Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| host immune response to clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) affects patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of this study was to compare humoral response to c. difficile toxins in ibd patients and control outpatients. | 2016 | 26954708 |
| probiotics are effective at preventing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. cdi has increased in incidence and severity over the past decade, and is a growing worldwide health problem associated with substantial health care costs and significant morbidity and mortality. this meta-analysis examines the impact of probiotics on the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) among children and adults, in both hospital and outpatient settings. | 2016 | 26955289 |
| clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) continues to affect patients in hospitals and communities worldwide. the spectrum of clinical disease ranges from mild diarrhoea to toxic megacolon, colonic perforation and death. however, this bacterium might also be carried asymptomatically in the gut, potentially leading to 'silent' onward transmission. modern technologies, such as whole-genome sequencing and multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, are helping to track c. difficile transmissio ... | 2016 | 26956066 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: current applications, effectiveness, and future perspectives. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is the infusion of liquid filtrate feces from a healthy donor into the gut of a recipient to cure a specific disease. a fecal suspension can be administered by nasogastric or nasoduodenal tube, colonoscope, enema, or capsule. the high success rate and safety in the short term reported for recurrent clostridium difficile infection has elevated fmt as an emerging treatment for a wide range of disorders, including parkinson's disease, fibromyalgia, chronic fat ... | 2016 | 26956193 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infections. | 2017 | 26960574 | |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 023 lacks the ability to hydrolyze esculin, leading to false-negative results on chromogenic agar. | 2016 | 26962090 | |
| vital signs: preventing antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitals - united states, 2014. | health care-associated antibiotic-resistant (ar) infections increase patient morbidity and mortality and might be impossible to successfully treat with any antibiotic. cdc assessed health care-associated infections (hai), including clostridium difficile infections (cdi), and the role of six ar bacteria of highest concern nationwide in several types of health care facilities. | 2016 | 26963489 |
| sensitive assays enable detection of serum igg antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b in healthy subjects and patients with clostridium difficile infection. | pathogenic clostridium difficile produces two proinflammatory exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b. low level of serum antitoxin igg antibodies is a risk factor for the development of primary and recurrent c. difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 26964649 |
| [chilean consensus of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | clostridium dijfficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has become very important due to the increase in its incidence, severity, recurrence and the associated economic burden. having a national consensus guideline is essential to improve its management. | 2016 | 26965890 |
| a diagnostic algorithm for the detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, which is usually associated with previous antibiotic use. the clinical manifestations of c. difficile infection (cdi) may range from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. clostridium difficile should be considered in diarrhea cases with a history of antibiotic use within the last 8 weeks (community-associated cdi) or with a hospital stay of at least 3 days, regardless of the duration of antibiotic use (hospital-acquired cdi). | 2016 | 26966622 |
| ultrasound findings in critical care patients: the "liver sign" and other abnormal abdominal air patterns. | in critical care patients, point of care abdominal ultrasound examination, although it has been practiced for over 30 years, is not as widespread as its cardiac or pulmonary counterparts. we report two cases in which detection of air during abdominal ultrasound allowed the early detection of life-threatening pathologies. in the first case, a patient with severe clostridium difficile was found to have portal venous gas but its significance was confounded by a recent surgery. serial ultrasonograph ... | 2016 | 26968407 |
| identification of risk factors influencing clostridium difficile prevalence in middle-size dairy farms. | farm animals have been suggested to play an important role in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the community. the purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with c. difficile dissemination in family dairy farms, which are the most common farming model in the european union. environmental samples and fecal samples from cows and calves were collected repeatedly over a 1 year period on 20 mid-size family dairy farms. clostridium difficile was detected ... | 2016 | 26968527 |
| comparative genomic analysis of toxin-negative strains of clostridium difficile from humans and animals with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a significant health problem to humans and food animals. clostridial toxins toxa and toxb encoded by genes tcda and tcdb are located on a pathogenicity locus known as the paloc and are the major virulence factors of c. difficile. while toxin-negative strains of c. difficile are often isolated from faeces of animals and patients suffering from cdi, they are not considered to play a role in disease. toxin-negative strains of c. difficile have been used su ... | 2016 | 26971047 |
| use of concomitant antibiotics during treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in pediatric inpatients: an observational cohort study. | concomitant antibiotic use during treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) increases the risk of recurrence. across a network of children's hospitals, 46% of patients treated for cdi received concomitant antibiotics for a median of 7 days. concomitant antibiotic use was more common among patients with malignancies, and solid organ or bone marrow transplant. unnecessary concomitant antibiotic use in cdi patients is a potential target for pediatric antimicrobial stewardship. | 2016 | 26972929 |
| saccharomyces boulardii to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. | background. antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) are common complications of antibiotic use. data on the efficacy of probiotics to prevent aad and cdad are unclear. we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of saccharomyces boulardii to prevent aad and cdad in hospitalized adult patients. methods. we conducted a multicenter, phase iii, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized patients who received systemic antibiotic treat ... | 2016 | 26973849 |
| upper versus lower gastrointestinal delivery for transplantation of fecal microbiota in recurrent or refractory clostridium difficile infection: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from 14 studies. | the aim of this study was to compare upper gastrointestinal (ugi) versus lower gastrointestinal (lgi) delivery routes of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for refractory or recurrent/relapsing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2017 | 26974758 |
| bloom and bust: intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures and clostridium difficile colonization or infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. hospitalized patients are at increased risk of developing cdi because they are exposed to c. difficile spores through contact with the hospital environment and often receive antibiotics and other medications that can disrupt the integrity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota and impair colonization resistance. using whole metagenome shotgun sequencing, we examined the diversity and composition of the ... | 2016 | 26975510 |
| effect of surotomycin, a novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, on intestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci and klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. | surotomycin (formerly called cb-183,315) is a novel, orally administered cyclic lipopeptide antibacterial in development for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) that has potent activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) but limited activity against gram-negative bacilli, including bacteroides spp. we used a mouse model to investigate the impact of surotomycin exposure on the microbiome, and to test the consequences of the disruption on colonization by vancomycin-r ... | 2016 | 26976870 |
| impact of a prospective audit and feedback antimicrobial stewardship program at a veterans affairs medical center: a six-point assessment. | prospective audit and feedback is a core antimicrobial stewardship program (asp) strategy; however its impact is difficult to measure. | 2016 | 26978263 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in children: a brief review. | there has been a growing interest in fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) over recent years, in part due to the increasing prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and expanding association of intestinal dysbiosis with a wide range of human diseases. many adult studies have shown that fmt is an effective treatment for recurrent cdi and may possibly have applications in other illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd); however, there is a paucity of data available in children ... | 2016 | 26982451 |
| quantifying transmission of clostridium difficile within and outside healthcare settings. | to quantify the effect of hospital and community-based transmission and control measures on clostridium difficile infection (cdi), we constructed a transmission model within and between hospital, community, and long-term care-facility settings. by parameterizing the model from national databases and calibrating it to c. difficile prevalence and cdi incidence, we found that hospitalized patients with cdi transmit c. difficile at a rate 15 (95% ci 7.2-32) times that of asymptomatic patients. long- ... | 2016 | 26982504 |
| report into clostridium difficile deaths at vale of leven reveals poor care and lack of leadership. | an inquiry into the deaths of patients from clostridium difficile at the vale of leven hospital in scotland has criticised nurses for providing substandard care. | 2014 | 26982537 |
| gut microbiota differences in children from distinct socioeconomic levels living in the same urban area in brazil. | to compare gut microbiota in impoverished children versus children of high socioeconomic status living in the same urban area in brazil. | 2016 | 26982745 |
| does the donor matter? donor vs patient effects in the outcome of a next-generation microbiota-based drug trial for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | to evaluate the impact of the donor material versus the patient in outcomes achieved with rbx2660, a microbiota-based drug under study for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 26986546 |
| isolation of recombinant antibodies directed against surface proteins of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile has emerged as an increasingly important nosocomial pathogen and the prime causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. in addition to toxins a and b, immunological studies using antisera from patients infected with c. difficile have shown that a number of other bacterial factors contribute to the pathogenesis, including surface proteins, which are responsible for adhesion, motility and other interactions with the human host. in ... | 2017 | 26991284 |
| solid organ transplant patients: are there opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship? | rising incidence of clostridium difficile and multidrug-resistant organisms' infections and a dwindling development of new antimicrobials are an impetus for antimicrobial stewardship in organ transplant recipients. we sought to understand antimicrobial prescribing practices and identify opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration among the transplant, antimicrobial stewardship, and infectious diseases teams. | 2016 | 26992472 |
| a phase 1, placebo-controlled, randomized study of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a clostridium difficile vaccine administered with or without aluminum hydroxide in healthy adults. | clostridium difficile is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities. the bacteria can produce 3 toxins, of which the c. difficile toxin a and c. difficile toxin b are the principal virulence factors for c. difficile-associated disease. | 2016 | 26993331 |
| the human microbiota: novel targets for hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic resistance. | hospital-acquired infections are increasing in frequency due to multidrug resistant organisms (mdros), and the spread of mdros has eroded our ability to treat infections. health care professionals cannot rely solely on traditional infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship to prevent mdro transmission. we review research on the microbiota as a target for infection control interventions. | 2016 | 26994507 |
| lighting up clostridium difficile: reporting gene expression using fluorescent lov domains. | the uses of fluorescent reporters derived from green fluorescent protein have proved invaluable for the visualisation of biological processes in bacteria grown under aerobic conditions. however, their requirement for oxygen has limited their application in obligate anaerobes such as clostridium difficile. fluorescent proteins derived from light, oxygen or voltage sensing (lov) domains have been shown to bridge this limitation, but their utility as translational fusions to monitor protein express ... | 2016 | 26996606 |
| drug and vaccine development for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections. | urinary tract infections (uti) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans, affecting millions of people every year. uti cause significant morbidity in women throughout their lifespan, in infant boys, in older men, in individuals with underlying urinary tract abnormalities, and in those that require long-term urethral catheterization, such as patients with spinal cord injuries or incapacitated individuals living in nursing homes. serious sequelae include frequent recurrences, pyelon ... | 2016 | 26999391 |
| excess mortality attributable to clostridium difficile and risk factors for infection in an historic cohort of hospitalised patients followed up in the united kingdom death register. | we compared time from hospital admission to death in a probability sample of 100 clostridium difficile infected cases and a probability sample of 98 non-cases admitted to an english teaching hospital between 2005 and 2007 with follow up in the uk national death register using survival analysis. | 2016 | 26999613 |
| use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized elderly adults. | 2016 | 27000353 | |
| secreted compounds of the probiotic bacillus clausii strain o/c inhibit the cytotoxic effects induced by clostridium difficile and bacillus cereus toxins. | although the use of probiotics based on bacillus strains to fight off intestinal pathogens and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is widespread, the mechanisms involved in producing their beneficial effects remain unclear. here, we studied the ability of compounds secreted by the probiotic bacillus clausii strain o/c to counteract the cytotoxic effects induced by toxins of two pathogens, clostridium difficile and bacillus cereus, by evaluating eukaryotic cell viability and expression of selected gen ... | 2016 | 27001810 |
| risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis for patients with severe sepsis. | the surviving sepsis campaign guidelines recommend stress ulcer prophylaxis for patients with severe sepsis who have bleeding risks. although sepsis has been considered as a risk factor for gastrointestinal bleeding, the effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis has not been studied in patients with severe sepsis. furthermore, stress ulcer prophylaxis may be associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia or clostridium difficile infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the ... | 2016 | 27002276 |
| surgical management of clostridium difficile infection: the role of colectomy. | management of clostridium difficile infections is usually accomplished through appropriate antimicrobial therapy. however, in patients that do not respond to this therapy, rapid and potentially lethal progressive organ dysfunction care occurs. although supportive care and continued antimicrobial therapy is important, surgical therapy is critical to eradication of the inflammatory process and reversal of the dysregulated immunity associated with severe c. difficile infections. in the following pa ... | 2016 | 27003312 |
| comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infections. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile infections (cdi) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. whether the disease process or response to treatments differs between pediatric and adult patients is an important clinical concern when following global guidelines based largely on adult patients. a systematic review of the literature using databases pubmed (june 3, 1978-2015) was conducted to compare aad and cdi in pediatric and ad ... | 2016 | 27003987 |
| [recent epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in japan]. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a major pathogen for diarrhea in hospitalized patients and because of outbreak of highly virulent strain in eu and us, increased length of hospital stay and increased numbers of severe patients and deaths have become major challenges. in recent years, transmissions through community-acquired or food-borne infections are reported. national surveillance has been already performed overseas. guidelines for preventing c. difficile infection (cdi) is available, ... | 2015 | 27004398 |
| impact of room location on uv-c irradiance and uv-c dosage and antimicrobial effect delivered by a mobile uv-c light device. | objective to evaluate ultraviolet c (uv-c) irradiance, uv-c dosage, and antimicrobial effect achieved by a mobile continuous uv-c device. design prospective observational study. methods we used 6 uv light sensors to determine uv-c irradiance (w/cm2) and uv-c dosage (µwsec/cm2) at various distances from and orientations relative to the uv-c device during 5-minute and 15-minute cycles in an icu room and a surgical ward room. in both rooms, stainless-steel disks inoculated with methicillin-resistan ... | 2016 | 27004524 |
| routine prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors and post-transplant complications in kidney transplant recipients undergoing early corticosteroid withdrawal. | surgical stress, corticosteroids, and mycophenolate may contribute to gastrointestinal ulcers/bleeding after kidney transplantation. prophylactic acid suppression with h2ras or ppis is often utilized after transplantation, although unclear if truly indicated after early corticosteroid withdrawal (cswd). ppis have been associated with increased risks of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), pneumonia, and acute rejection. this retrospective cohort study investigated benefits and risks of prolong ... | 2016 | 27004722 |
| improving outcomes in patients receiving dialysis: the peer kidney care initiative. | the past decade has witnessed a marked reduction in mortality rates among patients receiving maintenance dialysis. however, the reasons for this welcome development are uncertain, and greater understanding is needed to translate advances in care into additional survival gains. to fill important knowledge gaps and to enable dialysis provider organizations to learn from one another, with the aim of advancing patient care, the peer kidney care initiative (peer) was created in 2014 by the chief medi ... | 2016 | 27006497 |
| microarrays--new possibilities for detecting biological factors hazardous for humans and animals, and for use in environmental protection. | both the known biological agents that cause infectious diseases, as well as modified (abf-advanced biological factors) or new, emerging agents pose a significant diagnostic problem using previously applied methods, both classical, as well as based on molecular biology methods. the latter, such as pcr and real-time pcr, have significant limitations, both quantitative (low capacity), and qualitative (limited number of targets). the article discusses the results of studies on using the microarray m ... | 2016 | 27007515 |
| researching effective approaches to cleaning in hospitals: protocol of the reach study, a multi-site stepped-wedge randomised trial. | the researching effective approaches to cleaning in hospitals (reach) study will generate evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a novel cleaning initiative that aims to improve the environmental cleanliness of hospitals. the initiative is an environmental cleaning bundle, with five interdependent, evidence-based components (training, technique, product, audit and communication) implemented with environmental services staff to enhance hospital cleaning practices. | 2016 | 27009342 |
| non-clostridium perfringens infectious agents producing necrotic enteritis-like lesions in poultry. | necrotic enteritis (ne) produced by clostridium perfringens is amongst the most prevalent enteric diseases of chickens and turkeys. however, several other bacterial, parasitic and viral agents can cause clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in poultry very similar to those of ne and the diseases produced by those agents need to be differentiated from ne. the main differential diagnoses for c. perfringens ne include bacterial (clostridium colinum, clostridium sordellii, clostridium diffic ... | 2016 | 27009483 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from human subjects and the environment. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus that can cause c. difficile infection (cdi). however, only a few studies on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of c. difficile in healthy individuals in china have been reported. we employed a spore enrichment culture to screen for c. difficile in the stool samples of 3699 healthy chinese individuals who were divided into 4 groups: infants younger than 2 years of age and living at home with their parents; children ... | 2016 | 27011211 |
| defining the optimal formulation and schedule of a candidate toxoid vaccine against clostridium difficile infection: a randomized phase 2 clinical trial. | clostridium difficile, a major cause of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, carries a significant disease and cost burden. this study aimed to select an optimal formulation and schedule for a candidate toxoid vaccine against c. difficile toxins a and b. | 2016 | 27013431 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. | 2016 | 27014765 | |
| in vitro selection of rna-cleaving dnazymes for bacterial detection. | dnazymes refer to single-stranded dna molecules with catalytic activity and can be isolated from synthetic random-sequence dna pools using the technique of in vitro selection. dnazymes that cleave rna, known as "rna-cleaving dnazymes", represent one of the best-studied classes of dnazymes and have been widely used for the development of biosensors and bioassays for various analytes. we have been interested in developing rna-cleaving dnazymes as bacterial sensors and these dnazymes are engineered ... | 2016 | 27017912 |
| effect of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of gut bacteria to human ht-29 cells. | the influence of five oligosaccharides (cellobiose, stachyose, raffinose, lactulose and chito-oligosaccharides) on the adhesion of eight gut bacteria (bifidobacterium bifidum atcc 29521, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron atcc 29148d-5, clostridium leptum atcc 29065, blautia coccoides atcc 29236, faecalibacterium prausnitzii atcc 27766, bacteroides fragilis atcc 23745, clostridium difficile atcc 43255 and lactobacillus casei atcc 393) to mucous secreting and non-mucous secreting ht-29 human epithelial ... | 2016 | 27018325 |
| choosing wisely in healthcare epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship. | objective to identify choosing wisely items for the american board of internal medicine foundation. methods the society for healthcare epidemiology of america (shea) elicited potential items from a hospital epidemiology listserv, shea committee members, and a shea-infectious diseases society of america compendium with shea research network members ranking items by delphi method voting. the shea guidelines committee reviewed the top 10 items for appropriateness for choosing wisely. five final rec ... | 2016 | 27019058 |
| significance of a positive clostridium difficile toxin test after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | patients with hematological malignancies show a high prevalence of asymptomatic colonization with clostridium difficile (cd colonization). therefore, it is difficult to distinguish cd colonization with diarrhea induced by a conditioning regimen from true clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients. we retrospectively analyzed 308 consecutive patients who underwent a cd toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay test for diarrhea within 100 d after hsct fr ... | 2016 | 27019071 |
| [intestinal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | the infections caused by c. difficile, responsible for the antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, are the growing health problem. an increasing number of c. difficile infection (cdi) cases and the phenomenon of multidrug-resistance of bacteria forces to find new, effective therapeutic methods. intestinal microbiota transplantation ("fecal bacteriotherapy") is a promising remedy for patients suffering from recurrent, severe, not susceptible to standard treatments intestinal ... | 2015 | 27019915 |
| laboratory-based surveillance of clostridium difficile circulating in australia, september - november 2010. | clostridium difficile rose in prominence in the early 2000s with large-scale outbreaks of a particular binary toxin-positive strain, ribotype 027, in north america and europe. in australia outbreaks of the same scale had not and have not been seen. a survey of c. difficile across australia was performed for 1 month in 2010. a collection of 330 c. difficile isolates from all states and territories except victoria and the northern territory was amassed. pcr ribotyping revealed a diverse array of s ... | 2016 | 27020502 |
| evaluating the effects of surotomycin treatment on clostridium difficile toxin a and b production, immune response, and morphological changes. | surotomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide in development for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. this study aimed to assess the impact of surotomycin exposure on c. difficile toxin a and b concentrations and the associated changes in immune response in comparison to vancomycin and metronidazole. time-kill curve assays were performed using strain r20291 (bi/nap1/027) at supra-mics (4× and 40×) and sub-mics (0.5×) of surotomycin and comparators. following treatment, cfu counts, toxin a and b conc ... | 2016 | 27021314 |
| risk of clostridium difficile infection with the use of a proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ras) are commonly prescribed for stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup) in critically ill patients. several studies have suggested that the use of ppis is a potential risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we compared the incidences of cdi in the ppi group and h2ra group for sup in critically ill patients. | 2016 | 27021503 |
| morbidity and mortality in severely burned children with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a key culprit underlying nosocomial infectious diarrhea. we investigated the effect of c difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) on morbidity and mortality in severely burned children and cdad risk factors. | 2016 | 27021599 |
| the tip of the four n-terminal α-helices of clostridium sordellii lethal toxin contains the interaction site with membrane phosphatidylserine facilitating small gtpases glucosylation. | clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl) is a powerful virulence factor responsible for severe toxic shock in man and animals. tcsl belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxin (lcgt) family which inactivates small gtpases by glucosylation with uridine-diphosphate (udp)-glucose as a cofactor. notably, tcsl modifies rac and ras gtpases, leading to drastic alteration of the actin cytoskeleton and cell viability. tcsl enters cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivers the n-termin ... | 2016 | 27023605 |
| a review of quality measures for assessing the impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals. | the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (amr) has led to calls for antimicrobial stewardship programs (asp) to control antibiotic use in healthcare settings. key strategies include prospective audit with feedback and intervention, and formulary restriction and preauthorization. education, guidelines, clinical pathways, de-escalation, and intravenous to oral conversion are also part of some programs. impact and quality of asp can be assessed using process or outcome measures. outcome meas ... | 2016 | 27025520 |
| a multi-faceted approach of one teaching hospital nhs trust during the clostridium difficile epidemic-antibiotic management and beyond. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the uk rose dramatically during the early years of this century, in part associated with the emergence of the hyper-virulent ribotype 027 strain. the university hospitals of leicester (uhl), a 2000-bed acute uk nhs trust, implemented a number of interventions, which led to an 80% reduction in new cases over a twelve month period. changes were introduced as a result of collaboration between the infection prevention team, the departments of ... | 2016 | 27025528 |
| probiotics for the primary and secondary prevention of c. difficile infections: a meta-analysis and systematic review. | clostridium difficile infections are a global clinical concern and are one of the leading causes of nosocomial outbreaks. preventing these infections has benefited from multidisciplinary infection control strategies and new antibiotics, but the problem persists. probiotics are effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and may also be a beneficial strategy for c. difficile infections, but randomized controlled trials are scarce. this meta-analysis pools 21 randomized, controlled tria ... | 2015 | 27025619 |
| the antimicrobial stewardship approach to combating clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains a major public health threat and continues to contribute to excess morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. antimicrobial stewardship programs have demonstrated success in combating c. difficile, primarily through antibiotic restrictive strategies. as the incidence and prevalence of c. difficile associate disease continues to increase both in the hospital and community setting, additional stewardship approaches are needed. this manuscript reviews stewardship inter ... | 2015 | 27025621 |
| doxycycline and tigecycline: two friendly drugs with a low association with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is known to be associated with prior exposure to many classes of antibiotics. standard therapy for cdi (i.e., metronidazole and vancomycin) is associated with high recurrence rates. although tetracycline derivatives such as tetracycline, doxycycline or tigecycline are not the standard therapeutic choices for cdi, they may serve as an alternative or a component of combination therapy. previous tetracycline or doxycycline usage had been shown to have less asso ... | 2015 | 27025622 |
| antimicrobial use, human gut microbiota and clostridium difficile colonization and infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. broad-spectrum antimicrobials have profound detrimental effects on the structure and diversity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota. these alterations often impair colonization resistance, allowing the establishment and proliferation of c. difficile in the gut. studies involving animal models have begun to decipher the precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates colonization resistance ... | 2015 | 27025623 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: expanding horizons for clostridium difficile infections and beyond. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. the procedure has an extensive track record of success curing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with remarkably few adverse effects. it achieves similar levels of success whether the cdi occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with cdi in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). while using fmt to treat cdi, however, we learned that using the ... | 2015 | 27025624 |
| antimicrobial resistance and reduced susceptibility in clostridium difficile: potential consequences for induction, treatment, and recurrence of c. difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a substantial burden on healthcare systems and is likely to remain so given our reliance on antimicrobial therapies to treat bacterial infections, especially in an aging population in whom multiple co-morbidities are common. antimicrobial agents are a key component in the aetiology of cdi, both in the establishment of the infection and also in its treatment. the purpose of this review is to summarise the role of antimicrobial agents in primary and re ... | 2015 | 27025625 |
| colonization resistance of the gut microbiota against clostridium difficile. | antibiotics strongly disrupt the human gut microbiota, which in consequence loses its colonization resistance capacity, allowing infection by opportunistic pathogens such as clostridium difficile. this bacterium is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a current problem in developed countries, since its incidence and severity have increased during the last years. furthermore, the emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has reduced the efficiency of the standard treatment with a ... | 2015 | 27025628 |
| a review of management of clostridium difficile infection: primary and recurrence. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potentially fatal illness, especially in the elderly and hospitalized individuals. the recurrence and rates of cdi are increasing. in addition, some cases of cdi are refractory to the currently available antibiotics. the search for improved modalities for the management of primary and recurrent cdi is underway. this review discusses the current antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) and other options such as immunotherapy and administration ... | 2015 | 27025632 |
| implementation of a clinical decision support alert for the management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infections are common in hospitalized patients and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. it is imperative to optimize the management of c. difficile infections to help minimize disease complications. antimicrobial stewardship techniques including guidelines, order sets and other clinical decision support functionalities may be utilized to assist with therapy optimization. we implemented a novel alert within our electronic medical record to direct providers to t ... | 2015 | 27025646 |
| ciprofloxacin affects host cells by suppressing expression of the endogenous antimicrobial peptides cathelicidins and beta-defensin-3 in colon epithelia. | antibiotics exert several effects on host cells including regulation of immune components. antimicrobial peptides (amps), e.g., cathelicidins and defensins display multiple functions in innate immunity. in colonic mucosa, cathelicidins are induced by butyrate, a bacterial fermentation product. here, we investigated the effect of antibiotics on butyrate-induced expression of cathelicidins and beta-defensins in colon epithelial cells. real-time pcr analysis revealed that ciprofloxacin and clindamy ... | 2014 | 27025750 |
| old and new glycopeptide antibiotics: action and resistance. | glycopeptides are considered antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by relevant gram-positive human pathogens, such as staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus spp. and clostridium difficile. the emergence of glycopeptide-resistant clinical isolates, first among enterococci and then in staphylococci, has prompted research for second generation glycopeptides and a flurry of activity aimed at understanding resistance mechanisms and their evolution. glycopepti ... | 2014 | 27025757 |
| fecal microbial transplants reduce antibiotic-resistant genes in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is associated with repeated antibiotic treatment and the enhanced growth of antibiotic-resistant microbes. this study tested the hypothesis that patients with rcdi would harbor large numbers of antibiotic-resistant microbes and that fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) would reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant genes. | 2016 | 27025836 |
| principles of dna-based gut microbiota assessment and therapeutic efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal diseases. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), a process by which the normal gastrointestinal microbiota is restored, has demonstrated extraordinary cure rates for clostridium difficile infection and low recurrence. the community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health status and functions; therefore, together with the rise of fmt, the gastrointestinal microbiota has emerged as a 'virtual' organ with a level of complexity comparable to that of any other organ system ... | 2016 | 27027524 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a model for disruption of the gut microbiota equilibrium. | the gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem defined by the combination of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract. its equilibrium is intimately involved in several aspects of vital process for human physiology and nutrition. its composition changes depending on both exogenous and endogenous factors. the disruption of the gut microbiota by antibiotics often leads to an opportunistic infection by clostridium difficile. the unbalanced intestinal microbiota promotes spore germination, gro ... | 2016 | 27028327 |
| familial autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis reveals a regulatory mechanism of pyrin activation. | pyrin responds to pathogen signals and loss of cellular homeostasis by forming an inflammasome complex that drives the cleavage and secretion of interleukin-1β (il-1β). mutations in the b30.2/spry domain cause pathogen-independent activation of pyrin and are responsible for the autoinflammatory disease familial mediterranean fever (fmf). we studied a family with a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease, distinct from fmf, characterized by childhood-onset recurrent episodes of neutrophilic ... | 2016 | 27030597 |
| magnetic bead-based nucleic acid purification kit: clinical application and performance evaluation in stool specimens. | two different methods - the semi-automated magnetic bead-based kit (sk, stool dna/rna purification kit®) and the manual membrane column-based kit (qs, qiaamp® dna stool mini kit) - for purifying nucleic acids from clinical stool samples were compared and evaluated. the sk kit was more user-friendly than qs due to the reduced manual processing, partial automation, and short turnaround time with half cost. furthermore, sk produced high yields in both dna and rna extractions but poor purity in rna ... | 2016 | 27030641 |
| an economic analysis of strategies to control clostridium difficile transmission and infection using an agent-based simulation model. | a number of strategies exist to reduce clostridium difficile (c. difficile) transmission. we conducted an economic evaluation of "bundling" these strategies together. | 2016 | 27031464 |
| hygienic characteristics and microbiological hazard identification in horse and donkey raw milk. | today the interest toward horse (equus caballus) and donkey (equus asinus) milk for human consumption is receiving a renewed attention because of its particular composition, hypoallergenicity, and nutraceutical properties. the realistic perspective of global use of this aliment in balanced diets, especially for infancy and geriatrics, poses the need for a more in depth knowledge on milk hygiene and on the health status of dairy animals, as a prerequisite of consumers' safety. the aim of this pap ... | 2017 | 27033528 |
| characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in patients with discordant diagnostic test results. | clinical features of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) cases diagnosed by detection of polymerase chain reaction (pcr), with negative toxin enzyme immunoassay results (eia) have not been fully elucidated. the purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of cdi patients who had negative eia toxin determinations but positive pcr tests, and their differences in clinical presentation. | 2016 | 27033878 |
| proton-pump inhibitors adverse effects: a review of the evidence and position statement by the sociedad española de patología digestiva. | in the last few years a significant number of papers have related the use of proton-pump inhibitors (ppis) to potential serious adverse effects that have resulted in social unrest. | 2016 | 27034082 |
| prebiotics and age, but not probiotics affect the transformation of 2-amino-3-methyl-3h-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (iq) by fecal microbiota - an in vitro study. | heterocyclic aromatic amines (haas) are carcinogens which are formed in meat cooked using high-temperature methods. the human gastrointestinal (gi) microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health in humans of different ages, and especially in the elderly. however, the gi microbiota, whose metabolism and composition changes with age, may also be responsible for the activation of mutagenic substances reaching the colon with diet. probiotics and prebiotics are promising in terms of reducing t ... | 2016 | 27034248 |
| fulminant pseudomembranous colitis presenting as sigmoid stricture and severe polyposis with clinical response to intracolonic vancomycin. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. severe diseases carry significant morbidities such as septic shock, acute kidney injury, bowel perforation, and mortality. immunocompromising conditions increase the risk of developing the disease but whether these individuals suffer a more fulminant course or warrant a more potent first-line treatment is still controversial issue. hereby we report a case of a cirrhotic patient with life-threatening ... | 2016 | 27034681 |
| community-acquired clostridium difficile infections. | to describe the management and treatment of community-acquired c. difficile infections (cdi) and to evaluate family physicians' (fp) knowledge and practice. | 2016 | 27039068 |
| reproducible elimination of clostridium difficile spores using a clinical area washer disinfector in 3 different health care sites. | following a clostridium difficile infection outbreak, the infection prevention and control team at our institution queried the risk of transmission via bedpans reprocessed in washer disinfectors (wds). this study's objective was to determine the effectiveness of the mechanical action, detergent, and temperature on the eradication of c difficile spores in 1 type of wd model. | 2016 | 27040564 |
| economic evaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in australia. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in australia. in 2013, a randomized controlled trial demonstrated the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation-via either nasoduodenal or colorectal delivery-compared with vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent cdi in australia. | 2016 | 27043242 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from food animals on farms. | clostridium difficile is commonly associated with a spectrum of disease in humans referred to as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) and use of antimicrobials is considered a risk factor for development of disease in humans. c. difficile can also inhabit healthy food animals and transmission to humans is possible. as a result of the complexity and cost of testing, c. difficile is rarely tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 376 c. difficile strains (94 each from swine and dairy ... | 2016 | 27043382 |
| ega protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin. | the pathogenic bacteria clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins cdt, iota and c2, respectively. these toxins are composed of a transport component (b) and a separate enzyme component (a). when both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the b components mediate the entry of the a components via endosomes into the cytosol. here, the a components adp-ribosylate g-actin, resulting in depolymeriz ... | 2016 | 27043629 |
| use your antibiotics wisely. consequences to the intestinal microbiome. | antibiotic therapy has long term consequences in the intestinal microbiome. clostridium difficile has a well-known role in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, but in addition, persistent infection with this organism may increase the risk for developing inflammatory bowel disease. here, recent literature on how the intestinal microbiome is altered by antibiotic therapy is presented. | 2016 | 27044298 |
| pathogenic effects of glucosyltransferase from clostridium difficile toxins. | the glucosyltransferase domain ofclostridium difficiletoxins modifies guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of rho family. it is the major virulent domain of the holotoxins. various pathogenic effects ofc. difficiletoxins in response to rho glucosylation have been investigated including cytoskeleton damage, cell death and inflammation. the most recent studies have revealed some significant characteristics of the holotoxins that are independent of glucosylating activity. these findings arouse discu ... | 2016 | 27044305 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile spores lacking either spovac or dipicolinic acid synthetase. | the spore-forming obligate anaerobe clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea around the world. in order for c. difficile to cause infection, its metabolically dormant spores must germinate in the gastrointestinal tract. during germination, spores degrade their protective cortex peptidoglycan layers, release dipicolinic acid (dpa), and hydrate their cores. in c. difficile, cortex hydrolysis is necessary for dpa release, whereas in bacillus subtilis, dpa release i ... | 2016 | 27044622 |
| patient perspectives on fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a severe and increasingly frequent healthcare-associated infection that develops after disruption of the gut microbiota. immunocompromised, hospitalized patients have an increased likelihood of acquiring cdi, leading to lengthened hospital stays, increased medical fees, and higher rates of morbidity and mortality. treatment of cdi is challenging because of limited treatment options and a 19-20% recurrence rate. thus, there is a need for effective, afforda ... | 2016 | 27048199 |
| use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of patients with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram positive, sporulating, toxin-producing bacillus which causes a spectrum of clinical disease ranging from an asymptomatic carrier state to toxic megacolon and fulminant disease. infection with c. difficile is an expensive and pervasive health care burden. the current theory regarding the development of c. difficile infection (cdi) suggests that disruption of the structure and/or function of an individual's normal intestinal microbiota enables colonizati ... | 2016 | 27048902 |
| screening glycolipids against proteins in vitro using picodiscs and catch-and-release electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. | this work describes the application of the catch-and-release electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (car-esi-ms) assay, implemented using picodiscs (complexes comprised of saposin a and lipids, pds), to screen mixtures of glycolipids (gls) against water-soluble proteins to detect specific interactions. to demonstrate the reliability of the method, seven gangliosides (gm1, gm2, gm3, gd1a, gd1b, gd2, and gt1b) were incorporated, either individually or as a mixture, into pds and screened against ... | 2016 | 27049760 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis in an ovarian cancer patient undergoing carboplatin chemotherapy. | background. diarrhea is a common problem in ovarian cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and clostridium difficile infection has been identified as a cause. the proper diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea are critical to patient care, especially to prevent the serious complications from a severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi). case. we present a heavily pretreated ovarian cancer patient who developed recurrent pseudomembranous colitis while receiving carboplatin chemotherapy. despite tr ... | 2016 | 27051544 |
| regulation of protein-ligand binding affinity by hydrogen bond pairing. | hydrogen (h)-bonds potentiate diverse cellular functions by facilitating molecular interactions. the mechanism and the extent to which h-bonds regulate molecular interactions are a largely unresolved problem in biology because the h-bonding process continuously competes with bulk water. this interference may significantly alter our understanding of molecular function, for example, in the elucidation of the origin of enzymatic catalytic power. we advance this concept by showing that h-bonds regul ... | 2016 | 27051863 |
| identification of clostridium difficile rt078 from patients and environmental surfaces in zhejiang province, china. | 2016 | 27052780 | |
| age and gender differences in clostridium difficile-related hospitalization trends in madrid (spain) over a 12-year period. | this study aimed to analyze temporal trends by gender and age in clostridium difficile infection (cdi)-related hospitalization rates in the autonomous community of madrid (spain) over a 12-year period. a population-based cross-sectional study of all hospital admissions with a cdi diagnosis from 2003 to 2014 was carried out. annual age-specific hospitalization rates were calculated by gender. all the analyses were performed separately for total hospitalizations and hospitalizations with cdi as th ... | 2016 | 27056555 |
| an experimental platform using human intestinal epithelial cell lines to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. | human intestinal epithelial cell lines (t84, caco-2, and hct-8) grown on permeable transwell™ filters serve as models of the gastrointestinal barrier. in this study, this in vitro model system was evaluated for effectiveness at distinguishing between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. indicators of cytotoxicity (ldh release, mtt conversion), monolayer barrier integrity ([(3)h]-inulin flux, horseradish peroxidase flux, trans-epithelial electrical resistance [teer]), and inflammation (il-8, il- ... | 2016 | 27060235 |
| australasian society of infectious diseases updated guidelines for the management of clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in australia and new zealand. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) continues to rise, whilst treatment remains problematic due to recurrent, refractory and potentially severe nature of disease. the treatment of c. difficile is a challenge for community and hospital-based clinicians. with the advent of an expanding therapeutic arsenal against c. difficile since the last published australasian guidelines, an update on cdi treatment recommendations for australasian clinicians was required. on behalf of the aus ... | 2016 | 27062204 |
| a cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis of first-line fidaxomicin for patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in germany. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a significant economic healthcare burden, especially the cost of recurrent disease. fidaxomicin produced significantly lower recurrence rates and higher sustained cure rates in clinical trials. we evaluated the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin in germany in the first-line treatment of patient subgroups with cdi at increased risk of recurrence. | 2016 | 27062378 |
| neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the western world. c. difficile infections are a major healthcare burden with approximately 500,000 new cases every year and an estimated annual cost of nearly $1 billion in the u.s. furthermore, the infections are no longer restricted to health care facilities, and recent studies indicate spread of c. difficile infection to the community as well. the clinical spectrum of c. difficile infection ranges from asy ... | 2016 | 27063896 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is not evenly distributed in hesse, germany. | clostridium difficile-isolates associated with cdi in different healthcare facilities in hesse were analysed. the most common ribotypes were 001 (31.1%) and 027 (27.0%). the proportion of ribotype 027 among regional c. difficile-isolates was 10.8% in north hesse, 17.2% in middle hesse, and 33.5% in the rhine-main metropolitan area. in the latter region, ribotype 027 was the most prevalent ribotype. | 2016 | 27063988 |