Publications

high polymorphism in big defensin gene expression reveals presence-absence gene variability (pav) in the oyster crassostrea gigas.	we report here the first evidence in an invertebrate, the oyster crassostrea gigas, of a phenomenon of presence-absence variation (pav) affecting immune-related genes. we previously evidenced an extraordinary interindividual variability in the basal mrna abundances of oyster immune genes including those coding for a family of antimicrobial peptides, the big defensins (cg-bigdef). cg-bigdef is a diverse family composed of three members: cg-bigdef1 to -3. here, we show that besides a high polymorp ...	2015	25482648
emerging and endemic types of ostreid herpesvirus 1 were detected in bivalves in china.	viral infection caused by ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) is one of the proximate causes of mass mortalities of cultivated bivalves around the world. the emergence and spread of different variants of oshv-1 accompanied by different epidemiological characteristics have been reported frequently in different countries around the world. in this paper, we present a study of the detection of oshv-1 dna and their variations from 1599 samples over 18 species collected in 27 aquaculture sites and two food ...	2015	25483846
parental exposure to environmental concentrations of diuron leads to aneuploidy in embryos of the pacific oyster, as evidenced by fluorescent in situ hybridization.	changes in normal chromosome numbers (i.e. aneuploidy) due to abnormal chromosome segregation may arise either spontaneously or as a result of chemical/radiation exposure, particularly during cell division. coastal ecosystems are continuously subjected to various contaminants originating from urban, industrial and agricultural activities. genotoxicity is common to several families of major environmental pollutants, including pesticides, which therefore represent a potential important environment ...	2015	25498420
genome-wide and single-base resolution dna methylomes of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas provide insight into the evolution of invertebrate cpg methylation.	studies of dna methylomes in a wide range of eukaryotes have revealed both conserved and divergent characteristics of dna methylation among phylogenetic groups. however, data on invertebrates particularly molluscs are limited, which hinders our understanding of the evolution of dna methylation in metazoa. the sequencing of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas genome provides an opportunity for genome-wide profiling of dna methylation in this model mollusc.	2014	25514978
genetic considerations for mollusk production in aquaculture: current state of knowledge.	in 2012, world mollusk production in aquaculture reached a volume of 15,171,000 tons, representing 23% of total aquaculture production and positioning mollusks as the second most important category of aquaculture products (fishes are the first). clams and oysters are the mollusk species with the highest production levels, followed in descending order by mussels, scallops, and abalones. in view of the increasing importance attached to genetic information on aquaculture, which can help with good m ...	2014	25540651
a novel phagocytic receptor (cgnimc) from pacific oyster crassostrea gigas with lipopolysaccharide and gram-negative bacteria binding activity.	phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved process to ingest the invading microbes and apoptotic or necrotic corpses, playing vital roles in defensing invaders and maintenance of normal physiological conditions. in the present study, a new nimrod family phagocytic receptor with three egf-like domains was identified in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (designated cgnimc). cgnimc shared homology with other identified multiple egf-like domain containing proteins. the mrna transcripts of cgnimc wer ...	2015	25541078
combined metabolome and proteome analysis of the mantle tissue from pacific oyster crassostrea gigas exposed to elevated pco2.	ocean acidification (oa) has been found to affect an array of normal physiological processes in mollusks, especially posing a significant threat to the fabrication process of mollusk shell. in the current study, the impact of exposure to elevated pco2 condition was investigated in mantle tissue of crassostrea gigas by an integrated metabolomic and proteomic approach. analysis of metabolome and proteome revealed that elevated pco2 could affect energy metabolism in oyster c. gigas, marked by diffe ...	2015	25559488
expression and immunohistochemical localization of the cytochrome p450 isoform 356a1 (cyp356a1) in oyster crassostrea gigas.	cytochrome p450 family (cyp) is a group of proteins virtually found in all living organisms. the main role of most cyps is to metabolize endo and xenobiotics. most of the studies on cyp have been carried out in mammals and other vertebrates, however recently a growing interest has been devoted to the identification of cyp isoforms in invertebrates. a gene belonging to the cyp sub-family, cyp356a1, was identified in sanitary sewage-exposed pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas. through heterologous ...	2015	25569847
influences of developmental stages, protective additives and concentrations of cryoprotective agents on the cryopreservation of pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) larvae.	the selection of the optimal developmental stage, appropriate cryoprotectants (cpas) and their concentrations is important for successful cryopreservation.	2015	25583009
influence of crassostrea gigas on the permeability and microstructure of the surface layer of concrete exposed to the tidal zone of the yellow sea.	concrete exposed to the tidal zone of the yellow sea and bearing crassostrea gigas (cg) with differing areal coverages was investigated for evidence of biologically induced corrosion prevention. the experimental results indicated that both the chloride ion profile and the neutralization depth of the concrete decreased with increasing cg coverage. moreover, the water absorption rate and the chloride ion permeability of concrete with the original surface intact also declined with increasing degree ...	2015	25584410
a european epidemiological survey of vibrio splendidus clade shows unexplored diversity and massive exchange of virulence factors.	the vibrio splendidus clade has previously been associated with epidemic outbreaks of various aquatic animals, as in the case of the cupped oyster, crassostrea gigas. to investigate whether involved strains could present a clonal origin and to identify possible alternative background carriage animals or zooplankton, a large epidemiological survey was conducted on isolates of the splendidus clade. for this purpose, vibrio strains were isolated from various samples including oysters, mussels, sedi ...	2015	25586509
differential gene transcription, biochemical responses, and cytotoxicity assessment in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas exposed to ibuprofen.	pharmaceuticals, such as anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs, are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. studies about the effects of these substances in nontarget organisms, such as bivalves, are relevant. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on antioxidant status caused by ibuprofen (ibu) in oysters crassostrea gigas exposed for 1, 4, and 7 days at concentrations 1 and 100 μg l(-1). levels of ibu in tissues of oysters, as well as cell viability of hemocytes, were measured. th ...	2015	25595931
long-term study of vibrio parahaemolyticus prevalence and distribution in new zealand shellfish.	the food-borne pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus has been reported as being present in new zealand (nz) seawaters, but there have been no reported outbreaks of food-borne infection from commercially grown nz seafood. our study determined the current incidence of v. parahaemolyticus in nz oysters and greenshell mussels and the prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus tdh and trh strains. pacific (235) and dredge (21) oyster samples and mussel samples (55) were obtained from commercial shellfish-growing a ...	2015	25616790
anti-apoptotic effects of novel phenolic antioxidant isolated from the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) on cultured human hepatocytes under oxidative stress.	the antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (dhmba), a natural phenolic antioxidant isolated from the pacific oyster, were defined using cultured human hepatocyte-derived cells (c3a). dhmba showed no cytotoxicity at 62.5-500μm, as well as chlorogenic acid (cga), vitamin c, and vitamin e. however, butylated hydroxytoluene, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and catechin reduced cell viability. in the presence of the prooxidant 2,2'-azobis(2-a ...	2015	25624228
reinforcing the egg-timer: recruitment of novel lophotrochozoa homeobox genes to early and late development in the pacific oyster.	the metazoan superclade lophotrochozoa includes mollusks, annelids, and several other animal phyla. it is reasonable to assume that this organismal diversity may be traced, in part, to changes in developmentally important genes, such as the homeobox genes. although most comparative studies have focussed on ancient homeobox gene families conserved across bilaterians, there are also "novel" homeobox genes that have arisen more recently in evolution, presumably by duplication followed by radical di ...	2015	25631164
ostreid herpesvirus oshv-1 μvar in pacific oysters crassostrea gigas (thunberg 1793) of the wadden sea, a unesco world heritage site.	the wadden sea is an extensive wetland area, recognized as unesco world heritage site of international importance. since the mid-1990s, the invasive pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (thunberg 1793) population in the area has grown exponentially, having a distinct impact on the ecosystem. the recent spread of the emerging oyster pathogen ostreid herpesvirus oshv-1 μvar worldwide and specifically in the oyster culture areas in the south of the netherlands raised the question whether the virus may ...	2016	25643634
highly diverse fibrinogen-related proteins in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	fibrinogen-related proteins (freps) are a family of proteins with high sequence diversity, and they play crucial roles in invertebrate immune response. however, few studies have characterized this diversity at the whole-genome level. in the present study, approximately 190 predicted freps with more than 200 fibrinogen-like (fbg) domains were identified in the genome of the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas), suggesting a historical expansion of this protein family. a sequence analysis showed hig ...	2015	25655328
pacific oyster polyamine oxidase: a protein missing link in invertebrate evolution.	polyamine oxidases catalyse the oxidation of polyamines and acetylpolyamines and are responsible for the polyamine interconversion metabolism in animal cells. polyamine oxidases from yeast can oxidize spermine, n(1)-acetylspermine, and n(1)-acetylspermidine, while in vertebrates two different enzymes, namely spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase, specifically catalyse the oxidation of spermine, and n(1)-acetylspermine/n(1)-acetylspermidine, respectively. in this work we proved that the sp ...	2015	25655384
susceptibility of vibrio aestuarianus 01/032 to the antibacterial activity of mytilus haemolymph: identification of a serum opsonin involved in mannose-sensitive interactions.	the interactions of vibrio aestuarianus 01/032 with haemolymph of the bivalves mytilus galloprovincialis and crassostrea gigas were investigated to understand if haemolymph components (haemocytes and soluble factors) could be involved in the higher resistance to microbial infection shown by mussels in comparison with oysters. although 01/032 bacteria adhered to haemocytes of both bivalves, they were sensitive to the bactericidal activity of whole haemolymph from mussel, but not from oyster; in a ...	2015	25655520
persistent organic pollutants in a marine bivalve on the marennes-oléron bay and the gironde estuary (french atlantic coast) - part 2: potential biological effects.	contaminant effects on defence responses of ecologically and economically important organisms, such as the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, are likely to influence their ability to resist infectious diseases, particularly at the young stages. the aim of this study was to explore the potential relationships between organic contaminants accumulated in the soft tissues of juvenile oysters, defence responses and physiological condition. oysters were transplanted during summer and winter periods in ...	2015	25666833
factors other than metalloprotease are required for full virulence of french vibrio tubiashii isolates in oyster larvae.	vibrio tubiashii is a marine pathogen isolated from larval and juvenile bivalve molluscs that causes bacillary necrosis. recent studies demonstrated the isolation of this species in a french experimental hatchery/nursery affecting crassostrea gigas spat in 2007. here, using larvae of c. gigas as an interaction model, we showed that the french v. tubiashii is virulent to larvae and can cause bacillary necrosis symptoms with an ld50 of about 2.3 × 10(3) c.f.u. ml(-1) after 24 h. moreover, complete ...	2015	25701736
multi-residue method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in bivalves.	a fast, simple and robust method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 23 pharmaceuticals (including some major metabolites) in bivalve mollusks. the analytes belong to eight different therapeutic groups: antibiotics, psychiatric drugs, analgesics/anti-inflammatories, tranquilizer, calcium channel blockers, diuretic, and prostatic hyperplasia. the method is based on pressurized liquid extraction (ple) followed by solid phase extraction clean-up (spe), and ultra performance liq ...	2015	25703000
development of a comet-fish assay for the detection of dna damage in hemocytes of crassostrea gigas.	in this work, the dna-damaging effect of hydrogen peroxide on the structural integrity of nucleolar organizer regions (nors) was studied for the first time by comet-fish in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. global dna damage was assessed in hemocytes using an alkaline version of the comet assay. next, nor sensitivity was analyzed by mapping major rdna repeat unit by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) on the same comet slides. exposure of hemocytes to 100 μm of hydrogen peroxide induce ...	2015	25710447
resistance of black-lip learl oyster, pinctada margaritifera, to infection by ostreid herpes virus 1μvar under experimental challenge may be mediated by humoral antiviral activity.	ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) has induced mass mortalities of the larvae and spat of pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, in europe and, more recently, in oceania. the production of pearls from the black-lip pearl oyster, pinctada margaritifera, represents the second largest source of income to the economies of french polynesia and many pacific island nations that could be severely compromised in the event of a disease outbreak. coincidentally with the occurrence of oshv-1 in the southern hemisp ...	2015	25712854
autophagy plays an important role in protecting pacific oysters from oshv-1 and vibrio aestuarianus infections.	recent mass mortality outbreaks around the world in pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, have seriously affected the aquaculture economy. although the causes for these mortality outbreaks appear complex, infectious agents are involved. two pathogens are associated with mass mortality outbreaks, the virus ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) and the bacterium vibrio aestuarianus. here we describe the interactions between these 2 pathogens and autophagy, a conserved intracellular pathway playing a key ro ...	0	25714877
adaptation to enemy shifts: rapid resistance evolution to local vibrio spp. in invasive pacific oysters.	one hypothesis for the success of invasive species is reduced pathogen burden, resulting from a release from infections or high immunological fitness of invaders. despite strong selection exerted on the host, the evolutionary response of invaders to newly acquired pathogens has rarely been considered. the two independent and genetically distinct invasions of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas into the north sea represent an ideal model system to study fast evolutionary responses of invasive po ...	2015	25716784
characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in crassostrea gigas clarifies its role in apoptosis and immune defense.	the inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) proteins maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death by inhibiting caspase activity and facilitating immune responses. in this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific expansion and tandem duplication of iaps in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. we then investigated a representative oyster-specific xiap-like gene (cgiap2) to understand how it regulates initiator caspase. cloning of full-length cgiap2 from oyster cdna uncovered a ...	2015	25720977
genetically determined variation in developmental physiology of bivalve larvae (crassostrea gigas).	understanding the complex interactions that regulate growth and form is a central question in developmental physiology. we used experimental crosses of pedigreed lines of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, to investigate genetically determined variations in larval growth and nutrient transport. we show that (i) transport rates at 10 and 100 μm glycine scale differentially with size; (ii) size-specific maximum transport capacity (jmax) is genetically determined; and (iii) jmax serves as an ea ...	2015	25730268
massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome.	the molecules that mediate innate immunity are encoded by relatively few genes and exhibit broad specificity. detailed annotation of the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) genome, a protostome invertebrate, reveals large-scale duplication and divergence of multigene families encoding molecules that effect innate immunity. transcriptome analyses indicate dynamic and orchestrated specific expression of numerous innate immune genes in response to experimental challenge with pathogens, including bac ...	2015	25732911
correction: comparative transcriptome analysis of two oysters, crassostrea gigas and crassostrea hongkongensis provides insights into adaptation to hypo-osmotic conditions.		2015	25742602
preliminary investigations of toxicity in the georges bay catchment, tasmania, australia.	north-eastern tasmania, australia has been an area of major production for pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) for over 25 years. since the mid-1990s, increased oyster mortality has been observed. the purpose of the present study was to identify the agent causing aquatic toxicity and to investigate whether there is a chemical and/or toxicological link between river foam and monoculture timber plantation forests of exotic eucalypts (eucalyptus nitens) present in the catchment area. foam samples f ...	2015	25745193
experimental infections of pacific oyster crassostrea gigas using the australian ostreid herpesvirus-1 (oshv-1) µvar strain.	in australia, the spread of the ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant (oshv-1 µvar) threatens the pacific oyster industry. there is an urgent need to develop an experimental infection model in order to study the pathogenesis of the virus under controlled laboratory conditions. the present study constitutes the first attempt to use archived frozen oysters as a source of inoculum, based on the australian oshv-1 µvar strain. experiments were conducted to test (1) virus infectivity, (2) the dose-respon ...	2015	25751856
the new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: cellular, molecular and genetic view.	oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. in such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. we give here cellular and molecular insights into the crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (amps). this review ...	2015	25753917
essential fatty acid assimilation and synthesis in larvae of the bivalve crassostrea gigas.	essential fatty acids (efa) are important for bivalve larval survival and growth. the purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess for the first time through a mass-balance approach dietary efa incorporation and synthesis within crassostrea gigas larvae. a first experiment was carried out using two microalgae, tisochrysis lutea (t) and chaetoceros neogracile (cg), as mono- and bi-specific diets. a second experiment using a similar design was performed to confirm and extend the results obta ...	2015	25771891
a single-crd c-type lectin from oyster crassostrea gigas mediates immune recognition and pathogen elimination with a potential role in the activation of complement system.	c-type lectins (ctls), serving as pattern recognition receptors (prrs), are a superfamily of ca(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins that participate in nonself-recognition and pathogen elimination. in the present study, a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (crd) ctl was identified from oyster crassostrea gigas (designated as cgclec-2). there was only one crd within the deduced amino acid sequence of cgclec-2 consisting of 129 amino acid residues. a conserved epn (glu246-pro247-as ...	2015	25800112
cloning and characterization of three suppressors of cytokine signaling (socs) genes from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) family are crucial for the control of a variety of signal transduction pathways that are involved in the immunity, growth and development of organisms. however, in mollusks, the identity and function of socs proteins remain largely unclear. in the present study, three socs genes, cgsocs2, cgsocs5 and cgsocs7, have been identified by searching and analyzing the pacific oyster genome. structural analysis indicated that the cgsocs share conserv ...	2015	25804492
identification and functional analysis of a novel ifn-like protein (cgifnlp) in crassostrea gigas.	interferons (ifns) belong to class ii helical cytokines family with pleiotropic biological activities, which have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. in the present study, a novel ifn-like protein (designed cgifnlp) was identified from oyster crassostrea gigas, which contained an interferon domain from 14 to 97 amino acids showing low sequence similarities with vertebrates ifns, but shared a similar three-dimensional structure with class ii hel ...	2015	25812419
a novel molluscan fos gene with immune defense function identified in the hong kong oyster, crassostrea hongkongensis.	the transcription factor fos is a member of one of the best-studied ap-1 sub-families and has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses and cytokine production. in this report, a novel mollusk fos (referred to as chfos) gene was cloned and characterized from the hong kong oyster, crassostrea hongkongensis. the deduced chfos protein sequence comprised 333 amino acids and shared significant homology with invertebrate homologs ...	2015	25841657
functional analysis of pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) β-thymosin: focus on antimicrobial activity.	an antimicrobial peptide, ∼5 kda in size, was isolated and purified in its active form from the mantle of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas by c18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight analysis revealed 4656.4 da of the purified and unreduced peptide. a comparison of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of oyster antimicrobial peptide with deduced amino acid sequences in our local expressed sequence tag (est) database o ...	2015	25842181
assessment of growth, genotoxic responses and expression of stress related genes in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas following chronic exposure to ionizing radiation.	marine organisms are exposed to low doses of anthropogenic contaminants during their entire life. authorized amounts of radionuclides are discharged in the channel by nuclear facilities. the pacific oyster was used to investigate the potential impact of chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. though we exposed larvae and spat for two weeks to much higher concentrations than those encountered near nuclear facilities, oyster growth and expression of 9 selected stress genes were not significantly c ...	2015	25843441
hepatoprotective effect of a polysaccharide from crassostrea gigas on acute and chronic models of liver injury.	a water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from crassostrea gigas (cgps-1) by hot-water extraction, isoelectric precipitation, hydrolysis and ultrafiltration without using ethanol. based on the calibration with dextran, cgps-1 had a molecular weight of approximately 6.5×10(6) da. cgps-1 was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and (1)h and (13)c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. based on the data, cgps-1 was found to be a uniform ...	2015	25869310
effect of linear alkylbenzene mixtures and sanitary sewage in biochemical and molecular responses in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	urban effluents are rich in nutrients, organic matter, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (ppcps), pesticides, hydrocarbons, surfactants, and others. previous studies have shown that oysters crassostrea gigas accumulate significant levels of linear alkylbenzenes (labs) in sanitary sewage contaminated sites, but there is little information about its toxicological effects in marine bivalves. the aim of this study was to analyze the transcription of genes in two tissues of c. gigas exposed ...	2015	25869438
disruption of amylase genes by rna interference affects reproduction in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	feeding strategies and digestive capacities can have important implications for variation in energetic pathways associated with ecological and economically important traits, such as growth or reproduction in bivalve species. here, we investigated the role of amylase in the digestive processes of crassostrea gigas, using in vivo rna interference. this approach also allowed us to investigate the relationship between energy intake by feeding and gametogenesis in oysters. double-stranded (ds)rna des ...	2015	25883379
the enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster crassostrea gigas.	enkephalinergic neuroendocrine-immune regulatory system is one of the most important neuroendocrine-immune systems in both vertebrates and invertebrates for its significant role in the immune regulation. in the present study, the early onset of enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster crassostrea gigas were investigated to illustrate the function of neural regulation on the innate immune system in oyster larvae. [met ...	2015	25907641
repertoire and evolution of tnf superfamily in crassostrea gigas: implications for expansion and diversification of this superfamily in mollusca.	tumor necrosis factor superfamily (tnfsf) members represent a group of cytokines participating in diverse immunological, pathological and developmental pathways. however, compared with deuterostomia and cnidaia, the composition and evolution of tnf homologous in protostomia are still not well understood. in the present study, a total of 81 tnf superfamily (tnfsf) genes from 15 mollusk species, including 23 tnfsf genes from crassostrea gigas, were surveyed by genome-wide bioinformatics analysis. ...	2015	25910814
p63 gene structure in the phylum mollusca.	roles of p53 family ancestor (p63) in the organisms' response to stressful environmental conditions (mainly pollution) have been studied among molluscs, especially in the genus mytilus, within the last 15 years. nevertheless, information about gene structure of this regulatory gene in molluscs is scarce. here we report the first complete genomic structure of the p53 family orthologue in the mollusc mediterranean mussel mytilus galloprovincialis and confirm its similarity to vertebrate p63 gene. ...	2015	25936268
molecular detection of mikrocytos mackini in pacific oysters using quantitative pcr.	mikrocytos mackini is an internationally regulated pathogen and causative agent of denman island disease in pacific oysters crassostrea gigas. recent phylogenetic breakthroughs have placed this parasite within a highly divergent and globally distributed eukaryotic lineage that has been designated a new taxonomic order, mikrocytida. the discovery of this new radiation of parasites is accompanied by a heightened awareness of the many knowledge gaps that exist with respect to the general biology, e ...	2015	25936954
regulation of hox orthologues in the oyster crassostrea gigas evidences a functional role for promoter dna methylation in an invertebrate.	dna methylation within promoter regions (prdm) controls vertebrate early gene transcription and thereby development, but is neglected outside this group. however, epigenetic features in the oyster crassostrea gigas suggest functional significance of pdrm in invertebrates. to investigate this, reporter constructs containing in vitro methylated oyster hox gene promoters were transfected into oyster embryos. the influence of in vivo methylation was studied using bisulfite sequencing and dna methylt ...	2015	25943713
sex ratio and sex reversal in two-year-old class of oyster, crassostrea gigas (bivalvia: ostreidae).	the sex ratio (f:m) in the same population of oyster, crassostrea gigas at the commencement of the study (2007) was 1:1.0, but changed to 1:2.8 by the end of the study (2008). the sex reversal rate in two-year-old oysters was 40.2%. specifically, female to male sex reversal rate was 66.1%, which is higher than the male to female sex reversal rate of 21.1%. the sex reversal pattern of c. gigas appears to go from male⇒female⇒male, and as such is determined to be rhythmical hermaphroditism.	2012	25949114
survival rates with time course of frozen-thawed pacific oyster larvae in indoor rearing system.	post-thawed larval rearing in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas was performed to investigate the survival rate with time course in three kinds of larvae cryopreserved. the highest survival rate and larval activity index (lai) of post-thawed larvae were obtained from the permeation in 0.2 m sucrose and 2.0 m ethylene glycol (eg) at -1°c/min in freezing speed showing the survival rates just after thawing of 63.8% in trochophore, 84.1% in d-shaped veliger and 56.3% in early umbo veliger. in post-tha ...	2013	25949149
candidate gene polymorphisms and their association with glycogen content in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas is an important cultivated shellfish that is rich in nutrients. it contains high levels of glycogen, which is of high nutritional value. to investigate the genetic basis of this high glycogen content and its variation, we conducted a candidate gene association analysis using a wild population, and confirmed our results using an independent population, via targeted gene resequencing and mrna expression analysis.	2015	25951187
evolution of a novel nuclear receptor subfamily with emphasis on the member from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	nuclear receptors (nrs) belong to the transcription factor superfamily that regulates development, homeostasis, differentiation, and reproduction in metazoans via control of gene expression. recently, rapid advances in genome projects on various metazoans have provided new opportunities for studying the evolution and function of nrs. typically structured nrs are divided into six subfamilies. here, the gene for a typically structured nr (cgnr8a1) was cloned from the pacific oyster crassostrea gig ...	2015	25956376
expression and function analysis of two naturally truncated myd88 variants in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is the classic signaling adaptor that mediates toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir/il-1r) dependent activation of nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb). in this study, two naturally truncated myd88 members were identified from the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas), namely cgmyd88-t1 and cgmyd88-t2. the full-length cdna of cgmyd88-t1, cgmyd88-t2 are 976 bp and 1038 bp in length, containing an orf of 552 bp and 555 bp, respectively. the two orf encode a putative pr ...	2015	25963623
identification and expression analysis of the msp130-related-2 gene from hyriopsis cumingii.	msp130-related-2 is thought to play a role in bio-mineralization as revealed in crassostrea gigas and sea urchins. in this study, an msp130-related-2 gene was isolated from hyriopsis cumingii (hcmsp130-related-2) and characterized for the first time. the hcmsp130-related-2 cdna was 2307 bp in length and consisted of a 572-bp 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr), a 1239-bp open reading frame encoding 430-amino acid residues, and a 439-bp 3'-utr. the molecular weight of the peptide was predicted to be ...	2015	25966265
developing tools for the study of molluscan immunity: the sequencing of the genome of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.	the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, provides important ecological and economical services, making it the target of restoration projects and supporting a significant fishery/aquaculture industry with landings valued at more than $100 million in 2012 in the united states of america. due to the impact of infectious diseases on wild, restored, and cultured populations, the eastern oyster has been the focus of studies on host-pathogen interactions and immunity, as well as the target of selecti ...	2015	25982405
gametogenic cycle of crassostrea gigas in contrasting mediterranean habitats: marine (gulf of tunis) and continental (bizert lagoon) culture sites.	the gametogenic cycle of crassostrea gigas, a species imported into the mediterranean for aquaculture, has been studied (may 2005 to july 2006) in two contrasting habitats of tunisia: the bizert lagoon, where oyster farms have been developed since 1970, and the gulf of tunis, where oysters have been experimentally farmed during this study, to assess the potential of this latter marine area for sustaining oyster-culture.	2014	25984496
denman island disease in washington state, usa: distribution and prevalence in pacific and olympia oysters.	we sampled over 2400 wild, feral, and cultured pacific oysters crassostrea gigas and olympia oysters ostrea lurida in washington state, usa, from 2002 to 2006 to estimate the prevalence of infection with mikrocytos mackini, the causative agent of denman island disease. both histology and qualitative pcr methods were used. estimates of true prevalence of m. mackini infection in c. gigas, after accounting for imperfect test sensitivity, ranged from mean values of 0 to 10.0% by histology and 0 to 8 ...	2015	25993889
winogradskyella crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from an oyster (crassostrea gigas).	a gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated tyo-19(t), was isolated from an oyster collected from the south sea in south korea, and was subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. strain tyo-19(t) grew optimally at 30 °c, at ph 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0% (w/v) nacl. phylogenetic trees based on 16s rrna gene sequences showed that strain tyo-19(t) belonged to the genus winogradskyella, clustering coherently with the ...	2015	25999595
a c1q domain containing protein from crassostrea gigas serves as pattern recognition receptor and opsonin with high binding affinity to lps.	c1q proteins serve as pattern recognition receptors and involve in the pathogen recognition and complement pathway activation. in the present study, a novel c1q domain containing protein from crassostrea gigas (designated cgc1qdc-1) was isolated by liposaccharide-sepharose 6b affinity chromatography. the coding sequence of cgc1qdc-1 gene was determined by performing a homologous search of eight tryptic peptides identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms against the genome of c. gigas. the coding sequence of ...	2015	26002640
transcriptome analysis reveals strong and complex antiviral response in a mollusc.	viruses are highly abundant in the oceans, and how filter-feeding molluscs without adaptive immunity defend themselves against viruses is not well understood. we studied the response of a mollusc crassostrea gigas to ostreid herpesvirus 1 µvar (oshv-1μvar) infections using transcriptome sequencing. oshv-1μvar can replicate extremely rapidly after challenge of c. gigas as evidenced by explosive viral transcription and dna synthesis, which peaked at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, acco ...	2015	26004318
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism by crassostrea gigas oyster extract inhibits noradrenaline-induced vascular contraction in wistar rats.	crassostrea gigas oyster extract has been reported to have antioxidant, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering properties that may be useful for treating cardiovascular diseases. this study aimed to evaluate the effect of c. gigas oyster extract on cardiovascular function in tissues from healthy rats.	2015	26006032
il-17 signaling components in bivalves: comparative sequence analysis and involvement in the immune responses.	the recent discovery of soluble immune-regulatory molecules in invertebrates takes advantage of the rapid growth of next generation sequencing datasets. following protein domain searches in the transcriptomes of 31 bivalve spp. and in few available mollusk genomes, we retrieved 59 domains uniquely identifying interleukin 17 (il-17) and 96 sefir domains typical of il-17 receptors and ciks/act1 proteins acting downstream in the il-17 signaling pathway. compared to the chordata il-17 family members ...	2015	26026244
warm temperature acclimation impacts metabolism of paralytic shellfish toxins from alexandrium minutum in commercial oysters.	species of alexandrium produce potent neurotoxins termed paralytic shellfish toxins and are expanding their ranges worldwide, concurrent with increases in sea surface temperature. the metabolism of molluscs is temperature dependent, and increases in ocean temperature may influence both the abundance and distribution of alexandrium and the dynamics of toxin uptake and depuration in shellfish. here, we conducted a large-scale study of the effect of temperature on the uptake and depuration of paral ...	2015	26032975
novel quantitative taqman® mgb real-time pcr for sensitive detection of vibrio aestuarianus in crassostrea gigas.	validation of a novel quantitative real-time pcr using taqman® minor groove binder (mgb) chemistry is described for sensitive and rapid detection of vibrio aestuarianus, an increasingly important pathogen of pacific cupped oyster crassostrea gigas aquaculture. primers and taqman® mgb hydrolysis probe were designed to specifically amplify a 58bp dna fragment of the v. aestuarianus dnaj gene. real-time pcr selectivity was empirically tested using dna extracted from isolates of v. aestuarianus and ...	2015	26036831
genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: a review.	oyster species suffer from numerous disease outbreaks, often causing high mortality. because the environment cannot be controlled, genetic improvement for disease resistance to pathogens is an attractive option to reduce their impact on oyster production. we review the literature on selective breeding programs for disease resistance in oyster species, and the impact of triploidy on such resistance. significant response to selection to improve disease resistance was observed in all studies after ...	2015	26037230
new insight for the genetic evaluation of resistance to ostreid herpesvirus infection, a worldwide disease, in crassostrea gigas.	the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, is the most important commercial oyster species cultivated in the world. meanwhile, the ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) is one of the major pathogens affecting the pacific oyster, and numerous mortality outbreaks related to this pathogen are now reported worldwide. to assess the genetic basis of resistance to oshv-1 infection in spat c. gigas and to facilitate breeding programs for such a trait, if any exist, we compared the mortality of half- and full-sib f ...	2015	26039375
early expansion and expression of the lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced tnf-α factor (litaf) gene family in the lps-exposed monogonont rotifer brachionus koreanus.	to date, a single lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-α factor (litaf) homologue, mediating the expression of inflammatory cytokines including tnf-α in terms of host defense was identified in vertebrates and most invertebrates such as insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. however, litaf gene family members have recently been characterized in only two mollusks, crassostrea gigas and mytilus galloprovincialis. although a large gene family expansion of litaf homologues was observed in the nematode caenorh ...	2015	26056818
transcription factor cgmtf-1 regulates cgznt1 and cgmt expression in pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) under zinc stress.	oysters accumulate zinc at high tissue concentrations, and the metal response element (mre)-binding transcription factor (mtf) functions as the cellular zinc sensor that coordinates the expression of genes involved in zinc efflux and storage, as well as those that protect against metal toxicity. in this study, we cloned mtf-1 in oysters and examined its regulation mechanism for its classic target genes, including mts and znt1 under zinc exposure conditions. we cloned cgmtf-1 and determined the s ...	2015	26074451
pesticides and ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	since 2008, mass mortality outbreaks have been reported in all french regions producing pacific oysters, and in several member states of the european union. these mass mortality events of pacific oysters are related to oshv-1 infection. they occur during spring and summer periods leaving suspect the quality of the marine environment and the role of seasonal use of pesticides associated with the arrival of freshwater in oyster rearing areas. pesticides have been also detected in french coastal wa ...	2015	26107171
cloning and characterization of a novel caspase-8-like gene in crassostrea gigas.	cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, or caspases, play key roles in apoptosis and immune defense. in this study, we cloned the first caspase-8-like gene (cgcaspase8-2) identified in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas. the 2572-bp cdna encodes a putative protein of 714 amino acids that contains two tandem death effector domains (deds) at the n-terminal, and p20 and p10 domains at the c-terminal. the conserved pentapeptide motif qacqg was also identified in the deduced cgcaspase8-2 ...	2015	26143079
a gata2/3 gene potentially involved in larval shell formation of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	shells are one of the most notable features of the majority of mollusks. in addition, the shell is also considered a key characteristic during molluscan evolution and development. however, although the morphological changes during larval shell formation have been well described, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. in this study, we focused on the potential involvement of a gata gene in shell formation because gata genes are often downstream genes of bmp (bone morphogene ...	2015	26159670
key metabolic pathways involved in xenobiotic biotransformation and stress responses revealed by transcriptomics of the mangrove oyster crassostrea brasiliana.	the brazilian oyster crassostrea brasiliana was challenged to three common environmental contaminants: phenanthrene, diesel fuel water-accommodated fraction (waf) and domestic sewage. total rna was extracted from the gill and digestive gland, and cdna libraries were sequenced using the 454 flx platform. the assembled transcriptome resulted in ̃20,000 contigs, which were annotated to produce the first de novo transcriptome for c. brasiliana. sequences were screened to identify genes potentially i ...	2015	26186662
an integrin from oyster crassostrea gigas mediates the phagocytosis toward vibrio splendidus through lps binding activity.	integrins are a family of cell adhesion molecules which play important roles in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis and phagocytosis. in the present study, the immune function of an integrin from the oyster crassostrea gigas (designated cgintegrin) was characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of hemocyte phagocytosis toward different microbes. the full-length cdna of cgintegrin was 2571 bp with an open reading frame (orf) of 2397 bp, encoding a polype ...	2015	26190497
mass mortality in bivalves and the intricate case of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	massive mortality outbreaks in cultured bivalves have been reported worldwide and they have been associated with infection by a range of viral and bacterial pathogens. due to their economic and social impact, these episodes constitute a particularly sensitive issue in pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) production. since 2008, mortality outbreaks affecting c. gigas have increased in terms of intensity and geographic distribution. epidemiologic surveys have lead to the incrimination of pathogens, ...	2015	26210497
how important are glutathione and thiol reductases to oyster hemocyte function?	bivalves are animals with worldwide distribution. although they play key roles in economic activities, human feeding and environmental studies, there is a considerable lack of knowledge about the relationship between their immune system and antioxidant defenses. here, we performed an in vitro experiment where crassostrea gigas hemocytes were exposed to the electrophilic compound 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb, 0.1-50 μm) for one hour. cdnb treatment clearly disturbed thiol homeostasis, causin ...	2015	26210700
crassostrea gigas mortality in france: the usual suspect, a herpes virus, may not be the killer in this polymicrobial opportunistic disease.	successive disease outbreaks in oyster (crassostrea gigas) beds in france have resulted in dramatic losses in production, and subsequent decline in the oyster-farming industry. deaths of juvenile oysters have been associated with the presence of a herpes virus (oshv-1 μvar) and bacterial populations of the genus vibrio. although the pathogenicity of oshv-1 μvar, as well as several strains of vibrio has been demonstrated by experimental infections, our understanding of the complexity of infection ...	2015	26217318
autotetraploid pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) obtained using normal diploid eggs: induction and impact on cytogenetic stability.	we describe two methods of producing viable and fertile autotetraploid pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas thunberg) based on the use of normal-sized oocytes produced by normal diploid females. our methods showed that the oocyte size is not a limiting factor for the success of the induction to autotetraploidy. these methods offer means of direct introgression of genetic progress from elite diploid lines to tetraploids used as broodstock, avoiding a triploid step with the risk of transferring undes ...	2015	26230146
identification of single-locus pcr-based markers linked to shell background color in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).	a number of pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) with golden shell background color were obtained which show great potential to develop a niche market. to improve the selective breeding progress of true-breeding strains with complete golden oysters, research was conducted to identify genetic markers linked to the shell color locus. an f1-segregating population was obtained by crossing two oysters with golden shell and white shell. genomic dna from eight progenies with golden shell and eight progen ...	2015	26239186
a label-free proteomic analysis on competent larvae and juveniles of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	current understandings on the molecular mechanisms underlying bivalve metamorphosis are still fragmentary, and a comprehensive description is required. in this study, using a large-scale label-free proteomic approach, we described and compared the proteomes of competent larvae (cl) and juveniles (ju) of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas. a total of 788 proteins were identified: 392 in the cl proteome and 636 in the ju proteome. gene ontology analysis of the proteome from each sample revealed ...	2015	26247880
second-generation linkage maps for the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas reveal errors in assembly of genome scaffolds.	the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, a widely cultivated marine bivalve mollusc, is becoming a genetically and genomically enabled model for highly fecund marine metazoans with complex life-histories. a genome sequence is available for the pacific oyster, as are first-generation, low-density, linkage and gene-centromere maps mostly constructed from microsatellite dna makers. here, higher density, second-generation, linkage maps are constructed from more than 1100 coding (exonic) single-nucleoti ...	2015	26248981
seasonal changes in gene expression and polymorphism of hsp70 in cultivated oysters (crassostrea gigas) at extreme temperatures.	the hsp70 proteins are an important element of the response against thermal stress and infectious diseases, and they are highly conserved and ubiquitous. in some species, variations on the hsp70 encoding sequence resulted in intraspecific differential expression, which leads to variations on thermo-tolerance among individuals. this phenomenon has not been described in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, which is cultivated in mexico under temperature conditions highly above the optimal for thi ...	2015	26254584
cgil17-5, an ancient inflammatory cytokine in crassostrea gigas exhibiting the heterogeneity functions compared with vertebrate interleukin17 molecules.	interleukin 17 (il17) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in immune response. recently, five novel il17 homologs have been identified by screening and analyzing the genome of pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. in the present study, the functions of cgil17-5 were investigated by examining the distribution of its mrna and protein, ligands binding and modulation in immune response. the mrna expression levels of cgil17-5 in hemocytes of oysters post twice challenges of vibrio s ...	2015	26257382
cgiκb3, the third novel inhibitor of nf-kappa b (iκb) protein, is involved in the immune defense of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	inhibitor of nf-κb (iκb), the important regulator of nf-κb/rel signaling pathway, plays the crucial role in immune response of both vertebrates and invertebrates. here, a novel homologue of iκb was cloned from crassostrea gigas, and designated as cgiκb3. the complete cgiκb3 cdna was 1282 bp in length, including a 942 bp open reading frame (orf), a 51 bp 5' utr and a 289 bp 3' utr. the orf encodes a putative protein of 313 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of approximately 34.7 kda. s ...	2015	26260316
comparative analysis and distribution of omega-3 lcpufa biosynthesis genes in marine molluscs.	recent research has identified marine molluscs as an excellent source of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcpufas), based on their potential for endogenous synthesis of lcpufas. in this study we generated a representative list of fatty acyl desaturase (fad) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (elovl) genes from major orders of phylum mollusca, through the interrogation of transcriptome and genome sequences, and various publicly available databases. we have identified nove ...	2015	26308548
energy and antioxidant responses of pacific oyster exposed to trace levels of pesticides.	here, we assess the physiological effects induced by environmental concentrations of pesticides in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. oysters were exposed for 14 d to trace levels of metconazole (0.2 and 2 μg/l), isoproturon (0.1 and 1 μg/l), or both in a mixture (0.2 and 0.1 μg/l, respectively). exposure to trace levels of pesticides had no effect on the filtration rate, growth, and energy reserves of oysters. however, oysters exposed to metconazole and isoproturon showed an overactivation of th ...	2015	26313537
distribution and evolution of the serine/aspartate racemase family in invertebrates.	free d-amino acids have been found in various invertebrate phyla, while amino acid racemase genes have been identified in few species. the purpose of this study is to elucidate the distribution, function, and evolution of amino acid racemases in invertebrate animals. we searched the genbank databases, and found 11 homologous serine racemase genes from eight species in eight different invertebrate phyla. the cloned genes were identified based on their maximum activity as acropora millepora (cnida ...	2016	26352274
the insect chemoreceptor superfamily is ancient in animals.	the insect chemoreceptor superfamily consists of 2 gene families, the highly diverse gustatory receptors (grs) found in all arthropods with sequenced genomes and the odorant receptors that evolved from a gr lineage and have been found only in insects to date. here, i describe relatives of the insect chemoreceptor superfamily, specifically the basal gr family, in diverse other animals, showing that the superfamily dates back at least to early animal evolution. gr-like (grl) genes are present in t ...	2015	26354932
oshv-1 countermeasures to the pacific oyster's anti-viral response.	the host-pathogen interactions between the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) and ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (oshv-1) are poorly characterised. herpesviruses are a group of large, dna viruses that are known to encode gene products that subvert their host's antiviral response. it is likely that oshv-1 has also evolved similar strategies as its genome encodes genes with high homology to c. gigas inhibitors of apoptosis (iaps) and an interferon-stimulated gene (termed ch25h). the first objective of ...	2015	26384844
occurrence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in macroalgaes, bivalves, and fish from coastal areas in europe.	the occurrence and levels of phacs, endocrine disrupting and related compounds (edcs) in seafood from potential contaminated areas in europe has been studied. macroalgae (saccharina latissima and laminaria digitata), bivalves (mytilus galloprovincialis, mytilus spp., chamalea gallina and crassostrea gigas) and fish (liza aurata and platichthys flesus) from portugal, spain, italy, netherlands, and norway were analysed following 4 different analytical protocols depending on the organism and target ...	2015	26409498
assessment of sediment toxicity in the lagoon of venice (italy) using a multi-species set of bioassays.	within the framework of a weight of evidence (woe) approach, a set of four toxicity bioassays involving the amphipod corophium volutator (10 d lethality test on whole sediment), the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus (fertilization and embryo toxicity tests on elutriate) and the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (embryo toxicity test on elutriate) was applied to sediments from 10 sampling sites of the venice lagoon (italy). sediments were collected during three campaigns carried out in may 2004 (sp ...	2016	26409652
expression divergence of duplicate genes in the protein kinase superfamily in pacific oyster.	gene duplication has been proposed to serve as the engine of evolutionary innovation. it is well recognized that eukaryotic genomes contain a large number of duplicated genes that evolve new functions or expression patterns. however, in mollusks, the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the divergence and the functional maintenance of duplicate genes remain little understood. in the present study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of duplicate genes in the protein kinase superfamily using whol ...	2015	26417197
involvement of mitochondrial activity and oxphos in atp synthesis during the motility phase of spermatozoa in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	in the pacific oyster, spermatozoa are characterized by a remarkably long movement phase (i.e., over 24 h) sustained by a capacity to maintain intracellular atp level. to gain information on oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) functionality during the motility phase of pacific oyster spermatozoa, we studied 1) changes in spermatozoal mitochondrial activity, that is, mitochondrial membrane potential (mmp), and intracellular atp content in relation to motion parameters and 2) the involvement of oxp ...	2015	26423125
a calaxin gene in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigasand its potential roles in cilia.	calaxin is a newly identified calcium sensor gene that modulates the movement of flagella (and possibly cilia). it was first identified from the ascidian ciona intestinalis, and its orthologs have been observed in a wide range of animals and choanoflagellates. however, no calaxin-ortholog in a lophotrochozoa species has been reported so far. this leaves open the question of whether the modulation of ciliary motility by calaxin is conserved among animals. we report a calaxin gene from the pacific ...	2015	26428718
a novel junctional adhesion molecule a (cgjam-a-l) from oyster (crassostrea gigas) functions as pattern recognition receptor and opsonin.	junctional adhesion molecule (jam), a subfamily of immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) with a couple of immunoglobulin domains, can act as regulator in homeostasis and inflammation of vertebrates. in the present study, a structural homolog of jam-a (designated cgjam-a-l) was screened out from oyster, crassostrea gigas, through a search of jam-a d1 domain (n-terminal ig domain in jam-a). the cdna of cgjam-a-l was of 1188 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 395 amino acids. the immunoreactive are ...	2016	26434620
copper homeostasis at the host vibrio interface: lessons from intracellular vibrio transcriptomics.	recent studies revealed that several vibrio species have evolved the capacity to survive inside host cells. however, it is still often ignored if intracellular stages are required for pathogenicity. virulence of vibrio tasmaniensis lgp32, a strain pathogenic for crassostrea gigas oysters, depends on entry into hemocytes, the oyster immune cells. we investigated here the mechanisms of lgp32 intracellular survival and their consequences on the host-pathogen interaction. entry and survival inside h ...	2016	26472275
adult pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) may have light sensitivity.	light-sensitivity is an important aspect of mollusk survival as it plays a vital role in reproduction and predator avoidance. in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas light sensitivity has been demonstrated in the larval stage but has not yet been conclusively demonstrated in adult oysters. in this paper we describe an experiment which was undertaken to determine if adult pacific oysters were sensitive to light. one led flashlight was used to shine light onto adult oysters while they were filteri ...	2015	26474058
additive transcriptomic variation associated with reproductive traits suggest local adaptation in a recently settled population of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	originating from northeast asia, the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas has been introduced into a large number of countries for aquaculture purpose. following introduction, the pacific oyster has turned into an invasive species in an increasing number of coastal areas, notably recently in northern europe.	2015	26483072
comparative and quantitative proteomics reveal the adaptive strategies of oyster larvae to ocean acidification.	decreasing ph due to anthropogenic co2 inputs, called ocean acidification (oa), can make coastal environments unfavorable for oysters. this is a serious socioeconomical issue for china which supplies >70% of the world's edible oysters. here, we present an itraq-based protein profiling approach for the detection and quantification of proteome changes under oa in the early life stage of a commercially important oyster, crassostrea hongkongensis. availability of complete genome sequence for the pac ...	2015	26507238
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in korea.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most prevalent gastroenteritis-causing pathogen in korea and in some other asian countries. it is frequently found in oysters and other seafood. this study monitored changes in the prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus and environmental parameters in oyster aquaculture environments in korea. from june to october 2014, we tested oysters (crassostrea gigas) from shellfish-harvesting areas off the west coast of korea. these 71 isolates were the sum of 16 (22.5%), 19 (26.8 ...	2016	26511256
a cytokine-like factor astakine accelerates the hemocyte production in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.	astakine has been reported to be a hematopoietic growth factor of prokineticin homolog firstly found in arthropods freshwater crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus. in the present study, an astakine homologous gene was identified from pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (designated cgastakine). the full length cdna of cgastakine encoded a polypeptide of 103 amino acids containing a prokineticin (pk) domain homologous to that in astakine from freshwater crayfish p. leniusculus. the deduced amino acid se ...	2016	26523496