Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| probiotic potential of lactobacillus strains with antimicrobial activity against some human pathogenic strains. | the objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize some lactic acid bacterial strains from human milk, infant feces, and fermented grapes and dates, as potential probiotics with antimicrobial activity against some human pathogenic strains. one hundred and forty bacterial strains were isolated and, after initial identification and a preliminary screening for acid and bile tolerance, nine of the best isolates were selected and further identified using 16 s rrna gene sequences. ... | 2014 | 25105147 |
| protein localization analysis of essential genes in prokaryotes. | essential genes, those critical for the survival of an organism under certain conditions, play a significant role in pharmaceutics and synthetic biology. knowledge of protein localization is invaluable for understanding their function as well as the interaction of different proteins. however, systematical examination of essential genes from the aspect of the localizations of proteins they encode has not been explored before. here, a comprehensive protein localization analysis of essential genes ... | 2014 | 25105358 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection suppressed cl⁻ secretion induced by cftr activation in t-84 cells. | campylobacter jejuni causes foodborne disease associated with abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. these symptoms are induced by bacterial adherence and invasion of host epithelial cells. c. jejuni infection can occur with a low infective dose, suggesting that c. jejuni may have evolved strategies to cope with the bacterial clearance system in the gastrointestinal tract. the mucosa layer is the first line of defense against bacteria. mucus conditions are maintained by water and anion ( ... | 2014 | 25107576 |
| dynamics of dual infection with campylobacter jejuni strains in chickens reveals distinct strain-to-strain variation in infection ecology. | although multiple genotypes of campylobacter jejuni may be isolated from the same commercial broiler flock, little is known about the infection dynamics of different genotypes within individuals or their colonization sites within the gut. single experimental infections with c. jejuni m1 (sequence type 137, clonal complex 45) and c. jejuni 13126 (sequence type 21, clonal complex 21) revealed that 13126 colonized the ceca at significantly higher levels. the dissemination and colonization sites of ... | 2014 | 25107966 |
| iglc and pdpa are important for promoting francisella invasion and intracellular growth in epithelial cells. | the highly infectious bacteria, francisella tularensis, colonize a variety of organs and replicate within both phagocytic as well as non-phagocytic cells, to cause the disease tularemia. these microbes contain a conserved cluster of important virulence genes referred to as the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi). two of the most characterized fpi genes, iglc and pdpa, play a central role in bacterial survival and proliferation within phagocytes, but do not influence bacterial internalization. ... | 2014 | 25115488 |
| production of a recombinant vaccine candidate against burkholderia pseudomallei exploiting the bacterial n-glycosylation machinery. | vaccines developing immune responses toward surface carbohydrates conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing infection and death by bacterial pathogens. traditional production of these vaccines utilizes complex synthetic chemistry to acquire and conjugate the glycan to a protein. however, glycoproteins produced by bacterial protein glycosylation systems are significantly easier to produce, and could possible be used as vaccine candidates. in this work, we functionally expressed the burkh ... | 2014 | 25120536 |
| alpha heavy chain disease: a rare lymphoma hard to diagnose. | 2014 | 25125965 | |
| polyphosphate-mediated modulation of campylobacter jejuni biofilm growth and stability. | biofilms increase c. jejuni's resilience to detergents, antibiotics, and environmental stressors. in these investigations, we studied the modulation of biofilm in response to phosphate related stressors. we found that the deletion of ppk1, phox, and ppk2 (polyphosphate associated [poly p] genes) in c. jejuni modulated different stages of biofilm formation such as attached microcolonies, air-liquid biofilms, and biofilm shedding. additionally, inorganic phosphate also modulated attached microcolo ... | 2014 | 25127528 |
| engineered oligosaccharyltransferases with greatly relaxed acceptor-site specificity. | the campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation locus (pgl) encodes machinery for asparagine-linked (n-linked) glycosylation and serves as the archetype for bacterial n-linked glycosylation. this machinery has been functionally transferred into escherichia coli, enabling convenient mechanistic dissection of the n-linked glycosylation process in this genetically tractable host. here we sought to identify sequence determinants in the oligosaccharyltransferase pglb that restrict its specificity to o ... | 2014 | 25129029 |
| human, food and animal campylobacter spp. isolated in portugal: high genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance rates. | infections by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are considered the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, with food being the main source of infection. in this study, a total of 196 campylobacter strains (125 isolates from humans, 39 from retail food and 32 from food animal sources) isolated in portugal between 2009 and 2012 were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and flaa short variable region (svr) typing. susceptibility to six antibiotics as well as the ... | 2014 | 25130097 |
| pharmacokinetics of oral chlortetracycline in nonpregnant adult ewes. | the objectives of this study were to determine plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of feed-grade chlortetracycline (ctc) in sheep after oral administration of 80 or 500 mg/head daily, divided into two equal doses given at 12-h intervals for 8 days. these are the approved, and commonly used but unapproved, feed additive doses, respectively, in the united states for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion. blood samples were collected just prior to dosing at 0, 12, 24, 72, 96, ... | 2014 | 25131164 |
| current perspectives on viable but non-culturable (vbnc) pathogenic bacteria. | under stress conditions, many species of bacteria enter into starvation mode of metabolism or a physiologically viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state. several human pathogenic bacteria have been reported to enter into the vbnc state under these conditions. the pathogenic vbnc bacteria cannot be grown using conventional culture media, although they continue to retain their viability and express their virulence. though there have been debates on the vbnc concept in the past, several molecular stu ... | 2014 | 25133139 |
| a pre-enrichment step is essential for detection of campylobacter sp. in turbid pond water. | this work aimed to detect campylobacter species from naturally contaminated turbid pond water by pcr. a total of 16 water samples were collected from a turbid village pond. four methods of dna extraction were applied to centrifuge pellets from eight 100 ml pond water samples prior to attempted detection of campylobacter by pcr without an enrichment step. these methods were (1) tris-hcl and sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol extraction followed by treatment with d ... | 2014 | 25134901 |
| the post-translational modification of the clostridium difficile flagellin affects motility, cell surface properties and virulence. | clostridium difficile is a prominent nosocomial pathogen, proliferating and causing enteric disease in individuals with a compromised gut microflora. we characterized the post-translational modification of flagellin in c. difficile 630. the structure of the modification was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to contain an n-acetylglucosamine substituted with a phosphorylated n-methyl-l-threonine. a reverse genetics approach investigated the function of the putative four-gene modifica ... | 2014 | 25135277 |
| induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response constitutes a pathogenic strategy of group a streptococcus. | the connection between bacterial pathogens and unfolded protein response (upr) is poorly explored. in this review we highlight the evidence showing that group a streptococcus (gas) induces endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress and upr through which it captures the amino acid asparagine (asn) from the host. gas acts extracellularly and during adherence to host cells it delivers the hemolysin toxins; streptolysin o (slo) and streptolysin s (sls). by poorly understood pathways, these toxins trigger upr ... | 2014 | 25136516 |
| a quantitative prioritisation of human and domestic animal pathogens in europe. | disease or pathogen risk prioritisations aid understanding of infectious agent impact within surveillance or mitigation and biosecurity work, but take significant development. previous work has shown the h-(hirsch-)index as an alternative proxy. we present a weighted risk analysis describing infectious pathogen impact for human health (human pathogens) and well-being (domestic animal pathogens) using an objective, evidence-based, repeatable approach; the h-index. this study established the highe ... | 2014 | 25136810 |
| glycoconjugate vaccine containing escherichia coli o157:h7 o-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein elicits humoral and cellular responses. | glycoconjugate is one of the most efficacious and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. previous studies of glycoconjugates against pathogen e. coli o157:h7 focused more on the humoral responses they elicited. however, little was known about their cellular responses. in this study, we exploited a novel approach based on bacterial protein n-linked glycosylation system to produce glycoconjugate containing escherichia coli o157:h7 o-antigen linked with maltose-binding protein and examined it ... | 2014 | 25137044 |
| dna transport across the outer and inner membranes of naturally transformable vibrio cholerae is spatially but not temporally coupled. | the physiological state of natural competence for transformation allows certain bacteria to take up free dna from the environment and to recombine such newly acquired dna into their chromosomes. however, even though conserved components that are required to undergo natural transformation have been identified in several naturally competent bacteria, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of the dna uptake process remains very limited. to better understand these mechanisms, we investigated the ... | 2014 | 25139903 |
| a clinical perspective on the role of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal cancer. | chronic inflammation has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of malignancy, and knowledge about its molecular and cellular mechanisms is increasing. several chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are important as risk factors for malignancy and have been studied in detail. in this review, we summarize important molecular mechanisms in chronic inflammation and highlight established and potential links between chronic inflammation and gastrointestin ... | 2014 | 25143751 |
| defining the estimated core genome of bacterial populations using a bayesian decision model. | the bacterial core genome is of intense interest and the volume of whole genome sequence data in the public domain available to investigate it has increased dramatically. the aim of our study was to develop a model to estimate the bacterial core genome from next-generation whole genome sequencing data and use this model to identify novel genes associated with important biological functions. five bacterial datasets were analysed, comprising 2096 genomes in total. we developed a bayesian decision ... | 2014 | 25144616 |
| complete genome sequence and annotation of a campylobacter jejuni strain, mtvdscj20, isolated from a naturally colonized farm-raised chicken. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human food-borne illness, with contaminated poultry products serving as a main source of human infection. c. jejuni strain mtvdscj20 was isolated from the cecal contents of a farm-raised chicken that was naturally colonized with campylobacter. we present here the complete annotated genome sequence of mtvdscj20. | 2014 | 25146148 |
| a retrospective analysis of acute gastroenteritis agents in children admitted to a university hospital pediatric emergency unit. | acute gastroenteritis is responsible observed in all age groups, especially infants and children. the etiology and clinical course of acute gastroenteritis may vary with age and etiological agents. in developing countries, the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diarrhea is higher in children younger than five-years-of-age. | 2014 | 25147694 |
| prevalence of yersinia species in traditional and commercial dairy products in isfahan province, iran. | yersinia species, especially yersinia enterocolitica, are considered as the most prevalent milk-borne pathogens. several serological and molecular techniques have been developed for rapid and safe diagnosis of yersiniosis. | 2014 | 25147698 |
| novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak. | failures in the drinking water distribution system cause gastrointestinal outbreaks with multiple pathogens. a water distribution pipe breakage caused a community-wide waterborne outbreak in vuorela, finland, july 2012. we investigated this outbreak with advanced epidemiological and microbiological methods. a total of 473/2931 inhabitants (16%) responded to a web-based questionnaire. water and patient samples were subjected to analysis of multiple microbial targets, molecular typing and microbia ... | 2014 | 25147923 |
| glycoconjugates and neuroimmunological diseases. | a wide range of neuroimmunological diseases affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. these disorders are caused by autoimmune attack directed against structurally and functionally diverse nervous system antigens. one such category comprises peripheral nervous system (pns) diseases, termed peripheral neuropathies, in which the target antigens for autoantibody-directed nerve injury are glycan structures borne by glycoproteins and glycolipids, particularly gangliosides that are concentrat ... | 2014 | 25151396 |
| roles for wbtc, wbti, and kdta genes in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, virulence, and immunogenicity in francisella tularensis2 strain schu s4. | using a strategy of gene deletion mutagenesis, we have examined the roles of genes putatively involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in the virulent facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis, strain schu s4 in lps biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, virulence and immunogenicity. one mutant, δwbti, did not elaborate a long chain o-polysaccharide (ops), was completely avirulent for mice, and failed to induce a protective immune response agains ... | 2012 | 25152813 |
| escherichia coli as a glycoprotein production host: recent developments and challenges. | chinese hamster ovary cells are the most popular host expression system for the large-scale production of human therapeutic glycoproteins, but, the race to engineer escherichia coli to perform glycosylation is gathering pace. the successful functional transfer of an n-glycosylation pathway from campylobacter jejuni to escherichia coli in 2002 can be considered as the crucial first engineering step. here, we discuss the recent advancements in the field of n-glycosylation of recombinant therapeuti ... | 2014 | 25156401 |
| hubalign: an accurate and efficient method for global alignment of protein-protein interaction networks. | high-throughput experimental techniques have produced a large amount of protein-protein interaction (ppi) data. the study of ppi networks, such as comparative analysis, shall benefit the understanding of life process and diseases at the molecular level. one way of comparative analysis is to align ppi networks to identify conserved or species-specific subnetwork motifs. a few methods have been developed for global ppi network alignment, but it still remains challenging in terms of both accuracy a ... | 2014 | 25161231 |
| retrospective analysis of guillain-barré syndrome and fisher syndrome after the great east japan earthquake. | guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and fisher syndrome (fs) are immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies, and most of these cases were known to be associated with a preceding infection. recent reports evidenced an increase in the number of infectious disease cases after the earthquake. the aim of this report is to investigate the incidence and clinical features of gbs and fs after the great east japan earthquake. we found gbs and fs patients had markedly increased in 2011, the year of the earthquake. ... | 2014 | 25161825 |
| investigating the host specificity of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by sequencing gyrase subunit a. | surveillance and field investigations of campylobacter infections require molecular tools with genetic markers appropriate for tracing purposes, i.e. based on the principle that some campylobacter lineages acquire a host signature under adaptive selection pressure. we developed a sequence-based method targeting the quinolone resistance determining region within the subunit a of dna gyrase (gyra). host specificity was evaluated by characterizing two collections of campylobacter jejuni (n = 430) a ... | 2014 | 25163418 |
| evaluation of anatomically designed flocked rectal swabs for molecular detection of enteric pathogens in children admitted to hospital with severe gastroenteritis in botswana. | two-hundred eighty matched bulk stool and anatomically designed flocked rectal swab samples were collected from children admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea in botswana. their parents were asked about the acceptability of the swab collection method compared with bulk stool sampling. all samples underwent identical testing with a validated 15-target (9 bacterial, 3 viral, and 3 parasite) commercial multiplex pcr assay. the flocked swabs had a 12% higher yield for bacterial pathogen targe ... | 2014 | 25165077 |
| flagella-mediated adhesion and extracellular dna release contribute to biofilm formation and stress tolerance of campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodbourne gastroenteritis, despite fragile behaviour under standard laboratory conditions. in the environment, c. jejuni may survive within biofilms, which can impart resident bacteria with enhanced stress tolerance compared to their planktonic counterparts. while c. jejuni forms biofilms in vitro and in the wild, it had not been confirmed that this lifestyle confers stress tolerance. moreover, little is understood about molecular mechanisms of biofilm ... | 2014 | 25166748 |
| identification and characterisation of new campylobacter group iii phages of animal origin. | campylobacter-specific bacteriophages (phages) are considered as an alternative intervention strategy to decrease the level of poultry contamination with campylobacter, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. eradication efficiency depends primarily on phage-host interaction mediated by phage tail-spike proteins and bacterial receptors. here, this interaction was characterised using tail-spike gene sequence analysis, phage neutralisation by antiserum and host range analysis of newly isolat ... | 2014 | 25168177 |
| prevalence of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. in farmed hares (lepus europaeus). | thermotolerant campylobacter spp. were isolated from 118/240 (49.2%) rectal swabs from commercially farmed hares (lepus europaeus) in southern italy. using multiplex pcr, campylobacter coli was identified in 118/118 (100%) positive samples, while 17/118 (14.4%) positive samples were also positive for campylobacter jejuni. adult hares had a higher prevalence of infection with campylobacter spp. than juvenile hares. | 2014 | 25168717 |
| diagnosis and management of microscopic colitis: current perspectives. | collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, together constituting microscopic colitis, are common causes of chronic diarrhea. they are characterized clinically by chronic nonbloody diarrhea and a macroscopically normal colonic mucosa where characteristic histopathological findings are seen. previously considered rare, they now have emerged as common disorders that need to be considered in the investigation of the patient with chronic diarrhea. the annual incidence of each disorder is five to te ... | 2014 | 25170275 |
| gastrointestinal imaging-practical magnetic resonance imaging approach. | over the past two decades, advances in cross-sectional imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) have dramatically changed the concept of gastrointestinal imaging. mr is playing an increasing role in the evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders. mri combines the advantages of excellent soft-tissue contrast, noninvasiveness, functional information and lack of ionizing radiation. furthermore, recent developments of mri have led to improved spatial and temporal resolu ... | 2014 | 25170393 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens in developed and developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. | diarrhoeal illness is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity worldwide. there are no precise or current estimates of the types and prevalence of pathogens associated with diarrheal illnesses in developed and developing settings. this systematic review assessed data from 60 studies published in the english language from five developing regions and developed countries worldwide to provide regional estimates of enteric pathogens affecting children. the random-effect method was used to est ... | 2013 | 25170480 |
| use of larvae of the wax moth galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the virulence of helicobacter pylori. | helicobacter pylori is the first bacterium formally recognized as a carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized by the bacterium. h. pylori-induced gastroduodenal disease depends on the inflammatory response of the host and on the production of specific bacterial virulence factors. the study of helicobacter pylori pathogenic action would greatly benefit by easy-to-use models of infection. | 2014 | 25170542 |
| campylobacter jejuni targets immunoglobulin-like receptor lmir5. | campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis and guillain-barré syndrome. host immunity plays an important role in the disease pathogenesis; however, little is known about the immune receptors for c. jejuni. we report here that c. jejuni targets c-type lectin (signr1, signr3) and immunoglobulin-like receptors (trem2, trem3, lmir5, lmir8). among these, c. jejuni interacted preferentially with lmir5, which was selected for further verification using reporter cells. lmir5 ligation by c. jejuni activ ... | 2015 | 25172092 |
| physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of citral and quercetin incorporated kafirin-based bioactive films. | the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of kafirin-based bioactive films incorporating the plant essential oil citral and the polyphenol quercetin. the addition of quercetin and citral both imparted a yellowish colour to the films. the tensile strength of films significantly decreased and elongation at break increased when citral was incorporated, whereas addition of quercetin did not alter these two film parameters. the rate of water vapour transm ... | 2015 | 25172719 |
| molecular mimicry and clonal deletion: a fresh look. | in this article, i trace the historic background of clonal deletion and molecular mimicry, two major pillars underlying our present understanding of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. clonal deletion originated as a critical element of the clonal selection theory of antibody formation in order to explain tolerance of self. if we did have complete clonal deletion, there would be major voids, the infamous "black holes", in our immune repertoire. for comprehensive, protective adaptive immunity, f ... | 2014 | 25172771 |
| molecular mimicry and clonal deletion: a fresh look. | in this article, i trace the historic background of clonal deletion and molecular mimicry, two major pillars underlying our present understanding of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. clonal deletion originated as a critical element of the clonal selection theory of antibody formation in order to explain tolerance of self. if we did have complete clonal deletion, there would be major voids, the infamous "black holes", in our immune repertoire. for comprehensive, protective adaptive immunity, f ... | 2014 | 25172771 |
| campylobacter colonization and proliferation in the broiler chicken upon natural field challenge is not affected by the bird growth rate or breed. | the zoonotic association between campylobacter bacteria in poultry and humans has been characterized by decades of research which has attempted to elucidate the epidemiology of this complex relationship and to reduce carriage within poultry. while much work has focused on the mechanisms facilitating its success in contaminating chicken flocks (and other animal hosts), it remains difficult to consistently exclude campylobacter under field conditions. within the united kingdom poultry industry, va ... | 2014 | 25172857 |
| acquisition and role of molybdate in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | in microaerophilic or anaerobic environments, pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes nitrate reduction for energy production, a process dependent on the availability of the oxyanionic form of molybdenum, molybdate (moo4 (2-)). here, we show that molybdate acquisition in p. aeruginosa occurs via a high-affinity atp-binding cassette permease (modabc). moda is a cluster d-iii solute binding protein capable of interacting with molybdate or tungstate oxyanions. deletion of the moda gene reduces cellular mol ... | 2014 | 25172858 |
| isolation of campylobacter from brazilian broiler flocks using different culturing procedures. | conventional culturing methods enable the detection of campylobacter in broiler flocks. however, laboratory culture of campylobacter is laborious because of its fastidious behavior and the presence of competing nontarget bacteria. this study evaluated different protocols to isolate campylobacter from broiler litter, feces, and cloacal and drag swabs. samples taken from commercial brazilian broiler flocks were directly streaked onto preston agar (pa), campy-line agar (cla), and modified charcoal ... | 2014 | 25172927 |
| a spot polymorphism correlates with chill stress survival and is prevalent in clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni. | resistance of campylobacter jejuni to environmental stress is regarded as a risk factor for the transmission of c. jejuni from poultry or poultry products to humans. so far, the mechanisms underlying the capacity of c. jejuni to survive environmental stress conditions are not fully understood. in this study, we searched for polymorphisms in c. jejuni genes, potentially involved in resistance to chill stress. to this end, we assessed 3 groups of c. jejuni isolates (clinical, retail chicken meat, ... | 2014 | 25172931 |
| clinical features of bacteremia due to campylobacter jejuni. | the clinical features of bacteremia due to campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) have yet to be fully elucidated. | 2014 | 25175126 |
| longitudinal prevalence, faecal shedding and molecular characterisation of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep. | faecal excretion of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep in australia was determined using a quantitative multiplex pcr (qpcr) targeting the campylobacter spp. purine biosynthesis gene (pura) and the s. enterica outer membrane protein (ompf). the mutiplex qpcr was specific and campylobacter spp. and s. enterica were each detected with a sensitivity of 5 organisms/µl faecal dna extract. this multiplex qpcr was used to determine the prevalence and concentration of campylobacter spp. ... | 2014 | 25175721 |
| metabolomic analysis of the food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni: application of direct injection mass spectrometry for mutant characterisation. | campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of human food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis but its physiology and biochemistry are poorly understood. only a few amino-acids can be catabolised and these are known to be important for host colonization. here we have established methods for rapid high throughput analyses of global metabolism in c. jejuni using direct injection mass spectrometry (dims) to compare metabolite fingerprints of wild-type and mutant strains. principal component analyses ... | 2014 | 25177231 |
| investigation on antibacterial and antioxidant activities, phenolic and flavonoid contents of some thai edible plants as an alternative for antibiotics. | this study was aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidative properties of seven edible plants from thailand to develop alternative antibiotics as feed additives. the plants include citrus aurantifolia swingle (lime) fruits and its leaves, sesbania grandiflora l. (agati sesbania) leaves, piper sarmentosum roxb (wild betal) leaves, curcuma domestica valeton (turmeric) roots, morinda citrifolia l. (beach mulberry) leaves, cassia siamea britt (siamea cassia) leaves, and cocos nucifera l. (co ... | 2014 | 25178298 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of campylobacter from stool specimen. | this was a study to prospectively evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to identify campylobacter. multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on cadf, hipo & asp gene for campylobacter genus, c. jejuni & c. coli were tested for detection of campylobacter jejuni & c. coli in naturally infected faecal samples of human. all the samples were subjected to the cultural isolation of organism and biochemical characterization. the samples resulted in t ... | 2014 | 25178595 |
| functional and bioinformatics analysis of two campylobacter jejuni homologs of the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase, dsba. | bacterial dsb enzymes are involved in the oxidative folding of many proteins, through the formation of disulfide bonds between their cysteine residues. the dsb protein network has been well characterized in cells of the model microorganism escherichia coli. to gain insight into the functioning of the dsb system in epsilon-proteobacteria, where it plays an important role in the colonization process, we studied two homologs of the main escherichia coli dsb oxidase (ecdsba) that are present in the ... | 2014 | 25181355 |
| the construction and evaluation of reference spectra for the identification of human pathogenic microorganisms by maldi-tof ms. | matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is an emerging technique for the rapid and high-throughput identification of microorganisms. there remains a dearth of studies in which a large number of pathogenic microorganisms from a particular country or region are utilized for systematic analyses. in this study, peptide mass reference spectra (pmrs) were constructed and evaluated from numerous human pathogens (a total of 1019 strains from 94 species ... | 2014 | 25181391 |
| enzymatic characterization and in vivo function of five terminal oxidases in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa has five aerobic terminal oxidases: bo(3)-type quinol oxidase (cyo), cyanide-insensitive oxidase (cio), aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase (aa3), and two cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-1and cbb(3)-2). these terminal oxidases are differentially regulated under various growth conditions and are thought to contribute to the survival of this microorganism in a wide variety of environmental niches. here, we constructed multiple mutant ... | 2014 | 25182500 |
| the sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. | humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. however, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules fo ... | 2014 | 25184559 |
| systems biology perspectives on minimal and simpler cells. | the concept of the minimal cell has fascinated scientists for a long time, from both fundamental and applied points of view. this broad concept encompasses extreme reductions of genomes, the last universal common ancestor (luca), the creation of semiartificial cells, and the design of protocells and chassis cells. here we review these different areas of research and identify common and complementary aspects of each one. we focus on systems biology, a discipline that is greatly facilitating the c ... | 2014 | 25184563 |
| microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (ppiases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. | initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (ppiases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. intense searches revealed that ppiases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. despite the clear-cut ... | 2014 | 25184565 |
| phenotypic and genotypic diversity of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in commercial turkey flocks: a longitudinal study. | poultry are recognized as a main reservoir of campylobacter spp. however, longitudinal studies investigating the persistence of campylobacter on commercial meat turkeys are rare. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and persistence of genotypically related strains of campylobacter spp. recovered from three commercial turkey farms in ohio belonging to a single producer. eight hundred ten samples were collected from birds aged 1 week to slaug ... | 2014 | 25184688 |
| effect of commensals and probiotics on visceral sensitivity and pain in irritable bowel syndrome. | the last ten years' wide progress in the gut microbiota phylogenetic and functional characterization has been made evidencing dysbiosis in several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). ibs is a functional gut disease with high prevalence and negative impact on patient's quality of life characterized mainly by visceral pain and/or discomfort, representing a good paradigm of chronic gut hypersensitivity. the ibs features are strongly re ... | 2014 | 25184834 |
| identification of glutamate abc-transporter component in clostridium perfringens as a putative drug target. | clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic pathogen known to cause vast number of diseases in mammals and birds. various toxins and hydrolysing enzymes released by the organism are responsible for the necrosis of soft tissues. due to serious safety issues associated with current vaccines against c. perfringens, there is a need for new drug or vaccine targets. c. perfringens is extremely dependent on its host for nutrition which can be targeted for vaccine development or drug design. therefore, it i ... | 2014 | 25187678 |
| nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints. | attempts to apply nanotechnology in agriculture began with the growing realization that conventional farming technologies would neither be able to increase productivity any further nor restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies back to their pristine state; in particular because the long-term effects of farming with "miracle seeds", in conjunction with irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, have been questioned both at the scientific and policy levels, and must be gradually phased out ... | 2014 | 25187699 |
| outer membrane vesicles mediate transport of biologically active vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) from v. cholerae strains. | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released from gram-negative bacteria can serve as vehicles for the translocation of virulence factors. vibrio cholerae produce omvs but their putative role in translocation of effectors involved in pathogenesis has not been well elucidated. the v. cholerae cytolysin (vcc), is a pore-forming toxin that lyses target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel channels. it is considered a potent toxin that contributes to v. cholerae pathogenesis. the ... | 2014 | 25187967 |
| experimental infection of healthy volunteers with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli wild-type strain tw10598 in a hospital ward. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is an important cause of childhood diarrhea in resource-limited regions. it is also an important cause of diarrhea in travellers to these areas.to evaluate the protective efficacy of new etec vaccines that are under development, there is a need to increase the capacity to undertake phase iib (human challenge) clinical trials and to develop suitable challenge models. | 2014 | 25190096 |
| psychosis in patients with narcolepsy as an adverse effect of sodium oxybate. | hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are characteristic symptoms of narcolepsy, as are excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. narcolepsy patients may also experience daytime hallucinations unrelated to sleep-wake transitions. the effect of medication on hallucinations is of interest since treatment of narcolepsy may provoke psychotic symptoms. we aim to analyze the relation between sodium oxybate (sxb) treatment and psychotic symptoms in narcolepsy patients. furthermo ... | 2014 | 25191304 |
| distribution of campylobacter jejuni capsular types, 2007-2012, philadelphia, pa. | the distribution of campylobacter jejuni capsular serotypes in the philadelphia region from 2007 to 2012 was determined using molecular methods. compared with the last u.s. survey in 1990, there does not appear to be a major shift in circulating capsular types. | 2014 | 25192792 |
| chicken juice enhances surface attachment and biofilm formation of campylobacter jejuni. | the bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni is primarily transmitted via the consumption of contaminated foodstuffs, especially poultry meat. in food processing environments, c. jejuni is required to survive a multitude of stresses and requires the use of specific survival mechanisms, such as biofilms. an initial step in biofilm formation is bacterial attachment to a surface. here, we investigated the effects of a chicken meat exudate (chicken juice) on c. jejuni surface attachment and biofilm f ... | 2014 | 25192991 |
| evolution and comparative genomics of campylobacter jejuni st-677 clonal complex. | campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in the european union with over 200,000 laboratory-confirmed cases reported annually. this is the first study to describe findings related to comparative genomics analyses of the sequence type (st)-677 clonal complex (cc), a campylobacter jejuni lineage associated with bacteremia cases in humans. we performed whole-genome sequencing, using illumina hiseq sequencing technology, on five related st-677 cc isolates from two chicken ... | 2014 | 25193305 |
| genomic evidence for the emergence and evolution of pathogenicity and niche preferences in the genus campylobacter. | the genus campylobacter includes some of the most relevant pathogens for human and animal health; the continuous effort in their characterization has also revealed new species putatively involved in different kind of infections. nowadays, the available genomic data for the genus comprise a wide variety of species with different pathogenic potential and niche preferences. in this work, we contribute to enlarge this available information presenting the first genome for the species campylobacter sp ... | 2014 | 25193310 |
| cloning, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the helicobacter pylori pseudaminic acid biosynthesis n-acetyltransferase pseh. | helicobacter pylori infection is the common cause of gastritis and duodenal and stomach ulcers, which have been linked to a higher risk of the development of gastric cancer. the motility that facilitates persistent infection requires functional flagella that are heavily glycosylated with 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-nonulosonic acid (pseudaminic acid). pseudaminic acid biosynthesis protein h (pseh) catalyzes the third step in its biosynthetic pathway, producing udp-2,4-di ... | 2014 | 25195909 |
| genome analysis of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from a waterborne outbreak. | waterborne campylobacter jejuni outbreaks are common in the nordic countries, and pfge (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) remains the genotyping method of choice in outbreak investigations. however, pfge cannot assess the clonal relationship between isolates, leading to difficulties in molecular epidemiological investigations. here, we explored the applicability of whole genome sequencing to outbreak investigation by re-analysing three c. jejuni strains (one isolated from water and two from pati ... | 2014 | 25196593 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa promotes escherichia coli biofilm formation in nutrient-limited medium. | biofilms have been implicated as an important reservoir for pathogens and commensal enteric bacteria such as escherichia coli in natural and engineered water systems. however, the processes that regulate the survival of e. coli in aquatic biofilms have not been thoroughly studied. we examined the effects of hydrodynamic shear and nutrient concentrations on e. coli colonization of pre-established pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, co-inoculation of e. coli and p. aeruginosa biofilms, and p. aerugin ... | 2014 | 25198725 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid, sensitive detection of campylobacter jejuni in cattle farm samples. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne disease worldwide. the detection of this organism in cattle and their environment is important for the control of c. jejuni transmission and the prevention of campylobacteriosis. here, we describe the development of a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of c. jejuni in naturally contaminated cattle farm samples, based on real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of the hipo gene. the lamp assay was specific (10 ... | 2014 | 25198853 |
| [identification and molecular subtyping of campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken carcass]. | to characterize and investigate the molecular types of campylobacter jejuni isolated from slaughter chicken carcass, which would provide scientific data for campylobacter food poisoning traceability. | 2014 | 25199290 |
| detection of salmonella spp. by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method targeting bcfd gene. | in this study, we developed and validated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for salmonella detection targeting bcfd gene, a conserved fimbrial operon gene existing in salmonella. the salmonella lamp assay we developed successfully amplified 44 salmonella strains (14 standard strains and 30 clinical isolates), but none of 9 non-salmonella standard strains (proteus mirabilis, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, k ... | 2014 | 25199410 |
| bacterial factors exploit eukaryotic rho gtpase signaling cascades to promote invasion and proliferation within their host. | actin cytoskeleton is a main target of many bacterial pathogens. among the multiple regulation steps of the actin cytoskeleton, bacterial factors interact preferentially with rhogtpases. pathogens secrete either toxins which diffuse in the surrounding environment, or directly inject virulence factors into target cells. bacterial toxins, which interfere with rhogtpases, and to some extent with rasgtpases, catalyze a covalent modification (adpribosylation, glucosylation, deamidation, adenylation, ... | 2014 | 25203748 |
| a rare form of guillan barre syndrome: a child diagnosed with anti-gd1a and anti-gd1b positive pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant. | pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (pcb) variant is a rare form of guillan-barre syndrome (gbs). antibodies against other membrane proteins like gm1b and gd1a have been found only in a small number of patients with guillan barre syndrome variant. | 2013 | 25207134 |
| mutation of a salmonella serogroup-c1-specific gene abrogates o7-antigen biosynthesis and triggers nacl-dependent motility deficiency. | several molecular detection marker genes specific for a number of individual salmonella serogroups have been recently identified in our lab by comparative genomics for the genotyping of diverse serogroups. to further understand the correlation between serotype and genotype, the function of a salmonella serogroup-c1-specific gene (sc_2092) was analyzed in this study. it was indicated from the topological prediction using the deduced amino acid sequence of sc_2092 that this putative protein was hi ... | 2014 | 25211341 |
| molecular characterization of a new n-acetylneuraminate synthase (neub1) from idiomarina loihiensis. | n-acetylneuraminate lyase synthase (neub; e.c. 2.5.1.56) is a key enzyme in pathogenic microorganisms for producing n-acetylneuraminic acid through the irreversible condensation of n-acetylmannosamine (mannac) and phosphoenolpyruvate (pep). however, nothing is known about this enzyme in non-pathogenic bacteria. this paper describes, for the first time, one of the two putative n-acetylneuraminate synthases from the halophilic non-pathogenic gamma-proteobacterium idiomarina loihiensis neub1 (ilneu ... | 2015 | 25214154 |
| evaluation of passive immunotherapeutic efficacy of hyperimmunized egg yolk powder against intestinal colonization of campylobacter jejuni in chickens. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in human. chickens are the reservoir host of c. jejuni, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of human infection. therefore, control of c. jejuni in chickens can have direct effect on human health. in this study we tested the passive immunotherapeutic efficacy of the chicken egg-yolk-derived antibodies, in the form of hyperimmunized egg yolk powder (heyp), against 7 colonization-associated proteins of c ... | 2014 | 25214556 |
| accurate detection of campylobacter spp. antigens by immunochromatography and enzyme immunoassay in routine microbiological laboratory. | campylobacter spp. are fastidious microorganisms, and their detection by culture depends on the freshness of the stool sample and the skills of the laboratory staff. to improve laboratory diagnosis, assays for the detection of specific antigens have been developed. here, we evaluated two assays for the detection of campylobacter spp.-specific antigens, i.e., one immunochromatographic test and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eia), in 38 frozen campylobacter spp.-positive specimens and pros ... | 2014 | 25215191 |
| autoimmunity contributes to nociceptive sensitization in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome. | complex regional pain syndrome (crps) is a painful, disabling, chronic condition whose etiology remains poorly understood. the recent suggestion that immunological mechanisms may underlie crps provides an entirely novel framework in which to study the condition and consider new approaches to treatment. using a murine fracture/cast model of crps, we studied the effects of b-cell depletion using anti-cd20 antibodies or by performing experiments in genetically b-cell-deficient (μmt) mice. we observ ... | 2014 | 25218828 |
| deciphering fur transcriptional regulatory network highlights its complex role beyond iron metabolism in escherichia coli. | the ferric uptake regulator (fur) plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of iron metabolism. however, the full regulatory potential of fur remains undefined. here we comprehensively reconstruct the fur transcriptional regulatory network in escherichia coli k-12 mg1655 in response to iron availability using genome-wide measurements. integrative data analysis reveals that a total of 81 genes in 42 transcription units are directly regulated by three different modes of fur regulatio ... | 2014 | 25222563 |
| neutrophil mobilization by surface-glycan altered th17-skewing bacteria mitigates periodontal pathogen persistence and associated alveolar bone loss. | alveolar bone (tooth-supporting bone) erosion is a hallmark of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that often leads to tooth loss. periodontitis is caused by a select group of pathogens that form biofilms in subgingival crevices between the gums and teeth. it is well-recognized that the periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis in these biofilms is responsible for modeling a microbial dysbiotic state, which then initiates an inflammatory response destructive to the periodontal tissues and ... | 2014 | 25225799 |
| susceptibility to campylobacter infection is associated with the species composition of the human fecal microbiota. | the gut microbiota is essential for human health, but very little is known about how the composition of this ecosystem can influence and respond to bacterial infections. here we address this by prospectively studying the gut microbiota composition before, during, and after natural campylobacter infection in exposed poultry abattoir workers. the gut microbiota composition was analyzed with 16s amplicon sequencing of fecal samples from poultry abattoir workers during the peak season of campylobact ... | 2014 | 25227462 |
| gastroduodenal mucosal defense. | to review recent developments in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense. | 2014 | 25229259 |
| improved isolation protocol to detect high molecular weight polysaccharide structures of campylobacter jejuni. | simple detection of high molecular weight, lps-like structures of campylobacter jejuni is still an unsolved problem. a phenol-free extraction method for the detection of hmw polysaccharide was developed without the need for western blot. this method provides a reliable technique for large-scale screening and comparative characterization study of different isolates. | 2014 | 25229649 |
| 2(5h)-furanone, epigallocatechin gallate, and a citric-based disinfectant disturb quorum-sensing activity and reduce motility and biofilm formation of campylobacter jejuni. | brominated furanone and epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that can be derived from sources such as delisea pulchra algae and green tea, respectively. these compounds may have potential health benefits and antimicrobial properties. biofilm formation and bacterial motility are virulence factors that seem to be involved in the autoinducer 2 (ai-2)-mediated quorum sensing (qs) response of campylobacter. in this study, the anti-qs activities of 2(5h)-furan ... | 2015 | 25231135 |
| multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and whole-genome mlst of campylobacter jejuni isolates from human infections in three districts during a seasonal peak in finland. | a total of 95 human campylobacter jejuni isolates acquired from domestic infections and collected from three districts in finland during the seasonal peak (june to september) in 2012 were analyzed by pcr-based multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and by whole-genome sequencing (wgs). four predominant sequence types (sts) were detected among the isolates: st-45 (21%) and st-230 (14%, st-45 clonal complex [cc]), st-267 (21%, st-283 cc), and st-677 (19%, st-677 cc). in districts 1 and 3, most of the i ... | 2014 | 25232158 |
| toxins and virulence factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli associated with strains isolated from indigenous children and international visitors to a rural community in guatemala. | diarrhoea remains a common cause of illness in guatemala, with children suffering most frequently from the disease. this study directly compared the frequency, enterotoxin, and colonization factor (cf) profiles of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains isolated from children living in a rural community in guatemala and from western visitors to the same location during the same seasons, using similar detection methodologies. we found that etec accounted for 26% of severe cases of diarrho ... | 2014 | 25233938 |
| toxins and virulence factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli associated with strains isolated from indigenous children and international visitors to a rural community in guatemala. | diarrhoea remains a common cause of illness in guatemala, with children suffering most frequently from the disease. this study directly compared the frequency, enterotoxin, and colonization factor (cf) profiles of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains isolated from children living in a rural community in guatemala and from western visitors to the same location during the same seasons, using similar detection methodologies. we found that etec accounted for 26% of severe cases of diarrho ... | 2014 | 25233938 |
| campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in a patient presenting with gastroenteritis. | 2014 | 25233982 | |
| siglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease. | all mammalian cells display a diverse array of glycan structures that differ from those that are found on microbial pathogens. siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like receptors that participate in the discrimination between self and non-self, and that regulate the function of cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems through the recognition of their glycan ligands. in this review, we describe the recent advances in our understanding of the roles of siglecs in the re ... | 2014 | 25234143 |
| total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of five plants of labiatae against four foodborne and some other bacteria. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of thymus vulgaris, thymus caramanicus, zataria multiflora, ziziphora clinopodioides and ziziphora tenuior against four foodborne and four other bacteria including staphylococcus aureus, shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis, mrsa and pseudomona aeruginosa and measuring the amount of total phenolics of the plants. the extracts were prepared by maceration method. ... | 2014 | 25237351 |
| advances in understanding glycosyltransferases from a structural perspective. | glycosyltransferases (gts), the enzymes that catalyse glycosidic bond formation, create a diverse range of saccharides and glycoconjugates in nature. understanding gts at the molecular level, through structural and kinetic studies, is important for gaining insights into their function. in addition, this understanding can help identify those enzymes which are involved in diseases, or that could be engineered to synthesize biologically or medically relevant molecules. this review describes how str ... | 2014 | 25240227 |
| sensitive and rapid detection of campylobacter species from stools of children with diarrhea in japan by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. | we detected campylobacter spp. in 5% (20/380) of diarrheal stool samples collected at an outpatient clinic in kyoto using a commercial loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) kit with a fluorescent detection reagent after dna extraction. the sensitivity and specificity were 100% in comparison with those of semi-nested pcr for the differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. fourteen of the 20 samples were already determined as c. jejuni by the culture method. all 20 samp ... | 2014 | 25241688 |
| hijacking bacterial glycosylation for the production of glycoconjugates, from vaccines to humanised glycoproteins. | glycosylation or the modification of a cellular component with a carbohydrate moiety has been demonstrated in all three domains of life as a basic post-translational process important in a range of biological processes. this review will focus on the latest studies attempting to exploit bacterial n-linked protein glycosylation for glycobiotechnological applications including glycoconjugate vaccine and humanised glycoprotein production. the challenges that remain for these approaches to reach full ... | 2014 | 25244672 |
| hijacking bacterial glycosylation for the production of glycoconjugates, from vaccines to humanised glycoproteins. | glycosylation or the modification of a cellular component with a carbohydrate moiety has been demonstrated in all three domains of life as a basic post-translational process important in a range of biological processes. this review will focus on the latest studies attempting to exploit bacterial n-linked protein glycosylation for glycobiotechnological applications including glycoconjugate vaccine and humanised glycoprotein production. the challenges that remain for these approaches to reach full ... | 2014 | 25244672 |
| variation in the oc locus of acinetobacter baumannii genomes predicts extensive structural diversity in the lipooligosaccharide. | lipooligosaccharide (los) is a complex surface structure that is linked to many pathogenic properties of acinetobacter baumannii. in a. baumannii, the genes responsible for the synthesis of the outer core (oc) component of the los are located between ilve and asps. the content of the oc locus is usually variable within a species, and examination of 6 complete and 227 draft a. baumannii genome sequences available in genbank non-redundant and whole genome shotgun databases revealed nine distinct n ... | 2014 | 25247305 |
| prevention of bacterial foodborne disease using nanobiotechnology. | foodborne disease is an important source of expense, morbidity, and mortality for society. detection and control constitute significant components of the overall management of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and this review focuses on the use of nanosized biological entities and molecules to achieve these goals. there is an emphasis on the use of organisms called bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which are increasingly being used in pathogen detection and biocontrol applicati ... | 2014 | 25249756 |
| the structure and regulation of flagella in bacillus subtilis. | bacterial flagellar motility is among the most extensively studied physiological systems in biology, but most research has been restricted to using the highly similar gram-negative species escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. here, we review the recent advances in the study of flagellar structure and regulation of the distantly related and genetically tractable gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis. b. subtilis has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of the gra ... | 2014 | 25251856 |