Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| new chromogenic agar medium for the identification of candida spp. | a new chromogenic agar medium (candida diagnostic agar [cda]) for differentiation of candida spp. is described. this medium is based on sabouraud dextrose agar (oxoid cm41) and contains (per liter) 40.0 g of glucose, 10.0 g of mycological peptone, and 15.0 g of agar along with a novel chromogenic glucosaminidase substrate, ammonium 4-(2-[4-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-vinyl)-1-(propan-3-yl-oate)-quinolium bromide (0.32 g liter(-1)). the glucosaminidase substrat ... | 2002 | 12089051 |
| gene order evolution and paleopolyploidy in hemiascomycete yeasts. | the wealth of comparative genomics data from yeast species allows the molecular evolution of these eukaryotes to be studied in great detail. we used "proximity plots" to visually compare chromosomal gene order information from 14 hemiascomycetes, including the recent génolevures survey, to saccharomyces cerevisiae. contrary to the original reports, we find that the génolevures data strongly support the hypothesis that s. cerevisiae is a degenerate polyploid. using gene order information alone, 7 ... | 2002 | 12093907 |
| case report. tinea pedis and onychomycosis in primary school children in turkey. | a cross-sectional study was performed in two primary schools with different socioeconomic status in the suburban and central areas of manisa, turkey, in order to determine the prevalence of tinea pedis and onychomycosis. a full dermatological examination and a questionnaire on socioeconomic conditions were performed in a group of 785 randomly selected children aged 6-14. of 9 clinically suspected tinea pedis and 4 onychomycoses cases, koh examination (direct microscopy) and/or mycological cultur ... | 2002 | 12100540 |
| a system for deletion and complementation of candida glabrata genes amenable to high-throughput application. | we describe a method for deleting or modifying genes from the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata as well as a companion vector for complementation or ectopic expression experiments. a linear deletion fragment generated by polymerase chain reaction was used to replace a gene of interest with the c. glabrata gene encoding imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (his3). as test cases, the chromosomal loci of the c. glabrata genes encoding aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase (ade2) and encodin ... | 2002 | 12119108 |
| genomic differences between candida glabrata and saccharomyces cerevisiae around the mrpl28 and gcn3 loci. | we report the sequences of two genomic regions from the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata and their comparison to saccharomyces cerevisiae. a 3 kb region from c. glabrata was sequenced that contains homologues of the s. cerevisiae genes tfb3, mrpl28 and stp1. the equivalent region in s. cerevisiae includes a fourth gene, mfa1, coding for mating factor a. the absence of mfa1 is consistent with c. glabrata's asexual life cycle, although we cannot exclude the possibility that a-factor gene(s) are l ... | 2002 | 12125055 |
| antifungal drug susceptibilities of commensal candida isolates. | two hundred and forty-two oral commensal yeast isolates were obtained from a convenience sample of 134 healthy 7- and 8-year-old children (65 males and 69 females). the isolates were initially tested for their susceptibilities to the antifungal azole drug fluconazole, using an agar diffusion method (etest), which was suitable for screening large numbers of yeast isolates, and confirmed as equivalent to the broth microdilution reference method. eighteen isolates from 7 children were found to have ... | 2002 | 12125327 |
| cancer prevention and therapy with kiwifruit in chinese folklore medicine: a study of kiwifruit extracts. | kiwi gold fruits were extracted successively with hexane, acetone, methanol and 70% methanol, and further fractionated by silica gel and ods column chromatographies for the assays of various biological activities. five fractions h1, h2 (hexane extract), al, a2 (acetone extract) and m2 (methanol extract) showed selective cytotoxic activity against human oral tumor cell lines, which was more sensitive than human gingival fibroblasts. more hydrophilic fractions [70m3, 70m4, 70m5] of 70% methanol ex ... | 2002 | 12127237 |
| antifungal activity of bifunctional sphingolipids. intramolecular synergism within long-chain alpha,omega-bis-aminoalcohols. | the in vitro antifungal activity of a series of alpha,omega-bifunctionalized aminoalcohols against candida glabrata was measured. the dimeric bi-functionalized lipids exhibited activity about approximately 10-fold higher higher than d-sphingosine, which is a larger factor than expected from the simple additive effects of vicinal aminoalcohols groups. | 2002 | 12127527 |
| is interstitial cystitis an infectious disease? | interstitial cystitis (ic) is a chronic bladder disorder of unknown aaetiology. although several investigators have attempted to identify an infectious cause for ic, none has yet been found. our own studies to search for an infectious cause discovered instead, a toxic factor in the urine of approximately 95% of ic patients that is made by and inhibits, the normal proliferation of bladder epithelial cells. additional research is necessary to determine whether this factor is encoded by the eucaryo ... | 2002 | 12135837 |
| case of congenital infection with candida glabrata in one infant in a set of twins. | 2002 | 12139576 | |
| emergence of resistant candida in neutropenic patients. | problems with resistance to antifungal drugs have emerged due to an increase in the incidence of systemic fungal infections and widespread use of antifungal agents. accordingly, efforts have been made to develop adequate fungal susceptibility tests. the ideal test should have high intra and inter-laboratory reproducibility, good correlation with the clinical outcome, and should be easy to perform. while no such test has yet been developed, advances have been made. over the past decade, many repo ... | 2003 | 12144748 |
| rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex pcr. | a multiplex pcr method was developed to identify simultaneously multiple fungal pathogens in a single reaction. five sets of species-specific primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions, its1 and its2, of the rrna gene to identify candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, and aspergillus fumigatus. another set of previously published its primers, cn4 and cn5, were used to identify cryptococcus neoformans. three sets of primers were ... | 2002 | 12149343 |
| treatment of vaginal candida infections. | candida vaginitis is most commonly caused by candida albicans (> 85%) with little evidence of an increase in vaginitis due to non-c. albicans species. epidemiological studies are no longer possible in the us in the era of self-diagnosis and -treatment by women empowered by the availability of over-the-counter antimycotics. a new classification of vulvovaginal candidiasis into uncomplicated and complicated vaginitis has simplified choice and duration of antifungal therapy. vaginitis due to c. alb ... | 2002 | 12150685 |
| colonization of voice prostheses by albicans and non-albicans candida species. | the purposes of the study were to assess the colonization of tracheoesophageal voice prostheses by albicans and non-albicans candida species and to determine their susceptibility for three antimycotics that are frequently used for prophylaxis or treatment of oral candidiasis (i.e., miconazole, fluconazole, and nystatin). | 2002 | 12152601 |
| changing distribution of candida species isolated from sterile and nonsterile sites in israel. | to determine if the prevalence of non- albicans candida spp. has increased at two institutions in israel, the distribution of 6,954 candida isolates obtained from sterile and nonsterile sites during the periods 1995-1996 and 1999-2000 were compared. in the latter period, a slight decrease was observed in the prevalence of non- albicans candida spp. isolated from sterile sites (from 39% to 37%) and nonsterile sites (from 38% to 35%). specifically, the prevalence of candida glabrata increased sign ... | 2002 | 12172747 |
| secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the united states during 1989-1999. | we describe the annual incidence of primary bloodstream infection (bsi) associated with candida albicans and common non-albicans species of candida among patients in intensive care units that participated in the national nosocomial infections surveillance system from 1 january 1989 through 31 december 1999. during the study period, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of c. albicans bsi (p<.001) and a significant increase in the incidence of candida glabrata bsi (p=.05). | 2002 | 12173140 |
| adhesion in candida spp. | microbial adherence is one of the most important determinants of pathogenesis, yet very few adhesins have been identified from fungal pathogens. four structurally related adhesins, hwp1, ala1p/als5p, als1p, from candida albicans and epa1p from candida glabrata, are members of a class of proteins termed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-dependent cell wall proteins (gpi-cwp). these proteins have n-terminal signal peptides and c-terminal features that mediate glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) membrane ... | 2002 | 12174081 |
| conservation of a portion of the s. cerevisiae ure2p prion domain that interacts with the full-length protein. | the [ure3] prion of saccharomyces cerevisiae is a self-propagating inactive amyloid form of the ure2 protein. ure2p residues 1-65 constitute the prion domain, and the remaining c-terminal portion regulates nitrogen catabolism. we have examined the ure2 genes of wild-type isolates of s. cerevisiae and those of several pathogenic yeasts and a filamentous fungus. we find that the normal function of the s. cerevisiae ure2p in nitrogen regulation is fully complemented by the ure2p of candida albicans ... | 2002 | 12177423 |
| european confederation of medical mycology (ecmm) prospective survey of candidaemia: report from one italian region. | an ecmm epidemiological prospective survey of candidaemia was performed in one italian region (lombardy; population: 8 924 870) by the national society of medical mycology (fimua) from september 1997 to december 1999. in total, 569 episodes were reported with an overall rate of 0.38/1000 admissions, 4.4/100000 patient days. predisposing factors included presence of an intravascular catheter (89%), antibiotic treatment (88%), surgery (56%), intensive care (45%), solid tumour (28%), steroid treatm ... | 2002 | 12183145 |
| in vitro interaction of flucytosine combined with amphotericin b or fluconazole against thirty-five yeast isolates determined by both the fractional inhibitory concentration index and the response surface approach. | combination therapy could be of benefit for the treatment of invasive yeast infections. however, in vitro interaction studies are relatively scarce and the interpretation of the fractional inhibitory concentration (fic) index can be contradictory due to various definitions used; not all information on the interaction study is used in the index, and different mic end points exist for different classes of drugs. fitting an interaction model to the whole response surface and estimation of an intera ... | 2002 | 12183257 |
| identification of a candida glabrata homologue of the s. cerevisiae vrg4 gene, encoding the golgi gdp-mannose transporter. | mannoproteins on the cell wall of yeast and fungi help regulate cell shape, porosity, and cell-cell interactions, including those required for attachment to host cells by fungal pathogens. the mannose-containing oligosaccharides on proteins and lipids are extended in the golgi by glycosyltransferases that use gdp-mannose as the sugar substrate. a membrane-bound transporter that, in saccharomyces cerevisiae, is encoded by the vrg4 gene catalyses delivery of gdp-mannose into the lumen of the golgi ... | 2002 | 12185838 |
| synthesis of a mannose heptasaccharide of the pathogenic yeast, candida glabrata ifo 0622 strain. | an effective synthesis of the mannose heptasaccharide existing in the pathogenic yeast, candida glabrata ifo 0622 strain was achieved via tmsotf-promoted condensation of a tetrasaccharide donor 13 with a trisaccharide acceptor 16, followed by deprotection. the tetrasaccharide 13 was constructed by coupling of 2,3,4,6-tetra-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (7) with allyl 3,4,6-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-3,4,6 ... | 2002 | 12204619 |
| bacterial and yeast flora of root surface caries in elderly, ethnic chinese. | root caries is emerging as a significant problem in the middle aged and elderly. as little data is available on the microbiology of root caries in chinese cohorts, we evaluated 30 such lesions in elderly, institutionalized, ethnic chinese. | 2002 | 12206402 |
| oral candida and nasal aspergillus flora in a group of saudi healthy dentate subjects. | the prevalence of oral candidal carriage is widely variable in different populations but has never been studied previously in a saudi population. nasal mycological flora has never been investigated previously in a healthy population. | 2002 | 12212815 |
| phenotypic switching and filamentation in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata switches spontaneously, reversibly and at high frequency among the following four phenotypes distinguishable by graded colony colouration on cuso(4)-containing agar: white (wh), light brown (lb), dark brown (db) and very dark brown (vdb). these phenotypes also differ in a graded fashion in the level of expression of the metallothionein gene mtii (wh<lb<db>vdb), the frequency of switching (wh>lb>db>vdb) and colouration on phloxine b-containing agar (wh>lb>db>vdb). switching among ... | 2002 | 12213913 |
| sordarin oxazepine derivatives as potent antifungal agents. | the synthesis and biological activity of sordarin oxazepine derivatives are described. the key step features a regioselective oxidation of an unprotected triol followed by double reductive amination to afford the ring-closed products. the spectrum of antifungal activity for these novel derivatives includes coverage of candida albicans, candida glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans. | 2002 | 12217370 |
| betel quid-associated oral lesions and oral candida species in a female cambodian cohort. | betel quid chewing (bqc) is still prevalent among elderly cambodian women and is associated with a wide variety of oral mucosal lesions. bqc has also been associated with a reduced rate of dental caries and changes in the oral microbiological flora. | 2002 | 12220354 |
| endogenous reactive oxygen species is an important mediator of miconazole antifungal effect. | we investigated the significance of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ros) produced by fungi treated with miconazole. ros production in candida albicans was measured by a real-time fluorogenic assay. the level of ros production was increased by miconazole at the mic (0.125 micro g/ml) and was enhanced further in a dose-dependent manner, with a fourfold increase detected when miconazole was used at 12.5 micro g/ml. this increase in the level of ros production was completely inhibited by pyrroli ... | 2002 | 12234832 |
| prospective, multicenter surveillance study of candida glabrata: fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility profiles in bloodstream, invasive, and colonizing strains and differences between isolates from three urban teaching hospitals in new york city (candida susceptibility trends study, 1998 to 1999). | since the 1990s, the substantial increase in the rate of candida glabrata infections has become a serious problem. as most c. glabrata infections arise from the host's endogenous microflora, the present prospective, multicenter analysis included all clinical isolates associated with colonization and with systemic and hematogenous candidiasis. among 347 c. glabrata isolates, the overall rates of resistance to fluconazole (mic > or = 64 micro g/ml) and itraconazole (mic > or = 1 micro g/ml) were 1 ... | 2002 | 12234857 |
| constrictive pericarditis caused by candida glabrata in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review of literature. | candida pericarditis is a rare disease described mostly in patients with recent cardiothoracic surgery or debilitating chronic diseases and is generally considered to be associated with high mortality. to our knowledge, we report the first case of candida pericarditis in a healthy host who had not undergone thoracic surgery and the first documented case and cure of pericarditis caused by c. glabrata. the most probable underlying factor in the development of this pericarditis was the abdominal su ... | 2002 | 12238580 |
| candida glabrata atp-binding cassette transporters cdr1p and pdh1p expressed in a saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in membrane transporters show phosphorylation-dependent pumping properties. | the expression and drug efflux activity of the atp binding cassette transporters cdr1p and pdh1p are thought to have contributed to the recent increase in the number of fungal infections caused by candida glabrata. the function of these transporters and their pumping characteristics, however, remain ill defined. we have evaluated the function of cdr1p and pdh1p through their heterologous hyperexpression in a saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deleted in seven major drug efflux transporters to minim ... | 2002 | 12244114 |
| breakthrough candidemia in patients with cancer differs from de novo candidemia in host factors and candida species but not intensity. | to evaluate the risk factors associated with breakthrough candidemia in patients with cancer and to compare them with those of de novo candidemia in this patient population. | 2002 | 12269454 |
| identification of candida glabrata by a 30-second trehalase test. | rapid (30-s) trehalase tests done with material from colonies of 482 yeasts suspended in a drop of trehalose solution on a commercially supplied glucose test strip were positive for 225 (99.1%) of 227 candida glabrata isolates grown on either of two differential media, candida id medium or candiselect medium. the test was positive for only 3 (1.2%) and 12 (4.7%) of 255 isolates of other medically important yeast species grown on the same two media, respectively. a rapid maltase test done with a ... | 2002 | 12354852 |
| comparison of the antifungal susceptibility testing subcommittee of the european committee on antibiotic susceptibility testing proposed standard and the e-test with the nccls broth microdilution method for voriconazole and caspofungin susceptibility testing of yeast species. | the proposed standard of the antifungal susceptibility testing subcommittee of the european committee on antibiotic susceptibility testing (afst-eucast) and the e-test procedures were compared with the nccls reference broth microdilution method for voriconazole and caspofungin susceptibility testing of 102 clinical candida species and saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. the voriconazole mic at which 50% of strains were inhibited (mic(50)) was < or =0.125 mg/liter for all yeast species except for ... | 2002 | 12354895 |
| antifungal effects of endodontic medicaments. | the eradication of root canal infection is paramount in endodontic treatment. because fungi are involved in some types of root canal infections, the purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of several medicaments against the following selected fungal species: candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida parapsilosis, and saccharomyces cerevisiae. the agar diffusion test was the method used. calcium sulphate or zinc oxide in glycerin showed no inhibit ... | 2001 | 12360664 |
| enhancement of pyruvate production by torulopsis glabrata using a two-stage oxygen supply control strategy. | the effect of agitation speeds on the performance of producing pyruvate by a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast, torulopsis glabrata, was investigated in batch fermentation. high pyruvate yield on glucose (0.797 g g(-1)) was achieved under high agitation speed (700 rpm), but the glucose consumption rate was rather low (1.14 g l(-1) h(-1)). glucose consumption was enhanced under low agitation speed (500 rpm), but the pyruvate yield on glucose decreased to 0.483 g g(-1). glycerol production was obser ... | 2002 | 12382048 |
| in vivo pathogenicity of eight medically relevant candida species in an animal model. | the relative pathogenicity of eight medically important candida species was investigated in a mouse model. | 2002 | 12382088 |
| antifungal activity of amphotericin b, fluconazole, and voriconazole in an in vitro model of candida catheter-related bloodstream infection. | the activity of five simulated antifungal regimens for eradication of catheter-related bloodstream candida infection was evaluated with an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. single-lumen central venous catheters were colonized with candida species by sequentially incubating central venous catheters in plasma and then in growth medium (rpmi plus morpholinepropanesulfonic acid) containing a standardized suspension (10(5) cfu/ml) of candida albicans, candida glabrata, or slime-producing candida paraps ... | 2002 | 12384356 |
| modular domain structure in the candida glabrata adhesin epa1p, a beta1,6 glucan-cross-linked cell wall protein. | the yeast pathogen candida glabrata adheres avidly to cultured human epithelial cells. this interaction depends on the expression of epa1, which encodes a lectin belonging to a large family of gpi-anchored glucan-cross-linked cell wall proteins (gpi-cwps) found in diverse fungal species. to understand the relationship between different domains of epa1 and its function, we have mapped functional domains of epa1p and analysed their contribution to epa1p function. we found that the n-terminal third ... | 2002 | 12406223 |
| core-modified sordaricin derivatives: synthesis and antifungal activity. | core-modified sordaricin derivatives were prepared via biotransformation followed by chemical modification and tested for antifungal activity. the antifungal activity proved to be very sensitive to modifications in the sterics and/or lipophilicity of the diterpene skeleton. introduction of polar groups such as hydroxyl in the diterpene core results in loss of potency while small and lipophilic groups such as fluorine and the 7,8-olefin are well tolerated. | 2002 | 12419371 |
| in vitro activity of micafungin (fk-463) against candida spp.: microdilution, time-kill, and postantifungal-effect studies. | we evaluated the in vitro activity of the new echinocandin antifungal micafungin against candida spp. using microdilution and time-kill methods. additionally, we examined the postantifungal effect (pafe) of micafungin. finally, we evaluated the effect of the addition of serum and plasma on the mic of micafungin. four candida albicans isolates and two isolates of each candida glabrata, candida krusei, and candida tropicalis were selected for testing. the mics of micafungin were determined in rpmi ... | 2002 | 12435687 |
| identification and antifungal susceptibility of candida isolated from intensive care unit patients. | candida was isolated in 205 of 1060 clinical specimens (19.33%) in our laboratary sent from the intensive care unit for mycological investigation between january 98-december 99. all isolated strains were identified to species level using the api candida system (bio-meieux, france) as follows; candida albicans (n:115, 56.09%), candida tropicalis (n:23, 11.21%), candida parapsilosis (n:21, 10.24%), candida glabrata (n:12, 5.83%). candida kefyr (n:9, 4.39%), candida lusitaniae (n:7, 3.41%), candida ... | 2002 | 12437230 |
| [study on candida no-albicans species and its relation to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis]. | genital candidiasis is a frequent pathology among women. it has a 5% incidence rate of presenting itself in a recurrent way, which leads to a longer treatment. candida gender has various species. the ones, which are the most usual and the cause of vaginal, cervicovaginal, and vulvovaginal candidiasis are: candida albicans, c. glabrata and c. krusei. their presence is related to further appearances. a case study was made to identify the species of candida gender. it was based on the diagnostics m ... | 2002 | 12448051 |
| persistence of pigment production by yeast isolates grown on chromagar candida medium. | we evaluated the persistence of pigmentation in yeast isolates grown on the chromogenic medium chromagar candida over 7 days. candida, cryptococcus, and trichosporon isolates were inoculated alone or mixed onto duplicate sets of plates and incubated at 30 and 35 degrees c. candida albicans and candida krusei were readily identified throughout the reading period, but candida glabrata was difficult to differentiate from other species until the 3- or 4-day time point. candida tropicalis produced co ... | 2002 | 12454192 |
| identification of two proteins induced by exposure of the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata to fluconazole. | candida glabrata is an increasingly important cause of opportunistic fungal infection of humans and appears to be intrinsically resistant to the triazole antifungal fluconazole. however, the mechanisms responsible for reduced susceptibility to azole drugs are not understood. fluconazole exposure rapidly induced expression of a 169-kda protein band in plasma membrane fractions of c. glabrata cells. mass spectrometry of trypsin-digested peptide fragments showed that the induced protein band compri ... | 2002 | 12458010 |
| point prevalence, microbiology and fluconazole susceptibility patterns of yeast isolates colonizing the oral cavities of hiv-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | we conducted a prospective study to address the prevalence and microbiological characteristics of yeast isolates colonizing the oral cavities of hiv-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. sixty-eight patients (67%) from a total of 102 were found to be colonized with yeasts. sixty-five patients carried a single species (60 candida albicans, three candida glabrata and two candida krusei) and three patients had mixed colonization of c. albicans and c. krusei. the status ... | 2002 | 12461023 |
| acremonium strictum pulmonary infection in a leukemic patient successfully treated with posaconazole after failure of amphotericin b. | a severely neutropenic patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed a diffuse bilateral pulmonary infection while receiving a therapeutic daily dosage of intravenous amphotericin b for candida glabrata esophagitis. computed tomography of the chest showed numerous lung nodules, ground glass areas and a pleural effusion. biopsy of one nodule demonstrated hyaline septate hyphae. multiple sputum cultures grew acremonium strictum. increasing the dose of amphotericin b and the addition of itrac ... | 2002 | 12461592 |
| fungal infection of the radicular dentin. | although fungi have been detected in infected root canals, their precise role as endodontic pathogens has not yet been elucidated. the purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of radicular dentin colonization by five fungal species. bovine root sections were infected with each of the following fungal species: candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida parapsilosis, and saccharomyces cerevisiae. after 14 days, the sections were fixed in glutaraldehyde, split i ... | 2002 | 12470022 |
| predictive factors of mortality due to polymicrobial peritonitis with candida isolation in peritoneal fluid in critically ill patients. | candida peritonitis (cp) is generally considered to be a severe disease, but its impact on outcome in critically ill patients remains unknown. | 2002 | 12470095 |
| outbreak of nosocomial fungemia caused by candida glabrata. | an outbreak of candida glabrata fungemia that was thought to be associated with bottles used for milk feeds occurred at our children's infectious diseases clinic. this cluster of cases was investigated using a case-control study. isolates were identified by conventional methods and karyotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of genomic dna. potential risk factors for nine hospitalized children with candidemia and 14 controls were long-term hospitalization and treatments with more th ... | 2002 | 12472723 |
| comparison of in vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin b lipid complex with itraconazole against 708 clinical yeast isolates and opportunistic moulds determined by national committee for clinical laboratory standards methods m27-a and m38-p. | we compared the in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin b lipid complex (ablc) with that of itraconazole (itz) against 535 yeast strains and 173 opportunistic filamentous fungi by using a microdilution method (national committee for clinical laboratory standards m27-a and m38-p). the overall geometric mean mic was 0.13 microg/ml and 0.177 microg/ml for itz and ablc, respectively, and the mic(50) was 0.125 microg/ml for both agents against yeast isolates. itz had a similar or slightly superi ... | 2002 | 12476038 |
| prospective evaluation of candida species colonization in hospitalized cancer patients: impact on short-term survival in recipients of marrow transplantation and patients with hematological malignancies. | most hematogenous candidiasis originates from endogenous host flora. the impact of clinically prominent candida colonization on short-term mortality (<or=14 weeks) was prospectively studied in 193 hospitalized patients from 1998 to 1999. clinically prominent colonization included yeasts isolated from all sterile body sites and >50 colonies of candida from non-sterile sites. fourteen (7.1%) patients were granulocytopenic (anc <or=100/microl). nineteen (9.8%) had undergone marrow transplantation, ... | 2002 | 12476287 |
| successful treatment of candida glabrata myocarditis with voriconazole. | a 30-y-old man with crohn's disease developed fungemia with candida albicans. subsequently, during therapy with fluconazole, candida glabrata was repeatedly isolated from his blood. myocardial abscesses were detected in the papillary muscles and interventricular septum. the infection was cured with amphotericin b lipid complex and 5-flucytosine, followed by voriconazole for 18 months. | 2002 | 12477337 |
| characterization of a gene encoding trna nucleotidyltransferase from candida glabrata. | a gene encoding atp (ctp):trna nucleotidyltransferase (ec2.7.7.25) was isolated from candida (torulopsis) glabrata by complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein revealed a large region with high sequence similarity to members of the class ii group of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily and an n-terminal region characteristic of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. the essential role of the carboxylates within the conserved dxd and rrd motifs w ... | 2002 | 12478587 |
| identification and functional expression of taha, a filamentous fungal gene involved in copper trafficking to the secretory pathway in trametes versicolor. | in this study, cdna and genomic clones encoding a homologue of the yeast gene anti-oxidant 1 (atx1) from the white-rot fungus trametes versicolor, a basidiomycete known to produce several laccase isoenzymes involved in lignin degradation, were identified. this gene, named trametes atx homologue (taha), encodes a protein of 7.9 kda with 56% identity to the yeast atx1p sequence. two different alleles of taha were obtained that differed mainly in their intervening sequences and in a 425 nt insertio ... | 2002 | 12480908 |
| clinical cases in transplantation. | a series of cases are presented to illustrate the complexity of the care of immunocompromised patients with established invasive fungal infections. these discussions by an expert panel serve to identify areas of controversy and for future research in the care of transplant recipients. | 2002 | 12486794 |
| antifungal activity of the echinocandin anidulafungin (ver002, ly-303366) against yeast pathogens: a comparative study with m27-a microdilution method. | this study further evaluated the in vitro activity of anidulafungin (ver002, versicor inc.) (ly303366) against 460 clinical yeast isolates. mics of anidulafungin, fluconazole and itraconazole were determined by following the nccls m27-a guidelines. minimum fungicidal concentrations (mfcs) of anidulafungin were determined for 230 isolates of candida spp. the activity of anidulafungin in vitro was significantly superior (p < 0.05) to those of itraconazole and fluconazole against candida albicans, ... | 2003 | 12493803 |
| ascomycetous yeasts from tropical intertidal dark mud of southeast brazilian estuaries. | four different intertidal estuarine sediments had distinct yeast communities. one-hundred-ninety-three yeast isolates were classified in 47 species, with 34 of these in the genus candida. candida tropicalis was the only ascomycetous species isolated from all four sites. other opportunistic pathogens including candida glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida parapsilosis and candida krusei were present, especially at the more polluted sites. pichia species were also frequent isolates with pichia ... | 1997 | 12501313 |
| possible liposomal amphotericin b-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. | to report the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (ndi) associated with the use of high-dose liposomal amphotericin b. | 2003 | 12503936 |
| influence of diet on the shedding of candida glabrata by experimentally infected preweaned calves. | the influence of three diets, comprising dam's milk (dm) from the same farm, commercial milk replacer with (cmrl) or without 3.2% lactose (cmr), on the duration and intensity of candida glabrata shedding in the faeces of preweaned calves following experimental oral infection was examined. shedding of other potential enteric pathogens was also monitored. the duration and intensity of c. glabrata shedding in dm-fed calves were reduced significantly compared with the calves fed the two diets based ... | 2002 | 12505403 |
| single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in human beta-defensin 1: high-throughput snp assays and association with candida carriage in type i diabetics and nondiabetic controls. | beta-defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides expressed in epithelia. they exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. defensins are a component of the innate immune response, and it has been proposed that they have a protective role in the oral cavity. previous studies have shown that human beta-defensin 1 (hbd-1) is constitutively expressed in oral epithelial cells but that expression varies between individuals. we tested the hypothesis that genetic variations in defensin ... | 2003 | 12517831 |
| fungal infection of the epiglottis simulating a clinical malignancy. | primary fungal infection of the larynx is rare. we present a case of primary laryngeal invasive fungal infection in a patient with felty syndrome. the lesion in the epiglottis resembled a malignant process and the whole epiglottis was excised endoscopically. no neoplasia was found and the cultures of the epiglottis grew candida glabrata. we propose that the diagnosis of laryngeal candidiasis be considered in adult patients with certain predisposing factors, eg, immunodeficiency syndromes, but th ... | 2003 | 12525207 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the pathogenic yeast candida (torulopsis) glabrata. | we report here the complete sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. this 20 kb mt genome is the smallest among sequenced hemiascomycetous yeasts. despite its compaction, the mt genome contains the genes encoding the apocytochrome b (cob), three subunits of atp synthetase (atp6, 8 and 9), three subunits of cytochrome oxidase (cox1, 2 and 3), the ribosomal protein var1, 23 trnas, small and large ribosomal rnas and the rna subunit of rnase p. three group ... | 2003 | 12527359 |
| candida glabrata, an emerging fungal pathogen, exhibits superior relative cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion to denture acrylic surfaces compared with candida albicans. | oral candidosis is a common opportunistic infection in debilitated individuals and candida glabrata is the second most frequently isolated species from this condition, after candida albicans. candidal adherence to various biological or non-biological surfaces is considered a prerequisite for colonization, and pathogenesis of candidal infections, and their relative cell surface hydrophobicity (csh) is likely to be a possible contributory force involved in this process. whereas a large body of dat ... | 2002 | 12529012 |
| antifungal properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) against candida species in vitro. | in this study the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 ht, serotonin) against clinical isolates of candida albicans (n = 11), candida glabrata (n = 9), candida tropicalis (n = 10) and candida parapsilosis (atcc 22019) using a broth microdilution test were investigated. in addition, it was examined whether delayed regrowth as a post-antifungal effect results following short exposure to 5 ht. 5 ht showed antifungal activity tow ... | 2003 | 12543924 |
| endophthalmitis in patients with disseminated fungal disease. | fungal endophthalmitis caused by dissemination from extraocular fungal infections has been reported to vary between 9% and 45%. however, recent clinical experience disagrees with that. this study is an investigation of patients in an inner city teaching hospital, the risks associated with endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, and this incidence. | 2002 | 12545679 |
| [the important role of vitamins in the over-production of pyruvic acid]. | the effect of nicotinic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine, biotin and riboflavin on the production of pyruvic acid by torulopsis glabrata wsh-ip303 with glucose as carbon source and nh4cl as sole nitrogen source was investigated. by using orthogonal experiment method, thiamine was confirmed to be the most important factor affecting the production of pyruvic acid. based on a certain concentration range of thiamine (0.01-0.015 mg/l), glucose consumption rate can be enhanced by increasing the concentratio ... | 2000 | 12548766 |
| [screening and breeding of highly-effected degrading cotton-phenol strains and study on defoxication technology and conditions]. | from mildewed cottonseed cake and stock cultures of mold and yeast. we select more than ten strains of yeasts and molds which can degrade cotton phenol. at last we got four strains which can degrade cotton phenol highly effected after mutagenized by physical and chemical factors and induced by cotton phenol. they belong to candida tropicalis, torulopsis candida, aspergillus flavus and aspergillus niger. by small and medium size fermenfations, the content of dissociated cotton phenol all reach sa ... | 1998 | 12549423 |
| function of candida glabrata abc transporter gene, pdh1. | the rapid increase in azole resistance during treatment of patients infected with candida glabrata may be due to increased azole efflux mediated by abc transporters, as occurs with increased expression of pdr5 in saccharomyces cerevisiae. two known c. glabrata homologues of pdr5 influencing azole susceptibility are pdh1 (cgcdr2) and cgcdr1. disruption of pdh1 in a cgcdr1::ura3 strain increased susceptibility to rhodamine 6g, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, and also increased rhodamine 6g accu ... | 2003 | 12557277 |
| candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit. | the present study was conducted over a period of 6 months to determine the candida species causing candidemia in a neonatal intensive care unit and to analyse the risk factors associated with acquisition of significant fungemia. speciation of the 19 isolated candida spp was done by the standard techniques. antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was determined by disc diffusion method against amphotericin b, fluconazole, ketoconozole and 5-flucytosine. candida glabrata was the most common ... | 2001 | 12561995 |
| comparison of three methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of candida species with flucytosine. | optimal methods for susceptibility testing of candida spp. with flucytosine have not been determined. breakpoints were recommended in 1984, but never validated. in this study, we compared the 1984 recommended macrodilution broth method (using an 80% endpoint) with a modification of the more recent nccls-recommended microdilution broth method with three endpoints-spectrophotometric 50% and 80% and a no growth endpoint determined by eye. nccls and british society for medical mycology (bsmm) breakp ... | 2003 | 12562694 |
| detection and identification of fungi from fungus balls of the maxillary sinus by molecular techniques. | the aim of this study was to find a reliable method for the detection and identification of fungi in fungus balls of the maxillary sinus and to evaluate the spectrum of fungi in these samples. one hundred twelve samples were obtained from patients with histologically proven fungal infections; 81 samples were paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the maxillary sinus. in 31 cases, sinus contents without paraffin embedding were sent for investigation. pcr amplification with universal fungal primers ... | 2003 | 12574250 |
| multiple patterns of resistance to fluconazole in candida glabrata isolates from a patient with oropharyngeal candidiasis receiving head and neck radiation. | candida glabrata has emerged in recent years as a significant cause of systemic fungal infection. we have previously reported on the first three patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer to develop oropharyngeal candidiasis due to c. glabrata. the goal of this study was to track the development of increased fluconazole resistance in c. glabrata isolates and to evaluate previously described genetic mechanisms associated with this resistance from one of these three patients. the patien ... | 2003 | 12574256 |
| candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiologic and molecular analysis of an outbreak of infection with an uncommon neonatal pathogen. | from june to july 1998, two episodes of candida tropicalis fungemia occurred in the aristotle university neonatal intensive care unit (icu). to investigate this uncommon event, a prospective study of fungal colonization and infection was conducted. from december 1998 to december 1999, surveillance cultures of the oral cavities and perinea of the 593 of the 781 neonates admitted to the neonatal icu who were expected to stay for >7 days were performed. potential environmental reservoirs and possib ... | 2003 | 12574275 |
| late complications of candida (torulopsis) glabrata fungemia: description of a phenomenon. | complications occurring > 1 month after candida glabrata fungemia have not been studied. we conducted a study to determine the frequency and morbidity of complications of c. glabrata bloodstream infections occurring > 1 month after infection. late complications were common (incidence 9.9 per 100 patient years), and most often occurred within the first year. in a multivariate analysis, late complications were associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (or) 12.2; 95% confidence ... | 2002 | 12578150 |
| altered cu metabolism and differential transcription of cu/znsod genes in a cu/znsod-deficient mutant of maize: evidence for a cu-responsive transcription factor. | maize inbred line a351 exhibits extremely low levels of cu/zn superoxide dismutase (sod) isozymes, three cytosolic and one chloroplastic, which are increased by supplying copper to near-toxic concentrations. activities of the copper enzymes cytochrome c oxidase and ascorbate oxidase are also reduced. the level of expression of the maize copper chaperone for sod is normal to elevated. the gene transcript encoding chloroplastic sod-1 is present at normal levels, whereas rna levels of the cytosolic ... | 2003 | 12578363 |
| relationships between respiration and susceptibility to azole antifungals in candida glabrata. | over the past two decades, the incidence of infections due to candida glabrata, a yeast with intrinsic low susceptibility to azole antifungals, has increased markedly. respiratory deficiency due to mutations in mitochondrial dna (mtdna) associated with resistance to azoles frequently occurs in vitro in this species. in order to specify the relationships between respiration and azole susceptibility, the effects of respiratory chain inhibitors on a wild-type isolate of c. glabrata were evaluated. ... | 2003 | 12604511 |
| ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors become fungicidal when combined with calcineurin inhibitors against candida albicans, candida glabrata, and candida krusei. | azoles target the ergosterol biosynthetic enzyme lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase and are a widely applied class of antifungal agents because of their broad therapeutic window, wide spectrum of activity, and low toxicity. unfortunately, azoles are generally fungistatic and resistance to fluconazole is emerging in several fungal pathogens. we recently established that the protein phosphatase calcineurin allows survival of candida albicans during the membrane stress exerted by azoles. the calcineuri ... | 2003 | 12604527 |
| candida glabrata spinal osteomyelitis involving two contiguous lumbar vertebrae: a case report and review of the literature. | due to the increase of the immunocompromised population, mucosal and systemic infections caused by candida glabrata, formerly known as torulopsis glabrata, have shown a recent significant increase. we present a case of c. glabrata vertebral osteomyelitis which required repeated surgical therapy, a complete l2 and l3 corporectomy and more than one year of hospitalisation to complete healing. we compare this case to eight previously reported cases outlining the features of c. glabrata spinal osteo ... | 2003 | 12614986 |
| evidence from comparative genomics for a complete sexual cycle in the 'asexual' pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. | candida glabrata is a pathogenic yeast of increasing medical concern. it has been regarded as asexual since it was first described in 1917, yet phylogenetic analyses have revealed that it is more closely related to sexual yeasts than other candida species. we show here that the c. glabrata genome contains many genes apparently involved in sexual reproduction. | 2003 | 12620120 |
| detection of seven candida species using the light-cycler system. | due to the limitations of classical methods for the detection of systemic fungal infections and the high mortality rates associated with these infections, it has become essential to develop a quick, sensitive and specific detection assay. by using the idaho technologies light-cycler system, a qualitative real-time pcr system has been developed for the detection of the leading causes of systemic infection within the genus candida. the sensitivity of the assay was comparable to previously describe ... | 2003 | 12621088 |
| liver transplantation for cholestasis associated with cystic fibrosis in the pediatric population. | the most common hepatic complications of cystic fibrosis (cf) are steatosis, fibrosis, biliary cirrhosis, atretic gallbladder, cholelithiasis, and sclerosing cholangitis. cholestatic liver disease is a slow progressive disorder, but will stabilize for many patients. cf patients may suffer from the consequences of their liver disease and without liver transplantation, variceal hemorrhage, malnutrition, or end-stage liver disease can lead to death. prospective data were collected and reviewed on 3 ... | 2003 | 12654048 |
| development and evaluation of the nuclisens basic kit nasba for the detection of rna from candida species frequently resistant to antifungal drugs. | we describe a nucleic acid sequence based amplification (nasba) protocol to detect 6 different candida species (candida krusei, candida glabrata, candida inconspicua, candida dubliniensis, candida norvegensis, candida lusitaniae) and compare it to a pcr assay. nasba showed a sensitivity of 1 colony forming unit and detected rna from all 6 candida species within 1 working day. all 5 patients with documented candidiasis showed identical results by both methods. this assay offers a sensitive, speci ... | 2003 | 12663165 |
| comparative evolutionary genomics unveils the molecular mechanism of reassignment of the ctg codon in candida spp. | using the (near) complete genome sequences of the yeasts candida albicans, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and schizosaccharomyces pombe, we address the evolution of a unique genetic code change, which involves decoding of the standard leucine-ctg codon as serine in candida spp. by using two complementary comparative genomics approaches, we have been able to shed new light on both the origin of the novel candida spp. ser-trna(cag), which has mediated ctg reassignment, and on the evolution of the ctg c ... | 2003 | 12670996 |
| susceptibility of clinical isolates of candida glabrata to new triazoles. | 2003 | 12672585 | |
| [progress in biotechnological production of pyruvic acid]. | pyruvate, an important organic acid, is widely used in the industries of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agrochemicals, food additives and so on. compared with the chemical method, biotechnological production of pyruvic acid is an alternative approach because of the low cost and high product quality. in this article, biosynthesis of pyruvate, including direct fermentative production and resting cell method as well as enzymatic method, was discussed. furthermore, a comparison of these different metho ... | 2002 | 12674631 |
| three mating type-like loci in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata, the second most prevalent candida species colonizing humans, possesses three mating type-like (mtl) loci (mtl1, mtl2, and mtl3). these loci contain pairs of mtl genes with their respective coding regions on complementary crick and watson dna strands. each pair of genes is separated by a shared intergenic promoter region, the same configuration found at the mating type loci of saccharomyces cerevisiae. two of the mtl loci, mtl1 and mtl2, contain either the mtla1/mtla2 configurat ... | 2003 | 12684382 |
| increased risk of cervical canal infections with intracervical foley catheter. | to evaluate the effect of intracervical foley catheter insertion, for the induction of labor, on cervical canal infection. | 2003 | 12689532 |
| tn7-based genome-wide random insertional mutagenesis of candida glabrata. | we describe and characterize a method for insertional mutagenesis of the yeast pathogen candida glabrata using the bacterial transposon tn7. tn7 was used to mutagenize a c. glabrata genomic fosmid library. pools of random tn7 insertions in individual fosmids were recovered by transformation into escherichia coli. subsequently, these were introduced by recombination into the c. glabrata genome. we found that c. glabrata genomic fragments carrying a tn7 insertion could integrate into the genome by ... | 2003 | 12695329 |
| prospective epidemiologic analysis of triazole-resistant nosocomial candida glabrata isolated from patients at a comprehensive cancer center. | the emergence of candida glabrata infections among patients with compromised immunity has become a serious concern, especially at centers caring for individuals with cancer. | 2002 | 12718835 |
| synthesis and antifungal activity of (+/-)-1-(5-aryl-3-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethanone derivatives. | (+/-)-1-(5-aryl-3-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethanone derivatives were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antifungal activity. the compounds showed a moderate activity against strains of candida parapsilosis, candida pseudotropicalis and candida glabrata. | 2003 | 12727541 |
| evaluation of the etest and disk diffusion methods for determining susceptibilities of 235 bloodstream isolates of candida glabrata to fluconazole and voriconazole. | the performances of the etest and the disk diffusion methods for testing of the susceptibilities of 235 candida glabrata isolates to fluconazole and voriconazole were compared with that of the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) approved standard broth microdilution (bmd) method. the nccls method used rpmi 1640 broth medium, and mics were read after incubation for 48 h at 35 degrees c. etest mics were determined with rpmi 1640 agar containing 2% glucose (rpg agar) and wi ... | 2003 | 12734220 |
| detection of fluconazole-resistant isolates of candida glabrata by using an agar screen assay. | the ability of a fluconazole-containing agar screen assay to accurately detect isolates of candida glabrata resistant to the azole antifungal agent fluconazole was evaluated on a collection of 100 clinical isolates of this organism. results were correlated with the mic of fluconazole for these isolates and compared with the results of a previously published disk diffusion-based fluconazole resistance screening test. agar screen assay results were in categorical agreement with mic-based determina ... | 2003 | 12734262 |
| variation in susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of candida glabrata to fluconazole according to patient age and geographic location. | we examined the susceptibilities to fluconazole of 559 bloodstream infection isolates of candida glabrata and grouped the isolates by patient age and geographic location within the united states. susceptibility of c. glabrata to fluconazole was lowest in the pacific (44%) and east south central (47%) regions and was highest in the west south central region (82%) (regions are as designated by the u.s. bureau of the census). isolates from pediatric patients were virtually all susceptible to flucon ... | 2003 | 12734273 |
| occurrence, horizontal transfer and degeneration of vde intein family in saccharomycete yeasts. | vde is a homing endonuclease gene originally discovered as an intervening element in vma1s of saccharomyces cerevisiae. there have been two independent subfamilies of vde, one from s. cerevisiae strain x2180-1a and the other from saccharomyces sp. dh1-1a in the host vma1 gene, and they share the identity of 96.3%. in order to search the occurrence, intra/interspecies transfer and molecular degeneration of vde, complete sequences of vma1 in 10 strains of s. cerevisiae, eight species of saccharomy ... | 2003 | 12734795 |
| shifting patterns in the epidemiology of nosocomial candida infections. | the incidence of candidemia--a common and potentially fatal nosocomial infection--has risen dramatically, and this increase has been accompanied by a shift in the infecting pathogen away from candida albicans to treatment-resistant non-albicans species. prophylactic azole antifungals, such as fluconazole, may play an important role not only in the management of candidemia but also in the proliferation of hard-to-treat candida species. in a variety of acute nosocomial settings, iv fluconazole, 40 ... | 2003 | 12740235 |
| [evaluation of targets for antifungal drugs using a system to regulate gene expression]. | a system to regulate gene expression is a convenient tool to explore gene function(s) not only in prokaryote but also in eukaryote. such manipulation tools are scarce in the medical mycology field due to its complexity and diploidity. although systems to regulate gene expression have been constructed, most of them are restricted in their application to particular culture conditions due to the nature of the promoter used. this motivated us to establish a new regulatable expression system that can ... | 2003 | 12748592 |
| management of patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. | recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rvvc) is by no means uncommon and is a source of considerable physical discomfort in addition to serving as a major therapeutic challenge. the syndrome is multifactorial in aetiology and hence management strategies must recognise the complex aetiological pathways. many women receiving the misplaced diagnosis of rvvc have a variety of other infectious and non-infectious entities presenting with identical symptoms. hence the first step in management is confirmin ... | 2003 | 12749733 |
| the costs and benefits of killer toxin production by the yeast pichia kluyveri. | numerous yeast species in many genera are able to produce and excrete extracellular toxic proteins (mycocins) that can kill other specific sensitive yeasts. natural distributions of killer yeasts suggest that they may be important in maintaining community composition and provide a benefit to the toxin producing cells. the fact that not all yeasts are killers and that polymorphisms exist within some killer species suggests there may be a cost associated with killer toxin production. this study fo ... | 2003 | 12755485 |
| hiv-1 and its transmembrane protein gp41 bind to different candida species modulating adhesion. | oral candidiasis in hiv-1-infected individuals is widely believed to be triggered by the acquired t-lymphocyte immunodeficiency. recently, binding of the hiv-1 envelope protein gp160 and its subunit gp41, and also of the whole virus itself, to candida albicans has been shown. the present study shows that, in addition to c. albicans, hiv-1 gp41 also binds to yeast and hyphal forms of candida dubliniensis, a species which is closely related to c. albicans, and to candida tropicalis but not to cand ... | 2003 | 12770763 |