, the host, and the indigenous microflora of the host. s. enterica must evade the host's immune system and must also overcome colonization resistance mediated by the pig's indigenous microflora. the inflammatory response against s. enterica provides the bacteria with unique metabolites and is thus exploited by s. enterica for competitive adva ...201727860494
nasal immunization with inhibin dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella choleraesuis for improving ovarian responses and fertility in cross-bred buffaloes.this study was conducted to determine the effect of immunization with inhibin dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella choleraesuis on ovarian responses and fertility in cross-bred buffaloes. a total of 134 cross-bred buffaloes were divided into four groups: groups t1 (n = 34), t2 (n = 35) and t3 (n = 31) were nasal immunized twice a day with 10 ml of 1 × 10(10)  cfu/ml of the c501 (pvax-asd-is) vaccine for 5, 3 and 1 day, respectively. group c (n = 34) was nasal immunized with 10 ml pbs f ...201727862394
salad leaf juices enhance salmonella growth, colonization of fresh produce, and virulence.we show in this report that traces of juices released from salad leaves as they become damaged can significantly enhance colonization of salad leaves by salmonella enterica salad juices in water increased salmonella growth by 110% over the level seen with the unsupplemented control and in host-like serum-based media by more than 2,400-fold over control levels. in serum-based media, salad juices induced growth of salmonella via provision of fe from transferrin, and siderophore production was foun ...201727864173
neutrophils discriminate between lipopolysaccharides of different bacterial sources and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps.the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), either during "suicidal" or "vital" netosis, represents an important strategy of neutrophils to combat gram-negative bacteria. lipopolysaccharide (lps), a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is a reported stimulus for net formation. although it is widely acknowledged that the structural diversity in lps structures can elicit heterogeneous immune responses, species- and serotype-specific differences in the capacity ...201627867387
vi capsular polysaccharide: synthesis, virulence, and application.vi capsular polysaccharide, a linear homopolymer of α-1,4-linked n-acetylgalactosaminuronate, is characteristically produced by salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the vi capsule covers the surface of the producing bacteria and serves as an virulence factor via inhibition of complement-mediated killing and promoting resistance against phagocytosis. furthermore, vi also represents a predominant protective antigen and plays a key role in the development of vaccines against typhoid fever. herein, we ...201627869515
current aspects of salmonella contamination in the us poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards.one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in poultry products is salmonella enterica. salmonella hazards in poultry may be estimated and possible control methods modeled and evaluated through the use of quantitative microbiological risk assessment (qmra) models and tools. from farm to table, there are many possible routes of salmonella dissemination and contamination in poultry. from the time chicks are hatched through growth, transportation, processing, storage, preparation, and finally co ...201727869522
genome-guided design of a defined mouse microbiota that confers colonization resistance against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.protection against enteric infections, also termed colonization resistance, results from mutualistic interactions of the host and its indigenous microbes. the gut microbiota of humans and mice is highly diverse and it is therefore challenging to assign specific properties to its individual members. here, we have used a collection of murine bacterial strains and a modular design approach to create a minimal bacterial community that, once established in germ-free mice, provided colonization resist ...201627869789
first national workshop on antibiotic resistance in cambodia: phnom penh, cambodia, 16-18 november 2011.the first national workshop on antibiotic resistance in cambodia was organised by the cambodian ministry of health with support from several national and international partner institutions. it brought together policy-makers, clinicians, pharmacists, laboratory technicians and other professionals dealing with the problems of bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance across the country. antibiotic resistance data from starting up and experienced laboratories were presented, showing high rates ...201327873603
identification of the first blacmy-2 gene in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates obtained from cases of paediatric diarrhoea illness detected in south america.the objectives of this study were to investigate clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, to characterise their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and to evaluate the possible biological cost of expressing resistance genes. two oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant salmonella isolates obtained from children with diarrhoea were characterised. the occurrence of plasmid-encoded blacmy-2 genes was confirmed by molecular methods and conjugation assay ...201327873624
salmonella enteritidis effector avra stabilizes intestinal tight junctions via the jnk pathway.salmonella pathogenesis studies to date have focused on salmonella typhimurium, and the pathogenesis of a second major serotype, salmonella enteritidis, is poorly understood. salmonella spp. possess effector proteins that display biochemical activities and modulate host functions. here, we generated a deletion mutant of the effector avra, s.e-avra(-), and a plasmid-mediated complementary strain, s.e-avra(-)/pavra(+) (s.e-avra(+)), in s. enteritidis. using in vitro and in vivo infection models, w ...201627875307
antibacterial potential of jatropha curcas synthesized silver nanoparticles against food borne pathogens.the aqueous leaf extract of jatropha curcas was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (jc-agnps) which were further evaluated for its antibacterial potential against food borne pathogens. j. curcas leaf extract could synthesize stable silver nanoparticles (zeta potential: -23.4 mv) with absorption band at 430 nm. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated various biological compounds responsible for capping and stabilizing jc-agnps in suspension, while the presence of silver was ...201627877160
beyond antimicrobial resistance: evidence for a distinct role of the acrd efflux pump in salmonella biology.for over 20 years, bacterial multidrug resistance (mdr) efflux pumps have been studied because of their impact on resistance to antimicrobials. however, critical questions remain, including why produce efflux pumps under non-antimicrobial treatment conditions, and why have multiple pumps if their only purpose is antimicrobial efflux? salmonella spp. possess five efflux pump families, including the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux pumps. notably, the rnd efflux pump acrd has a unique s ...201627879336
salmonella enterica serovar pomona infection in farmed juvenile american alligators ( alligator mississippiensis).a fatal epizootic of salmonellosis occurred in farmed juvenile american alligators in louisiana. six animals were examined. gross lesions included severe fibrinonecrotizing enterocolitis, necrotizing splenitis, coelomic effusion, and perivisceral and pulmonary edema. microscopic examination revealed severe necrotizing enterocolitis and splenitis with intralesional bacteria and pneumocyte necrosis with fibrin thrombi. salmonella enterica serovar pomona was isolated from intestine and lung. clinic ...201727879442
human genome-wide rnai screen for host factors that facilitate salmonella invasion reveals a role for potassium secretion in promoting internalization.salmonella enterica can actively invade the gastro-intestinal epithelium. this frequently leads to diarrheal disease, and also gives the pathogen access to phagocytes that can serve as vehicles for dissemination into deeper tissue. the ability to invade host cells is also important in maintaining the carrier state. while much is known about the bacterial factors that promote invasion, relatively little is known about the host factors involved. to gain insight into how salmonella enterica serovar ...201627880807
metagenomics of two severe foodborne outbreaks provides diagnostic signatures and signs of coinfection not attainable by traditional methods.diagnostic testing for foodborne pathogens relies on culture-based techniques that are not rapid enough for real-time disease surveillance and do not give a quantitative picture of pathogen abundance or the response of the natural microbiome. powerful sequence-based culture-independent approaches, such as shotgun metagenomics, could sidestep these limitations and potentially reveal a pathogen-specific signature on the microbiome that would have implications not only for diagnostics but also for ...201727881416
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) strain crjjgf_00165 (phylum gammaproteobacteria).here, we report a 4.78-mb draft genome sequence of the salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) strain crjjgf_00165 [also called s. enterica subsp. iiib serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) strain crjjgf_00165], isolated from ground beef in 2007.201627881547
cationic nanostructures against foodborne pathogens. 201627881979
rapid detection of salmonella in raw chicken breast using real-time pcr combined with immunomagnetic separation and whole genome amplification.we presented the first attempt to combine immunomagnetic separation (ims), whole genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification (mda) and real-time pcr for detecting a bacterial pathogen in a food sample. this method was effective in enabling real-time pcr detection of low levels of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) (∼10 cfu/g) in raw chicken breast without culture enrichment. in addition, it was able to detect refrigeration-stressed se cells at lower concentrations (∼0. ...201727884771
in-package inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with poultry using dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma treatments.the goal of this study was to test the efficacy of in-package dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma (dbd-cp) treatment to inactivate poultry-associated spoilage (pseudomonas fluorescens) and pathogenic (salmonella enterica typhimurium, campylobacter jejuni) bacteria. liquid cultures of the bacterial isolates were sealed within packages containing ambient air (trial 1) or modified air (65% o2:30% co2:5% n2; trial 2). the packages were subjected to treatment times ranging from 30 to 180 s, and ...201727885385
hyperinvasiveness of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis linked to hyperexpression of type iii secretion systems in vitro.salmonella enterica serovars choleraesuis and typhimurium are among the non-typhoid salmonella serovars that are important zoonotic pathogens. in clinical observation, s. typhimurium typically causes diarrheal diseases; however, s. choleraesuis shows high predilection to cause bacteremia. the mechanism why s. choleraesuis is more invasive to humans remains unknown. in this study, we compared the s. typhimurium lt2 and s. choleraesuis sc-b67 proteomes through stable isotope labeling of amino acid ...201627886215
in silico clustering of salmonella global gene expression data reveals novel genes co-regulated with the spi-1 virulence genes through hild.a wide variety of salmonella enterica serovars cause intestinal and systemic infections to humans and animals. salmonella patogenicity island 1 (spi-1) is a chromosomal region containing 39 genes that have crucial virulence roles. the arac-like transcriptional regulator hild, encoded in spi-1, positively controls the expression of the spi-1 genes, as well as of several other virulence genes located outside spi-1. in this study, we applied a clustering method to the global gene expression data of ...201627886269
studies on the therapeutic effect of propolis along with standard antibacterial drug in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infected balb/c mice.antibiotic resistance is an emerging public health problem. centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) has described antibiotic resistance as one of the world's most pressing health problems in 21(st) century. who rated antibiotic resistance as "one of the three greatest threats to human health". one important strategy employed to overcome this resistance is the use of combination of drugs. many plants, natural extracts have been shown to exhibit synergistic response with standard drugs ag ...201627887651
inactivation of salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells by simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide and mild wet heat.the aim of this study was to investigate the lethal effects of simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide (clo2) and mild wet heat (55 °c at 100% relative humidity [rh]) on salmonella enterica in chicken feces on the surface of eggshells. gaseous clo2 production decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the rh (23, 43, 68, 85, and 100%) at 25 °c was increased. the lethality of gaseous clo2 against s. enterica in feces on eggshells increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as rh increased. for ex ...201727889149
effect of inoculum size, bacterial species, type of surfaces and contact time to the transfer of foodborne pathogens from inoculated to non-inoculated beef fillets via food processing surfaces.the objective of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the transfer of foodborne pathogens from inoculated beef fillets to non-inoculated ones, through food processing surfaces. three different levels of inoculation of beef fillets surface were prepared: a high one of approximately 10(7) cfu/cm(2), a medium one of 10(5) cfu/cm(2) and a low one of 10(3) cfu/cm(2), using mixed-strains of listeria monocytogenes, or salmonella enterica typhimurium, or escherichia coli o157:h7. the ...201727889165
variability in the adaptive acid tolerance response phenotype of salmonella enterica strains.the objective of this study was the assessment of the stationary-phase, low-ph-inducible acid tolerance response (atr) of different salmonella enterica strains. for this purpose, 30 strains of the pathogen were grown in tryptone soy broth in the absence (non-adapted cultures) and presence (1% w/v; acid-adapted cultures) of glucose, and then subjected to 4-h acid challenge trials at ph 3.0. surviving populations of each strain were determined at 1-h intervals, and the weibull model was fitted to ...201727889173
protective immunity elicited by oral immunization of mice with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium braun lipoprotein (lpp) and acetyltransferase (msbb) mutants.we evaluated the extent of attenuation and immunogenicity of the δlppab and δlppab δmsbb mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium when delivered to mice by the oral route. these mutants were deleted either for the braun lipoprotein genes (lppa and lppb) or in combination with the msbb gene, which encodes an acetyltransferase required for lipid a modification of lipopolysaccharide. both the mutants were attenuated (100% animal survival) and triggered robust innate and adaptive immune re ...201627891321
a comparative evaluation of different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of typhoid fever using a composite reference standard: a tertiary hospital based study in central india.enteric fever, caused by salmonella spp. is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and endemic in many developing countries including india and other south-east asian countries. blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis. currently, the standard serological method is tube agglutination with moderate sensitivity and specificity. dot blot assay detecting igm and igg antibodies to a specific 50kd outer membrane protein (omp) antigen of salmonella spp. is a simple, reli ...201627891335
a case of clinical and microbiological failure of azithromycin therapy in salmonella enterica serotype typhi despite low azithromycin mic.typhoid fever remains a serious problem in many developing countries. due to resistance to multiple first line drugs, azithromycin has evolved as an important drug in the treatment of typhoid. while therapy with azithromycin is highly effective, no clinically validated mean inhibitory concentration (mic) break points or disc diffusion cutoff guidelines are available so far. we describe an indian adult with clinical and microbiological failure to azithromycin despite low azithromycin mic.201727894983
using in vitro dynamic models to evaluate fluoroquinolone activity against emergence of resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the objectives of this study were to determine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) indices of fluoroquinolones that minimize the emergence of resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) using in vitro dynamic models and to establish mechanisms of resistance. three fluoroquinolones, difloxacin (dif), enrofloxacin (enr), and marbofloxacin (mar), at five dose levels and 3 days of treatment were simulated. bacterial killing-regrowth kinetics and emergence of resistant bacte ...201727895011
characterization of non-classical quinolone resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhi: report of a novel mutation in gyrb gene and diagnostic challenges.to establish the relative importance of salmonella enterica serovar typhi with non-classical quinolone resistance.201427896141
duplication-insertion recombineering: a fast and scar-free method for efficient transfer of multiple mutations in bacteria.we have developed a new λ red recombineering methodology for generating transient selection markers that can be used to transfer mutations between bacterial strains of both escherichia coli and salmonella enterica the method is fast, simple and allows for the construction of strains with several mutations without any unwanted sequence changes (scar-free). the method uses λ red recombineering to generate a marker-held tandem duplication, termed duplication-insertion (dup-in). the dup-ins can easi ...201627899661
antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin among salmonella enterica typhi and paratyphi a isolates from india.decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (dcs) and multidrug resistance in typhoidal salmonella isolates in areas of endemicity are significant therapeutic problems. guidelines for azithromycin disc diffusion and mic interpretive criteria for salmonella enterica serovar typhi were published recently by the clinical and laboratory standards institute in 2015. we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of azithromycin in 100 isolates of salmonella typhi (n=80), paratyphi a (n=18) and b ...201627902389
biosynthesis of selenate reductase in salmonella enterica: critical roles for the signal peptide and dmsd.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterium with a flexible respiratory capability. under anaerobic conditions, s. enterica can utilize a range of terminal electron acceptors, including selenate, to sustain respiratory electron transport. the s. enterica selenate reductase is a membrane-bound enzyme encoded by the ynfefgh-dmsd operon. the active enzyme is predicted to comprise at least three subunits where ynfe is a molybdenum-containing catalytic subunit. the ynfe prote ...201627902441
interaction between salmonella and schistosomiasis: a review.the interaction between schistosomiasis and salmonella is a particularly important issue in africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. in this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to salmonella are described. those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of salmonella enter ...201627907208
cutting edge: lymphotoxin signaling is essential for clearance of salmonella from the gut lumen and generation of anti-salmonella protective immunity.the immunological components that control resolution of salmonella infection and successful vaccination are poorly defined. in a model of chronic gastrointestinal infection, we observed that the lymphotoxin (lt) pathway is essential for the clearance and resolution of primary infection of attenuated salmonella enterica typhimurium strain sl3261 δaroa using gnotobiotic mice, we show that ltβ receptor (ltβr) signaling and the microbiota are required to promote clearance of attenuated s. enterica t ...201727913631
complex genetics architecture contributes to salmonella resistance in acb60 mice.human infection with salmonella is of global public health concern. in low- and middle-income countries, salmonella infection is a major source of disease in terms of both mortality and morbidity, while in high-income nations, the pathogen is an ongoing threat to food security. the outcome of infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) in mouse models is dependent upon a coordinated and complex immune response. a panel of recombinant congenic strains (rcs) der ...201727913859
association between pigs with high caecal salmonella loads and carcass contamination.contaminated pork is a significant source of foodborne salmonella infections. pork is contaminated at the slaughterhouse; however, the mechanisms driving salmonella contamination of carcasses are still poorly understood. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the amount of salmonella carried by slaughtered pigs in their guts has an influence on carcass contamination. on that account, we tested whether the number of carcasses contaminated during a slaughter day was associated with the p ...201727914322
antimicrobial resistance and molecular subtypes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates from kolkata, india over a 15 years period 1998-2012.typhoid fever, caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), remains an unresolved public health problem in india. emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains poses a great concern for typhoid treatment and influences reshaping of current s. typhi population. we included representative s. typhi strains (n=164) from retrospective studies, both community and hospital based, conducted at national institute of cholera and enteric diseases, kolkata during 15 years period (1998-2012) to ana ...201727916384
green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of cibotium barometz root.green synthesis of gold (cb-aunps) and silver (cb-agnps) nanoparticles using cibotium barometz root extract was highlighted. cb-aunps were synthesized almost instantly and cb-agnps were formed after 25 min in a heated aqueous extract. the formation of cb-aunps and cb-agnps was detected at 548 and 412 nm; they were spherical with crystallite sizes of 6 nm and 23 nm, respectively. cb-agnps were further investigated for their antimicrobial activity against escherichia, staphylococcus aureus, salmon ...201627917689
clonal spread of mcr-1 in pmqr-carrying st34 salmonella isolates from animals in china.since initial identification in china, the widespread geographical occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in enterobacteriaceae has been of great concern. in this study, a total of 22 salmonella enterica were resistant to colistin, while only five isolates which belonged to st34 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) were mcr-1 positive. four of them shared nearly identical pfge type, although they were from different host species and diverse geographical ...201627917926
the type iii secretion system effector sptp of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.strains of the various salmonella enterica serovars cause gastroenteritis or typhoid fever in humans, with virulence depending on the action of two type iii secretion systems (salmonella pathogenicity island 1 [spi-1] and spi-2). sptp is a salmonella spi-1 effector, involved in mediating recovery of the host cytoskeleton postinfection. sptp requires a chaperone, sicp, for stability and secretion. sptp has 94% identity between s. enterica serovar typhimurium and s typhi; direct comparison of the ...201727920299
salmonella typhimurium and multidirectional communication in the gut.the mammalian digestive tract is home to trillions of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. in monogastric mammals the stomach and small intestine harbor diverse bacterial populations but are typically less populated than the colon. the gut bacterial community (microbiota hereafter) varies widely among different host species and individuals within a species. it is influenced by season of the year, age of the host, stress and disease. ideally, the host and microbiot ...201627920756
one-step pcr detection of salmonella pullorum/gallinarum using a novel target: the flagellar biosynthesis gene flhb.salmonella enterica serovar pullorum/gallinarum is an important infectious pathogen that has caused widespread problems for chicken industry. traditional salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time-consuming process. in this study, we developed a rapid one-step polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to identify s. pullorum/gallinarum. the pcr-based assay focuses on flhb, which shows a deficient region only in s. pullorum/gallinarum, compared with that of other serovars. the specificity and se ...201627920764
high-resolution ph imaging of living bacterial cells to detect local ph differences.protons are utilized for various biological activities such as energy transduction and cell signaling. for construction of the bacterial flagellum, a type iii export apparatus utilizes atp and proton motive force to drive flagellar protein export, but the energy transduction mechanism remains unclear. here, we have developed a high-resolution ph imaging system to measure local ph differences within living salmonella enterica cells, especially in close proximity to the cytoplasmic membrane and th ...201627923921
htra-mediated e-cadherin cleavage is limited to degp and degq homologs expressed by gram-negative pathogens.the serine proteases htra/degp secreted by the human gastrointestinal pathogens helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) and campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) cleave the mammalian cell adhesion protein e-cadherin to open intercellular adhesions. a wide range of bacteria also expresses the htra/degp homologs degq and/or degs, which significantly differ in structure and function.201627931258
salmonella co-opts host cell chaperone-mediated autophagy for intracellular growth.salmonella enterica are invasive intracellular pathogens that replicate within a membrane-bound compartment inside infected host cells known as the salmonella-containing vacuole. how salmonella obtains nutrients for growth within this intracellular niche despite the apparent isolation is currently not known. recent studies have indicated the importance of glucose and related carbon sources for tissue colonization and intracellular proliferation within host cells during salmonella infections, alt ...201727932462
genome sequence of bacteriophage gg32, which can infect both salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7.we report here a new virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) bacteriophage, gg32, which was isolated from the guem river in the republic of korea. the strain can infect both s typhimurium and escherichia coli (e. coli) o157:h7 and may be a good candidate for a bio-control agent.201627932635
complete genome sequence of bacteriophage ma12, which infects both campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.here, we announce the complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s enteritidis) bacteriophage ma12, a 41-kb chromosome. the strain can infect both campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and s enteritidis and can be used in phage therapy experiments with poultry and poultry meat.201627932636
purification and antigenic detection of o-specific polysaccharides of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a isolate from pakistan: an emerging threat.paratyphoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a is becoming a serious health problem in asian countries particularly pakistan, china and india and situation is aggravated by current unavailability of a licensed vaccine. this study was designed to purify the o-specific polysaccharides (osp) produced by an isolate of salmonella paratyphi a from pakistan and detect antigenicity of extracted lipopolysaccharide (lps) and purified osp pioneerly in south asian region as candidate fo ...201627933236
identification of candidate host cell factors required for actin-based motility of burkholderia pseudomallei.intracellular actin-based motility of the melioidosis pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei requires the bacterial factor bima. located at one pole of the bacterium, bima recruits and polymerizes cellular actin to promote bacterial motility within and between cells. here, we describe an affinity approach coupled with mass spectrometry to identify cellular proteins recruited to bima-expressing bacteria under conditions that promote actin polymerization. we identified a group of cellular proteins tha ...201627934296
serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica recovered from clinical samples from cattle and swine in minnesota, 2006 to 2015.salmonellosis remains one of the leading causes of foodborne disease worldwide despite preventive efforts at various stages of the food production chain. the emergence of multi-drug resistant (mdr) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica represents an additional challenge for public health authorities. food animals are considered a major reservoir and potential source of foodborne salmonellosis; thus, monitoring of salmonella strains in livestock may help to detect emergence of new serotypes/mdr pheno ...201627936204
the infectious intracellular lifestyle of salmonella enterica relies on the adaptation to nutritional conditions within the salmonella-containing vacuole.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a gram-negative pathogen that causes various host-specific diseases. during their life cycle, salmonellae survive frequent exposures to a variety of environmental stresses, e.g. carbon-source starvation. the virulence of this pathogen relies on its ability to establish a replicative niche, named salmonella-containing vacuole, inside host cells. however, the microenvironment of the scv and the bacterial metabolic pathways required during ...201627936347
salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae infection of adult patients in southern taiwan: a case series in a non-endemic area and literature review.the majority of salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern united states, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat illness; however, little is known in non-endemic areas. we reviewed and analyzed the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in adult patients with s. arizonae infection at our institution.201627938338
evaluation of ompa and pgte genes in determining pathogenicity in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. this important food-borne pathogen also colonises the intestinal tracts of poultry and can spread systemically, especially in chickens. to identify the s. enteritidis virulence genes involved in infection and colonisation of chickens, chromosomal deletion mutants of the ompa and pgte genes, which encode essential components of omptins, were constructed. there were no ...201627938704
modeling stochastic variability in the numbers of surviving salmonella enterica, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and listeria monocytogenes cells at the single-cell level in a desiccated environment.despite effective inactivation procedures, small numbers of bacterial cells may still remain in food samples. the risk that bacteria will survive these procedures has not been estimated precisely because deterministic models cannot be used to describe the uncertain behavior of bacterial populations. we used the poisson distribution as a representative probability distribution to estimate the variability in bacterial numbers during the inactivation process. strains of four serotypes of salmonella ...201727940547
salmonella meningitis associated with monocyte infiltration in mice.in the current study, we examined the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to infect the central nervous system and cause meningitis following the natural route of infection in mice. c57bl/6j mice are extremely susceptible to systemic infection by salmonella typhimurium because of loss-of-function mutations in nramp1 (slc11a1), a phagosomal membrane protein that controls iron export from vacuoles and inhibits salmonella growth in macrophages. therefore, we assessed the ability of s ...201727955815
genetic characterization of the galactitol utilization pathway of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.galactitol degradation by salmonellae remains underinvestigated, although this metabolic capability contributes to growth in animals (r. r. chaudhuri et al., plos genet 9:e1003456, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003456). the genes responsible for this metabolic capability are part of a 9.6-kb gene cluster that spans from gaty to gatr (stm3253 to stm3262) and encodes a phosphotransferase system, four enzymes, and a transporter of the major facilitator superfamily. genome comparison r ...201727956522
antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene.many different household water treatment (hwt) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. however, hwt methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. two gravity-fed hwt devices (aquasure™ and waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of halopure(®) br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. as water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted ...201627959873
a novel cmos image sensor system for quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays to detect food-borne pathogens.loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is considered as one of the alternatives to the conventional pcr and it is an inexpensive portable diagnostic system with minimal power consumption. the present work describes the application of lamp in real-time photon detection and quantitative analysis of nucleic acids integrated with a disposable complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (cmos) image sensor. this novel system works as an amplification-coupled detection platform, relying on a cmos i ...201727965010
cyclic amp inhibits the activity and promotes the acetylation of acetyl-coa synthetase through competitive binding to the atp/amp pocket.the high-affinity biosynthetic pathway for converting acetate to acetyl-coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) is catalyzed by the central metabolic enzyme acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (acs), which is finely regulated both at the transcriptional level via cyclic amp (camp)-driven trans-activation and at the post-translational level via acetylation inhibition. in this study, we discovered that camp directly binds to salmonella enterica acs (seacs) and inhibits its activity in a substrate-competitive manner. in ...201727974467
the promiscuous suma missense suppressor from salmonella enterica has an intriguing mechanism of action.while most missense suppressors have very narrow specificities and only suppress the allele against which they were isolated, the suma missense suppressor from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a promiscuous or broad-acting missense suppressor that suppresses numerous missense mutants. the suma missense suppressor was identified as a glyv trna gly3(gau/c) missense suppressor that can recognize gau or gac aspartic acid codons and insert a glycine amino acid instead of aspartic acid. in a ...201727974497
near-atomic-resolution cryo-em analysis of the salmonella t3s injectisome basal body.the type iii secretion (t3s) injectisome is a specialized protein nanomachine that is critical for the pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria, including purveyors of plague, typhoid fever, whooping cough, sexually transmitted infections and major nosocomial infections. this syringe-shaped 3.5-mda macromolecular assembly spans both bacterial membranes and that of the infected host cell. the internal channel formed by the injectisome allows for the direct delivery of partially unfolded virul ...201627974800
genome sequences of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strains from broiler chicks in hungary.three strains of salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolated from healthy broiler chickens from 2012 to 2013 have been sequenced. comparison of these and previously published s infantis genome sequences of broiler origin in 1996 and 2004 will provide new insight into the genome evolution and recent spread of s infantis in poultry.201627979950
salmonella enterica serotype napoli is the first cause of invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis in lombardy, italy (2010-2014), and belongs to typhi subclade.salmonella enterica serotype napoli (s. napoli) is currently emerging in europe and particularly in italy, where in 2014 it caused a large outbreak associated with elevated rates of bacteremia. however, no study has yet investigated its invasive ability and phylogenetic classification. here, we show that between 2010 and 2014, s. napoli was the first cause of invasive salmonellosis affecting 40 cases out of 687 (invasive index: 5.8%), which is significantly higher than the invasive index of all ...201727982698
autophagic targeting and avoidance in intracellular bacterial infections.eukaryotic cells use autophagy to break down and recycle components such as aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. research in the past decade, particularly using salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a model pathogen, has revealed that autophagy can also target invading intracellular bacterial pathogens for degradation. however, many bacterial pathogens have evolved mechanisms that allow for evasion of the autophagic pathway, such as motility or direct and irreversible cleavage of pro ...201727984783
detection of salmonella enterica in meat in less than 5 hours by a low-cost and noncomplex sample preparation method.salmonella is recognized as one of the most important foodborne bacteria and has wide health and socioeconomic impacts worldwide. fresh pork meat is one of the main sources of salmonella, and efficient and fast methods for detection are therefore necessary. current methods for salmonella detection in fresh meat usually include >16 h of culture enrichment, in a few cases <12 h, thus requiring at least two working shifts. here, we report a rapid (<5 h) and high-throughput method for screening of s ...201727986726
role of t3ss-1 sipd protein in protecting mice against non-typhoidal salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enterica species are enteric pathogens that cause severe diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to enteric fever and sepsis in humans. these infectious diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income countries, especially in children younger than 5 years and immunocompromised adults. vaccines targeting typhoidal diseases are already marketed, but none protect against non-typhoidal salmonella. the existence of multiple non-typhoidal salmonella s ...201627992422
the crispr-cas system presents multiple transcriptional units including antisense rnas that are expressed in minimal medium and up-regulated by ph in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the crispr-cas system is involved in bacterial immunity, virulence, gene regulation, biofilm formation and sporulation. in salmonella enterica serovar typhi this system consists of five transcriptional units including antisense rnas. it was determined that these genetic elements are expressed in minimal medium and are up-regulated by ph. in addition, a transcriptional characterization of cas3 and ascse2-1 is included herein.201627995873
functional relatedness in the inv/mxi-spa type iii secretion system family.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are structurally conserved nanomachines that span the inner and outer bacterial membranes, and via a protruding needle complex contact host cell membranes and deliver type iii effector proteins. t3ss are phylogenetically divided into several families based on structural basal body components. here we have studied the evolutionary and functional conservation of four t3ss proteins from the inv/mxi-spa family: a cytosolic chaperone, two hydrophobic translocators t ...201727997726
characterization of o-antigen delivered by generalized modules for membrane antigens (gmma) vaccine candidates against nontyphoidal salmonella.invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease (ints) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in africa. the most common pathogens are salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. the o-antigen portion of their lipopolysaccharide is a target of protective immunity and vaccines targeting o-antigen are currently in development. here we investigate the use of generalized modules for membrane antigens (gmma) as delivery system for s. typhimurium and s. enteritidis o-antigen. gram-negative b ...201727998639
cytochrome bd-dependent bioenergetics and antinitrosative defenses in salmonella pathogenesis.in the course of an infection, salmonella enterica occupies diverse anatomical sites with various concentrations of oxygen (o2) and nitric oxide (no). these diatomic gases compete for binding to catalytic metal groups of quinol oxidases. enterobacteriaceae express two evolutionarily distinct classes of quinol oxidases that differ in affinity for o2 and no as well as stoichiometry of h(+) translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane. the investigations presented here show that the dual function o ...201627999164
the cytolethal distending toxin produced by nontyphoidal salmonella serotypes javiana, montevideo, oranienburg, and mississippi induces dna damage in a manner similar to that of serotype typhi.select nontyphoidal salmonella enterica (nts) serotypes were recently found to encode the salmonella cytolethal distending toxin (s-cdt), an important virulence factor for serotype typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. using a pcr-based assay, we determined that among 21 nts serotypes causing the majority of food-borne salmonellosis cases in the united states, genes encoding s-cdt are conserved in isolates representing serotypes javiana, montevideo, and oranienburg but that among serotype ...201627999166
complete genome sequence of new bacteriophage phie142, which causes simultaneously lysis of multidrug-resistant escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.the emergence of antibiotic-resistant foodborne bacteria is a global health problem that requires immediate attention. bacteriophages are a promising biotechnological alternative approach against bacterial pathogens. however, a detailed analysis of phage genomes is essential to assess the safety of the phages prior to their use as biocontrol agents. therefore, here we report the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage phie142, which is able to lyse salmonella and multidrug-resistant escherichi ...201627999624
high occurrence and unusual serotype diversity of non-typhoidal salmonella in non-clinical niches, angola.non-typhoidal salmonella is an important burden, particularly in developing countries of the african region. we report for the first time in angola, a sub-saharan african country with commercial/travel relationships with europe, an unexpectedly high occurrence of salmonella (n = 12/63, 19%) from a high diversity of sources, particularly farm and wild animals. the detection of diverse serotypes (n = 12), involving putative new s. enterica subsp. salamae serotypes, is also of note, reinforcing the ...201728004619
evaluation of molecular typing of foodborne pathogens in european reference laboratories from 2012 to 2013.in 2012, the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) initiated external quality assessment (eqa) schemes for molecular typing including the national public health reference laboratories in europe. the overall aim for these eqa schemes was to enhance the european surveillance of food-borne pathogens by evaluating and improving the quality and comparability of molecular typing. the eqas were organised by statens serum institut (ssi) and included salmonella enterica subsp. enteric ...201628006653
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica serovar indiana in china (1984-2016).salmonella enterica serovar indiana, first described in 1955, is generally regarded as having a low frequency worldwide with outbreaks of gastroenteritis and abortions described in north america and europe. in china, s. indiana was first reported in 1984 and in the subsequent 71 surveys in 35 cities/municipalities from 18 provinces, 70% of which were after 2012, s. indiana has been shown to have become widely prevalent in people, animals, food and the environment around abattoirs and meat proces ...201628009105
detection of salmonella enterica serovar montevideo and newport in free-ranging sea turtles and beach sand in the caribbean and persistence in sand and seawater microcosms.salmonellae are gram-negative zoonotic bacteria that are frequently part of the normal reptilian gastrointestinal flora. the main objective of this project was to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella enterica in the nesting and foraging populations of sea turtles on st. kitts and in sand from known nesting beaches. results suggest a higher prevalence of salmonella in nesting leatherback sea turtles compared with foraging green and hawksbill sea turtles. salmonella was cultured fro ...201628009107
longitudinal study of salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- shedding in five australian pig herds.the shedding patterns of salmonella spp. and mlva profiles of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (i) serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- were monitored in a 12-month longitudinal observational study of five pig herds to inform management; provide indications of potential hazard load at slaughter; and assist evaluation of mlva for use by animal and public health practitioners. twenty pooled faecal samples, stratified by age group, were collected quarterly. when salmonella was cultured, multiple colonies ...201728010904
thermal inactivation and sublethal injury kinetics of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in broth versus agar surface.the objective of the present study was to compare the thermal inactivation and sublethal injury kinetics of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in broth (suspended cells) and on solid surface (agar-seeded cells). a 3-strain cocktail of s. enterica or l. monocytogenes inoculated in broth or on agar was subjected to heating in a water bath at various set temperatures (55.0, 57.5 and 60.0°c for s. enterica and 60.0, 62.5 and 65°c for l. monocytogenes). the occurrence of sublethally injur ...201728011300
antimicrobial resistance patterns of bovine salmonella enterica isolates submitted to the wisconsin veterinary diagnostic laboratory: 2006-2015.salmonellosis on the dairy continues to have a significant effect on animal health and productivity and in the united states. additionally, salmonella enterica ssp. enterica causes an estimated 1.2 million cases of human illness annually. contributing to the morbidity and mortality in both human and domestic animal species is emergence of antimicrobial resistance by salmonella species and increased incidence of multidrug-resistant isolates. this study describes serotype distribution and the anti ...201728012630
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