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fusarium damage in cereal grains from western canada. 1. phylogenetic analysis of moniliformin-producing fusarium species and their natural occurrence in mycotoxin-contaminated wheat, oats, and rye.harvest samples of common wheat (triticum aestivum), oats (avena sativa), and rye (secale cereale) from producers in western canada were analyzed for fungal infection by toxigenic fusarium species and contamination by trichothecenes and moniliformin (mon). fusarium graminearum and f. avenaceum were the two most frequently isolated species from samples of rye and wheat collected in 2010. f. poae and f. sporotrichioides were more commonly detected in randomly selected oat seeds. other toxigenic fu ...201323683177
deoxynivalenol-induced weight loss in the diet-induced obese mouse is reversible and pkr-independent.the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (don), a potent ribotoxic mycotoxin produced by the cereal blight fungus fusarium graminearum, commonly contaminates grain-based foods. oral exposure to don causes decreased food intake, reduced weight gain and body weight loss in experimental animals - effects that have been linked to dysregulation of hormones responsible for mediating satiety at the central nervous system level. when diet-induced obese (dio) mice are fed don, they consume less food, eventually ...201323707852
transcriptomic characterization of two major fusarium resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls), fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a, identifies novel candidate genes.fusarium head blight, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat. we developed near-isogenic lines (nils) differing in the two strongest known f. graminearum resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls), qfhs.ndsu-3bs (also known as resistance gene fhb1) and qfhs.ifa-5a, which are located on the short arm of chromosome 3b and on chromosome 5a, respectively. these nils showing different levels of resistance were used to identify transcripts that are changed significantly in a ...201323738863
selection and identification of ssdna aptamers recognizing zearalenone.zearalenone (zen) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum on maize and barley. because most current methods of zen detection rely on the use of low-stability antibodies or expensive equipment, we sought to develop a rapid, low-cost determination method using aptamers instead of antibodies as the specific recognition ligands. this work describes the isolation and identification of single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers recognizing zen using the modified systematic ev ...201323748593
mycoflora and mycotoxin contamination of roundup ready soybean harvested in the pampean region, argentina.a total of 89 freshly harvested soybean seed samples (roundup ready [transgenic] soybean cultivars) from the 2010/2011 crop season were collected from five locations in the northern pampean region ii, argentina. these samples were analyzed for internal mycoflora, toxin production of isolated fungi, and for a range of mycotoxins. mycotoxin analysis of aflatoxins (afs), zearalenone (zea), fumonisins (fbs) and ochratoxin a (ota) was done by hplc-fld (high performance liquid chromatography with post ...201323765598
isolation and determination of deoxynivalenol by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.deoxynivalenol (don) is a mycotoxin produced by food contamination. it is a pharmacologically active compound that acts on the serotonin receptor, leading to several neuroendocrine and hematological disorders. in this article we describe a simple, accurate, and sensitive method for the quantification of don. don was quantified using a phenomenex(®) ods analytical c18 column (150 mm × 46 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase composed of mixture of water-acetonitrile-methanol (5:4:1, v/v/v) at a flow rate ...201123781426
a novel one-pot synthesis and preliminary biological activity evaluation of cis-restricted polyhydroxy stilbenes incorporating protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid fragments.a series of new stilbenes 4a-e, 5 were synthesized through a novel one-pot perkin-like reaction between 6,7-dimethoxyhomophthalic anhydride and aromatic aldehydes, followed by treatment with bbr3. this synthesis is straightforward and allows polyhydroxylated cis-stilbenes gathering two well-known pharmacophoric fragments to be obtained in good yields and for short reaction times. the structure of the newly synthesized compounds was established by spectroscopic methods ((1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, ir an ...201323796767
efg: an electronic resource for fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogen, which causes crop diseases and further leads to huge economic damage worldwide in past decades. recently, the accumulation of different types of molecular data provides insights into the pathogenic mechanism of f. graminearum, and might help develop efficient strategies to combat this destructive fungus. unfortunately, most available molecular data related to f. graminearum are distributed in various media, where each single source only provides limited ...201323798489
genomic clustering and co-regulation of transcriptional networks in the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.genes for the production of a broad range of fungal secondary metabolites are frequently colinear. the prevalence of such gene clusters was systematically examined across the genome of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. the topological structure of transcriptional networks was also examined to investigate control mechanisms for mycotoxin biosynthesis and other processes.201323805903
synthesis and antifungal activities of 2-(n-arylsulfonylindol-3-yl)-3-aryl-1,3-thiazinan-4-ones.a series of 2-(n-arylsulfonylindol-3-yl)-3-aryl-1,3-thiazinan-4-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against seven phytopathogenic fungi, namely fusarium graminearum, alternaria solani, fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum, alternaria brassicae, valsa mali, alternaria alternata, and pyricularia oryzae. among all derivatives, especially compound 4j exhibited a potential antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi.201323819301
the mat locus genes play different roles in sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.sexual reproduction plays a critical role in the infection cycle of fusarium graminearum because ascospores are the primary inoculum. as a homothallic ascomycete, f. graminearum contains both the mat1-1 and mat1-2-1 loci in the genome. to better understand their functions and regulations in sexual reproduction and pathogenesis, in this study we assayed the expression, interactions, and mutant phenotypes of individual mat locus genes. whereas the expression of mat1-1-1 and mat12-1 rapidly increas ...201323826182
regional differences in species composition and toxigenic potential among fusarium head blight isolates from uruguay indicate a risk of nivalenol contamination in new wheat production areas.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) are the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, and frequently contaminate grain with trichothecene mycotoxins that pose a serious threat to food safety and animal health. the species identity and trichothecene toxin potential of 151 fgsc isolates collected from wheat in uruguay were determined via multilocus genotyping. although f. graminearum with the 15adon trichothecene type accounted for 86% of the isolates examined, f ...201323856007
network-based data integration for selecting candidate virulence associated proteins in the cereal infecting fungus fusarium graminearum.the identification of virulence genes in plant pathogenic fungi is important for understanding the infection process, host range and for developing control strategies. the analysis of already verified virulence genes in phytopathogenic fungi in the context of integrated functional networks can give clues about the underlying mechanisms and pathways directly or indirectly linked to fungal pathogenicity and can suggest new candidates for further experimental investigation, using a 'guilt by associ ...201323861834
the hex1 gene of fusarium graminearum is required for fungal asexual reproduction and pathogenesis and for efficient viral rna accumulation of fusarium graminearum virus 1.the accumulation of viral rna depends on many host cellular factors. the hexagonal peroxisome (hex1) protein is a fungal protein that is highly expressed when the dk21 strain of fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) infects its host, and hex1 affects the accumulation of fgv1 rna. the hex1 protein is the major constituent of the woronin body (wb), which is a peroxisome-derived electron-dense core organelle that seals the septal pore in response to hyphal wounding. to clarify the role of hex1 and th ...201323864619
simultaneous real-time pcr detection of fusarium asiaticum, f. ussurianum and f. vorosii, representing the asian clade of the f. graminearum species complex.due to the repeated discovery of new members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc), some of the f. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.)-specific qpcr assays developed to date have since been shown to be non-specific. in this study, a probe-based qpcr method was developed, targeting a sterol 14-alpha demethylase (cyp51) paralogue, cyp51c unique to the genus fusarium, for the simultaneous detection of f. asiaticum, f. ussurianum and f. vorosii. specificity of the assay was demonstrated fo ...201323867363
glass bead cultivation of fungi: combining the best of liquid and agar media.production of bioactive compounds and enzymes from filamentous fungi is highly dependent on cultivation conditions. here we present an easy way to cultivate filamentous fungi on glass beads that allow complete control of nutrient supply. secondary metabolite production in fusarium graminearum and fusarium solani cultivated on agar plates, in shaking liquid culture or on glass beads was compared. agar plate culture and glass bead cultivation yielded comparable results while liquid culture had low ...201323871859
pigment production by filamentous fungi on agro-industrial byproducts: an eco-friendly alternative.the search for new sources of natural pigments has increased, mainly because of the toxic effects caused by synthetic dyes used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries. fungi provide a readily available alternative source of natural pigments. in this context, the fungi penicillium chrysogenum ifl1 and ifl2, fusarium graminearum ifl3, monascus purpureus nrrl 1992, and penicillium vasconiae ifl4 were selected as pigments producers. the fungal identification was performed using it ...201323873642
functional roles of fglaea in controlling secondary metabolism, sexual development, and virulence in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight in cereal crops, produces mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and zearalenone in infected plants. here, we focused on the function of fglaea in f. graminearum, a homolog of aspergillus nidulans laea encoding the global regulator for both secondary metabolism and sexual development. prior to gene analysis, we constructed a novel luciferase reporter system consisting of a transgenic f. graminearum strain expressing a firefly luciferase g ...201323874628
lactoferrin-derived resistance against plant pathogens in transgenic plants.lactoferrin (lf) is a ubiquitous cationic iron-binding milk glycoprotein that contributes to nutrition and exerts a broad-spectrum primary defense against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses in mammals. these qualities make lactoferrin protein and its antimicrobial motifs highly desirable candidates to be incorporated in plants to impart broad-based resistance against plant pathogens or to economically produce them in bulk quantities for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes. this study int ...201323889215
shared and distinct functions of two gti1/pac2 family proteins in growth, morphogenesis and pathogenicity of magnaporthe oryzae.gti1/pac2 are conserved family proteins that regulate morphogenic transition in yeasts such as schizosaccharomyces pombe and candida albicans, and they also control toxin production and pathogenicity in filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum. to test the functions of gti1/pac2 paralogues mogti1 and mopac2 in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, we generated respective δmogti1 and δmopac2 mutant strains. we found that mogti1 and mopac2 exhibit shared and distinct roles in hyphal growth, con ...201423895552
the gacs-regulated sigma factor rpos governs production of several factors involved in biocontrol activity of the rhizobacterium pseudomonas chlororaphis o6.pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 possesses many beneficial traits involved in biocontrol of plant diseases. in this paper, we examined the effect of a mutation in rpos encoding a stress-related alternative sigma factor to better understand the regulation of these traits. biochemical studies indicated that production of acyl homoserine lactones was altered and phenazine was increased in the p. chlororaphis o6 rpos mutant. the rpos mutation reduced hydrogen cyanide levels, but the rpos mutant still dis ...201323898999
cytological and molecular characterization of quantitative trait locus qrfg1, which confers resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize.tremendous progress has been made recently in understanding plant response to fusarium graminearum infection. here, the cytological aspect and molecular mechanism of maize defense to f. graminearum infection were characterized using a pair of near-isogenic lines (nil), the resistant and the susceptible nil. f. graminearum primarily penetrated the maize root tip and no penetration structure was found. the fungal biomass within the root correlated well with root-disease severity. following inocula ...201323902264
characterization of erythrose reductases from filamentous fungi.proteins with putative erythrose reductase activity have been identified in the filamentous fungi trichoderma reesei, aspergillus niger, and fusarium graminearum by in silico analysis. the proteins found in t. reesei and a. niger had earlier been characterized as glycerol dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase, respectively. corresponding genes from all three fungi were cloned, heterologously expressed in escherichia coli, and purified. subsequently, they were used to establish optimal enzyme assa ...201323924507
antifungal activity of zno nanoparticles and their interactive effect with a biocontrol bacterium on growth antagonism of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum.fungal plant pathogens such as fusarium graminearum cause severe global economic losses in cereals crops, and current control measures are limited. this work addresses the potential for zno nanoparticles (nps) and biocontrol bacteria to be used in plant fungal control strategies. growth of f. graminearum was significantly (p = 0.05) inhibited by inclusion of the nps in a mung bean broth agar and in sand. suspension in mung bean broth medium modified the surface charge, dissolution, and aggregati ...201323933719
synthesis and biological evaluation of benzofuroxan derivatives as fungicides against phytopathogenic fungi.forty-four benzofuroxan derivatives were designed and prepared as antifungal agents. their structures were characterized by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and hrms. their antifungal activities were tested in vitro with four important phytopathogenic fungi, namely, rhizoctonia solani , sclerotinia sclerotiorum , fusarium graminearum and phytophthora capsici , using the mycelium growth inhibition method. compound a5 displayed the maximum antifungal activity against f. graminearum (ic50 = 1.1 μg/ml, which is ...201323937418
constitutive expression of the xylanase inhibitor taxi-iii delays fusarium head blight symptoms in durum wheat transgenic plants.cereals contain xylanase inhibitor (xi) proteins which inhibit microbial xylanases and are considered part of the defense mechanisms to counteract microbial pathogens. nevertheless, in planta evidence for this role has not been reported yet. therefore, we produced a number of transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing taxi-iii, a member of the taxi type xi that is induced by pathogen infection. results showed that taxi-iii endows the transgenic wheat with new inhibition capacities. we also ...201323945000
the atf/creb transcription factor atf1 is essential for full virulence, deoxynivalenol production, and stress tolerance in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of cereals that produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zea) in grains. the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase fgos-2 is a central regulator in f. graminearum and controls, among others, virulence and don and zea production. here, we characterized the atf/creb-activating transcription factor fgatf1, a regulator that functions downstream of fgos-2. we created deletion and overexpression mutants of fgatf ...201323945004
[antimicrobial activities of ant ponericin w1 against plant pathogens in vitro and the disease resistance in its transgenic arabidopsis].the antimicrobial peptides (amps) exhibit a broad antimicrobial spectrum. the application of amps from non-plant organisms attracts considerable attention in plant disease resistance engineering. ponericin w1, isolated from the venom of ant (pachycondyla goeldii), shows antimicrobial activities against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and the budding yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae); however, it is not clear whether ponericin w1 is effective against plant pathogens. the results of ...201323956091
deoxynivalenol and other selected fusarium toxins in swedish oats--occurrence and correlation to specific fusarium species.fusarium moulds frequently contaminate oats and other cereals world-wide, including those grown in northern europe. to investigate the presence of toxigenic fusarium species and their toxins in oats, samples were taken during 2010 and 2011 in three geographical regions of sweden (east, west, south). the samples were analysed by real-time pcr for the specific infection level of seven fusarium species associated with oats and other cereals (fusarium poae, fusarium graminearum, fusarium langsethiae ...201323962918
deoxynivalenol and other selected fusarium toxins in swedish wheat--occurrence and correlation to specific fusarium species.wheat is often infected by fusarium species producing mycotoxins, which may pose health risks to humans and animals. deoxynivalenol (don) is the most important fusarium toxin in swedish wheat and has previously been shown to be produced mainly by fusarium graminearum. however, less is known about the co-occurrence of don and f. graminearum with other toxins and fusarium species in sweden. this study examined the distribution of the most important toxigenic fusarium species and their toxins in wi ...201323962919
an abc pleiotropic drug resistance transporter of fusarium graminearum with a role in crown and root diseases of wheat.fgabc1 (fgsg_04580) is predicted to encode a pleiotropic drug resistance class abc transporter in fusarium graminearum, a globally important pathogen of wheat. deletion mutants of fgabc1 showed reduced virulence towards wheat in crown and root infection assays but were unaltered in infectivity on barley. expression of fgabc1 during head blight and crown rot disease increases during the necrotrophic phases of infection suggestive of a role for fgabc1 in late infection stages in different tissue t ...201323965171
proteomic insights into seed germination in response to environmental factors.seed germination is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. during germination, the imbibed mature seed is highly sensitive to different environmental factors.however, knowledge about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the environmental effects on germination has been lacking. recent proteomic work has provided invaluable insight into the molecular processes in germinating seeds of arabidopsis, rice (oryza sativa), soybean (glycine max), barley (hordeum vulgare) ...201323986916
evaluation of fusarium head blight in barley infected by fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight, which is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in the barley field. a real-time pcr protocol was developed to evaluate the growth of this pathogen in the host plant tissues. all four strains harbored the gene encoding atp-binding cassette transporter (fgabc; fgsg_00541) as a single copy within their genomes. our southern blot result was identical with the genomic data for f. graminearum strain ph-1. based on the crossing point (cp) values obtain ...201323990309
the secreted antifungal protein thionin 2.4 in arabidopsis thaliana suppresses the toxicity of a fungal fruit body lectin from fusarium graminearum.plants possess active defense systems and can protect themselves from pathogenic invasion by secretion of a variety of small antimicrobial or antifungal proteins such as thionins. the antibacterial and antifungal properties of thionins are derived from their ability to induce open pore formation on cell membranes of phytopathogens, resulting in release of potassium and calcium ions from the cell. wheat thionin also accumulates in the cell walls of fusarium-inoculated plants, suggesting that it m ...201323990790
the transcription cofactor fgswi6 plays a role in growth and development, carbendazim sensitivity, cellulose utilization, lithium tolerance, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a worldwide devastating disease of wheat, barley and other small grain cereals and caused primarily by fusarium graminearum. carbendazim (mbc) is one of the fungicides widely used to control fhb in china. in the present study, we have identified the f. graminearum locus fgsg_04220 as the sequence homolog for saccharomyces cerevisiae scswi6, named fgswi6 hereafter. deletion of fgswi6 causes mycelium of f. graminearum become sensitive to mbc in liquid medium. in addit ...201523994322
identification and characterization of an inhibitor of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase, tri101, by the chemical array approach.trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase (tri101) is an indispensable enzyme for the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, a group of mycotoxins produced by fusarium graminearum. in this study, an inhibitor of tri101 was identified by chemical array analysis using compounds from the riken natural products depository (npdepo) library. although the addition of the identified enzyme inhibitor to the fungal culture did not inhibit trichothecene production, it can serve as a candidate lead compound in the devel ...201324018674
synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of novel arylimines containing a 3-aminoethyl-2-[(p-trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4(3h)-quinazolinone moiety.twenty-seven novel (e)-3-[2-arylideneaminoethyl]-2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4(3h)-quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized by reacting various aromatic aldehydes with intermediate 6. the target compounds were characterized by (1)h nmr, (3)c nmr, ir, and elemental analysis. bioassay results revealed that some of the compounds have strong antifungal activities against six fungi ( gibberella zeae , fusarium oxysporum , clematis mandshurica , paralepetopsis sasakii , phytophthora infestans , ...201324028303
natural occurrence of nivalenol and mycotoxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum strains in wheat affected by head blight in argentina.the principal agents of fusarium head blight in the main cropping area of argentina were investigated in heavily infected samples. the ability of the isolates to produce trichothecenes was determined by gc and hplc. fusarium graminearum was the predominant species and of 33 isolates, 10 produced deoxinivalenol (don) (0.1- 29 mg kg(-1)), 13 produced both deoxinivalenol (1.0- 708 mg kg(-1)) and nivalenol (0.1- 6.2mg kg(-1)), 12 produced 3-acetyldeoxinivalenol (0.1- 14 mg kg(-1)), 13 produced 15-ac ...200824031196
a new pcr approach for the identification of fusarium graminearum.the main objective of this work was to develop a pcr protocol for the identification of fusarium graminearum, based on a pair of primers targeted to a segment of the 3´coding region of the gaoa gene that codes for the enzyme galactose oxidase (go). this region has low homology with the same region of go genes from other fungi. genomic dna from 17 strains of fusarium spp. isolated from diseased cereals, from several other fusarium species, and from other fungi genera was analyzed in a pcr assay u ...200824031265
the neem [azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)] oil reduction in the in vitro production of zearalenone by fusarium graminearum.zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus fusarium, including f. graminearum, triggers reproduction disorders in certain animals and hyperestrogen syndromes in humans. current research investigates three concentrations of neem oil extract (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%) in reducing the production of zearalenone. neem oil extract decreased zearalenone amount in the three concentrations but highest inhibition (59.05%) occurred at 0.1%.201124031683
mycoflora study in a wheat flour mill of argentina.wheat conditioning, milling and screening, and filling zone, as well as, raw material -wheat-, intermediate product -grits- and end product -flour- on day 1, and after cleaning improvements -days 45 and 90- were studied in an argentine wheat mill. samples were incubated at 28°c for 5-7 days on malt extract agar with chloramphenicol (100 mg l(-1)) and the results were expressed in colony forming units per cubic meter of air (cfu m(-3)) or per gram of sample (cfu g(-1)), respectively. fungal gener ...201224031975
abaa regulates conidiogenesis in the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae) is a prominent pathogen that infects major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and maize. both sexual (ascospores) and asexual (conidia) spores are produced in f. graminearum. since conidia are responsible for secondary infection in disease development, our objective of the present study was to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in f. graminearum based on the framework previously described in aspergillus nidulans. in this s ...201324039821
functional characterization of rho family small gtpases in fusarium graminearum.rho gtpases have multiple cellular and metabolic functions, including vesicular trafficking and pathogenesis, as signaling molecules in fungi. wheat scab, caused by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide, yet the mechanisms associated with making this fungus such a devastating pathogen remain largely ambiguous. in an effort to better understand f. graminearum virulence, we functionally characterized all six rho gtpases in f. graminearum. fgrho1 was determined ...201324055721
functional characterization of sucrose non-fermenting 1 protein kinase complex genes in the ascomycete fusarium graminearum.sucrose non-fermenting 1 (snf1) protein kinase complex is a heterotrimer that functions in energy homeostasis in eukaryotes by regulating transcription of glucose-repressible genes. our previous study revealed that snf1 of the homothallic ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum plays important roles in vegetative growth, sexual development, and virulence. in this study, we further identified the components of the snf1 complex in f. graminearum and characterized their functions. we found that the ...201424057127
synthesis and bioactivities of novel thioether/sulfone derivatives containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole moiety.a series of new thioether/sulfone compounds containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole/1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety were synthesized, the structures of all products were confirmed by ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and element analysis. preliminary antifungal activity test showed that compound 8a exhibited moderate antifungal activity against fusarium oxysporum at 50μg/ml. preliminary antiviral activity results showed that compounds 7a, 7c, 7d, 8a, and 9a displayed high antiviral activity against to ...201324070781
antimicrobial activity of a honeybee (apis cerana) venom kazal-type serine protease inhibitor.insect-derived kazal-type serine protease inhibitors exhibit thrombin, elastase, plasmin, proteinase k, or subtilisin a inhibition activity, but so far, no functional roles for bee-derived kazal-type serine protease inhibitors have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) venom kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (acktspi) that acts as a microbial serine protease inhibitor was identified. acktspi contained a single kazal domain that displayed six conserved cysteine residues and a p1 ...201324076031
involvement of the anucleate primary sterigmata protein fgapsb in vegetative differentiation, asexual development, nuclear migration, and virulence in fusarium graminearum.the protein apsb has been shown to play critical roles in the migration and positioning of nuclei and in the development of conidiophores in aspergillus nidulans. the functions of apsb in fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of fusarium head blight in china, are largely unknown. in this study, we used the blastp program at the broad institute to identify fgapsb, an f. graminearum homolog of a. nidulansapsb. the functions of fgapsb were evaluated by constructing a deletion mutant of fgapsb, desig ...201324117691
quantitative trait loci-dependent analysis of a gene co-expression network associated with fusarium head blight resistance in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe is one of the most prevalent diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and other small grain cereals. resistance against the fungus is quantitative and more than 100 quantitative trait loci (qtl) have been described. two well-validated and highly reproducible qtl, fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a have been widely investigated, but to date the underlying genes have not been identified.201324152241
fusarium species and fumonisins associated with maize kernels produced in rio grande do sul state for the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons.ear rots caused by fusarium spp. are among the main fungal diseases that contribute to poor quality and the contamination of maize grains with mycotoxins. this study aimed to determine the visual incidence of fungal-damaged kernels (fdks), the incidence of two main gibberella (a teleomorph of fusarium) complexes (g. fujikuroi and g. zeae) associated with maize using a seed health blotter test, and the fumonisin levels, using high performance liquid chromatography, in samples of maize grains grow ...201324159288
toxigenic capacity and trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum isolates from argentina and their relationship with aggressiveness and fungal expansion in the wheat spike.at least 20 epidemics of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat have been registered in the last 50 years in argentina, with variable intensity. damage induced by the disease is further aggravated by the presence of mycotoxins in affected grains that may cause health problems to humans and animals. the trichothecene chemotype was analyzed for 112 isolates of fusarium graminearum from argentina by polymerase chain reaction and two field trials were conducted to study the aggressiveness of a subsampl ...201424168045
antifungal activity and mechanism of palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide photocatalyst on agricultural pathogenic fungi fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the pathogen for fusarium head blight (fhb) on wheat, which could significantly reduce grain quality/yield and produce a variety of mycotoxins posing a potential safety concern to human foods. as an environmentally friendly alternative to the commonly used chemical fugicides, a highly effective photocatalytic disinfection of f. graminearum macroconidia under visible light illumination was demonstrated on a visible-light-activated palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium ...201324175751
effects of light on secondary metabolism and fungal development of fusarium graminearum.the objectives of this study were (i) to characterize white-collar (wc) orthologues of the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum, (ii) to investigate light-responsive phenotypes by the deletion of fgwc-1 and fgwc-2 genes and (iii) to examine the roles of those genes in constant light and darkness in relation to secondary metabolite synthesis and development.201424176027
characterization of on-target generated tryptic peptides from giberella zeae conidia spore proteins by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.traditionally characterization of microbial proteins is performed by a complex sequence of steps with the final step to be either edman sequencing or mass spectrometry, which generally takes several weeks or months to be complete. in this work, we proposed a strategy for the characterization of tryptic peptides derived from giberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) proteins in parallel to intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) in which no complicated and time-consuming steps were needed. exp ...201424177199
weta is required for conidiogenesis and conidium maturation in the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in f. graminearum, we functionally characterized the f. graminearum ortholog of aspergillus nidulans weta, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. deletion of f. graminearum weta did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the weta del ...201424186953
serine o-acetyltransferase is important, but not essential for cysteine-methionine synthesis in fusarium graminearum.o-acetyltransferase (sat) is a key enzyme converting serine into o-acetylserine in the synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids. to characterize the function of fgsat in fusarium graminearum, three deletion mutants of fgsat (δfgsat-1, -2 and -18) were obtained using a gene replacement strategy. the three mutants did not show recognizable phenotypic changes on potato dextrose agar medium, but exhibited a very weak growth on fructose gelatin agar (fga) medium containing so₄²⁻ as sole sulfur sou ...201424197784
the fusarium graminearum histone h3 k27 methyltransferase kmt6 regulates development and expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters.the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum produces secondary metabolites toxic to humans and animals, yet coordinated transcriptional regulation of gene clusters remains largely a mystery. by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput dna sequencing (chip-seq) we found that regions with secondary metabolite clusters are enriched for trimethylated histone h3 lysine 27 (h3k27me3), a histone modification associated with gene silencing. h3k27me3 was found predominantly in regions that lack syn ...201324204317
host-induced gene silencing of cytochrome p450 lanosterol c14α-demethylase-encoding genes confers strong resistance to fusarium species.head blight, which is caused by mycotoxin-producing fungi of the genus fusarium, is an economically important crop disease. we assessed the potential of host-induced gene silencing targeting the fungal cytochrome p450 lanosterol c-14α-demethylase (cyp51) genes, which are essential for ergosterol biosynthesis, to restrict fungal infection. in axenic cultures of fusarium graminearum, in vitro feeding of cyp3rna, a 791-nt double-stranded (ds)rna complementary to cyp51a, cyp51b, and cyp51c, resulted ...201324218613
use of molecular markers for monitoring fungi involved in stalk rot of corn.separate genes conferring antibiotic drag resistance have been inserted into fusarium graminearum and fusarium moniliforme. these organisms are associated with stalk rot of corn, a disease of uncertain cause. antibiotic resistant fungi were obtained by developing a gene transfer system using whole cells as recipients for dna. hygromycin b and benomyl-resistant colonies were isolated by treating fungal tissue with lithium acetate and adding plasmid vectors containing the respective genes which gi ...198924232721
the mapkk fgmkk1 of fusarium graminearum regulates vegetative differentiation, multiple stress response, and virulence via the cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol signaling pathways.mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases play crucial roles in regulating fungal development, growth and pathogenicity, and in responses to the environment. in this study, we characterized a map kinase kinase fgmkk1 in fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of wheat head blight. phenotypic analyses of the fgmkk1 mutant (δfgmkk1) showed that fgmkk1 is involved in the regulation of hyphal growth, pigmentation, conidiation, deoxynivalenol biosynthesis and virulence of f. graminearum. δfgmkk1 also sh ...201424237706
differences between the succinate dehydrogenase sequences of isopyrazam sensitive zymoseptoria tritici and insensitive fusarium graminearum strains.forty-one zymoseptoria tritici strains isolated in luxembourg between 2009 and 2010 were highly sensitive towards the new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (sdhi) isopyrazam, with concentrations inhibiting fungal growth by 50% (ec50) ranging from 0.0281 to 4.53μm, whereas 41 fusarium graminearum strains isolated in europe and northern america between 1969 and 2009 were insensitive with the average rate of inhibition converging towards 28% with increasing isopyrazam concentration. seven isolates ...201324238287
2h-pyran-2-one and 2h-furan-2-one derivatives from the plant endophytic fungus pestalotiopsis fici.two new α-pyrones (=2h-pyran-2-ones), ficipyrones a and b (1 and 2, resp.), and two new α-furanones (=2h-furan-2-ones), ficifuranones a and b (3 and 4, resp.), together with three known metabolites, antibiotic f 0368 (5), hydroxyseiridin (6), and hydroxyisoseiridin (7), were isolated from solid cultures of the plant endophytic fungus pestalotiopsis fici. their structures were elucidated primarily by nmr spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration of 1 was deduced from the circular-dichroism (cd ...201324243609
identification of abc transporter genes of fusarium graminearum with roles in azole tolerance and/or virulence.fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogen infecting several important cereals, resulting in substantial yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of the grain. triazole fungicides are used to control diseases caused by this fungus on a worldwide scale. our previous microarray study indicated that 15 abc transporter genes were transcriptionally upregulated in response to tebuconazole treatment. here, we deleted four abc transporter genes in two genetic backgrounds of f. graminearum representing the ...201324244413
a comparative hidden markov model analysis pipeline identifies proteins characteristic of cereal-infecting fungi.fungal pathogens cause devastating losses in economically important cereal crops by utilising pathogen proteins to infect host plants. secreted pathogen proteins are referred to as effectors and have thus far been identified by selecting small, cysteine-rich peptides from the secretome despite increasing evidence that not all effectors share these attributes.201324252298
effect of apiforol and apigeninidin on growth of selected fungi.selected fungi were grown on agar plates in the presence of naringenin, apiforol, apiforol 7-o-rhamnoglucoside, or apigeninidin. of the four compounds tested, only apigeninidin inhibited the growth offusarium oxysporum, gibberella zeae, gliocladium roseum, altemaria solani, and phytophthora infestons. in contrast, the growth ofrhizoctonia solani, sclerotium rolfsii, and rhizopus stolonifer (- and +) was not effected by any compound. since apigeninidin is present in seeds ofsorghum sp., we hypoth ...199124258604
fitness attributes of fusarium graminearum isolates from wheat in new york possessing a 3-adon or 15-adon trichothecene genotype.in all, 50 isolates of fusarium graminearum from wheat spikes in new york, including 25 isolates each of the 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-adon) and 3-adon genotype, were tested to determine whether 3-adon isolates are more fit for saprophytic survival and pathogenicity on wheat spikes than are 15-adon isolates. the isolates were characterized and compared for 14 different attributes of saprophytic fitness and pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat variety. isolates of the two genotypes could ...201424283539
correlation of atp citrate lyase and acetyl coa levels with trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum.the correlation of atp citrate lyase (acl) and acetyl coa levels with trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum was investigated using an inhibitor (precocene ii) and an enhancer (cobalt chloride) of trichothecene production by changing carbon sources in liquid medium. when precocene ii (30 µm) was added to inhibit trichothecene production in a trichothecene high-production medium containing sucrose, acl expression was reduced and acl mrna level as well as acetyl coa amount in the fungal ...201324284828
transcription factors spt3 and spt8 are associated with conidiation, mycelium growth, and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae), the dominant pathogen of fusarium head blight (fhb) on wheat, can cause substantial economic losses. the spt-ada-gcn5-acetyltransferase (saga) transcription coactivator plays multiple roles in regulating transcription because of the presence of functionally independent modules of subunits within the complex. the transcription factors spt3 and spt8 are components of the saga complex and they are important in yeasts and filamentous fungi includin ...201424289742
trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase is required for development, virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis apart from trehalose biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (tps1) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (tps2) are required for trehalose biosynthesis in yeast and filamentous fungi, including fusarium graminearum. three null mutants δtps1, δtps2 and δtps1-δtps2, each carrying either a single deletion of tps1 or tps2 or a double deletion of tps1-tps2, were generated from a toxigenic f. graminearum strain and were not able to synthesize trehalose. in contrast to its reported function in yeasts and filamentous fungi, tps1 ap ...201424291007
the effects of different yeast extracts on secondary metabolite production in fusarium.yeast extract is an important constituent in several media used for metabolite profiling of filamentous fungi. the nutrient composition can vary between brands and thereby influence production of secondary metabolites, which can be regulated in response to nitrogen, carbon and ph. in the present study we examined the production of known secondary metabolites in fusarium pseudograminearum, fusarium graminearum, fusarium avenaceum and fusarium fujikuroi and in each species we identified several se ...201424291181
toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum isolated from maize of northwest argentina.twenty six isolates of fusarium graminearum from grains of maize hybrids harvested in ±west argentina were grown on autoclaved rice grain to assess their ability to produce type b trichothecenes. chemical analysis indicated that 38% of isolates were nivalenol (niv) producers only, 31% were major niv producers with high don(deoxynivalenol)/niv ratios, 8% were major don producers with minor niv production, and 23% were don producers only. isolates showed a high variability in their toxigenic poten ...201324294230
the area transcription factor in fusarium graminearum regulates the use of some nonpreferred nitrogen sources and secondary metabolite production.growth conditions are known to affect the production of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. the influence of different nitrogen sources and the transcription factor area on the production of mycotoxins in fusarium graminearum was examined. growth on glutamine or nh4-sources was poor and asparagine was found to be a preferential nitrogen source for f. graminearum. deletion of area led to poor growth on nano₃ suggesting its involvement in regulation of the nitrate reduction process. in add ...201324295920
fgfim, a key protein regulating resistance to the fungicide js399-19, asexual and sexual development, stress responses and virulence in fusarium graminearum.fimbrin is an actin-bundling protein found in intestinal microvilli, hair cell stereocilia and fibroblast filopodia. its homologue sac6p has been shown to play a critical role in endocytosis and diverse cellular processes in saccharomyces cerevisiae. fgfim from the wheat scab pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum strain y2021a, which is highly resistant to the fungicide js399-19, was identified by screening a mutant library generated by hph-hsv-tk cassette-mediated integration. the functions of ...201424299032
detection and dynamics of different carbendazim-resistance conferring β-tubulin variants of gibberella zeae collected from infected wheat heads and rice stubble in china.carbendazim has been used in the control of fusarium head blight (fhb) for more than 30 years in china. thus, carbendazim-resistant (car(r) ) populations of gibberella zeae have developed in some areas. in this study, 9341 g. zeae isolates were collected from the ten main wheat-producing regions of china in the period from 2008 to 2012, and sensitivity to carbendazim was detected.201424302656
glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in fusarium graminearum: inventory, variability, and virulence.the contribution of cell surface proteins to plant pathogenicity of fungi is not well understood. as such, the objective of this study was to investigate the functions and importance of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (gpi-aps) in the wheat pathogen f. graminearum. gpi-aps are surface proteins that are attached to either the membrane or cell wall. in order to simultaneously disrupt several gpi-aps, a phosphoethanolamine transferase-encoding gene gpi7 was deleted and the resultant ...201324312325
structural and functional studies of a phosphatidic acid-binding antifungal plant defensin mtdef4: identification of an rgfrrr motif governing fungal cell entry.mtdef4 is a 47-amino acid cysteine-rich evolutionary conserved defensin from a model legume medicago truncatula. it is an apoplast-localized plant defense protein that inhibits the growth of the ascomycetous fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum in vitro at micromolar concentrations. little is known about the mechanisms by which mtdef4 mediates its antifungal activity. in this study, we show that mtdef4 rapidly permeabilizes fungal plasma membrane and is internalized by the fungal cells where it ...201324324798
lycorine: a potential broad-spectrum agent against crop pathogenic fungi.a screening test showed that lycorine exhibited significant antifungal activity against 24 pathogenic crop fungi at concentrations of 500 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively. fusarium graminearum was selected for antifungal mechanism studies by observing its mycelial morphology and investigating the variations in its conductivity. in addition, the substance absorption and metabolism of f. graminearum were explored. the mechanism was revealed as being one by which lycorine destroyed the cellular me ...201424346469
the bzip transcription factor fgap1 mediates oxidative stress response and trichothecene biosynthesis but not virulence in fusarium graminearum.redox sensing is of primary importance for fungi to cope with oxidant compounds found in their environment. plant pathogens are particularly subject to the oxidative burst during the primary steps of infection. in the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is the transcription factor yap1 that mediates the response to oxidative stress via activation of genes coding for detoxification enzymes. in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum, fgap1 a homologue of yap1 was identified and its role w ...201324349499
analysis of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in hard red spring wheat inoculated with fusarium graminearum.deoxynivalenol (don) is a mycotoxin affecting wheat quality. the formation of the "masked" mycotoxin deoxinyvalenol-3-glucoside (d3g) results from a defense mechanism the plant uses for detoxification. both mycotoxins are important from a food safety point of view. the aim of this work was to analyze don and d3g content in inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines grown at two locations in minnesota, usa during three different years. regression analysis showed positive correlation between don content ...201324351715
durum wheat (triticum durum desf.) lines show different abilities to form masked mycotoxins under greenhouse conditions.deoxynivalenol (don) is the most prevalent trichothecene in europe and its occurrence is associated with infections of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, causal agents of fusarium head blight (fhb) on wheat. resistance to fhb is a complex character and high variability occurs in the relationship between don content and fhb incidence. don conjugation to glucose (don-3-glucoside, d3g) is the primary plant mechanism for resistance towards don accumulation. although this mechanism has been alread ...201324368326
differentially expressed proteins associated with fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum, substantially reduces wheat grain yield and quality worldwide. proteins play important roles in defense against the fungal infection. this study characterized differentially expressed proteins between near-isogenic lines (nils) contrasting in alleles of fhb1, a major fhb resistance gene in wheat, to identify proteins underlining fhb resistance of fhb1.201324376514
role of cholecystokinin in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon x, and nivalenol.cereal grain contamination by trichothecene mycotoxins is known to negatively impact human and animal health with adverse effects on food intake and growth being of particular concern. the head blight fungus fusarium graminearum elaborates five closely related 8-ketotrichothecene congeners: (1) deoxynivalenol (don), (2) 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon), (3) 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon), (4) fusarenon x (fx), and (5) nivalenol (niv). while anorexia induction in mice exposed intraperitoneally ...201424385417
recent advances in genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, hyphal development, energy metabolism and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae).the ascomycete fungus, fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae), is the most common causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease for cereal crops worldwide. f. graminearum produces ascospores (sexual spores) and conidia (asexual spores), which can serve as disease inocula of fhb. meanwhile, fusarium-infected grains are often contaminated with mycotoxins such as trichothecenes (tris), fumonisins, and zearalenones, among which tris are related to the pathogenicity of ...201424389085
the compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia atpases regulates disease resistance in barley to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.morc1 and morc2, two of the seven members of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia gyrase, heat shock protein90, histidine kinase, mutl (ghkl) atpases, were previously shown to be required in multiple layers of plant immunity. here, we show that the barley (hordeum vulgare) morcs also are involved in disease resistance. genome-wide analyses identified five morcs that are 37% to 48% identical on the protein level to atmor ...201424390392
arabidopsis golden2-like (glk) transcription factors activate jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent disease susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, as well as ja-independent plant immunity against the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea.arabidopsis thaliana golden2-like (glk1 and 2) transcription factors regulate chloroplast development in a redundant manner. overexpression of atglk1 (35s:atglk1) in arabidopsis also confers resistance to the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. to further elucidate the role of glk transcription factors in plant defence, the arabidopsis glk1 glk2 double-mutant and 35s:atglk1 plants were challenged with the virulent oomycete pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (hpa) noco2. compared with col- ...201424393452
production, characterization, and identification using proteomic tools of a polygalacturonase from fusarium graminearum.since enzymatic degradation is a mechanism or component of the aggressiveness of a pathogen, enzymatic activities from a fusarium graminearum isolate obtained from infected wheat spikes of argentina pampa region were studied in order to understand the disease progression, tending to help disease control. in particular, the significance of the study of polygalacturonase activity is based on that such activity is produced in the early stages of infection on the host, suggesting a crucial role in t ...201424403124
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92, a biological control strain isolated from a field plot under long-term mineral fertilization.pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92, isolated from a canadian field plot under long-term mineral fertilization, strongly inhibits the growth of fusarium graminearum, rhizoctonia solani, and gaeumannomyces graminis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92.201424407636
correction: comparative analysis of fungal genomes reveals different plant cell wall degrading capacity in fungi.the version of this article published in bmc genomics 2013, 14: 274, contains 9 unpublished genomes (botryobasidium botryosum, gymnopus luxurians, hypholoma sublateritium, jaapia argillacea, hebeloma cylindrosporum, conidiobolus coronatus, laccaria amethystina, paxillus involutus, and p. rubicundulus) downloaded from jgi website. in this correction, we removed these genomes after discussion with editors and data producers whom we should have contacted before downloading these genomes. removing t ...201424422981
shotgun analysis of the secretome of fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight, caused predominately by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) worldwide. to characterize the profile of proteins secreted by f. graminearum, the extracellular proteins were collectively obtained from f. graminearum culture supernatants and evaluated using one-dimensional sds-page and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. a total of 87 proteins have been identified, of which 63 were predicted as secretory prot ...201324426143
antifungal and antimycotoxigenic metabolites in anacardiaceae species from northwest argentina: isolation, identification and potential for control of fusarium species.the purpose of this research was to identify antifungal compounds from leaves of schinus and schinopsis species useful for the control of toxigenic fusarium species responsible of ear rot diseases.201424428333
biocontrol of fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol production in wheat kernels with bacterial antagonists.fusarium graminearum is the main causal pathogen affecting small-grain cereals, and it produces deoxynivalenol, a kind of mycotoxin, which displays a wide range of toxic effects in human and animals. bacterial strains isolated from peanut shells were investigated for their activities against f. graminearum by dual-culture plate and tip-culture assays. among them, twenty strains exhibited potent inhibition to the growth of f. graminearum, and the inhibition rates ranged from 41.41% to 54.55% in d ...201424441510
design and synthesis of some new 1,3,4-thiadiazines with coumarin moieties and their antioxidative and antifungal activity.a series of newly disubstituted (compounds 4a,b) and trisubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines 5a-l with various substituents was prepared utilizing different thiosemicarbazides and 3-α-bromoacetylcoumarins as starting compounds. the structures of the synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazines are elucidated and confirmed utilizing the corresponding analytical and spectroscopic data. all of the new thiadiazine derivatives were tested for their antioxidant activity, employing different antioxidant assays (dpph scave ...201424445343
the camp-pka pathway regulates growth, sexual and asexual differentiation, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.like many other filamentous ascomycetes, fusarium graminearum contains two genes named cpk1 and cpk2 that encode the catalytic subunits of cyclic amp (camp)-dependent protein kinase a (pka). to determine the role of camp signaling in pathogenesis and development in f. graminearum, we functionally characterized these two genes. in addition, we generated and characterized the cpk1 cpk2 double and fac1 adenylate cyclase gene deletion mutants. the cpk1 mutant was significantly reduced in vegetative ...201424450772
crystal structures, vibrational spectra, and fungicidal activity of 1,5-diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles.the aryloxypyrazole structure is present in a number of bioactive molecules. four 1,5-diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles containing benzoyl (i), thiazolidinethione (ii and iii) or per-o-acetylated glucopyranosyl (iv) moieties were characterized by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. compounds i and ii crystallize in a triclinic p-1 system, whereas iii and iv crystallize in an orthorhombic pbca and a monoclinic p21 space groups, respectively. the dihedral angles between the two benzene rings of the pyrazole are ...201424451250
effects of bread making and wheat germ addition on the natural deoxynivalenol content in bread.deoxynivalenol (don, vomitoxin) is a type-b trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several field fungi such as fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum and known to have various toxic effects. this study investigated the effect of the bread making process on the stability of don in common bread and wheat germ-enriched bread using naturally contaminated ingredients at the level of 560 µg/kg. the concentration of don and its evolution during bread making were determined by immunoaffinity column cle ...201424451845
transcription factor rfx1 is crucial for maintenance of genome integrity in fusarium graminearum.the survival of cellular organisms depends on the faithful replication and transmission of dna. regulatory factor x (rfx) transcription factors are well conserved in animals and fungi, but their functions are diverse, ranging from the dna damage response to ciliary gene regulation. we investigated the role of the sole rfx transcription factor, rfx1, in the plant-pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. deletion of rfx1 resulted in multiple defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, virulence, and sex ...201424465002
hydrophobins are required for conidial hydrophobicity and plant root colonization in the fungal biocontrol agent clonostachys rosea.filamentous fungi produce small cysteine rich surface active amphiphilic hydrophobins on the outer surface of cell walls that mediate interactions between the fungus and the environment. the role of hydrophobins in surface hydrophobicity, sporulation, fruit body formation, recognition and adhesion to host surface and virulence have been reported. the aim of the present study was to characterize the biological function of hydrophobins in the fungal biocontrol agent clonostachys rosea in order to ...201424483277
inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxin production by phenolic extract from spirulina sp.fusarium graminearum is a fungal species complex pathogenic occurring worldwide, mainly associated with cereal crops. the most important fusarium mycotoxins are fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes. the availability of efficient control measures that are less harmful to both the environment and the consumers is urgent. for such, phenolic acids (pas) from natural sources are known to reduce fungal contaminations. this work aimed to identify the pas present in a culture extract of spirulina ...201424485311
fgilv5 is required for branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and full virulence in fusarium graminearum.in this study, we characterized fgilv5, a homologue of the saccharomyces cerevisiae keto-acid reductoisomerase (kari) from the important wheat head scab fungus fusarium graminearum. kari is a key enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid (bcaa, including leucine, isoleucine and valine) biosynthetic pathway that exists in a variety of organisms from bacteria to fungi and higher plants, but not in mammals. the fgilv5 deletion mutant δfgilv5-4 failed to grow when the culture medium was nutritionally ...201424493249
effects of temperature and glycerol and methanol-feeding profiles on the production of recombinant galactose oxidase in pichia pastoris.optimization of protein production from methanol-induced pichia pastoris cultures is necessary to ensure high productivity rates and high yields of recombinant proteins. we investigated the effects of temperature and different linear or exponential methanol-feeding rates on the production of recombinant fusarium graminearum galactose oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) in a p. pastoris mut(+) strain, under regulation of the aox1 promoter. we found that low exponential methanol feeding led to 1.5-fold higher vo ...201724493559
deoxynivalenol and oxidative stress indicators in winter wheat inoculated with fusarium graminearum.this study comprises analyses of contents of mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, as well as the level of oxidative stress in ears of a susceptible wheat cultivar hanseat and cv. arina, resistant to a pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. starting from 48 h after inoculation, a marked increase was observed in the contents of these mycotoxins in ears of wheat; however, the greatest accumulation was recorded in the late period after inoculation, i.e., during development of disease ...201424514944
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