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synthesis, structure and properties of [zn(l-tyr)₂(bpy)]₂⋅3h₂o·ch₃oh complex: theoretical, spectroscopic and microbiological studies.the mixed ligand zinc(ii) ion complex of the formula [zn(l-tyr)(2)(bpy)](2)·3h(2)o·ch(3)oh (1), where l-tyr and bpy are moieties of l-tyrosine and 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy), has been isolated in a crystalline form. crystal structure was determined and the spectroscopic (ftir, raman and near ir (nir)-visible (vis)-uv) examinations were conducted. additionally, the theoretical data of the molecular structure were obtained using the density functional theory (dft) methods. crystals of complex 1 ad ...201223078779
successful treatment of a severe case of fusariomycosis in a beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas leucas).an adult male beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas leucas) was presented with a 4-cm-diameter, raised, firm nodule on the medial aspect of the left pectoral fin. a fissure developed within the center of the nodule, which formed an ulcerated cyst-like lesion. the lesion rapidly progressed in size, and, with peeling of material present within the cyst, the lesion flattened to a 36 x 25-cm cutaneous ulcer that extended into the axilla. histopathologic features were consistent with lymphocytic and su ...201223082525
impact of contact lens materials on multipurpose contact lens solution disinfection activity against fusarium solani.to investigate the effects of eight different soft contact lenses on disinfection efficacy of a multipurpose solution (mps) containing polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb) against fusarium solani.201223085618
synthesis and kinetic evaluation of cyclophostin and cyclipostins phosphonate analogs as selective and potent inhibitors of microbial lipases.a new series of customizable diastereomeric cis- and trans-monocyclic enol-phosphonate analogs to cyclophostin and cyclipostins were synthesized. their potencies and mechanisms of inhibition toward six representative lipolytic enzymes belonging to distinct lipase families were examined. with mammalian gastric and pancreatic lipases no inhibition occurred with any of the compounds tested. conversely, fusarium solani cutinase and lipases from mycobacterium tuberculosis (rv0183 and lipy) were all f ...201223095026
keratitis-associated fungi form biofilms with reduced antifungal drug susceptibility.to investigate the biofilm-forming capacity of fusarium solani, cladosporium sphaerospermum, and acremonium implicatum, and the activities of antifungal agents against the three keratitis-associated fungi.201223099491
an automated workflow for enhancing microbial bioprocess optimization on a novel microbioreactor platform.high-throughput methods are widely-used for strain screening effectively resulting in binary information regarding high or low productivity. nevertheless achieving quantitative and scalable parameters for fast bioprocess development is much more challenging, especially for heterologous protein production. here, the nature of the foreign protein makes it impossible to predict the, e.g. best expression construct, secretion signal peptide, inductor concentration, induction time, temperature and sub ...201223113930
kinetic properties of a novel fusarium solani (phospho)lipase: a monolayer study.using the monomolecular film technique, we studied interfacial properties of fusarium solani lipase (fsl). this lipolytic enzyme was found to be unique among the fungal lipases possessing not only a lipase activity but also a high phospholipase one.the fsl was able to hydrolyze dicaprin films at various surface pressures. the surface pressure dependency, the stereospecificity, and the regioselectivity of fsl were performed using optically pure stereoisomers of diglyceride (1,2-sn- dicaprin and 2 ...201323124905
evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potency of exopolysaccharide from endophytic fusarium solani sd5.a potent endophytic fungus, fusarium solani sd5 was used for exopolysaccharide (eps) production. the isolated eps were purified and major eps fraction (ps-i); rhamno galactan was used to evaluate anti oxidant activities in vitro. eps (ps-i) showed significant free radical scavenging effect on dpph (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and scavenging potency is indicated by ic(50) value 578.541 ± 33.256 μg/ml. eps (ps-i) significantly induced antioxidant parameters of peritoneal macrophage cells at a c ...201323148947
purification and biochemical characterization of a novel alkaline (phospho)lipase from a newly isolated fusarium solani strain.an extracellular lipase from fusarium solani strain (f. solani lipase (fsl)) was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 30 kda as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the 12 nh(2)-terminal amino acid residues showed a high degree of homology with a putative lipase from the fungus necteria heamatoccocae. it is a serine enzyme, like all known lipase ...201223151966
determination of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in fresh fruits and vegetables by high-performance thin-layer chromatography-multienzyme inhibition assay.hptlc-enzyme inhibition assay was applied to different fruit and vegetable samples after individual spiking with organophosphate and carbamate pesticides at their maximum residue limits documented by the european commission. samples were extracted according to the quechers (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, including cleanup by primary secondary amine sorbent. additional cleanup was performed on the hptlc plate by a prechromatographic step to separate most coextracted matr ...201223175968
assessment of fungal viability after long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation combined with riboflavin administration.corneal collagen cross-linking (cxl), a technique that combines riboflavin administration with long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation, was primarily developed to increase the biomechanical strength of collagen fibrils of the cornea to avoid the progression of keratoconus. recently, this method has been proposed to treat selected cases of infectious keratitis.201323180236
a novel chitin-binding protein from moringa oleifera seed with potential for plant disease control.a thermostable chitin-binding protein (14.3 kda) with antifungal activity was isolated from moringa oleifera seeds by affinity chromatography on chitin followed by ion exchange chromatography. nh(2-) cpaiqrccqqlrniqppcrccq (mo-cbp3) is a glycoprotein with 2.5% sugar, pi 10.8, without hemagglutination, chitinase or beta-glucanase activities. mo-cbp3 possesses in vitro antifungal activity against the phytopathogenicfungi fusarium solani, f. oxysporum, colletotrichum musae and c. gloesporioides. co ...201223193603
antifungal activity of (kw)n or (rw)n peptide against fusarium solani and fusarium oxysporum.the presence of lysine (lys) or arginine (arg) and tryptophan (trp) are important for the antimicrobial effects of cationic peptides. therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides with various numbers of lys (or arg) and trp repeats [(kw and rw)(n)-nh(2), where n equals 2, 3, 4, or 5]. antifungal activities of these peptides increased with chain length. light microscopy demonstrated that longer peptides (n = 4, 5) strongly inhibited in vitro growth of fusarium solani, ...201223203110
broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of melimine covalently bound to contact lenses.to develop a stable antimicrobial contact lens, which is effective against the international organization for standardization (iso) panel microorganisms, acanthamoeba castellanii and drug resistant strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus.201323211820
fungal mitochondrial dnases: effectors with the potential to activate plant defenses in nonhost resistance.previous reports on the model nonhost resistance interaction between fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli and pea endocarp tissue have described the disease resistance-signaling role of a fungal dnase1-like protein. the response resulted in no further growth beyond spore germination. this f. solani f. sp. phaseoli dnase gene, constructed with a pathogenesis-related (pr) gene promoter, when transferred to tobacco, generated resistance against pseudomonas syringe pv. tabaci. the current analytical/theo ...201323228145
studies on a rhein-producing endophytic fungus isolated from rheum palmatum l.rheum palmatum l. (chinese rhubarb) is a highly regarded medicinal plant. its dominant active constituents are anthraquinones including emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, etc. rhein naturally occurs in anthraquinone (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone), which is found in r. palmatum l. and related plants such as rhubarb. it has good antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. in this study, a total of 14 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from r. pal ...201223266728
design, spectral characterization and biological studies of transition metal(ii) complexes with triazole schiff bases.a new series of three biologically active triazole derived schiff base ligands l(1)-l(3) have been synthesized in equimolar reaction of 3-amino-1h-1,2,4-triazole with pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, 4-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, and 5-iodo-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde. the prepared schiff bases were used for further complex formation reaction with different metal elements like co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) as chlorides by using a molar ratio of ligand:metal as 2:1. the structure and bonding nature ...201223277183
antifungal activity of gallic acid purified from terminalia nigrovenulosa bark against fusarium solani.the antifungal activities of methanolic extracts from terminalia nigrovenulosa bark (tnb) was investigated for effects on the initial growth of mycelia against fusarium solani. the ethyl acetate fraction separated from tnb demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against f. solani. the antifungal compound was isolated from tnb using silica gel column and sephadex lh-20 chromatography combined with thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. structural identification ...201323333407
protein stabilization with a dipeptide-mimic triazine-scaffolded synthetic affinity ligand.protein stabilization was achieved by a novel approach based on the adsorption and establishment of affinity-like interactions with a biomimetic triazine-scaffolded ligand. a synthetic lead compound (ligand 3'/11, k(a) ≈ 10(4) m(-1)) was selected from a previously screened solid-phase library of affinity ligands for studies of adsorption and stabilization of cutinase from fusarium solani pisi used as a model system. this ligand, directly synthesized in agarose by a well-established solid-phase s ...201323334918
antibacterial and antifungal activities of crude plant extracts from colombian biodiversity.on a global scale, people have used plants to treat diseases and infections, and this has raised interest on the plant biodiversity potencial in the search of antimicrobial principles. in this work, 75 crude n-hexanes, dichloromethane and methanol extracts from the aerial parts of 25 plants belonging to four botanical families (asteraceae, euphorbiaceae, rubiaceae and solanaceae), collected at the natural regional park ucumari (risaralda, colombia), were evaluated for their antibacterial and ant ...201223342508
fusarium keratitis: genotyping, in vitro susceptibility and clinical outcomes.to determine differences in the clinical characteristics and antifungal susceptibility patterns among molecularly characterized ocular fusarium sp isolates.201323343947
nuclease released by verticillium dahliae is a signal for non-host resistance.a dnase released from the fungal pathogen of bean, fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (fsph), was previously shown to signal the activation of total disease resistance and activate pathogenesis-related (pr) genes in pea. data in the current study which used the pea-endocarp model to research non-host resistance, indicated that dnase released by verticillium dahliae (vd), pathogenic on potato also has non-host resistance-inducing capabilities in peas. other strains of vd that release dnase are patho ...201223352407
molecular analyses of fusarium isolates recovered from a cluster of invasive mold infections in a brazilian hospital.invasive fusariosis (if) is a rare but often fatal fungal infection in immunosuppressed patients. in 2007, cases of if above the expected epidemiologic baseline were detected in the hematology ward of a hospital in rio de janeiro, brazil. possible sources of infection were investigated by performing environmental sampling and patient isolate collection, followed by molecular typing. isolates from dermatology patients with superficial fusariosis were included in the study for comparison to molecu ...201323363475
phylogenetic relationships among members of the fusarium solani species complex in human infections and the descriptions of f. keratoplasticum sp. nov. and f. petroliphilum stat. nov.fusarium species are frequently associated with mycotic keratitis and, to a lesser extent, cases of localized and disseminated infections. the fusarium solani species complex (fssc) is the most common group of fusaria associated with human infectious diseases. several studies to date have revealed dozens of strongly supported phylogenetic species within this important evolutionary clade, though little work has been done to improve the taxonomy and understanding of the reproductive mode and pheno ...201323396261
measuring root disease suppression in response to a compost water extract.commercial application of compost to prevent plant disease is hindered by variable performance. here, we describe the use of a growth pouch assay to measure impact of a compost water extract (cwe) on root infection under controlled conditions. most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with fusarium solani or phoma pinodella spores rapidly develop a single local lesion in the region of elongation. in the presence of cwe, infection of pea roots grown in pouches was reduced by 93 to 100%. cwe used as a dren ...201323402629
fungal ovicidal activity on toxocara canis eggs.visceral toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by toxocara canis. the prevalence of this parasite in dogs, soil contamination and the resistance of eggs increase human exposure to the disease. moreover, the difficulties of the control measures justify the need for alternative ones.201323402830
synergysm of voriconazole or itraconazole with other antifungal agents against species of fusarium.infections caused by fusarium are difficult to treat because these fungi show in vitro and in vivo resistance to practically all the antifungal agents available, which explains the high mortality rates. an attempt to overcome fungal resistance is the combination of antifungal agents, especially those with different mechanisms of action.201623402831
in vitro antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against ocular pathogenic filamentous fungi.fungal keratitis is emerging as a major cause of vision loss in a developing country such as china because of higher incidence and the unavailability of effective antifungals. it is urgent to explore broad-spectrum antifungals to effectively suppress ocular fungal pathogens, and to develop new antifungal eye drops to combat this vision-threatening infection. the aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (nano-ag) in comparison with that of natamycin agai ...201323410063
synthesis and antifungal activity of 2-chloromethyl-1h-benzimidazole derivatives against phytopathogenic fungi in vitro.a series of 35 benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized from 2-chloromethyl-1h-benzimidazole in good yields. their structures were characterized by (1)h and (13)c nmr and hresims. antifungal activities of all of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against five phytopathogens fungi (cytospora sp., colletotrichum gloeosporioides, botrytis cinerea, alternaria solani, and fusarium solani) using the mycelium growth rate method. compound 4m displayed strong growth inhibition of c. gloeosporioid ...201323419161
fusarium keratitis in south india: causative agents, their antifungal susceptibilities and a rapid identification method for the fusarium solani species complex.seventy fusarium isolates derived from human keratomycosis were identified based on partial sequences of the β-tubulin (β-tub) and translation elongation factor 1α (ef-1α) genes. most of the isolates were confirmed as members of the f. solani species complex (75.71%), followed by the f. dimerum species complex (8.57%), the f. fujikuroi species complex (8.57%), the f. oxysporum species complex (4.29%) and the f. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (2.86%). a combined phylogenetic tree was estimat ...201323437826
development of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)-derived specific primer for the detection of fusarium solani aetiological agent of peanut brown root rot.the objective of this work was to design an amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)-derived specific primer for the detection of fusarium solani aetiological agent of peanut brown root rot (pbrr) in plant material and soil.201323472596
identification of differentially expressed genes from trichoderma harzianum during growth on cell wall of fusarium solani as a tool for biotechnological application.the species of t. harzianum are well known for their biocontrol activity against many plant pathogens. however, there is a lack of studies concerning its use as a biological control agent against f. solani, a pathogen involved in several crop diseases. in this study, we have used subtractive library hybridization (ssh) and quantitative real-time pcr (rt-qpcr) techniques in order to explore changes in t. harzianum genes expression during growth on cell wall of f. solani (fscw) or glucose. rt-qpcr ...201323497274
synthesis and antifungal activity of c-21 steroids with an aromatic d ring.six analogues of salpichrolides with a simplified side chain (6-11) were synthesized using a new methodology to obtain steroids with an aromatic d-ring. the key step was the elimination of hbr in a vicinal dibromo d-homosteroid by treatment with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco). all new compounds were completely characterized by 2d nmr techniques and tested on two fungal pathogenic species, fusarium virguliforme and fusarium solani.201323499954
experimental increase in availability of a pah complex organic contamination from an aged contaminated soil: consequences on biodegradation.although high pah content and detection of pah-degraders, the pah biodegradation is limited in aged-contaminated soils due to low pah availability (i.e., 1%). here, we tried to experimentally increase the soil pah availability by keeping both soil properties and contamination composition. organic extract was first removed and then re-incorporated in the raw soil as fresh contaminants. though drastic, this procedure only allowed a 6-time increase in the pah availability suggesting that the organi ...201323500046
synthesis and structure-activity relationship of n-(cinnamyl) chitosan analogs as antimicrobial agents.the current study focuses on the preparation of new n-(cinnamyl) chitosan derivatives as antimicrobial agents against nine types of crop-threatening pathogens. chitosan was reacted with a set of aromatic cinnamaldehyde analogs by reductive amination involving formation of the corresponding imines, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride to produce n-(cinnamyl) chitosan derivatives. the structural characterization was confirmed by (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy and the degrees of substitut ...201323511055
[a man with neutropenic fever].a 43-year-old patient with recurrent acute myeloid leukemia (aml) was treated with high-dose cytarabine. after two weeks of neutropenic fever, multiple cutaneous nodules appeared. histopathological examination of a skin biopsy showed a mycosis and fusarium solani was cultured. despite antimycotic therapy, the patient died due to complications of his aml treatment.201323515043
in vitro susceptibility of filamentous fungi to copper nanoparticles assessed by rapid xtt colorimetry and agar dilution method.metal nanoparticles and their uses in various aspects have recently drawn a great deal of attention. one of the major applications is that it can be used as an antimicrobial agent. they can be considered in approaches targeted to decrease the harms caused by microorganisms, specifically fungi, threatening the medical and industrial areas. the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of synthesized copper nanoparticles (cunps) against four filamentous fungi including alternari ...201223518166
a novel murine model of fusarium solani keratitis utilizing fluorescent labeled fungi.fungal keratitis is a common disease that causes blindness. an effective animal model for fungal keratitis is essential for advancing research on this disease. our objective is to develop a novel mouse model of fusarium solani keratitis through the inoculation of fluorescent-labeled fungi into the cornea to facilitate the accurate and early identification and screening of fungal infections. f. solani was used as the model fungus in this study. in in vitro experiment, the effects of calcofluor wh ...201323523530
l-tyrosinatonickel(ii) complex: synthesis and structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, and biological properties of 2{[ni(l-tyr)2(bpy)]}·3h2o·ch3oh.the complex 2{[ni(l-tyr)2(bpy)]}·3h2o·ch3oh [1, where l-tyr = l-tyrosine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy)] was obtained in crystalline form and characterized by x-ray and spectroscopic (ft-ir, nir-vis-uv, and hfepr) and magnetic methods. the complex crystallized in the hexagonal system with a = b = 12.8116(18) å, c = 30.035(6) å, and space group p3221. the six-coordination sphere around the ni(2+) ion is formed by two n and two o l-tyrosinato atoms and completed by two n atoms of the 2,2'-bpy m ...201323534408
inoculation of pah-degrading strains of fusarium solani and arthrobacter oxydans in rhizospheric sand and soil microcosms: microbial interactions and pah dissipation.very little is known about the influence of bacterial-fungal ecological interactions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) dissipation in soils. fusarium solani mm1 and arthrobacter oxydans mshm11 can dissipate pahs in vitro. we investigated their interactions and their effect on the dissipation of three pahs-phenanthrene (phe), pyrene (pyr) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (dba)-in planted microcosms, in sterile sand or non-sterile soil. in sterile sand microcosms planted with alfalfa, the two micr ...201323543362
combination therapy of voriconazole and terbinafine for disseminated fusariosis: case report and literature review.fusarium spp. cause a broad spectrum of infection and are relatively resistant to most antifungal agents, leading to unfavorable prognosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. several reports have shown synergism among amphotericin b, voriconazole (vrc), terbinafine (trb), and other antifungal agents in vitro, but the most efficacious combination remains to be elucidated. we report the first case of disseminated fusarium solani infection successfully treated by combination therapy of vrc a ...201323564310
molecular analysis and anticancer properties of two identified isolates, fusarium solani and emericella nidulans isolated from wady el-natron soil in egypt against caco-2 (atcc) cell line.to characterize, identify and investigate the anticancer properties of two new soil fungal isolates, emericella nidulans and fusarium solani isolated from wady el-natron in egypt against colon cancer caco-2 (atcc) cell line.201223569862
resistance and growth of fusarium species in contact lens disinfectant solutions.to compare the biocidal efficacy of contact lens care solutions against clinical isolates and the american type culture collection (atcc) 36031 reference strain of fusarium species and to determine the ability of the organism to survive and grow in such systems.201323604297
an inordinate fondness for fusarium: phylogenetic diversity of fusaria cultivated by ambrosia beetles in the genus euwallacea on avocado and other plant hosts.ambrosia beetle fungiculture represents one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily successful symbioses, as evidenced by the 11 independent origins and 3500 species of ambrosia beetles. here we document the evolution of a clade within fusarium associated with ambrosia beetles in the genus euwallacea (coleoptera: scolytinae). ambrosia fusarium clade (afc) symbionts are unusual in that some are plant pathogens that cause significant damage in naïve natural and cultivated ecosystems, and curre ...201323608321
improvement of biocontrol of damping-off and root rot/wilt of faba bean by salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.rhizoctonia solani, fusarium solani, f. oxysporum, and macrophomina phaseolina were found to be associated with root rott and wilt symptoms of faba bean plants collected from different fieldes in new valley governorate, egypt. all the obtained isolates were able to attack faba bean plants (cv. giza 40) causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases. r. solani isolates 2 and 5, f. solani isolate 8, f. oxysporum isolate 12 and m. phaseolina isolate 14 were the more virulent ones in the pathogenici ...201323610539
1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, bactericidal, fungicidal and leishmanicidal properties of teucrium stocksianum.in the present study, we evaluated the pharmacological and toxicological effects of teucrium stocksianum. the crude extract of t. stocksianum (ts.cr) and its subsequent organic fractions: n-hexane (ts.hex), chloroform (ts.chcl3) and ethyl acetate (ts.etac) exhibited 1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with different potencies. ts.etac was found to be most potent. ts.cr, ts.hex, ts.chcl3 and ts.etac showed significant bactericidal activity against escherichia coli, stap ...201523625908
enantioselective inhibition of microbial lipolytic enzymes by nonracemic monocyclic enolphosphonate analogues of cyclophostin.four nonracemic enolphosphonate analogues of cyclophostin were obtained by asymmetric synthesis, and their absolute configurations at both phosphorus and c-5 carbon chiral centers were unambiguously assigned. the influence of chirality was studied by testing the inhibitory effects of these four stereoisomers toward the lipolytic activity of three microbial lipases: fusarium solani cutinase, rv0183, and lipy from mycobacterium tuberculosis . cutinase was highly diastereoselective for the (sp) con ...201323651298
protective role of murine β-defensins 3 and 4 and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in fusarium solani keratitis.antimicrobial peptides (amps), such as β-defensins and cathelicidins, are essential components of innate and adaptive immunity owing to their extensive multifunctional activities. however, their role in fungal infection in vivo remains elusive. in this study, we investigated the protective effect of murine β-defensin 3 (mbd3), mbd4, and the cathelicidin cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (cramp) in a murine model of fusarium solani keratitis. c57bl/6 mice showed significant corneal disease 1 ...201323670560
expression profiling of bioactive genes from a medicinal plant nigella sativa l.plants respond to stress in part by modulating gene expression either constitutively or in an inducible manner which ultimately leads to the restoration of cellular homeostasis, detoxification of toxins, and recovery of growth. upon introduction to various elicitors such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, a massive reprogramming of plant gene expression is initiated. differential display pcr offers rapid and multiple comparisons of gene expression to various stress durations and intensit ...201323686472
mycoparasitism studies of trichoderma species against three phytopathogenic fungi: evaluation of antagonism and hydrolytic enzyme production.trichoderma spp. are used for biocontrol of several plant pathogens. however, their efficient interaction with the host needs to be accompanied by production of secondary metabolites and cell wall-degrading enzymes. three parameters were evaluated after interaction between four trichoderma species and plant-pathogenic fungi: fusarium solani, rhizoctonia solani and sclerotinia sclerotiorum. trichoderma harzianum and t. asperellum were the most effective antagonists against the pathogens. most of ...201323690037
identification of fusarium from a patient with fungemia after multiple organ injury.fusarium is a filamentous fungus widely distributed in nature, which is an important opportunistic pathogen and could cause fusariosis both in plants and animals. in human, fusarium could cause local and disseminated infections both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. we describe here a case of a male patient suffered from multiple organ injury, whose blood fungal culture was positive. the isolate was confirmed as "fusarium solani" according to the morphology of the fungus and the ...201323703243
diversity of fungal endophytes in various tissues of panax ginseng meyer cultivated in korea.endophytic fungi were isolated from various tissues (root, stem, petiole, leaf, and fl ower stalk) of 3- and 4-year-old ginseng plants (panax ginseng meyer) cultivated in korea. the isolated endophytic fungi were identified based on the sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its), 1-5.8-its 2. a morphological characterization was also conducted using microscopic observations. according to the identification, 127 fungal isolates were assigned to 27 taxa. the genera of phoma, altern ...201223717122
age-dependent distribution of fungal endophytes in panax ginseng roots cultivated in korea.fungal endophytes were isolated from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots (panax ginseng meyer) cultivated in korea. the isolated fungal endophytes were identified based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and morphological characterization by microscopic observations. a total of 81 fungal endophytes were isolated from 24 ginseng roots. fungal endophytes were classified into 9 different fungal species and 2 unknown species. ginseng roots that were 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-years ...201223717135
fusarium solani causing quasi-invasive infection of the foot in an immunocompetent middle-aged man from south india.fusarium solani is commonly found in soil, and it is associated with infections in immunocompromised individuals. fusaroium solani causing infection in immunocompetent adult male is rare and usually overlooked. we report a case of mycetoma caused by fusariom solani in an immunocompetent adult male from south india.201323723493
[fusariosis diagnosed in the laboratory of an uh in tunisia: epidemiological, clinical and mycological study].the genus fusarium, initially known for its important agro-economic impact, is more and more often implicated in human pathology. in fact, multiples allergic, toxic and infectious manifestations are more reported in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. the objective of our study was to analyse the epidemiological, mycological and clinical features of fusariosis reported in our chu. eighty-seven cases of fusarium infections were collected: 34 cases of onychomycosis (39%), 26 cases of inte ...201323725904
kinetics of fungal extracellular alpha-amylase from fusarium solani immobilized in calcium alginate beads.extracellular alpha-amylase mass produced by fusarium solani using mango kernel as substrate was immobilized in calcium alginate beads through entrapment technique. maximum enzyme immobilization efficiency was achieved in 2 mm size beads formed by 6.5% (w/v) of sodium alginate in 2% (w/v) calcium chloride. the catalytic properties of the immobilized alpha-amylase were compared with that of free enzyme (soluble). the activity yield of the immobilized enzyme was 81% of the free enzyme. the immobil ...201223741795
fatal disseminated fusarium infection in a human immunodeficiency virus positive patient.systemic mycotic infections have been increasing in incidence in immunocompromised patients. although yeasts are most often isolated, opportunistic fungal infections may also be caused by filamentous fungi, including aspergillus and fusarium. like aspergillus, fusarium is angioinvasive with an ability to disseminate widely. disseminated fusariosis is most commonly linked to prolonged neutropenia. disseminated infections due to fusarium are rare in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive pati ...201323762675
lipases efficiently stearate and cutinases acetylate the surface of arabinoxylan films.this is the first report on successful enzyme catalyzed surface esterification of hemicellulose films. enzyme catalyzed surface acetylation with vinyl acetate and stearation with vinyl stearate were studied on rye arabinoxylan (ax) films. different surface analytical techniques (ft-ir, tof-sims, esca, ca) show that lipases from mucor javanicus, rhizopus oryzae and candida rugosa successfully surface stearate ax films and that a cutinase from fusarium solani pisi surface acetylates these films. t ...201323774036
major emerging problems with minor meloidogyne species.root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) represent one of the most polyphagous genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. to date, close to 100 valid species are recognized. in contrast to the size of the genus, the majority of past research focused on a small number of species, i.e., the so-called 'major' species m. arenaria, m. hapla, m. incognita, and m. javanica. this review highlights recent work aimed at 'minor' root-knot nematodes: m. chitwoodi, m. fallax, m. minor, m. enterolobii (=m. mayaguensi ...201323777404
the water supply system as a potential source of fungal infection in paediatric haematopoietic stem cell units.we conducted a prospective study to investigate the presence of microfungal contamination in the water supply system of the oncology paediatric institute, são paulo-brazil after the occurrence of one invasive fusarium solani infection in a patient after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). during a twelve-month period, we investigated the water supply system of the hsct unit by monitoring a total of fourteen different collection sites.201323802862
fusarium falciforme infection of foot in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case report and review of the literature.fungal infections of foot in patients with diabetes are not uncommon; however, foot infection due to fusarium species has been rarely reported. we report here a case of a 50-year-old male with type 2 diabetes who developed multiple spontaneous nodular lesions on right foot without any systemic symptoms and signs for 6 months. the lesions were unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibacterial treatment. fine needle aspiration cytology of nodular lesions revealed the presence of fungal hyphae, and fusa ...201323813152
evaluation of (4-aminobutyloxy)quinolines as a novel class of antifungal agents.antifungal assessment of eighteen 5-, 6- and 8-(4-aminobutyloxy)quinolines revealed a significant susceptibility of the tested fungi and yeast strains (candida albicans, rhodotorula bogoriensis, aspergillus flavus and fusarium solani) toward different halo-substituted 8-(4-aminobutyloxy)quinolines. the six most potent compounds displayed antifungal activities similar to those of established antifungal agents such as amphotericin b, fluconazole and itraconazole, and one representative also showed ...201323838261
assessment of phytochemicals, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extract and fractions from fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae).in pakistan fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae) is commonly used in the indigenous system of medicine for treatment of conditions like diabetes, cancer, fever, asthma, toothache, stomach troubles and kidney disorders. this study evaluated the crude methanol extract of f. olivieri (fom) and its derived fractions for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities as well as the classes of phytochemical.201323842440
glass bead cultivation of fungi: combining the best of liquid and agar media.production of bioactive compounds and enzymes from filamentous fungi is highly dependent on cultivation conditions. here we present an easy way to cultivate filamentous fungi on glass beads that allow complete control of nutrient supply. secondary metabolite production in fusarium graminearum and fusarium solani cultivated on agar plates, in shaking liquid culture or on glass beads was compared. agar plate culture and glass bead cultivation yielded comparable results while liquid culture had low ...201323871859
streptomycetes and micromycetes as perspective antagonists of fungal phytopathogens.among natural factors that permanently influence on the plants, the soil microorganisms play a special role for the growing of plants as habitants of their rhizosphere. mainly they are the representatives of actinomycetes genus streptomyces and fungal genus penicillium and their metabolic products stimulate plant growth and inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. the aim of our study was to determine the antagonism of actinomycetes and micromycetes isolated from soils of r. moldova ...201223878981
optimization of a bioactive exopolysaccharide production from endophytic fusarium solani sd5.endophytic fungi were less investigated for exopolysaccharide production. in this study endophytic fusarium solani sd5 was used for optimization of exopolysaccharide production. one variable at a time method and response surface methodology were employed to explore the optimum medium compositions and fermentation conditions. the organism produced maximum exopolysaccharide after 13.68 days of incubation at 28 °c in potato dextrose broth supplemented with (g%/l) glucose, 9.8; yeast extract, 0.69; ...201323911494
metal-based carboxamide-derived compounds endowed with antibacterial and antifungal activity.a series of three bioactive thiourea (carboxamide) derivatives, n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)-thiophene-2-carboxamide (l(1)), n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)-5-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide (l(2)) and 5-bromo-n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)furan-2-carboxamide (l(3)) and their cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes (1)-(12) have been synthesized and characterized by their ir,(1)h-nmr spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis data. the crystal structure of one of the ligand, n-(dip ...201423914928
fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov.--a symbiotic fungus of euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in israel and california.the invasive asian ambrosia beetle euwallacea sp. (coleoptera, scolytinae, xyleborini) and a novel fusarium sp. that it farms in its galleries as a source of nutrition causes serious damage to more than 20 species of live trees and pose a serious threat to avocado production (persea americana) in israel and california. adult female beetles are equipped with mandibular mycangia in which its fungal symbiont is transported within and from the natal galleries. damage caused to the xylem is associate ...201323928415
fusariosis, a complex infection caused by a high diversity of fungal species refractory to treatment.in recent years the number of opportunistic invasive fusariosis has increased significantly, the main factors involved in these infections being reviewed here. in spite of the extensive literature published the advances in the management of disseminated fusariosis have been very poor and it remains a severe infection, refractory to treatment and with a high mortality rate. there are no ideal therapies and the presence of neutropenia has a critical part to play in the outcome of the infection. at ...201323934595
colonization of a central venous catheter by the hyaline fungus fusarium solani species complex: a case report and sem imaging.the incidence of opportunistic infections by filamentous fungi is increasing partly due to the widespread use of central venous catheters (cvc), indwelling medical devices, and antineoplastic/immunosuppressive drugs. the case of a 13-year-old boy under treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is presented. the boy was readmitted to the pediatric ward for intermittent fever of unknown origin. results of blood cultures drawn from peripheral venous sites or through the cvc were compared. cvc-deri ...201323935636
murine model of disseminated fusariosis: evaluation of the fungal burden by traditional cfu and quantitative pcr.systemic disease is the most severe clinical form of fusariosis, and the treatment involves a challenge due to the refractory response to antifungals. treatment for murine fusarium solani infection has been described in models that employ cfu quantitation in organs as a parameter of therapeutic efficacy. however, cfu counts do not precisely reproduce the amount of cells for filamentous fungi such as f. solani. in this study, we developed a murine model of disseminated fusariosis and compared the ...201323943405
in vitro antagonism of cotton seedlings fungi and characterization of chitinase isozyme activities in trichoderma harzianum.the antagonistic fungus trichoderma harzianum is widely recognized as a potential biocontrol agent against several soil-borne plant pathogens. t. harzinum is rich source of chitinoltic enzymes. in vitro screening of 5 isolates of t. harzinum, one isolate of chaetomium globosum and one isolate of conetherium mentance, revealed that all of them had reduced growth area of macrophomina phaseolina, fusarium solani and rhizoctonia solani on pda medium, significantly. the inhibition percentage ranged f ...201023961072
molecular characterization of pathogenic fusarium species in cucurbit plants from kermanshah province, iran.fusarium is one of the important phytopathogenic genera of microfungi causing serious losses on cucurbit plants in kermanshah province, the largest area of cucurbits plantation in iran. therefore, the objectives in this study were to isolate and identify disease-causing fusarium spp. from infected cucurbit plants, to ascertain their pathogenicity, and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. a total of 100 fusarium isolates were obtained from diseased cucurbit plants collected from fields ...201123961146
enhanced reduction of phenol content and toxicity in olive mill wastewaters by a newly isolated strain of coriolopsis gallica.the search for novel microorganisms able to degrade olive mill wastewaters (omw) and withstand the toxic effects of the initially high phenolic concentrations is of great scientific and industrial interest. in this work, the possibility of reducing the phenolic content of omw using new isolates of fungal strains (coriolopsis gallica, bjerkandera adusta, trametes versicolor, trichoderma citrinoviride, phanerochaete chrysosporium, gloeophyllum trabeum, trametes trogii, and fusarium solani) was inv ...201423979847
characterization of bacillus isolates of potato rhizosphere from andean soils of peru and their potential pgpr characteristics.bacillus spp. are well known rhizosphere residents of many crops and usually show plant growth promoting (pgp) activities that include biocontrol capacity against some phytopatogenic fungi. potato crops in the andean highlands of peru face many nutritional and phytophatogenic problems that have a significant impact on production. in this context is important to investigate the natural presence of these microorganisms in the potato rhizosphere and propose a selective screening to find promising p ...201024031569
fusarium keratitis in brazil: genotyping, in vitro susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes.the purpose of this paper is to describe clinical characteristics and determine correlations between clinical outcomes and antifungal susceptibility among molecularly characterized ocular fusarium isolates in brazil.201324039389
increased incidence of invasive fusariosis with cutaneous portal of entry, brazil.invasive fusariosis (if) is an infection with fusarium spp. fungi that primarily affects patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. a cutaneous portal of entry is occasionally reported. we reviewed all cases of if in brazil during 2000-2010, divided into 2 periods: 2000-2005 (period 1) and 2006-2010 (period 2). we calculated incidence rates of if and of superficial infections with fusarium spp. fungi identified in patients at a dermatology outpatient uni ...201324050318
fungal communities associated with the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane buried under compost at different temperatures.plastics play an essential role in the modern world due to their low cost and durability. however, accumulation of plastic waste in the environment causes wide-scale pollution with long-lasting effects, making plastic waste management expensive and problematic. polyurethanes (pus) are heteropolymers that made up ca. 7% of the total plastic production in europe in 2011. polyester pus in particular have been extensively reported as susceptible to microbial biodegradation in the environment, partic ...201324056469
fenton oxidation and combined fenton-microbial treatment for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil in assam - india.the study is aimed at the remediation of soil spiked with crude oil (5%) by employing fenton oxidation, biological treatment and combined fenton-biological treatment. a spiked concentration of 5% crude oil was selected on the basis of contamination levels of 0-5% as found in the soil of upper assam oil fields (india). the degradation of the aliphatic fraction (c14-c28) of the crude oil was investigated by gas chromatography. fenton oxidation was carried out at different ph (3 to 8) in a laborato ...201324056615
integrated management strategies for tomato fusarium wilt.fusarium wilt is caused by the fungal pathogens, fusarium oxysporum or fusarium solani. it is a devastating disease that affects many important food and vegetable crops and a major source of loss to farmers worldwide. initial strategies developed to combat this devastating plant disease include the use of cultural, physical and chemical control. none of these strategies have been able to give the best results of completely ameliorating the situation except for the cultural method which is mainly ...201324077535
antimicrobial constituents of the leaves of mikania micrantha h. b. k.to isolate plant-derived compounds with antimicrobial activity from the leaves of mikania micrantha, to determine the compounds configuration, and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against eight plant pathogenic fungi (exserohilum turcicum, colletotrichum lagenarium, pseudoperonispora cubensis, botrytis cirerea, rhizoctonia solani, phytophthora parasitica, fusarium solani, and pythium aphanidermatum,) and four plant pathogenic bacteria (gram negative bacteria: ralstonia dolaanacearum, xan ...201324098556
molecular signatures at imminent death: hemocyte gene expression profiling of shrimp succumbing to viral and fungal infections.infectious diseases represent the most serious threat to shrimp farming worldwide. understanding the molecular mechanisms driving shrimp-pathogen interactions is necessary for developing strategies to control disease outbreaks in shrimp production systems. in the current study, we experimentally reproduced mortality events using standardized infections to characterize the hemocyte transcriptome response of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei succumbing to infectious diseases. by using a high-through ...201424120975
fungal endocarditis.fungal endocarditis remains a rare disease occurring mostly in patients with predisposing host conditions. regarding its poor prognosis because of severe complications, there is an urgent need for properly established treatment guidelines and prophylaxis for patients at risk. in this review we provide up-to-date information on treatment recommendations, and discuss recent case reports on fungal endocarditis and challenges in prophylaxis and treatment.201324126720
fusarium infection: report of 26 cases and review of 97 cases from the literature.fusarium species is a ubiquitous fungus that causes opportunistic infections. we present 26 cases of invasive fusariosis categorized according to the european organization for research and treatment of cancer/mycoses study group (eortc/msg) criteria of fungal infections. all cases (20 proven and 6 probable) were treated from january 2000 until january 2010. we also review 97 cases reported since 2000. the most important risk factors for invasive fusariosis in our patients were compromised immune ...201324145697
expression of an engineered heterologous antimicrobial peptide in potato alters plant development and mitigates normal abiotic and biotic responses.antimicrobial cationic peptides (amps) are ubiquitous small proteins used by living cells to defend against a wide spectrum of pathogens. their amphipathic property helps their interaction with negatively charged cellular membrane of the pathogen causing cell lysis and death. amps also modulate signaling pathway(s) and cellular processes in animal models; however, little is known of cellular processes other than the pathogen-lysis phenomenon modulated by amps in plants. an engineered heterologou ...201324147012
inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity of fungal taxol and its precursor baccatin iii purified from endophytic fusarium solani.taxol (generic name paclitaxel), a plant-derived antineoplastic agent, used widely against breast, ovarian and lung cancer, was originally isolated from the bark of the pacific yew, taxus brevifolia. the limited supply of the drug has prompted efforts to find alternative sources, such as chemical synthesis, tissue and cell cultures of the taxus species both of which are expensive and yield low levels. fermentation processes with microorganisms would be the methods of choice to lower the costs an ...201324152585
modern spectroscopic technique in the characterization of biosensitive macrocyclic schiff base ligand and its complexes: inhibitory activity against plantpathogenic fungi.complexes of the type [m(l)cl2], where m = co(ii), ni(ii) and cu(ii) have been synthesized with a macrocyclic schiff base ligand (1,4,5,7,10,11,12,15-octaaza,5,11,16,18-tetraphenyl, 3,4,12,13-tetramethyl cyclo-octadecane) derived from schiff base (obtained by the condensation of 4-aminoantipyrine and dibenzoyl methane) and ethylenediamine. the ligand was characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, ir, (1)h nmr, ei mass and molecular modeling studies while the complexes were characterized b ...201424161868
breakthrough fusarium solani infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia receiving posaconazole prophylaxis. 201424170227
[microecological mechanisms of red-leaf disease occurrence in salvia miltiorrhiza bge].a comparative study was made on the nutrient content in rhizosphere soil and the microflora in rhizosphere soil and on rhizoplane of healthy and red-leaf diseased salvia miltiorrhiza plants, aimed to approach the microecological mechanisms of red-leaf disease occurrence in s. miltiorrhiza. the n, p, k, and mn contents in the diseased plant leaves were significantly lower than those in the healthy plant leaves (p < 0.05). no significant difference was observed in the available p content in the rh ...201324175532
successful treatment of fusarium keratitis after photo refractive keratectomy.a 39-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a history of photorefractive keratectomy (prk), performed two weeks prior; slit-lamp examination revealed diffuse conjunctival congestion, corneal ulcer and stromal infiltration. after 5 days of antifungal and antibacteric treatment, the infiltrate progressively increased so that a therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was necessary. the microbiological analyses revealed the presence of fungal filaments. twenty days after surgery the patient had ...201324178402
rohitukine, a chromone alkaloid and a precursor of flavopiridol, is produced by endophytic fungi isolated from dysoxylum binectariferum hook.f and amoora rohituka (roxb).wight & arn.rohitukine, a chromone alkaloid, has gained considerable international attention in recent years because of its novel semi-synthetic derivative, flavopiridol and p-276-00. both these molecules are in advanced stages of clinical development and trial for cancer treatment. recently, flavopiridol was approved as an orphan drug for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cancer. the natural occurrence of rohitukine is restricted to only four plant species, amoora rohituka and dysoxylum binectarife ...201424215673
phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of volatile constituents ofartemisia princeps var.orientalis.the volatile constituents ofartemisia princeps var.orientalis (wormwood) were investigated for phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. the germination and radicle elongation of receptor plants were inhibited by volatile substances emitted from wormwood leaf and effects were concentration-dependent. essential oil of the plant extracted by karlsruker's apparatus suppressed seed germination and seedling elongation of the receptor plants at a threshold concentration of 4.8μl/100 ml.escherichia coli ...199324248725
phototoxicity ofcitrus jambhiri to fungi under enhanced uv-b radiation: role of furanocoumarins.extracts ofcitrus jambhiri foliage exposed to and shielded from uv-b radiation were assayed for phytochemical changes and phototoxicity against four fungal pathogens, two of which (fusarium solani andf. oxysporum) are causative agents of root rots and two of which (penicillium italicum andp. digitatum) are associated with fruit rots. conidial pigment mutants of these four fungal species were assayed to determine whether pigments play a role in protecting fungi against plant photosensitizers. exp ...199324248778
characterization of fungal keratitis in alpacas: 11 cases (2003-2012).to describe clinical, microbiological, in vivo confocal microscopic, and histopathologic features of fungal keratitis in alpacas and to estimate prevalence of the disease in a population of alpacas from the northeastern united states.201324261813
chitinase in bean leaves: induction by ethylene, purification, properties, and possible function.ethylene induced an endochitinase in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. the enzyme formed chitobiose and higher chitin oligosaccharides from insoluble, colloidal or regenerated chitin. less than 5% of the total chitinolytic activity was detected in an exochitinase assay proposed by abeles et al. (1970, plant physiol. 47, 129-134) for ethylene-induced chitinase. in ethylene-treated plants, chitinase activity started to increase after a lag of 6 h and was induced 30 fold within 24 h. exogenou ...198324263941
energy-dependent uptake of benzo[a]pyrene and its cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport by the telluric fungus fusarium solani.in screening indigenous soil filamentous fungi for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) degradation, an isolate of the fusarium solani was found to incorporate benzo[a]pyrene (bap) into fungal hyphae before degradation and mineralization. the mechanisms involved in bap uptake and intracellular transport remain unresolved. to address this, the incorporation of two pahs, bap, and phenanthrene (phe) were studied in this fungus. the fungus incorporated more bap into cells than phe, despite the 40 ...201424271730
in vitro evaluation of the ovistatic and ovicidal effect of the cosmopolitan filamentous fungi isolated from soil on ascaris suum eggs.the ovicidal activity of seven fungal strains: acremonium alabamense, alternaria chlamydospora, cladosporium herbarum, fusarium solani, paecilomyces variotii, paecilomyces viridis and penicillium verruculosum isolated from urban soil samples from poland was determined in vitro. the fungal mycelium was co-cultured with ascaris suum eggs on plates with 2% water-agar for 28 days. eggs exposed and unexposed (control) to fungal mycelium were observed weekly by light microscopy and the percentage of m ...201424295958
isolation and characterization of rhizosphere bacteria for the biocontrol of the damping-off disease of tomatoes in tunisia.fluorescent pseudomonas spp., isolated from tomato and pepper plants rhizosphere soil, was evaluated in vitro as a potential antagonist of fungal pathogens. pseudomonas strains were tested against the causal agents of tomatoes damping-off (sclerotinia sclerotiorum), root rot (fusarium solani), and causal agents of stem canker and leaf blight (alternaria alternata). for this purpose, dual culture antagonism assays were carried out on 25% tryptic soy agar, king b medium and potato dextrose agar to ...201624296079
pea genes associated with non-host disease resistance to fusarium are also active in race-specific disease resistance to pseudomonas.a given plant species is able to resist most of the potentially pathogenic microorganisms with which it comes in contact. this phenomenon, known as non-host resistance, can be overcome only by a very small number of 'true pathogens' which can use that plant as a host. in some cases, plants have developed mechanisms for overcoming infection by specific races or strains of a true pathogen. this race-specific resistance can be easily manipulated into agronomically important cultivars by plant breed ...198724301193
effect of elicitors and precursors on azadirachtin production in hairy root culture of azadirachta indica.the present study involved strategies for enhancement in in vitro azadirachtin (commercially used biopesticide) production by hairy root cultivation of azadirachta indica. improvement in the azadirachtin production via triggering its biosynthetic pathway in plant cells was carried out by the exogenous addition of precursors and elicitors in the growth medium. among the different abiotic stress inducers (ag(+), hg(+2), co(+2), cu(+2)) and signal molecules (methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid) tes ...201424357500
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