Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| insecticidal and repellent activities of pyrethroids to the three major pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in western kenya. | the dramatic success of insecticide treated nets (itns) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) in african countries has been countered by the rapid development of pyrethroid resistance in vector mosquitoes over the past decade. one advantage of the use of pyrethroids in itns is their excito-repellency. use of the excito-repellency of pyrethroids might be biorational, since such repellency will not induce or delay the development of any physiological resistance. however, little is known about ... | 2014 | 24885499 |
| acceptance of illness and satisfaction with life among malaria patients in rivers state, nigeria. | health condition is one of the basic factors affecting satisfaction with life, and the level of illness acceptance. the purpose of the study was to analyse the level of illness acceptance, the level of satisfaction with life among malaria patients, and the level of trust placed in the physician and the nurse. | 2014 | 24885562 |
| alterations in mosquito behaviour by malaria parasites: potential impact on force of infection. | a variety of studies have reported that malaria parasites alter the behaviour of mosquitoes. these behavioural alterations likely increase transmission because they reduce the risk of vector death during parasite development and increase biting after parasites become infectious. | 2014 | 24885783 |
| ex vivo anti-malarial drugs sensitivity profile of plasmodium falciparum field isolates from burkina faso five years after the national policy change. | the recent reports on the decreasing susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin derivatives along the thailand and myanmar border are worrying. indeed it may spread to india and then africa, repeating the same pattern observed for chloroquine resistance. therefore, it is essential to start monitoring p. falciparum sensitivity to artemisinin derivatives and its partner drugs in africa. efficacy of al and asaq were tested by carrying out an in vivo drug efficacy test, with an ex vivo s ... | 2014 | 24885950 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis in sudan: temporal trends and underlying mechanisms. | malaria vector control in sudan relies mainly on indoor residual spraying (irs) and the use of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets (llins). monitoring insecticide resistance in the main sudanese malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, is essential for planning and implementing an effective vector control program in this country. | 2014 | 24886129 |
| impact of permanet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae in south-western nigeria. | permanet® 3.0 is an insecticide synergist-combination long-lasting insecticidal net designed to have increased efficacy against malaria vectors with metabolic resistance, even when combined with kdr. the current study reports on the impact of this improved tool on entomological indices in an area with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in nigeria. | 2014 | 24886399 |
| ecological niche and potential distribution of anopheles arabiensis in africa in 2050. | the future distribution of malaria in africa is likely to be much more dependent on environmental conditions than the current distribution due to the effectiveness of indoor and therapeutic anti-malarial interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (itns), indoor residual spraying for mosquitoes (irs), artemisinin-combination therapy (act), and intermittent presumptive treatment (ipt). future malaria epidemiology is therefore expected to be increasingly dominated by anopheles arabiensis, whic ... | 2014 | 24888886 |
| delayed egg hatching of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) pending water agitation. | mosquito eggs laid on water surfaces typically hatch spontaneously soon after the embryos within them become fully formed first-instar larvae. however, we have found that anopheles gambiae giles, an important vector of malaria in africa, exhibits delayed hatching until the water surface is agitated, a feature overlooked in most laboratory colonies. agitation within 24 h postoviposition, before embryonation was complete, failed to stimulate delayed postembryonic hatching of isolated eggs on the f ... | 0 | 24897850 |
| anopheles ziemanni a locally important malaria vector in ndop health district, north west region of cameroon. | malaria transmission in cameroon is mediated by a plethora of vectors that are heterogeneously distributed across the country depending on the biotope. to effectively guide malaria control operations, regular update on the role of local anopheles species is essential. therefore, an entomological survey was conducted between august 2010 and may 2011 to evaluate the role of the local anopheline population in malaria transmission in three villages of the ndop health district in the northwest region ... | 2014 | 24903710 |
| modeling larval malaria vector habitat locations using landscape features and cumulative precipitation measures. | predictive models of malaria vector larval habitat locations may provide a basis for understanding the spatial determinants of malaria transmission. | 2014 | 24903736 |
| explaining the host-finding behavior of blood-sucking insects: computerized simulation of the effects of habitat geometry on tsetse fly movement. | male and female tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood. while doing so they can transmit the diseases of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domestic stock. knowledge of the host-orientated behavior of tsetse is important in designing bait methods of sampling and controlling the flies, and in understanding the epidemiology of the diseases. for this we must explain several puzzling distinctions in the behavior of the different sexes and species of tsetse. for example, why is it t ... | 2014 | 24921243 |
| remotely-sensed, nocturnal, dew point correlates with malaria transmission in southern province, zambia: a time-series study. | plasmodium falciparum transmission has decreased significantly in zambia in the last decade. the malaria transmission is influenced by environmental variables. incorporation of environmental variables in models of malaria transmission likely improves model fit and predicts probable trends in malaria disease. this work is based on the hypothesis that remotely-sensed environmental factors, including nocturnal dew point, are associated with malaria transmission and sustain foci of transmission duri ... | 2014 | 24927747 |
| ecophysiology of anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the sahel. | the dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the sahel. here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. we examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and ... | 2014 | 24933461 |
| genetic basis of pyrethroid resistance in a population of anopheles arabiensis, the primary malaria vector in lower moshi, north-eastern tanzania. | pyrethroid resistance has been slower to emerge in anopheles arabiensis than in an. gambiae s.s and an. funestus and, consequently, studies are only just beginning to unravel the genes involved. permethrin resistance in an. arabiensis in lower moshi, tanzania has been linked to elevated levels of both p450 monooxygenases and β-esterases. we have conducted a gene expression study to identify specific genes linked with metabolic resistance in the lower moshi an. arabiensis population. | 2014 | 24946780 |
| pirna pathway gene expression in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. | the ability of transposons to mobilize to new places in a genome enables them to introgress rapidly into populations. the pirna pathway has been characterized recently in the germ line of the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and is responsible for downregulating transposon mobility. transposons have been used as tools in mosquitoes to genetically transform a number of species including anopheles stephensi, a vector of human malaria. these mobile genetic elements also have been proposed as too ... | 2014 | 24947897 |
| the efficacy of vectron 20 wp, etofenprox, for indoor residual spraying in areas of high vector resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorines in zambia. | the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has the potential to compromise any insecticide-based vector control programme. to ensure that the insecticides used for indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets in zambia remain effective and their choice is evidence based, insecticide resistance surveillance and monitoring are essential. this study assessed and compared the residual efficacy of etofenprox (vectron 20 wp), an ether pyrethroid, at 0.1 g/m(2) with pyrethroids ... | 2012 | 24967135 |
| agent-based modeling of malaria vectors: the importance of spatial simulation. | the modeling of malaria vector mosquito populations yields great insight into drivers of malaria transmission at the village scale. simulation of individual mosquitoes as "agents" in a distributed, dynamic model domain may be greatly beneficial for simulation of spatial relationships of vectors and hosts. | 2014 | 24992942 |
| pyrethroid susceptibility of malaria vectors in four districts of western kenya. | increasing pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors has been reported in western kenya where long lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are the mainstays of vector control. to ensure the sustainability of insecticide-based malaria vector control, monitoring programs need to be implemented. this study was designed to investigate the extent and distribution of pyrethroid resistance in 4 districts of western kenya (nyando, rachuonyo, bondo and teso). all four district ... | 2014 | 24996418 |
| toxicity of six plant extracts and two pyridone alkaloids from ricinus communis against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | the african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s., is known to feed selectively on certain plants for sugar sources. however, the adaptive significance of this behaviour especially on how the extracts of such plants impact on the fitness of this vector has not been explored. this study determined the toxicity and larvicidal activity on this vector of extracts from six selected plants found in kenya and two compounds identified from ricinus communis: 3-carbonitrile-4-methoxy-n-methyl-2-pyridone ... | 2014 | 24996560 |
| development and optimization of the suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control. | monitoring of malaria vector populations provides information about disease transmission risk, as well as measures of the effectiveness of vector control. the suna trap is introduced and evaluated with regard to its potential as a new, standardized, odour-baited tool for mosquito monitoring and control. | 2014 | 24998771 |
| adherence to artemether-lumefantrine drug combination: a rural community experience six years after change of malaria treatment policy in tanzania. | adherence to multidosing is challenging worldwide. this study assessed the extent of adherence to multidosing artemether-lumefantrine (alu) in a rural community in tanzania, six years after switching from single dose policy of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. | 2014 | 25011682 |
| anti-mosquito plants as an alternative or incremental method for malaria vector control among rural communities of bagamoyo district, tanzania. | plants represent one of the most accessible resources available for mosquito control by communities in tanzania. however, no documented statistics exist for their contribution in the management of mosquitoes and other insects except through verbal and some publications. this study aimed at assessing communities' knowledge, attitudes and practices of using plants as an alternative method for mosquito control among selected communities in a malaria-prone area in tanzania. | 2014 | 25015092 |
| controlling malaria using livestock-based interventions: a one health approach. | where malaria is transmitted by zoophilic vectors, two types of malaria control strategies have been proposed based on animals: using livestock to divert vector biting from people (zooprophylaxis) or as baits to attract vectors to insecticide sources (insecticide-treated livestock). opposing findings have been obtained on malaria zooprophylaxis, and despite the success of an insecticide-treated livestock trial in pakistan, where malaria vectors are highly zoophilic, its effectiveness is yet to b ... | 2014 | 25050703 |
| abc transporters are involved in defense against permethrin insecticide in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | proteins from the abc family (atp-binding cassette) represent the largest known group of efflux pumps, responsible for transporting specific molecules across lipid membranes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. in arthropods they have been shown to play a role in insecticide defense/resistance. the presence of abc transporters and their possible association with insecticide transport have not yet been investigated in the mosquito anopheles stephensi, the major vector of human malaria in ... | 2014 | 25073980 |
| malaria in hadhramout, a southeast province of yemen: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge, attitude and practices (kaps). | yemen is a mediterranean country where 65% of its population is at risk of malaria, with 43% at high risk. yemen is still in the control phase without sustainable reduction in the proportion of malaria cases. a cross-sectional household survey was carried out in different districts in the southeast of the country to determine malaria prevalence and identify factors that impede progress of the elimination phase. | 2014 | 25074325 |
| distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1 g119s mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso (west africa). | an entomological survey was carried out at 15 sites dispersed throughout the three eco-climatic regions of burkina faso (west africa) in order to assess the current distribution and frequency of mutations that confer resistance to insecticides in an. gambiae s.l. populations in the country. both knockdown (kdr) resistance mutation variants (l1014f and l1014s), that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, were identified concomitant with the ace-1 g119s mutation confirming the presence of m ... | 2014 | 25077792 |
| behavioural responses of females of two anopheline mosquito species to human-occupied, insecticide-treated and untreated bed nets. | insecticide-treated bed nets (itns), used extensively to reduce human exposure to malaria, work through physical and chemical means to block or deter host-seeking mosquitoes. despite the importance of itns, very little is known about how host-seeking mosquitoes behave around occupied bed nets. as a result, evidence-based evaluations of the effects of physical damage on bed net effectiveness are not possible and there is a dearth of knowledge on which to base itn design. | 2014 | 25080389 |
| the effects of genetic manipulation, dieldrin treatment and irradiation on the mating competitiveness of male anopheles arabiensis in field cages. | to enable the release of only sterile male anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes for the sterile insect technique, the genetic background of a wild-type strain was modified to create a genetic sexing strain ano ipcl1 that was based on a dieldrin resistance mutation. secondly, the eggs of ano ipcl1 require treatment with dieldrin to allow complete elimination of female l1 larvae from the production line. finally, male mosquito pupae need to be treated with an irradiation dose of 75 gy for sterilization ... | 2014 | 25125089 |
| sodium channel point mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in chinese strains of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | pesticide resistance due to sodium channel point mutations has been well documented in many mosquito species. | 2014 | 25128988 |
| evaluation of textile substrates for dispensing synthetic attractants for malaria mosquitoes. | the full-scale impact of odour-baited technology on the surveillance, sampling and control of vectors of infectious diseases is partly limited by the lack of methods for the efficient and sustainable dispensing of attractants. in this study we investigated whether locally-available and commonly used textiles are efficient substrates for the release of synthetic odorant blends attracting malaria mosquitoes. | 2014 | 25129505 |
| a cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of using 15% deet topical repellent with long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) compared to a placebo lotion on malaria transmission. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) have limited effect on malaria transmitted outside of sleeping hours. topical repellents have demonstrated reduction in the incidence of malaria transmitted in the early evening. this study assessed whether 15% deet topical repellent used in combination with llins can prevent greater malaria transmission than placebo and llins, in rural tanzania. | 2014 | 25129515 |
| persistently high estimates of late night, indoor exposure to malaria vectors despite high coverage of insecticide treated nets. | it has been speculated that widespread and sustained use of insecticide treated bed nets (itns) for over 10 years in asembo, western kenya, may have selected for changes in the location (indoor versus outdoor) and time (from late night to earlier in the evening) of biting of the predominant species of human malaria vectors (anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, and anopheles arabiensis). | 2014 | 25141761 |
| preventive effect of permethrin-impregnated long-lasting insecticidal nets on the blood feeding of three major pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in western kenya. | since the world health organization (who) adopted the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) as a principal strategy for effective malaria prevention and control, pyrethroids have been the only class of insecticides used for llins. the dramatic success of insecticide-treated nets (itns) and llins in african countries, however, has been threatened by the rapid development of pyrethroid resistance in vector mosquitoes. itns and llins are still used as effective self-protection measures, but ... | 2014 | 25141947 |
| characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) interventions can reduce malaria transmission by targeting mosquitoes when they feed upon sleeping humans and/or rest inside houses, livestock shelters or other man-made structures. however, many malaria vector species can maintain robust transmission, despite high coverage of llins/irs containing insecticides to which they are physiologically fully susceptible, because they exhibit one or more behaviours that define the b ... | 2014 | 25149656 |
| increasing role of anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the kilombero valley, tanzania. | in order to sustain the gains achieved by current malaria control strategies, robust surveillance systems that monitor dynamics of vectors and their roles in malaria transmission over time are essential. this longitudinal study demonstrates the trends in malaria vector dynamics and their relative contribution to malaria transmission in hyperendemic transmission settings in tanzania. | 2014 | 25150840 |
| the effect of multiple blood-feeding on the longevity and insecticide resistant phenotype in the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector in africa. adult females are likely to imbibe multiple blood meals during their lifetime. this results in regular exposure to potential toxins and blood-meal induced oxidative stress. defence responses to these stressors may affect other factors of epidemiological significance, such as insecticide resistance and longevity. the aims of this study were to examine the effect of multiple blood-feeding on insecticide tolerance/resistance with increasing ... | 2014 | 25150975 |
| comparative assessment of diverse strategies for malaria vector population control based on measured rates at which mosquitoes utilize targeted resource subsets. | eliminating malaria requires vector control interventions that dramatically reduce adult mosquito population densities and survival rates. indoor applications of insecticidal nets and sprays are effective against an important minority of mosquito species that rely heavily upon human blood and habitations for survival. however, complementary approaches are needed to tackle a broader diversity of less human-specialized vectors by killing them at other resource targets. | 2014 | 25168421 |
| effects of the kdr resistance mutation on the susceptibility of wild anopheles gambiae populations to plasmodium falciparum: a hindrance for vector control. | in the context of generalization of insecticide resistance, the hypothesis that insecticide resistance has a positive impact on the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria constitutes a hindrance for malaria elimination. the aim of this study was to investigated populations of anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae s molecular form to assess whether different genotypes at the kdr locus are responsible for different susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum infection. | 2014 | 25176292 |
| feasibility of repellent use in a context of increasing outdoor transmission: a qualitative study in rural tanzania. | extensive employment of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) has substantially reduced malaria morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa. these tools target indoor resting and biting vectors, and may select for vectors that bite and rest outdoors. thus, to significantly impact this residual malaria transmission outdoors, tools targeting outdoor transmission are required. repellents, used for personal protection, offer one solution. however, the effectiven ... | 2014 | 25182272 |
| larvicidal efficacy of ethiopian ethnomedicinal plant juniperus procera essential oil against afrotropical malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae). | to screen the essential oil of juniperus procera (j. procera) (cupressaceae) for larvicidal activity against late third instar larvae of anopheles arabiensis (an. arabiensis) patton, the principle malaria vector in ethiopia. | 0 | 25183156 |
| the plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector. | nearly one million people are killed every year by the malaria parasite plasmodium. although the disease-causing forms of the parasite exist only in the human blood, mosquitoes of the genus anopheles are the obligate vector for transmission. here, we review the parasite life cycle in the vector and highlight the human and mosquito contributions that limit malaria parasite development in the mosquito host. we address parasite killing in its mosquito host and bottlenecks in parasite numbers that m ... | 2014 | 25185005 |
| the remarkable journey of adaptation of the plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to new world anopheline mosquitoes. | plasmodium falciparum originated in africa, dispersed around the world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous anopheline mosquitoes. anophelines from the new world are evolutionary distant form african ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. it is thought that plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species through unknown mechanisms. the mosquito immune system can gre ... | 0 | 25185006 |
| metagenomics, paratransgenesis and the anopheles microbiome: a portrait of the geographical distribution of the anopheline microbiota based on a meta-analysis of reported taxa. | anophelines harbour a diverse microbial consortium that may represent an extended gene pool for the host. the proposed effects of the insect microbiota span physiological, metabolic and immune processes. here we synthesise how current metagenomic tools combined with classical culture-dependent techniques provide new insights in the elucidation of the role of the anopheles-associated microbiota. many proposed malaria control strategies have been based upon the immunomodulating effects that the ba ... | 2014 | 25185007 |
| evaluation of universal coverage of insecticide-treated nets in western kenya: field surveys. | mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (itns) is a cost-effective way to achieve universal coverage, but maintaining this coverage is more difficult. in addition to commonly used indicators, evaluation of universal coverage should include coverage of effective nets and changes in coverage over time. | 2014 | 25187326 |
| parallel evolution or purifying selection, not introgression, explains similarity in the pyrethroid detoxification linked gste4 of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis. | insecticide resistance is a major impediment to the control of vectors and pests of public health importance and is a strongly selected trait capable of rapid spread, sometimes even between closely related species. elucidating the mechanisms generating insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of disease, and understanding the spread of resistance within and between populations and species are vital for the development of robust resistance management strategies. here, we studied the mechanisms ... | 2014 | 25213601 |
| increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control. | irrigation schemes have been blamed for the increase in malaria in many parts of sub-saharan africa. however, proper water management could help mitigate malaria around irrigation schemes in this region. this study investigates the link between irrigation and malaria in central ethiopia. | 2014 | 25218697 |
| aquatain® mosquito formulation (amf) for the control of immature anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis: dose-responses, persistence and sub-lethal effects. | persistent monomolecular surface films could benefit larval source management for malaria control by reducing programme costs and managing insecticide resistance. this study evaluated the efficacy of the silicone-based surface film, aquatain® mosquito formulation (amf), for the control of the afrotropical malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis in laboratory dose-response assays and standardized field tests. | 2014 | 25228256 |
| the fungal defensin family enlarged. | fungi are an emerging source of peptide antibiotics. with the availability of a large number of model fungal genome sequences, we can expect that more and more fungal defensin-like peptides (fdlps) will be discovered by sequence similarity search. here, we report a total of 69 new fdlps encoded by 63 genes, in which a group of fdlps derived from dermatophytes are defined as a new family (fdef8) according to sequence and phylogenetic analyses. in the oleaginous fungus mortierella alpine, fdlps ha ... | 2014 | 25230677 |
| asymptomatic malaria in refugees living in a non-endemic south african city. | asymptomatic malaria infection in refugees is both a threat to the lives of the individuals and the public in the host country. although south africa has been experiencing an unprecedented influx of refugees since 1994, data on malaria infection among refugees is lacking. such information is critical since south africa is among the countries that have planned to eliminate malaria. the objective of this study was to determine prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among a refugee population ... | 2014 | 25237812 |
| indoor residual spraying with microencapsulated deet repellent (n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide) for control of anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus. | evolution of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae complex necessitates evaluation of alternative chemical classes to complement existing insecticides for long lasting insecticidal nets (llin) and indoor residual spraying (irs). microencapsulated (mc) deet (n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide) is a formulation of the popular repellent, which gives long lasting activity when applied to nets. its suitability for irs use has not been evaluated before. this study assessed the efficacy of deet mc, for irs ... | 2014 | 25249021 |
| association between malaria control and paediatric blood transfusions in rural zambia: an interrupted time-series analysis. | blood transfusions can reduce mortality among children with severe malarial anaemia, but there is limited evidence quantifying the relationship between paediatric malaria and blood transfusions. this study explores the extent to which the use of paediatric blood transfusions is affected by the number of paediatric malaria visits and admissions. it assesses whether the scale-up of malaria control interventions in a facility catchment area explains the use of paediatric blood transfusions. | 2014 | 25261276 |
| desiccation tolerance as a function of age, sex, humidity and temperature in adults of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus. | adult mosquito survival is strongly temperature and moisture dependent. few studies have investigated the interacting effects of these variables on adult survival and how this differs among the sexes and with age, despite the importance of such information for population dynamic models. for these reasons, the desiccation tolerance of anopheles arabiensis patton and anopheles funestus giles males and females of three different ages was assessed under three combinations of temperature and humidity ... | 2014 | 25267846 |
| experimental hut and bioassay evaluation of the residual activity of a polymer-enhanced suspension concentrate (sc-pe) formulation of deltamethrin for irs use in the control of anopheles arabiensis. | the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (pops) came into effect in 2004; the use of ddt for malaria control has been allowed to continue under exemption since then due to a perceived absence of equally effective and efficient alternatives. alternative classes of insecticide for indoor residual spraying (irs) have a relatively short residual duration of action (2-6 months according to who). in areas of year-round transmission multiple spray cycles are required, resulting in sign ... | 2014 | 25274145 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| impact of agriculture on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae: a multigenerational study in controlled conditions. | resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is mainly attributed to their adaptation to vector control interventions. although pesticides used in agriculture have been frequently mentioned as an additional force driving the selection of resistance, only a few studies were dedicated to validate this hypothesis and characterise the underlying mechanisms. while insecticide resistance is rising dramatically in africa, deciphering how agriculture affects resistance is crucial for improving resistance ma ... | 2014 | 25318645 |
| clinical malaria case definition and malaria attributable fraction in the highlands of western kenya. | in african highland areas where endemicity of malaria varies greatly according to altitude and topography, parasitaemia accompanied by fever may not be sufficient to define an episode of clinical malaria in endemic areas. to evaluate the effectiveness of malaria interventions, age-specific case definitions of clinical malaria needs to be determined. cases of clinical malaria through active case surveillance were quantified in a highland area in kenya and defined clinical malaria for different ag ... | 2014 | 25318705 |
| nationwide assessment of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles gambiae populations from zimbabwe. | the scale-up of malaria interventions in sub-saharan africa has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in insecticide resistance in anopheles spp. in zimbabwe resistance to pyrethroid insecticides was reported in gokwe district in 2008. this study reports results of the first nation-wide assessment of insecticide susceptibility in wild populations of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in zimbabwe, and provides a comprehensive review of the insecticide resistance status of an. gambiae s.l. in s ... | 2014 | 25322726 |
| a small-scale field trial of pyriproxyfen-impregnated bed nets against pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. in western kenya. | pyrethroid resistance is becoming a major problem for vector control programs, because at present, there are few suitable chemical substitutes for pyrethroids, as when used on bed nets the insecticide must have low mammalian toxicity as well as high activity to mosquitoes. pyriproxyfen (ppf) is one of the most active chemicals among the juvenile hormone mimic (jhm) group. sterilizing mosquitoes by using ppf could be a potential control measure for pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. we investi ... | 2014 | 25333785 |
| islands and stepping-stones: comparative population structure of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis in tanzania and implications for the spread of insecticide resistance. | population genetic structures of the two major malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis, differ markedly across sub-saharan africa, which could reflect differences in historical demographies or in contemporary gene flow. elucidation of the degree and cause of population structure is important for predicting the spread of genetic traits such as insecticide resistance genes or artificially engineered genes. here the population genetics of an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis in the ... | 2014 | 25353688 |
| first report of an exophilic anopheles arabiensis population in bissau city, guinea-bissau: recent introduction or sampling bias? | the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis exhibits greater behavioural and ecological plasticity than the other major vectors of the anopheles gambiae complex, which presents challenges for major control methods. this study reports for the first time the presence of an. arabiensis in antula, a suburb of bissau city, the capital of guinea bissau, where high levels of hybridization between anopheles coluzzii and an. gambiae have been reported. given that previous surveys in the area, based on indoor ... | 2014 | 25370807 |
| an agent-based model of the population dynamics of anopheles gambiae. | agent-based models (abms) have been used to model the behaviour of individual mosquitoes and other aspects of malaria. in this paper, a conceptual entomological model of the population dynamics of anopheles gambiae and the agent-based implementations derived from it are described. hypothetical vector control interventions (hvcis) are implemented to target specific activities in the mosquito life cycle, and their impacts are evaluated. | 2014 | 25373418 |
| volatile phytochemicals as mosquito semiochemicals. | plant biochemical processes result in the release of an array of volatile chemical substances into the environment, some of which are known to play important plant fitness enhancing functions, such as attracting pollinators, thermal tolerance of photosynthesis, and defense against herbivores. cunningly, phytophagous insects have evolved mechanisms to utilize these volatiles to their own advantage, either to colonize a suitable host for feeding, reproduction and oviposition or avoid an unsuitable ... | 0 | 25383131 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection rates for some anopheles spp. from guinea-bissau, west africa. | presence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in a sample of anopheles gambiae s.s., a. melas and a. pharoensis collected in guinea-bissau during october and november 2009. the percentage of p. falciparum infected samples (10.2% overall; confidence interval (ci): 7.45-13.6%) was comparable to earlier studies from other sites in guinea-bissau (9.6-12.4%). the majority of the specimens collected were identified as a. gamb ... | 2014 | 25383188 |
| proposal of thorsellia kenyensis sp. nov. and thorsellia kandunguensis sp. nov., isolated from larvae of anopheles arabiensis, as members of the family thorselliaceae fam. nov. | two gram-negative, rod-shaped strains, t2.1(t) and w5.1.1(t), isolated from larvae of the mosquito anopheles arabiensis, were investigated using a polyphasic approach. on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity studies, strains t2.1(t) and w5.1.1(t) were shown to belong to the genus thorsellia, both showing 97.8 % similarity to the type strain of thorsellia anophelis, with 98.1 % similarity to each other. chemotaxonomic data supported the allocation of the strains to the genus thorsellia: ... | 2015 | 25385997 |
| high-resolution melting analysis reveals low plasmodium parasitaemia infections among microscopically negative febrile patients in western kenya. | microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are common tools for diagnosing malaria, but are deficient in detecting low plasmodium parasitaemia. a novel molecular diagnostic tool (npcr-hrm) that combines the sensitivity and specificity of nested pcr (npcr) and direct pcr-high resolution melting analysis (dpcr-hrm) was developed. to evaluate patterns of anti-malarial drug administration when no parasites are detected, npcr-hrm was employed to screen blood samples for low parasitaemia from febril ... | 2014 | 25399409 |
| namibia's path toward malaria elimination: a case study of malaria strategies and costs along the northern border. | low malaria transmission in namibia suggests that elimination is possible, but the risk of imported malaria from angola remains a challenge. this case study reviews the early transition of a program shift from malaria control to elimination in three northern regions of namibia that comprise the trans-kunene malaria initiative (tkmi): kunene, omusati, and ohangwena. | 2014 | 25409682 |
| the behaviour of mosquitoes in relation to humans under holed bednets: the evidence from experimental huts. | the physical integrity of bednets is a concern of national malaria control programs, as it is a key factor in determining the rate of replacement of bednets. it is largely assumed that increased numbers of holes will result in a loss of protection of sleepers from potentially infective bites. experimental hut studies are valuable in understanding mosquito behaviour indoors, particularly as it relates to blood feeding and mortality. this review summarises findings from experimental hut studies, f ... | 0 | 25410994 |
| transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin. | to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ... | 2014 | 25412948 |
| are topical insect repellents effective against malaria in endemic populations? a systematic review and meta-analysis. | recommended vector control tools against malaria, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs), mainly target mosquitoes that rest and feed on human hosts indoors. however, in some malaria-endemic areas, such as southeast asia and south america, malaria vectors primarily bite outdoors meaning that llins and irs may be less effective. in these situations the use of topical insect repellents may reduce outdoor biting and morbidity from malaria. a systematic rev ... | 2014 | 25413142 |
| serological markers for monitoring historical changes in malaria transmission intensity in a highly endemic region of western kenya, 1994-2009. | monitoring local malaria transmission intensity is essential for planning evidence-based control strategies and evaluating their impact over time. anti-malarial antibodies provide information on cumulative exposure and have proven useful, in areas where transmission has dropped to low sustained levels, for retrospectively reconstructing the timing and magnitude of transmission reduction. it is unclear whether serological markers are also informative in high transmission settings, where intervent ... | 2014 | 25416454 |
| sampling host-seeking anthropophilic mosquito vectors in west africa: comparisons of an active human-baited tent-trap against gold standard methods. | in this study, we characterize the ability of the previously described infoscitex tent (ist) to capture mosquitoes in comparison to either the centers for disease control light trap hung next to individuals under a bed net (ltc) or to human landing catches (hlc). in senegal, the ist caught 6.14 times the number of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), and 8.78 times the culex group v mosquitoes as ltc. in one of two locations in burkina faso, the ist caught an. gambiae at a rate not significantly ... | 2014 | 25422393 |
| epidemiology of malaria in a village in the rufiji river delta, tanzania: declining transmission over 25 years revealed by different parasitological metrics. | assessments of the epidemiology of malaria over time are needed to understand changes in transmission and guide control and elimination strategies. | 2014 | 25423887 |
| mating competitiveness of sterile male anopheles coluzzii in large cages. | understanding the factors that account for male mating competitiveness is critical to the development of the sterile insect technique (sit). here, the effects of partial sterilization with 90 gy of radiation on sexual competitiveness of anopheles coluzzii allowed to mate in different ratios of sterile to untreated males have been assessed. moreover, competitiveness was compared between males allowed one versus two days of contact with females. | 2014 | 25424008 |
| mosquito genomics. extensive introgression in a malaria vector species complex revealed by phylogenomics. | introgressive hybridization is now recognized as a widespread phenomenon, but its role in evolution remains contested. here, we use newly available reference genome assemblies to investigate phylogenetic relationships and introgression in a medically important group of afrotropical mosquito sibling species. we have identified the correct species branching order to resolve a contentious phylogeny and show that lineages leading to the principal vectors of human malaria were among the first to spli ... | 2014 | 25431491 |
| the anopheles arabiensis genetic sexing strain ano ipcl1 and its application potential for the sterile insect technique in integrated vector management programmes. | the anopheles arabiensis genetic sexing strain ano ipcl1 was developed based on a dieldrin resistant mutation. the strain has been shown to be practical and reliable in terms of female elimination by dieldrin treatments at larval stages, but has provided some difficulties when treatments were applied at the egg stage. the high natural sterility of this strain has advantages and disadvantages in both mass rearing and the sterilization process. in addition, its recombination rate, although relativ ... | 2015 | 25438257 |
| signatures of aestivation and migration in sahelian malaria mosquito populations. | during the long sahelian dry season, mosquito vectors of malaria are expected to perish when no larval sites are available; yet, days after the first rains, mosquitoes reappear in large numbers. how these vectors persist over the 3-6-month long dry season has not been resolved, despite extensive research for over a century. hypotheses for vector persistence include dry-season diapause (aestivation) and long-distance migration (ldm); both are facets of vector biology that have been highly controv ... | 2014 | 25470038 |
| participation of irradiated anopheles arabiensis males in swarms following field release in sudan. | the success of the sterile insect technique (sit) depends the release of large numbers of sterile males, which are able to compete for mates with the wild male population within the target area. unfortunately, the processes of colonisation, mass production and irradiation may reduce the competitiveness of sterile males through genetic selection, loss of natural traits and somatic damage. in this context, the capacity of released sterile anopheles arabiensis males to survive, disperse and partici ... | 2014 | 25495146 |
| a genotypically distinct, melanic variant of anopheles arabiensis in sudan is associated with arid environments. | anopheles arabiensis, an important malaria vector in sudan and other countries in sub-saharan africa, exhibits considerable ecological and behavioural plasticity allowing it to survive in the harsh conditions of arid regions. it has been shown that adult populations of an. arabiensis in the semi-desert habitat of western khartoum state survive through the long dry season in a state of partial aestivation, characterized by limited feeding activity and a degree of arrested ovarian development. ano ... | 2014 | 25496059 |
| field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between southeast asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. | scaling up of insecticide treated nets has contributed to a substantial malaria decline. however, some malaria vectors, and most arbovirus vectors, bite outdoors and in the early evening. therefore, topically applied insect repellents may provide crucial additional protection against mosquito-borne pathogens. among topical repellents, deet is the most commonly used, followed by others such as picaridin. the protective efficacy of two formulated picaridin repellents against mosquito bites, includ ... | 2014 | 25522134 |
| anopheles arabiensis seasonal densities and infection rates in relation to landscape classes and climatic parameters in a sahelian area of senegal. | the influence of environmental and climatic factors on malaria vector bionomics and transmission is an important topic in the context of climatic change particularly at macro-geographical level. sahelian areas could be particularly affected due to heterogeneous features including high inter-annual variability in rainfall and others associated parameters. therefore, baseline information on the impact of environmental and climatic factors on malaria transmission at micro-geographical level is requ ... | 2014 | 25526645 |
| trends in the selection of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in northwest tanzania during a community randomized trial of longlasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. | anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in muleba, tanzania has developed high levels of resistance to most insecticides currently advocated for malaria control. the kdr mutation has almost reached fixation in an. gambiae s.s. in muleba. this change has the potential to jeopardize malaria control interventions carried out in the region. trends in insecticide resistance were monitored in two intervention villages using world health organization (who) susceptibility test kits. additional mecha ... | 2014 | 25537754 |
| mosquito genomics. highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 anopheles mosquitoes. | variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history. to investigate the genomic basis of vectorial capacity and explore new avenues for vector control, we sequenced the genomes of 16 anopheline mosquito species from diverse locations spanning ~100 million years of evolution. comparative analyses show faster rates of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the x chromosome, and more ... | 2014 | 25554792 |
| adaptive introgression in an african malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide-treated bed nets. | animal species adapt to changes in their environment, including man-made changes such as the introduction of insecticides, through selection for advantageous genes already present in populations or newly arisen through mutation. a possible alternative mechanism is the acquisition of adaptive genes from related species via a process known as adaptive introgression. differing levels of insecticide resistance between two african malaria vectors, anopheles coluzzii and anopheles gambiae, have been a ... | 2015 | 25561525 |
| increasing prevalence of plasmodium vivax among febrile patients in nouakchott, mauritania. | the occurrence of plasmodium vivax malaria was reported in nouakchott, mauritania in the 1990s. several studies have suggested the frequent occurrence of p. vivax malaria among nouakchott residents, including those without recent travel history to the southern part of the country where malaria is known to be endemic. to further consolidate the evidence for p. vivax endemicity and the extent of malaria burden in one district in the city of nouakchott, febrile illnesses were monitored in 2012-2013 ... | 2015 | 25582695 |
| the impact of livestock on the abundance, resting behaviour and sporozoite rate of malaria vectors in southern tanzania. | increases in the coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) have significantly reduced the abundance of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto in several african settings, leaving its more zoophagic sibling species anopheles arabiensis as the primary vector. this study investigated the impact of livestock ownership at the household level on the ecology and malaria infection rate of vectors in an area of tanzania where an. arabiensis accounts for most malaria transmission. | 2015 | 25604150 |
| remarkable diversity of intron-1 of the para voltage-gated sodium channel gene in an anopheles gambiae/anopheles coluzzii hybrid zone. | genomic differentiation between anopheles gambiae and anopheles coluzzii--the major malaria vectors in sub-saharan africa--is localized into large "islands" toward the centromeres of chromosome-x and the two autosomes. linkage disequilibrium between these genomic islands was first detected between species-specific polymorphisms within ribosomal dna genes (igs-rdna) on the x-chromosome and a single variant at position 702 of intron 1 (int-1702) of the para voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene ... | 2015 | 25604888 |
| colonization of malaria vectors under semi-field conditions as a strategy for maintaining genetic and phenotypic similarity with wild populations. | malaria still accounts for an estimated 207 million cases and 627,000 deaths worldwide each year. one proposed approach to complement existing malaria control methods is the release of genetically-modified (gm) and/or sterile male mosquitoes. as opposed to laboratory colonization, this requires realistic semi field systems to produce males that can compete for females in nature. this study investigated whether the establishment of a colony of the vector anopheles arabiensis under more natural se ... | 2015 | 25604997 |
| evaluation of halogenated coumarins for antimosquito properties. | mosquitoes are the major vectors of parasites and pathogens affecting humans and domestic animals. the widespread development of insecticide resistance and negative environmental effects of most synthetic compounds support an interest in finding and developing alternative products against mosquitoes. natural coumarins and synthetic coumarin analogues are known for their several pharmacological properties, including being insecticidal. in the present study halogenated coumarins (3-mono/dibromo ac ... | 2014 | 25610898 |
| evaluating preservation methods for identifying anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis complex mosquitoes species using near infra-red spectroscopy. | near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) has been successfully used on fresh and rnalater-preserved members of the anopheles gambiae complex to identify sibling species and age. no preservation methods other than using rnalater have been tested to preserve mosquitoes for species identification using nirs. however, rnalater is not the most practical preservative for field settings because it is expensive, requires basic laboratory conditions for storage and is not widely available in sub-saharan africa. ... | 2015 | 25623484 |
| infectiousness of the human population to anopheles arabiensis by direct skin feeding in an area hypoendemic for malaria in senegal. | direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. we determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in senegal. gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected ≥ 1 anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. of all individuals who were game ... | 2015 | 25624409 |
| outdoor-sleeping and other night-time activities in northern ghana: implications for residual transmission and malaria prevention. | despite targeted indoor residual spraying (irs) over a six-year period and free mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (itns), malaria rates in northern ghana remain high. outdoor sleeping and other night-time social, cultural and economic activities that increase exposure to infective mosquito bites are possible contributors. this study was designed to document these phenomena through direct observation, and to explore the context in which they occur. | 2015 | 25627277 |
| a cohort study of the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in an area of moderate pyrethroid resistance, malawi. | insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) are the cornerstone of malaria control in sub-saharan africa but their effectiveness may be compromised by the spread of pyrethroid resistance among malaria vectors. the objective of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of itns to prevent malaria in an area of malawi with moderate pyrethroid resistance. | 2015 | 25627987 |
| biting behaviour of african malaria vectors: 1. where do the main vector species bite on the human body? | malaria control in africa relies heavily on indoor vector management, primarily indoor residual spraying and insecticide treated bed nets. little is known about outdoor biting behaviour or even the dynamics of indoor biting and infection risk of sleeping household occupants. in this paper we explore the preferred biting sites on the human body and some of the ramifications regarding infection risk and exposure management. | 2015 | 25650005 |
| investigating the acceptability of non-mesh, long-lasting insecticidal nets amongst nomadic communities in garissa county, kenya using a prospective, longitudinal study design and cross-sectional household surveys. | north east kenya is an area of semi-arid terrain, prone to malaria epidemics. the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) has long been a key malaria intervention, however, for nomadic populations who live and sleep outside, in harsh climates and areas with increasing reports of exophagic behaviour of mosquitoes, traditional llins are often inadequate. this study investigates the acceptability of non-mesh llins, specifically designed to suit nomadic, outdoor sleeping communities. | 2015 | 25652420 |
| multisensor earth observations to characterize wetlands and malaria epidemiology in ethiopia. | malaria is a major global public health problem, particularly in sub-saharan africa. the spatial heterogeneity of malaria can be affected by factors such as hydrological processes, physiography, and land cover patterns. tropical wetlands, for example, are important hydrological features that can serve as mosquito breeding habitats. mapping and monitoring of wetlands using satellite remote sensing can thus help to target interventions aimed at reducing malaria transmission. the objective of this ... | 2014 | 25653462 |
| the association of weather variability and under five malaria mortality in kemri/cdc hdss in western kenya 2003 to 2008: a time series analysis. | malaria is among the leading causes of mortality in the younger under-five group of children zero to four years of age. this study aims at describing the relationship between rainfall and temperature on under-five malaria or anaemia mortality in kenya medical research institute and united states centers for disease control (kemri/cdc) health and demographic surveillance system (hdss). this study was conducted through the ongoing kemri and cdc collaboration. a general additive model with a poisso ... | 2015 | 25674784 |
| an overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of amazon anopheles vectors. | in the americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the amazon forest, which extends across nine countries. one keystone step to understanding the plasmodium life cycle in anopheles species from the amazon region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. several attempts to colonise anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. in this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the ... | 2015 | 25742262 |
| insects' rna profiling reveals absence of "hidden break" in 28s ribosomal rna molecule of onion thrips, thrips tabaci. | with an exception of aphids, insects' 28s rrna is thought to harbor a "hidden break" which cleaves under denaturing conditions to comigrate with 18s rrna band to exhibit a degraded appearance on native agarose gels. the degraded appearance confounds determination of rna integrity in laboratories that rely on gel electrophoresis. to provide guidelines for rna profiles, rna from five major insect orders, namely, diptera, hemiptera, thysanoptera, hymenoptera, and lepidoptera, was compared under den ... | 2015 | 25767721 |
| molecular taxonomy provides new insights into anopheles species of the neotropical arribalzagia series. | phylogenetic analysis of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit i (coi) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences were used to evaluate initial identification and to investigate phylogenetic relationships of seven anopheles morphospecies of the arribalzagia series from colombia. phylogenetic trees recovered highly supported clades for an. punctimaculas.s., an. calderoni, an. malefactor s.l., an. neomaculipalpus, an. apicimacula s.l., an. mattogrossensis and an. perya ... | 2015 | 25774795 |
| elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the gambia. | the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti, which causes lymphatic filariasis (lf) in the gambia was among the highest in africa in the 1950s. however, surveys conducted in 1975 and 1976 revealed a dramatic decline in lf endemicity in the absence of mass drug administration (mda). the decline in prevalence was partly attributed to a significant reduction in mosquito density through the widespread use of insecticidal nets. based on findings elsewhere that vector control alone can interrupt lf, we ask ... | 2015 | 25785587 |