Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| detecting cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination. | the process of endospore germination in clostridium difficile, and other clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming bacterium, bacillus subtilis. germination is triggered by small molecule germinants and occurs without the need for macromolecular synthesis. though differences exist between the mechanisms of spore germination in species of bacillus and clostridium, a common requirement is the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan-like cortex which allows the spore co ... | 2016 | 27403726 |
| tropheryma whipplei associated with diarrhoea in young children. | tropheryma whipplei was detected in preliminary studies in faeces of young children with diarrhoea and also in faeces of asymptomatic persons, not only in europe but also in africa. in this study, the link between this bacterium and the presence of acute diarrhoea was evaluated in a large group of children. from december 2009 to january 2013, rectal swabs collected from 3796 children in the emergency departments of university hospitals in marseille, france, were analysed: 555 children (245 femal ... | 2016 | 27404363 |
| fecal transplants: what is being transferred? | fecal transplants are increasingly utilized for treatment of recurrent infections (i.e., clostridium difficile) in the human gut and as a general research tool for gain-of-function experiments (i.e., gavage of fecal pellets) in animal models. changes observed in the recipient's biology are routinely attributed to bacterial cells in the donor feces (~1011 per gram of human wet stool). here, we examine the literature and summarize findings on the composition of fecal matter in order to raise cauti ... | 2016 | 27404502 |
| intestinal microbiota transplant - current state of knowledge. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has induced a lot scientific interest and hopes for the last couple of years. fmt has been approved as a treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile colitis. highly sophisticated molecular dna identification methods have been used to assess the healthy human microbiome as well as its disturbances in several diseases. the metabolic and immunologic functions of the microbiome have become more clear and understandable. a lot of pathological changes, such as ... | 2016 | 27407273 |
| digestive disease week and american society of clinical oncology. | we report on key digestive disease week sessions that focused on hepatitis c virus and clostridium difficile infection, colonoscopy preparation, irritable bowel syndrome, and crohn's disease. we also review major american society of clinical oncology sessions on breast, pancreatic, ovarian, skin, and brain cancers and multiple myeloma. | 2016 | 27408522 |
| new antibiotics in clinical trials for clostridium difficile. | there are limited number of approved therapies for c. difficile infections (cdis) and new treatments are needed to decrease recurrence rates. over the past 5 years, four novel antibiotics have been evaluated in clinical trials that offer distinct advantages over existing therapies for the treatment of cdi. | 2016 | 27410763 |
| nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in a chinese hospital, 2012-2014, traced by whole genome sequencing. | the rapid spread of clostridium difficile nap1/bi/027 (c. difficile 027) has become one of the leading threats of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. however, c. difficile 027 infections have been rarely reported in asia, particularly in china. | 2016 | 27411304 |
| protocol for a randomised control trial of methylnaltrexone for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation and gastrointestinal stasis in intensive care patients (motion). | gastrointestinal dysmotility and constipation are common problems in intensive care patients. the majority of critical care patients are sedated with opioids to facilitate tolerance of endotracheal tubes and mechanical ventilation, which inhibit gastrointestinal motility and lead to adverse outcomes. methylnaltrexone is a peripheral opioid antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and can reverse the peripheral side effects of opioids without affecting the desired central properties ... | 2016 | 27412108 |
| outpatient antibiotic prescription. | in view of the rise in antibiotic resistance and clostridium difficile superinfection, close monitoring of antibiotic prescribing practices is essential so that targeted quality assurance measures can be taken. | 2016 | 27412990 |
| a tetraspecific vhh-based neutralizing antibody modifies disease outcome in three animal models of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), a leading cause of nosocomial infection, is a serious disease in north america, europe, and asia. cdi varies greatly from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and toxemia. the incidence of community-acquired infection has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent antibiotic-resistant strains. these new strains contribute to the frequent occurrence of disease relapse, complicating treatment, increasing hospital stays, an ... | 2016 | 27413067 |
| cdtr regulates tcda and tcdb production in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a global health burden and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide, causing severe gastrointestinal disease and death. three well characterised toxins are encoded by this bacterium in two genetic loci, specifically, tcdb (toxin b) and tcda (toxin a) in the pathogenicity locus (paloc) and binary toxin (cdt) in the genomically distinct cdt locus (cdtloc). toxin production is controlled by regulators specific to each locus. the orphan response regulat ... | 2016 | 27414650 |
| controversies surrounding clostridium difficile infection in infants and young children. | clostridium difficile is a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults and older children. however, as many as 80% of infants can be asymptomatically colonized. the reasons for this have not been well established but are believed to be due to differences in toxin receptors or toxin internalization. determining which children who test positive for c. difficile warrant treatment is exceedingly difficult, especially in the setting of increased rates of detection and the rising risk o ... | 2014 | 27417466 |
| clostridium difficile infection worsen outcome of hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has increased rapidly over the past several decades in north america and europe. however, the exact global epidemiology remains unclear because of insufficient data from developing countries. a total of 646 hospitalized adult ibd patients were enrolled; and their fresh stool specimens were obtained and used for clostridium difficile detection. the incidence of cdi in crohn's diseas ... | 2016 | 27417996 |
| diagnostic test accuracy of glutamate dehydrogenase for clostridium difficile: systematic review and meta-analysis. | we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of detecting glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) based on the hierarchical model. two investigators electrically searched four databases. reference tests were stool cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna) and stool toxigenic culture (tc). to assess the overall accuracy, we calculated the diagnostic odds ratio (dor) using a dersimonian-laird random-model and area the u ... | 2016 | 27418431 |
| prevalence of human norovirus and clostridium difficile coinfections in adult hospitalized patients. | human norovirus (hunov) and clostridium difficile are common causes of infectious gastroenteritis in adults in the us. however, limited information is available regarding hunov and c. difficile coinfections. our study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of hunov and c. difficile coinfections among adult patients in a hospital setting and disease symptomatology. | 2016 | 27418856 |
| intravenous tigecycline facilitates cure of severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after failure of standard therapy: a case report and literature review of tigecycline use in cdi. | standard treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is oral vancomycin with metronidazole. after failure of this standard regimen, treatment becomes challenging. a young woman treated for septic shock developed cdi. standard treatment failed and she was ineligible for fecal transplant. addition of tigecycline to her regimen resulted in cure. | 2016 | 27419166 |
| burden of clostridium difficile infections in québec by levy et al. | 2016 | 27419192 | |
| teaching health care workers to adopt a systems perspective for improved control and prevention of health care-associated infections. | 2016 | 27424302 | |
| predictors of clostridium difficile infection-related mortality among older adults. | over 90% of annual deaths caused by clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occur in persons aged ≥65 years. however, no large-scale studies have been conducted to investigate predictors of cdi-related mortality among older adults. | 2016 | 27424303 |
| induction of antitoxin responses in clostridium-difficile-infected patients compared to healthy blood donors. | according to the literature clostridium difficile antitoxins are present in up to 66% of humans. in a survey of ∼400 plasma samples from healthy blood donors we found that less than 6% were positive for anti-tcda or anti-tcdb antitoxins. using the same standard immunoassay protocol, we looked for igg and iga antitoxins in the blood and stool samples from 25 patients with c. difficile infection (cdi). some patients with cdi had no antitoxin detected at all, while others had high levels of specifi ... | 2016 | 27427464 |
| semicarbazone ega inhibits uptake of diphtheria toxin into human cells and protects cells from intoxication. | diphtheria toxin is a single-chain protein toxin that invades human cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. in acidic endosomes, its translocation domain inserts into endosomal membranes and facilitates the transport of the catalytic domain (dta) from endosomal lumen into the host cell cytosol. here, dta adp-ribosylates elongation factor 2 inhibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death. the compound 4-bromobenzaldehyde n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)semicarbazone (ega) has been previously shown to pr ... | 2016 | 27428999 |
| natural gum modified emulsion gel as single carrier for the oral delivery of probiotic-drug combination. | single formulation based delivery of probiotic-drug combination is envisioned as a superior therapeutic delivery modality for the diseases like crohn's diseases, ulceritive colitis and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (rcdad). keeping this perspective in mind, here we have developed natural gum [using a combination of aqueous solution of xantham gum (x) and guar gum (g)] modified sunflower oil based emulsion gels for the delivery of probiotics-drugs combination. ft-ir analysi ... | 2016 | 27431793 |
| anaerobes as sources of bioactive compounds and health promoting tools. | aerobic microorganisms have been sources of medicinal agents for several decades and an impressive variety of drugs have been isolated from their cultures, studied and formulated to treat or prevent diseases. on the other hand, anaerobes, which are believed to be the oldest life forms on earth and evolved remarkably diverse physiological functions, have largely been neglected as sources of bioactive compounds. however, results obtained from the limited research done so far show that anaerobes ar ... | 2017 | 27432247 |
| surotomycin versus vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection: phase 2, randomized, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority, multicentre trial. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major public health concern. treatment with commonly prescribed antibiotics is associated with high rates of recurrence after initial cure. here, we present the efficacy and safety of surotomycin, an orally administered, minimally absorbed, selective bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide, compared with vancomycin, in patients with cdi. | 2016 | 27432604 |
| germinants and their receptors in clostridia. | many anaerobic spore-forming clostridial species are pathogenic, and some are industrially useful. although many are strict anaerobes, the bacteria persist under aerobic and growth-limiting conditions as multilayered metabolically dormant spores. for many pathogens, the spore form is what most commonly transmits the organism between hosts. after the spores are introduced into the host, certain proteins (germinant receptors) recognize specific signals (germinants), inducing spores to germinate an ... | 2016 | 27432831 |
| evaluating the effectiveness of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on reducing the incidence rate of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 27437421 | |
| community-associated clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 2016 | 27439642 | |
| high risk of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | infectious enteritis is a commonly identified risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is on the rise. however, there is limited information on post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) development following cdi and the host- and infection-related risk factors are not known. | 2016 | 27444134 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium difficile strain it1118, an epidemic isolate belonging to the emerging pcr ribotype 018. | clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 018 has emerged in italy, south korea, and japan, causing severe infections and outbreaks. in this study, we sequenced the genome of it1118, an italian clinical isolate, to clarify the molecular features contributing to the success of this epidemic type. | 2016 | 27445391 |
| association between nsaids and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | objective. clostridium difficile infection is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in developed countries. studies evaluating the associations of increased risk of community-acquired cdad and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) have yielded inconclusive results. we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the odds of nsaid exposure in patients with cdad versus patients without cdad in both community-based and healthcare-associated settings. methods. relev ... | 2016 | 27446866 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in the elderly: long-term outcomes and microbiota changes. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has become the cornerstone in management of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) in adults. however, data on efficacy, safety, long-term outcomes, and microbiota alterations are limited in elderly patients (>65 years). | 2016 | 27447476 |
| progress in our understanding of the gut microbiome: implications for the clinician. | the investigation of the role of the microbial communities of our gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) has accelerated dramatically in recent years thanks to rapid developments in the technologies that allow us to fully enumerate and evaluate the full complement of bacterial species and strains that normally inhabit the gut. laboratory studies in a range of inventive animal models continue to provide insights into the role of the microbiota in health and to generate plausible hypotheses relating ... | 2016 | 27448618 |
| reducing co-administration of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics using a computerized order entry alert and prospective audit and feedback. | antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi). both a computer order entry alert to highlight this association as well as antimicrobial stewardship directed prospective audit and feedback represent novel interventions to reduce the co-administration of antibiotics and ppis among hospitalized patients. | 2016 | 27449956 |
| formicin - a novel broad-spectrum two-component lantibiotic produced by bacillus paralicheniformis apc 1576. | bacteriocins represent a rather underutilized class of antimicrobials despite often displaying activity against many drug-resistant pathogens. lantibiotics are a post-translationally modified class of bacteriocins, characterized by the presence of lanthionine and methyllanthionine bridges. in this study, a novel two-peptide lantibiotic was isolated and characterized. formicin was isolated from bacillus paralicheniformis apc 1576, an antimicrobial-producing strain originally isolated from the int ... | 2016 | 27450592 |
| using expert process to combat clostridium difficile infections. | in 2008, clostridium difficile rates were increasing in ontario, canada, and in response, hospitals were mandated by the ontario ministry of health to publicly report their c difficile infection (cdi) rates. in order to assist hospitals which had ongoing cdi outbreaks, a process of an external infection control resource team (icrt) was introduced. this article describes the function and process of the icrt, managed by public health ontario, and reviews the lessons learned over the first 5 years ... | 2016 | 27451312 |
| longitudinal investigation of carriage rates, counts, and genotypes of toxigenic clostridium difficile in early infancy. | asymptomatic infant carriers of toxigenic clostridium difficile are suggested to play a role in the transmission of c. difficile infection (cdi) in adults. however, the mode of c. difficile carriage in infants remains to be fully elucidated. we investigated longitudinal changes in carriage rates, counts, and strain types of toxigenic c. difficile in infants. stools collected from 111 healthy infants in belgium periodically from birth until the age of 6 months were examined by quantitative pcr ta ... | 2016 | 27451451 |
| candidemia in patients with body temperature below 37°c and admitted to internal medicine wards: assessment of risk factors. | an increasing number of candidemia episodes has been reported in patients cared for in internal medicine wards. these usually older and frail patients may not be suspected as having candidemia because they lack fever at the onset of the episode. to identify the risk factors associated with the lack of fever at the onset of candidemia (ie, the collection of the first positive blood culture for candida spp.) in patients cared for in internal medicine wards, we compared 2 group of patients with or ... | 2016 | 27452680 |
| fecal microbiota therapy as rescue therapy for life-threatening clostridium difficile infection in the critically ill: a small case series. | 2016 | 27452730 | |
| fecal transplantation - the new, inexpensive, safe, and rapidly effective approach in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases. | introduction. fecal transplantation was shown to effectively reduce the reoccurrence in patients with refractory clostridium difficile infection. new data suggest that fecal transplantation could also be efficient in other gastrointestinal diseases, for instance in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, but, there are also some data that could imply the efficacy outside the gastrointestinal tract. fecal transplantation should be considered a unique agent, capable of treating sever ... | 2017 | 27453747 |
| risk and severity of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection in patients taking proton pump inhibitors. | to compare the rates and severity of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among patients taking proton pump inhibitors (ppis) versus those not taking ppis. | 2016 | 27455386 |
| characterization of polymorphic forms of rifaximin. | rifaximin is a gut-selective oral antimicrobial that has no systemic adverse effects compared with placebo. it is used for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, clostridium difficile infection, ulcerative colitis, and acute diarrhea. the crystalline form present in rifaximin, α, has minimal systemic absorption compared to the amorphous form. the objective of this study was to obtain polymorphic forms of rifaximin using recrystallization processes ... | 2016 | 27455934 |
| recombinant mucin-type fusion proteins with a galα1,3gal substitution as clostridium difficile toxin a inhibitors. | the capability of a recombinant mucin-like fusion protein, p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse igg2b (psgl-1/migg2b), carrying galα1,3galβ1,4glcnac determinants to bind and inhibit clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) was investigated. the fusion protein, produced by a glyco-engineered stable cho-k1 cell line and designated c-pgc2, was purified by affinity and gel filtration chromatography from large-scale cultures. liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize o-glycans re ... | 2016 | 27456831 |
| clostridium difficile toxins tcda and tcdb cause colonic tissue damage by distinct mechanisms. | as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile is a serious problem in health care facilities worldwide. c. difficile produces two large toxins, tcda and tcdb, which are the primary virulence factors in disease. the respective functions of these toxins have been difficult to discern, in part because the cytotoxicity profiles for these toxins differ with concentration and cell type. the goal of this study was to develop a cell culture model that would allow a side-by- ... | 2016 | 27456833 |
| adult intussusception caused by ileocecal clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | 2016 | 27457842 | |
| correction for alcalá et al., comparison of genomera c. difficile and xpert c. difficile as confirmatory tests in a multistep algorithm for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27458271 | |
| dissimilar fitness associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones influences clonal dynamics of various multiresistant bacteria. | fitness cost associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones was recently shown to vary across clones of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae. the resulting dissimilar fitness should have influenced the clonal dynamics and thereby the rates of resistance for these pathogens. moreover, a similar mechanism was recently proposed for the emergence of the h30 and h30r lineages of esbl-producing e. coli and the major international ... | 2016 | 27458434 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile via magnetic bead aggregation in cost-effective polyester microdevices with cell phone image analysis. | pathogen detection has traditionally been accomplished by utilizing methods such as cell culture, immunoassays, and nucleic acid amplification tests; however, these methods are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings because special equipment for detection and thermal cycling is often required. in this study, we present a magnetic bead aggregation assay coupled to an inexpensive microfluidic fabrication technique that allows for cell phone detection and analysis of a notable pathogen ... | 2016 | 27460478 |
| european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases: update of the diagnostic guidance document for clostridium difficile infection. | in 2009 the first european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid) guideline for diagnosing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was launched. since then newer tests for diagnosing cdi have become available, especially nucleic acid amplification tests. the main objectives of this update of the guidance document are to summarize the currently available evidence concerning laboratory diagnosis of cdi and to formulate and revise recommendations to optimize cdi testing. th ... | 2016 | 27460910 |
| impact of malignancy on clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of malignancy and chemotherapy on the clinical and microbiological characteristics of clostridium difficile infections (cdi). | 2016 | 27461221 |
| polonium-210 poisoning: a first-hand account. | polonium-210 ((210)po) gained widespread notoriety after the poisoning and subsequent death of mr alexander litvinenko in london, uk, in 2006. exposure to (210)po resulted initially in a clinical course that was indistinguishable from infection or exposure to chemical toxins, such as thallium. | 2016 | 27461439 |
| optimizing the diagnostic testing of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and is associated with a considerable health and cost burden. however, there is still not a clear consensus on the best laboratory diagnosis approach and a wide variation of testing methods and strategies can be encountered. | 2016 | 27462827 |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile strains isolated from groote schuur hospital, cape town, south africa. | the c. difficile infection rate in south africa is concerning. many strains previously isolated from diarrhetic patients at groote schuur hospital were ribotype 017. this study further characterised these strains with respect to their clonal relationships, antibiotic susceptibility, toxin production and various attributes impacting on pathogen colonisation. multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) was used to characterise all c. difficile isolates. antibiotic susceptibility was d ... | 2016 | 27465145 |
| importance of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) in clostridium difficile colonization in vivo. | clostridium difficile is the principal cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. major metabolic requirements for colonization and expansion of c. difficile after microbiota disturbance have not been fully determined. in this study, we show that glutamate utilization is important for c. difficile to establish itself in the animal gut. when the glud gene, which codes for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), was disrupted, the mutant c. difficile was unable to colonize and cause disease in a hamster mode ... | 2016 | 27467167 |
| successful treatments with polymyxin b hemoperfusion and recombinant human thrombomodulin for fulminant clostridium difficile-associated colitis with septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation: a case report. | clostridium difficile (cd)-associated colitis (cdac) is endemic and a common nosocomial enteric disease encountered by surgeons in modern hospitals due to prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotic therapies. currently, the incidence of fulminant cdac, which readily causes septic shock followed by multiple organ dysfunction syndromes, is increasing. fulminant cdac requires surgeons to perform a prompt surgery, such as subtotal colectomy, to remove the septic source. it is known that fulminant cdac i ... | 2016 | 27468959 |
| difficile indeed. | 2016 | 27469287 | |
| survey of clostridium difficile infection surveillance systems in europe, 2011. | to develop a european surveillance protocol for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), existing national cdi surveillance systems were assessed in 2011. a web-based electronic form was provided for all national coordinators of the european cdi surveillance network (ecdis-net). of 35 national coordinators approached, 33 from 31 european countries replied. surveillance of cdi was in place in 14 of the 31 countries, comprising 18 different nationwide systems. three of 14 countries with cdi surveill ... | 2016 | 27469420 |
| survey of diagnostic and typing capacity for clostridium difficile infection in europe, 2011 and 2014. | suboptimal laboratory diagnostics for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) impedes its surveillance and control across europe. we evaluated changes in local laboratory cdi diagnostics and changes in national diagnostic and typing capacity for cdi during the european c. difficile infection surveillance network (ecdis-net) project, through cross-sectional surveys in 33 european countries in 2011 and 2014. in 2011, 126 (61%) of a convenience sample of 206 laboratories in 31 countries completed a s ... | 2016 | 27469624 |
| diversity of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in europe: results from the european, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point-prevalence study of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhoea (euclid), 2012 and 2013. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of infective diarrhoea in healthcare environments. as part of the european, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point-prevalence study of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhoea (euclid), the largest c. difficile epidemiological study of its type, pcr ribotype distribution of c. difficile isolates in europe was investigated. pcr ribotyping was performed on 1,196 c. difficile isolates from diarrhoeal samples ... | 2016 | 27470194 |
| a comparison of current guidelines of five international societies on clostridium difficile infection management. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly recognized as an emerging healthcare problem of elevated importance. prevention and treatment strategies are constantly evolving along with the apperance of new scientific evidence and novel treatment methods, which is well-reflected in the differences among consecutive international guidelines. in this article, we summarize and compare current guidelines of five international medical societies on cdi management, and discuss some of the contr ... | 2016 | 27470257 |
| partly fermented infant formulae with specific oligosaccharides support adequate infant growth and are well-tolerated. | fermented formulae (ferm) and a specific mixture of 90% short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and 10% long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scgos/lcfos; 9:1) have a potential beneficial effect on gastrointestinal function and microbiota development in infants. the present study assessed the safety and tolerance of the combination of partly fermented infant milk formulae and scgos/lcfos compared with either 1 feature, in healthy term infants. | 2016 | 27472478 |
| standardised surveillance of clostridium difficile infection in european acute care hospitals: a pilot study, 2013. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains poorly controlled in many european countries, of which several have not yet implemented national cdi surveillance. in 2013, experts from the european cdi surveillance network project and from the european centre for disease prevention and control developed a protocol with three options of cdi surveillance for acute care hospitals: a 'minimal' option (aggregated hospital data), a 'light' option (including patient data for cdi cases) and an 'enhanced' ... | 2016 | 27472820 |
| applications of an automated and quantitative ce-based size and charge western blot for therapeutic proteins and vaccines. | capillary electrophoresis (ce) is a versatile and indispensable analytical tool that can be applied to characterize proteins. in recent years, labor-intensive sds-page and ief slab gels have been replaced with ce-sds (cge) and ce-ief methods, respectively, in the biopharmaceutical industry. these two ce-based methods are now an industry standard and are an expectation of the regulatory agencies for biologics characterization. another important and traditional slab gel technique is the western bl ... | 2016 | 27473492 |
| normal, regular and standard: scaling the body through fecal microbial transplants. | in 1987, nancy scheper-hughes and margaret lock proposed "three bodies" to think through biomedicine and the kinds of subjects it produces. in the current article, i revise their theory of three bodies in two ways: first, i suggest that the three bodies are a scaling process, which allows medical governance to manage bodies across scales, from the individual to the group; second, i add two new levels of scalar analysis, the molecular and the microbial, in an attempt to flesh out the three bodies ... | 2016 | 27474685 |
| ultrastructure variability of the exosporium layer of clostridium difficile spores from sporulating cultures and biofilms. | the anaerobic sporeformer clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea in developed and developing countries. the metabolically dormant spore form is considered the morphotype responsible for transmission, infection, and persistence, and the outermost exosporium layer is likely to play a major role in spore-host interactions during recurrent infections, contributing to the persistence of the spore in the host. a recent study (m. pizarro-guajardo, p. cal ... | 2016 | 27474709 |
| gut microbiome predictors of treatment response and recurrence in primary clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) may not respond to initial therapy and frequently recurs, but predictors of response and recurrence are inconsistent. the impact of specific alterations in the gut microbiota determining treatment response and recurrence in patients with cdi is unknown. | 2016 | 27481036 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile isolates from family dairy farms. | a significant risk factor for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in humans and animals is associated with the antimicrobial use. it has often been hypothesized that farm animals could be the source for human infection with clostridium difficile (cd). in the european union, family-run dairy farms are the predominant farming model, which are more interlinked within the community compared to large-scale intensive dairy or beef farms. therefore, it is important to investigate antimicro ... | 2017 | 27484050 |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes 001 and 176 - the common denominator of c. difficile infection epidemiology in the czech republic, 2014. | in 2014, 18 hospitals in the czech republic participated in a survey of the incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in the country. the mean cdi incidence was 6.1 (standard deviation (sd):7.2) cases per 10,000 patient bed-days and 37.8 cases (sd: 41.4) per 10,000 admissions. the mean cdi testing frequency was 39.5 tests (sd: 25.4) per 10,000 patient bed-days and 255.8 tests (sd: 164.0) per 10,000 admissions. a total of 774 c. difficile isolates were investigated, of which 225 (29%) b ... | 2016 | 27484171 |
| a regional outbreak of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 027 infections in southeastern france from a single long-term care facility. | objective to describe and analyze a large outbreak of clostridium difficile 027 (cd-027) infections. methods confirmed cd-027 cases were defined as cd infection plus real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr) positive for cd-027. clinical and microbiological data on patients with cd-027 infection were collected from january 2013 to december 2015 in the provence-alpes-côte-d'azur region (southeastern france). results in total, 19 healthcare facilities reported 144 cd-027 infections (112 conf ... | 2016 | 27484769 |
| extended-spectrum β-lactam resistance in the enteric flora of patients at a tertiary care medical centre. | the dissemination of enterobacteriaceae expressing resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, which are therapeutically used in both human and veterinary medicine, is of critical concern. the normal commensal flora of food animals may serve as an important reservoir for the zoonotic food-borne transmission of enterobacteriaceae harbouring β-lactam resistance. we hypothesized that the predominant ampc and esbl genes reported in us livestock and fresh retail meat products, blacmy-2 and blactx ... | 2017 | 27486061 |
| a genetic assay for gene essentiality in clostridium. | essential genes of pathogens are potential therapeutic targets, but are difficult to verify. here, gene essentiality was determined by targeted knockout following engineered gene duplication. null mutants of candidate essential genes of clostridium difficile were viable only in the presence of a stable second copy of the gene. | 2016 | 27487328 |
| enhanced surveillance of clostridium difficile infection occurring outside hospital, england, 2011 to 2013. | there are limited national epidemiological data for community-associated (ca)-clostridium difficile infections (cdis). between march 2011 and march 2013, laboratories in england submitted to the clostridium difficile ribotyping network (cdrn) up to 10 diarrhoeal faecal samples from successive patients with ca-cdi, defined here as c. difficile toxin-positive diarrhoea commencing outside hospital (or less than 48 hours after hospital admission), including those cases associated with community-base ... | 2016 | 27487436 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation and its usage in neuropsychiatric disorders. | fecal microbiota transplantation has a 1700-year history. this forgotten treatment method has been put into use again during the last 50 years. the interest in microbiota-gut-brain axis and fecal microbiota transplantation is rapidly increasing. new evidence is obtained in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. there is a large number of experimental and clinical researches in the field of gut-brain axis. there is limited information on fecal microbiota transplantation. despite this ... | 2016 | 27489376 |
| frequency and risks associated with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after pediatric solid organ transplantation: a single-center retrospective review. | morbidity and mortality related to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased, but epidemiology and risk factors within pediatric solid organ transplant (sot) recipients are uncertain. | 2016 | 27492796 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease. | the gut bacterial microbiome, particularly its role in disease and inflammation, has gained international attention with the successful use of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. this success has led to studies exploring the role of fmt in other conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). both crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal system that have multifactorial etiolo ... | 2016 | 27493597 |
| interview with professor mark wilcox. | mark wilcox speaks to georgia patey, commissioning editor: professor mark wilcox is a consultant microbiologist and head of microbiology at the leeds teaching hospitals (leeds, uk), the professor of medical microbiology at the university of leeds (leeds, uk), and is the lead on clostridium difficile and the head of the uk c. difficile reference laboratory for public health england (phe). he was the director of infection prevention (4 years), infection control doctor (8 years) and clinical direct ... | 2016 | 27494150 |
| authors' correction for euro surveill. 2016;21(29). | 2016 | 27494203 | |
| shoe soles as a potential vector for pathogen transmission: a systematic review. | shoe soles are possible vectors for infectious diseases. although studies have been performed to assess the prevalence of infectious pathogens on shoe soles and decontamination techniques, no systematic review has ever occurred. the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to determine the prevalence of infectious agents on shoe bottoms and possible decontamination strategies. three electronic bibliographic databases were searched using a predefined search strategy ... | 2016 | 27495010 |
| prevalence and impact of clostridium difficile infection in elderly residents of long-term care facilities, 2011: a nationwide study. | the elderly population is particularly vulnerable to clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but the epidemiology of cdi in long-term care facilities (ltcfs) is unknown.we performed a retrospective cohort study and used us 2011 ltcf resident data from the minimum data set 3.0 linked to medicare claims. we extracted cdi cases based on international classification of diseases-9 coding, and compared residents with the diagnosis of cdi to those who did not have a cdi diagnosis during their ltcf stay. ... | 2016 | 27495022 |
| fecal microbial transplantation in a pediatric case of recurrent clostridium difficile infection and specific antibody deficiency. | 2016 | 27496525 | |
| efficacy of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for clostridium difficile infection. | in july 2012, metronidazole was approved for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). to clarify the selection criteria for the drug in terms of cdi severity, we established a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm with reference to the shea-idsa clinical practice guidelines. we compared patients whose treatments were guided by the algorithm (29 cases, october 2012-september 2013) with patients treated prior to the development of the algorithm (37 cases, october 2011-september 2012) ... | 2016 | 27498935 |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. | 2016 | 27499718 | |
| effect of metronidazole use on tacrolimus concentrations in transplant patients treated for clostridium difficile. | two case reports suggest that metronidazole treatment for clostridium difficile infections (cdi) increases tacrolimus (tac) trough levels. the primary objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of this potential interaction in transplant patients receiving cdi treatment. currently, no robust literature exists to estimate a magnitude of pharmacokinetic interaction between metronidazole and tac. | 2016 | 27501504 |
| can we improve the therapy of clostridium difficile infection in elderly patients? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is becoming a serious problem predominantly in geriatric patients, who are a significant risk group. the goal of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for mortality in cdi patients and to construct a binary logistic regression model that describes the probability of mortality in geriatric patients suffering from cdi. | 2016 | 27501856 |
| intravenous adenovirus expressing a multi-specific, single-domain antibody neutralizing tcda and tcdb protects mice from clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in developed countries. the disease is mainly mediated via two major exotoxins tcda and tcdb secreted by the bacterium. we have previously developed a novel, potently neutralizing, tetravalent and bispecific heavy-chain-only single domain (vhh) antibody to both tcda and tcdb (designated as aba) that reverses fulminant cdi in mice. since aba has a short serum half-life, in this study a rep ... | 2016 | 27502696 |
| prevalence of nosocominal toxigenic clostridium difficile in children under 5 years in hajar hospital, shahrekord, iran. | 2016 | 27504373 | |
| diagnosis and outcome of clostridium difficile infection by toxin enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction in an island population. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potentially life-threatening cause of diarrhea. correct laboratory diagnosis is essential to differentiate cdi from other causes of diarrhea. a positive fecal c. difficile toxin (cdt) is the best indicator of cdi, but the significance of a positive fecal nucleic acid amplification test (naat) remains unclear. our aim was to elucidate the significance of cdi diagnostics in patients in jersey. | 2017 | 27505006 |
| clostridium difficile infection is associated with lower inpatient mortality when managed by gi surgeons. | patients admitted with clostridium difficile infection are managed in a variety of settings. if their care is inadequate, these patients can rapidly deteriorate. | 2016 | 27505114 |
| colonization of toxigenic clostridium difficile among icu patients: a prospective study. | a prospective study was performed to investigate the prevalence of colonization among icu patients and to examine whether asymptomatic carriers were the source of subsequent c. difficile infection (cdi) and acquisition of toxigenic c. difficile. | 2016 | 27506470 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis typing of clostridium difficile isolates. | restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) typing using hindiii enzyme is a highly discriminatory, reproducible, and consistent method of genetic typing of clostridium difficile (cd) isolates. rea typing analyzes cd whole cellular dna on two levels of discrimination: rea group designation and rea type designation, which distinguishes specific subtypes within the rea group. this methodology has enabled the tracking of epidemiologically significant cd strains over time and in some cases has allowed d ... | 2016 | 27507329 |
| direct pcr-ribotyping of clostridium difficile. | pcr-ribotyping, a method based on heterogeneity of ribosomal intergenic spacer region, is the preferred method for genotyping of clostridium difficile. standardly used procedure for pcr-ribotyping is culturing of c. difficile from fecal samples and subsequent typing. in this chapter, we describe a modified pcr-ribotyping method for direct detection of pcr-ribotypes directly in total stool dna extract, without prior need to isolate c. difficile. | 2016 | 27507330 |
| clostridium difficile genome editing using pyre alleles. | precise manipulation (in-frame deletions and substitutions) of the clostridium difficile genome is possible through a two-stage process of single-crossover integration and subsequent isolation of double-crossover excision events using replication-defective plasmids that carry a counterselection marker. use of a coda (cytosine deaminase) or pyre (orotate phosphoribosyltransferase) as counter selection markers appears equally effective, but there is considerable merit in using a pyre mutant as the ... | 2016 | 27507332 |
| use of mcherryopt fluorescent protein in clostridium difficile. | here we describe protocols for using the red fluorescent protein mcherryopt in clostridium difficile. the protocols can be readily adapted to similar fluorescent proteins (fps), such as green fluorescent protein (gfp) and cyan fluorescent protein (cfp). there are three critical considerations for using fps in c. difficile. (1) choosing the right color: blue and (especially) red are preferred because c. difficile exhibits considerable yellow-green autofluorescence. (2) codon optimization: most fp ... | 2016 | 27507333 |
| a fluorescent reporter for single cell analysis of gene expression in clostridium difficile. | genetically identical cells growing under homogeneous growth conditions often display cell-cell variation in gene expression. this variation stems from noise in gene expression and can be adaptive allowing for division of labor and bet-hedging strategies. in particular, for bacterial pathogens, the expression of phenotypes related to virulence can show cell-cell variation. therefore, understanding virulence-related gene expression requires knowledge of gene expression patterns at the single cell ... | 2016 | 27507334 |
| clostridium difficile adhesins. | clostridium difficile is responsible for a large spectrum of intestinal diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis depending on the one hand on the strain virulence and on the other on the host. the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection could be seen as a three-step process that takes place after disruption of the digestive microbiota by antibiotics: (1) contamination by and germination of spores; (2) multiplication of vegetative cells in the colonic niche using colonization factors; ... | 2016 | 27507335 |
| intestinal epithelial cell response to clostridium difficile flagella. | clostridium difficile is the bacterium responsible for most antibiotic-associated diarrhea in north america and europe. this bacterium, which colonizes the gut of humans and animals, produces toxins that are known to contribute directly to damage of the gut. it is known that bacterial flagella are involved in intestinal lesions through the inflammatory host response. the c. difficile flagellin recognizes tlr5 and consequently activates the nf-κb and the mapk signaling pathways which elicit the s ... | 2016 | 27507336 |
| isolating and purifying clostridium difficile spores. | the ability for the obligate anaerobe, clostridium difficile to form a metabolically dormant spore is critical for the survival of this organism outside of the host. this spore form is resistant to a myriad of environmental stresses, including heat, desiccation, and exposure to disinfectants and antimicrobials. these intrinsic properties of spores allow c. difficile to survive long-term in an oxygenated environment, to be easily transmitted from host-to-host, and to persist within the host follo ... | 2016 | 27507337 |
| inducing and quantifying clostridium difficile spore formation. | the gram-positive nosocomial pathogen clostridium difficile induces sporulation during growth in the gastrointestinal tract. sporulation is necessary for this obligate anaerobe to form metabolically dormant spores that can resist antibiotic treatment, survive exit from the mammalian host, and transmit c. difficile infections. in this chapter, we describe a method for inducing c. difficile sporulation in vitro. this method can be used to study sporulation and maximize spore purification yields fo ... | 2016 | 27507338 |
| characterization of functional prophages in clostridium difficile. | bacteriophages (phages) are present in almost, if not all ecosystems. some of these bacterial viruses are present as latent "prophages," either integrated within the chromosome of their host, or as episomal dnas. since prophages are ubiquitous throughout the bacterial world, there has been a sustained interest in trying to understand their contribution to the biology of their host. clostridium difficile is no exception to that rule and with the recent release of hundreds of bacterial genome sequ ... | 2016 | 27507339 |
| induction and purification of c. difficile phage tail-like particles. | due to the inherent limitations of conventional antibiotics for the treatment of c. difficile infection (cdi), there is a growing interest in the development of alternative treatment strategies. both bacteriophages and r-type bacteriocins, also known as phage tail-like particles (ptlps), show promise as potential antibacterial alternatives for treating cdi. similar to bacteriophages, but lacking a viral capsid and genome, ptlps remain capable of killing target bacteria. here we describe our expe ... | 2016 | 27507340 |
| transfer of clostridium difficile genetic elements conferring resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb) antibiotics. | molecular analysis is an important tool to investigate clostridium difficile resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb). in particular, the protocols described in this chapter have been designed to investigate the genetic organization of erm(b)-containing elements and to evaluate the capability of these elements to transfer in c. difficile recipient strains using filter mating assay. | 2016 | 27507342 |