Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile colonization in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective study of the epidemiology and outcomes involving toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. asymptomatic colonization of the gastrointestinal tract occurs before development of c. difficile infection (cdi). this prospective study examines the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of colonization with toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of c. difficile in hsct patients. this 18-month study was conducted in the hsct unit at the karmanos cancer center and wayne state univers ... | 2016 | 26211988 |
| systematic review with meta-analysis: saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is a common complication of antibiotic use, but it can be prevented with administration of probiotics. | 2015 | 26216624 |
| mechanisms of hypervirulent clostridium difficile ribotype 027 displacement of endemic strains: an epidemiological model. | following rapid, global clonal dominance of hypervirulent ribotypes, clostridium difficile now constitutes the primary infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. evidence indicates at least three possible mechanisms of hypervirulence that facilitates the successful invasion of these atypical strains: 1) increased infectiousness relative to endemic strains; 2) increased symptomatic disease rate relative to endemic strains; and 3) an ability to outcompete endemic strains in the host's gut. stochast ... | 2015 | 26218654 |
| surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in australian isolates of clostridium difficile, 2013-14. | the objective of this study was to determine the activity of fidaxomicin and comparator antimicrobials against clostridium difficile isolated from patients with c. difficile infection (cdi) in australian hospitals and in the community. | 2015 | 26221017 |
| correction: molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in a large teaching hospital in thailand. | 2015 | 26221729 | |
| a curiously rare case of septic shock from clostridium difficile colitis. | this case provides the first report of a young healthy child presenting in septic shock from clostridium difficile colitis. this child had no identifiable risk factors for c. difficile, raising the suspicion for a hypervirulent strain. once infection was recognized and treated appropriately, the child made a full recovery. this case presentation highlights the need to consider c. difficile colitis in the differential diagnosis of severely ill patients, even in the absence of traditional risk fac ... | 2015 | 26221790 |
| impact of toxigenic clostridium difficile colonization on the risk of subsequent c. difficile infection in intensive care unit patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitalized patients is generally attributed to the current stay, but recent studies reveal high c. difficile colonization rates on admission. | 2015 | 26223207 |
| the impact of clostridum difficile on surgical rate among ulcerative colitis patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. | there is growing recognition of the impact of clostridum difficile infection (cdi) on patients with inflammatory bowel disease. clostridium difficile infection causes greater morbidity and mortality. this study aimed to evaluate the impact of c. difficile on surgical risk among ulcerative colitis (uc) patients. we searched the following databases: medline, embase, the cochrane central register of controlled trials, acp journal club, dare, cmr, and hta. studies were included if fulfilled the foll ... | 2017 | 26228363 |
| systems modeling of interactions between mucosal immunity and the gut microbiome during clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infections are associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and result in an exuberant inflammatory response, leading to nosocomial diarrhea, colitis and even death. to better understand the dynamics of mucosal immunity during c. difficile infection from initiation through expansion to resolution, we built a computational model of the mucosal immune response to the bacterium. the model was calibrated using data from a mouse model of c. difficile infection. the mode ... | 2015 | 26230099 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile toxinotypes in infected patients at a tertiary care center in lebanon. | due to the increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diseases at a tertiary care center in lebanon, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalent c. difficile toxinotypes. | 2015 | 26230123 |
| a hospital-level cost-effectiveness analysis model for toxigenic clostridium difficile detection algorithms. | despite thorough analyses of the analytical performance of clostridium difficile tests and test algorithms, the financial impact at hospital level has not been well described. such a model should take institution-specific variables into account, such as incidence, request behaviour and infection control policies. | 2015 | 26231269 |
| regulation of clostridium difficile spore germination by the cspa pseudoprotease domain. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming obligate anaerobe that is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. c. difficile infections begin when its metabolically dormant spores germinate in the gut of susceptible individuals. binding of bile salt germinants to the csp family pseudoprotease cspc triggers a proteolytic signaling cascade consisting of the csp family protease cspb and the cortex hydrolase slec. conserved across many of the clostridia, csp proteases are subtilisin-like ser ... | 2016 | 26231446 |
| industrial food animal production and community health. | industrial food animal production (ifap) is a source of environmental microbial and chemical hazards. a growing body of literature suggests that populations living near these operations and manure-applied crop fields are at elevated risk for several health outcomes. we reviewed the literature published since 2000 and identified four health outcomes consistently and positively associated with living near ifap: respiratory outcomes, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), q fever, and ... | 2015 | 26231503 |
| relationship between sharps disposal containers and clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. | sharps disposal containers are ubiquitous in health care facilities; however, there is paucity of data on their potential role in pathogen transmission. this study assessed the relationship between use of single-use versus reusable sharps containers and rates of clostridium difficile infections in a national sample of hospitals. | 2015 | 26231552 |
| low sensitivity of fecal toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients. | the optimal approach in laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is still not well defined. toxigenic culture (tc) or alternatively fecal toxin assay by cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay are considered to be the reference standard, but these methods are time-consuming and labor intensive. in many medical centers, diagnosis of cdi is therefore still based on fecal toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay (eia) directly from stool alone, balancing cost and speed against limited diagn ... | 2015 | 26232535 |
| recommendations for the management of symptomatic clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 26233089 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in the elderly: current issues and management options. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings. along with antimicrobial exposure, advanced age has been shown to be a significant risk factor for the development and recurrence of, and mortality from, cdi. the substantial burden of cdi in the elderly may be related to frequent healthcare exposure, the necessity for more medications, altered intestinal microbiota, and complicated comorbidities. a diagnosis of cdi is based on evidence ... | 2015 | 26233437 |
| incorrect diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in japan. | physicians often fail to suspect clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and many microbiology laboratories use suboptimal diagnostic techniques. to estimate the extent of and reasons for incorrect diagnosis of cdi in japan, we investigated toxigenic c. difficile isolated from all stool culture samples and clinical course. over a 12-month period in 2010, all stool culture samples (n = 975) submitted from inpatients in a university hospital in japan were cultured for c. difficile and routine microb ... | 2015 | 26238001 |
| predominance of pcr-ribotypes, 018 (smz) and 369 (trf) of clostridium difficile in japan: a potential relationship with other global circulating strains? | global spread and evolutionary links of an epidemic clostridium difficile strain (pcr-ribotype 027) have been noted in recent decades. however, in japan, no outbreaks caused by type 027 have been reported to date. a total of 120 c. difficile isolates from patients at 15 hospitals during non-outbreak seasons between 2011 and 2013 as well as 18 and 21 isolates collected from two hospitals in 2010 and 2009, respectively, in outbreak periods in japan, were examined. among these 120 isolates, japan-r ... | 2015 | 26238868 |
| the importance of colonization with clostridium difficile on infection and transmission. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections (hai) in the usa, accounting for 12 % of all hais [1]. reasons for such an increase are unknown but may relate to antibiotic use and evolution of a new, pathogenic strain, nap1/bi/027. the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) identifies c. difficile as one of only three organisms to be assigned a designation of an "urgent" threat level. asymptomatic colonization with c. difficile is m ... | 2015 | 26239132 |
| u.s.-based national sentinel surveillance study for the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrheal isolates and their susceptibility to fidaxomicin. | in 2011 a surveillance study for the susceptibility to fidaxomicin and epidemiology of clostridium difficile isolates in the united states was undertaken in seven geographically dispersed medical centers. this report encompasses baseline surveillance in 2011 and 2012 on 925 isolates. a convenience sample of c. difficile isolates or toxin positive stools from patients were referred to a central laboratory. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution (clsi m11-a8). clinical and la ... | 2015 | 26239985 |
| ulcerated tophaceous gout. | gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterised by hyperuricemia, which, if poorly controlled, can lead to the development of tophi. we report the case of a 60-year-old caucasian man with poorly controlled polyarticular tophaceous gout with multiple comorbidities (including renal failure) who presented with tophaceous ulcers of the upper extremity. these ulcers caused extreme pain, requiring chronic opiate medications, and were associated with decreased sensation and reduced ability to move the ... | 2015 | 26240104 |
| dna-microarray-based genotyping of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a possibility of outbreaks in hospital settings warrants molecular typing. a microarray was designed that included toxin genes (tcda/b, cdta/b), genes related to antimicrobial resistance, the slpa gene and additional variable genes. | 2015 | 26242247 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria in patients with diarrhoea attending groote schuur hospital, cape town, south africa. | diarrhoea due to gastrointestinal infections is a significant problem facing the south african (sa) healthcare system. infections can be acquired both from the community and from the hospital environment itself, the latter acting as a reservoir for potential pathogenic bacteria. | 2015 | 26242530 |
| recombinant lipoprotein-based vaccine candidates against c. difficile infections. | opportunistically nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients are often related to clostridium difficile infections (cdi) due to disruption of the intestinal micro-flora by antibiotic therapies during hospitalization. clostridial exotoxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) specifically bind to unknown glycoprotein(s) in the host intestine, disrupt the intestinal barrier leading to acute inflammation and diarrhea. the c-terminal receptor binding domain of tcda (a-rrbd) has been shown to elicit antibody ... | 2015 | 26245825 |
| multifocal clinical performance improvement across 21 hospitals. | improving quality and safety across an entire healthcare system in multiple clinical areas within a short time frame is challenging. we describe our experience with improving inpatient quality and safety at kaiser permanente northern california. the foundations of performance improvement are a “four-wheel drive” approach and a comprehensive driver diagram linking improvement goals to focal areas. by the end of 2011, substantial improvements occurred in hospital-acquired infections (central-line– ... | 2017 | 26247072 |
| vital signs: estimated effects of a coordinated approach for action to reduce antibiotic-resistant infections in health care facilities - united states. | treatments for health care-associated infections (hais) caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and clostridium difficile are limited, and some patients have developed untreatable infections. evidence-supported interventions are available, but coordinated approaches to interrupt the spread of hais could have a greater impact on reversing the increasing incidence of these infections than independent facility-based program efforts. | 2015 | 26247436 |
| multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 2 study evaluating the novel antibiotic cadazolid in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | cadazolid, a novel fluoroquinolone-oxazolidinone antibiotic, exhibits potent in vitro activity against clostridium difficile, including the epidemic bi/nap1/027 strain. this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active reference group, phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral cadazolid in treatment of adult patients with c. difficile infection (cdi). eligible patients with first occurrence/first recurrence of cdi were randomized 1:1:1:1 to 250, 500, or 1,000 mg cadazolid twice da ... | 2015 | 26248357 |
| racial differences in clostridium difficile infection rates are attributable to disparities in health care access. | this study confirms previously reported racial differences in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates in the united states and explores the nature of those differences. we conducted a retrospective study using the 2010 nationwide inpatient sample, the largest all-payer database of hospital discharges in the united states. we identified hospital stays most likely to include antibiotic treatment for infections, based on hospital discharge diagnoses, and we examined how cdi rates varied, in an ... | 2015 | 26248363 |
| detection of a new cfr-like gene, cfr(b), in enterococcus faecium isolates recovered from human specimens in the united states as part of the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. | two linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates (mics, 8 μg/ml) from unique patients of a medical center in new orleans were included in this study. isolates were initially investigated for the presence of mutations in the v domain of 23s rrna genes and l3, l4, and l22 ribosomal proteins, as well as cfr. isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (just one band difference), and one representative strain was submitted to whole-genome sequencing. gene location was also deter ... | 2015 | 26248384 |
| hospital cost of clostridium difficile infection including the contribution of recurrences in french acute-care hospitals. | the impact of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on healthcare costs is significant due to the extra costs of associated inpatient care. however, the specific contribution of recurrences has rarely been studied. | 2015 | 26253518 |
| increased risk of functional gastrointestinal sequelae after clostridium difficile infection among active duty united states military personnel (1998-2010). | some acute enteric infections are associated with the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders, most commonly irritable bowel syndrome but also other functional and organic gastrointestinal sequelae. clostridium difficile infection has increased in incidence and severity, however, few studies have evaluated functional disorders after this infection. | 2015 | 26255560 |
| antibiotic profiling of clostridium difficile ribotype 176--a multidrug resistant relative to c. difficile ribotype 027. | antibiotic profiling of twenty czech clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 176 isolates revealed a high level of resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin (n = 20) and to rifampicin (n = 13). accumulation of resistance mechanisms to multiple antibiotics highlight that pcr-ribotype 176 belong to problematic epidemic strains. | 2015 | 26256807 |
| epidemiology and pathogenesis of c. difficile and mrsa in the light of current nhs control policies: a policy review. | healthcare associated infections (hcais) cause significant morbidity and mortality, and are estimated to cost the united kingdom national health service £1 billion annually. the current health care infection rates suggest that the level of performance to avoid hcais is not maintained consistently. increasing screening, improving local accountability and performance management, careful use of antibiotics in the management of emergency patients, health economy wide approaches, and improved hand wa ... | 2012 | 26257907 |
| cleaning hospital room surfaces to prevent health care-associated infections: a technical brief. | the cleaning of hard surfaces in hospital rooms is critical for reducing health care-associated infections. this review describes the evidence examining current methods of cleaning, disinfecting, and monitoring cleanliness of patient rooms, as well as contextual factors that may affect implementation and effectiveness. key informants were interviewed, and a systematic search for publications since 1990 was done with the use of several bibliographic and gray literature resources. studies examinin ... | 2015 | 26258903 |
| updates on clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26259303 | |
| [ventriculo-gallbladder shunt: an alternative for the treatment of hydrocephalus]. | in the management of hydrocephalus, the ventriculo-gallbladder shunt is justified in situations where the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is not useful due to peritoneal involvement and/or when the ventriculo-auricular and ventriculo-pleural shunts are contraindicated. | 2016 | 26259740 |
| incidence and clinical outcomes of clostridium difficile infection after treatment with tuberculosis medication. | to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis (tb) medication-associated clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 26260753 |
| [fecal microbiota transfer (fmt) in a patient with refractory irritable bowel syndrome]. | irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. recent clinical data support a link between changes in fecal microbiota with decreased biodiversity and the development of irritable bowel syndrome. whether these changes of the microbiota are caused by the disease or whether they develop during the course of the disease remains unclear. several studies demonstrated that fecal microbiota transfer (fmt) successfully attenuates clostridium difficile infecti ... | 2015 | 26261935 |
| variable alterations of the microbiota, without metabolic or immunological change, following faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with chronic pouchitis. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is effective in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection, where efficacy correlates with changes in microbiota diversity and composition. the effects of fmt on recipient microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) remain unclear. we assessed the effects of fmt on microbiota composition and function, mucosal immune response, and clinical outcome in patients with chronic pouchitis. eight patients with chronic pouchitis (current pdai ≥7) were trea ... | 2015 | 26264409 |
| faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile infection using long-term frozen stool is effective: clinical efficacy and bacterial viability data. | faecal microbial transplant (fmt) for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is greatly facilitated by frozen stool banks. however, the effect of frozen storage of stool for greater than 2 months on the viability of stool bacteria is unknown and the efficacy of fmt is not clear. | 2015 | 26264455 |
| biochemical and immunological characterization of truncated fragments of the receptor-binding domains of c. difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is an emerging pathogen responsible for opportunistic infections in hospitals worldwide and is the main cause of antibiotic-associated pseudo-membranous colitis and diarrhea in humans. clostridial toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) specifically bind to unknown glycoprotein(s) on the surface of epithelial cells in the host intestine, disrupting the intestinal barrier and ultimately leading to acute inflammation and diarrhea. the c-terminal receptor-binding domain (rbd) of tcda, ... | 2015 | 26271033 |
| pathological and bacteriological characterization of neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology. | neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology has been reported from a number of countries. this study investigated 50 diarrhoeic and 19 healthy piglets from 10 affected swedish herds. the piglets were blood-sampled for analysis of serum γ-globulin and necropsied, and the intestines were sampled for histopathology and cultured for escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. escherichia coli isolates (n = 276) were examined by pcr for virulence genes encoding lt, sta, ... | 2015 | 26272503 |
| rapid detection of ermb gene in clostridium difficile by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance in clostridium difficile is mostly due to the ermb resistance determinant. here, we describe a sensitive and rapid molecular method to detect ermb in c. difficile to contribute to the wider epidemiological study. five sets of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) primers were designed and optimized for rapid detection of ermb. the specificity and sensitivity of the primers for ermb were detected, and the ermb lamp assay was compared to con ... | 2015 | 26272634 |
| risk for clostridium difficile infection after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: analysis of a contemporary series. | this study seeks to evaluate the incidence and associated risk factors of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (rc) for bladder cancer. | 2015 | 26278363 |
| ertapenem prophylaxis associated with an increased risk of clostridium difficile infection among surgical patients. | a case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors for hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection among patients admitted to 2 surgical units. ertapenem prophylaxis was significantly associated with c. difficile infection risk (odds ratio, 3.13 [95% ci, 1.13-8.68], p=.028) and may offer an antimicrobial stewardship target among surgical patients. | 2015 | 26278576 |
| pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins. | clostridial binary toxins (clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile transferase, clostridium spiroforme toxin, clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as bacillus binary toxins, including bacillus anthracis toxins consist of two independent proteins, one being the binding component which mediates the internalization into cell of the intracellularly active component. clostridial binary toxins induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through mono-adp-ribosylation of globular actin and ar ... | 2016 | 26278641 |
| dna sequence signatures for rapid detection of six target bacterial pathogens using pcr assays. | using streptococcus pyogenes as a model, we previously established a stepwise computational workflow to effectively identify species-specific dna signatures that could be used as pcr primer sets to detect target bacteria with high specificity and sensitivity. in this study, we extended the workflow for the rapid development of pcr assays targeting enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, clostridium tetani, and staphylococcus aureus, which are ... | 2015 | 26279626 |
| ceftolozane-tazobactam activity against phylogenetically diverse clostridium difficile strains. | ceftolozane-tazobactam (c/t) is approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections and has varied activity against anaerobic bacteria. here, we evaluate the activity of c/t against a phylogenetically diverse collection of clostridium difficile isolates and report uniformly high mics (≥256 μg/ml) to c/t. | 2015 | 26282409 |
| cyclic digmp regulates production of sortase substrates of clostridium difficile and their surface exposure through zmpi protease-mediated cleavage. | in gram-positive pathogens, surface proteins may be covalently anchored to the bacterial peptidoglycan by sortase, a cysteine transpeptidase enzyme. in contrast to other gram-positive bacteria, only one single sortase enzyme, srtb, is conserved between strains of clostridium difficile. sortase-mediated peptidase activity has been reported in vitro, and seven potential substrates have been identified. here, we demonstrate the functionality of sortase in c. difficile. we identify two sortase-ancho ... | 2015 | 26283789 |
| gastrointestinal localization of metronidazole by a lactobacilli-inspired tetramic acid motif improves treatment outcomes in the hamster model of clostridium difficile infection. | metronidazole, a mainstay treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), is often ineffective for severe cdi. whilst this is thought to arise from suboptimal levels of metronidazole in the colon due to rapid absorption, empirical validation is lacking. in contrast, reutericyclin, an antibacterial tetramic acid from lactobacillus reuteri, concentrates in the gastrointestinal tract. in this study, we modified metronidazole with reutericyclin's tetramic acid motif to obtain non-absorbed compo ... | 2015 | 26286574 |
| rational therapy of clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are increasingly important in patients with antibiotic treatments, ranging from mild, self-limiting to severe, life-threatening disease. currently, diagnostic algorithms and treatment guidelines are being adapted to novel tests and therapeutic options for recurrent cdi. | 2014 | 26288096 |
| infections and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | in the more recent years since the introduction of anti-tnf therapy, the treatment strategy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease has developed more towards an early intensive, often double immunosuppression. while this leads to an improved therapeutic success, this intensified therapy also increases the risk for side effects and especially for infectious complications. the early detection of this complication in the immunocompromised patient is often more difficult due to the potential broad sp ... | 2014 | 26288602 |
| in the endemic setting, clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is virulent but not hypervirulent. | conflicting reports have been published on the association between clostridium difficile ribotypes and severe disease outcomes in patients with c. difficile infection (cdi); several so-called hypervirulent ribotypes have been described. we performed a multicenter study to assess severe disease presentation and severe outcomes among cdi patients infected with different ribotypes. | 2015 | 26288985 |
| differentiating virulent 027 and non-027 clostridium difficile strains by molecular methods. | hypervirulent clostridium difficile clade has been shown to include several lineages of ribotype 027 and also other ribotypes. we present data on additional non-027 strains, identified as presumptive 027 by two commercial molecular c. difficile assays. | 2015 | 26289601 |
| humanized microbiota mice as a model of recurrent clostridium difficile disease. | clostridium difficile disease is the leading antibiotic-associated cause of diarrhea and nosocomial acquired infection in the western world. the per annum burden in the usa alone amounts to 250,000 cases with 14,000 ascribed deaths and medical costs in excess of a billion dollars. novel models for the study of c. difficile infection are therefore pertinent. | 2015 | 26289776 |
| evaluating epidemiology and improving surveillance of infections associated with health care, united states. | the healthcare-associated infections community interface (haic), launched in 2009, is the newest major activity of the emerging infections program. the haic activity addresses population- and laboratory-based surveillance for clostridium difficile infections, candidemia, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. other activities include special projects: the multistate healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use prevalence survey and projects that evaluate new approaches for impr ... | 2015 | 26291035 |
| accurate detection of binary toxin producer from clostridium difficile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | thirsty-six binary toxin producers were detected with 2 genotypes (cdta(+) and cdtb(+)) among 265 clostridium difficile isolates by multiplex pcr. the rate of accurate differentiation between these 2 genotypes was 100% by 6-peak cluster analysis of spectra generated by bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | 2015 | 26293008 |
| novel method of infection prophylaxis in heart transplantation by retrosternal gentamycin sponge application. | surgical wound infections are more frequent in patients undergoing heart transplantation than in other heart surgery patients. there is a wide spread of sternal wound infection incidence in transplant patients ranging from 4% to 40%. it is first study describing local gentamicin sponge application during heart transplantation procedure. | 2015 | 26293080 |
| complete genome sequence of the novel temperate clostridium difficile phage phicdif1296t. | clostridium difficile contains many integrated and extrachromosomal genetic elements. in this study, we determined, annotated, and analyzed the complete genome of the c. difficile bacteriophage phicdif1296t using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. to our knowledge, this represents the largest genome (131 kb) of a temperate c. difficile phage recognized so far. | 2015 | 26294621 |
| comparison of two types of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the identification and typing of clostridium difficile. | microflex lt (bruker daltonics) and vitek ms (biomérieux) are bacterial identification systems that are based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). for vitek ms, two identification softwares, vitek ms ivd (ivd) and saramis (saramis), are available. microflex lt is equipped with maldi biotyper rtc software (biotyper). although the identification accuracy of each instrument has been compared for various bacteria, no detailed examination has ... | 2015 | 26296999 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the older dental patient: how do dentists respond? | gastrointestinal complications from antibiotic use, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi), can have significant morbidity, especially among older patients. this descriptive study surveyed dentists to find out how they would respond to a patient with signs indicating potential cdi. | 2015 | 26297332 |
| the impact of pcr on clostridium difficile detection and clinical outcomes. | pcr has increasingly replaced toxin a and b enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the testing of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). this study evaluated the clinical outcomes of cdi and disease epidemiology since the introduction of pcr. clinical data and outcomes for patients admitted to a tertiary care centre during 2003 to 2012 were extracted using electronic medical records. outcomes and incidence of disease were compared between types of cdi testing. in total, 15.6% of 108,092 patients admitted ... | 2015 | 26297376 |
| wses guidelines for management of clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients. | in the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. the incidence of cdi has also increased in surgical patients. optimization of management of c difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. an international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based world society of emergency surgery (wses) guidelines for management of cdi i ... | 2015 | 26300956 |
| human microbiome: from the bathroom to the bedside. | the human gut contains trillions of bacteria, the major phylae of which include bacteroidetes, firmicutes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria. fecal microbial transplantation (fmt) has been known of for many years but only recently has been subjected to rigorous examination. we review the evidence regarding fmt for recurrent clostridium difficile infection which has resulted in it being an approved treatment. in addition there is some evidence for its use in both irritable bowel syndrome and infl ... | 2015 | 26301122 |
| immune thrombocytopenia caused by fecal microbial transplantation in a patient with severe recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26302500 | |
| [the human microbiome]. | research into the human microbiome will substantially enhance our understanding of inflammatory, metabolic and malignant diseases. the complexity of this research area can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary translational approach including bioinformatics. data derived from pure in silico analyses and statistical associations will not automatically translate into sound clinical concepts, as we have learned previously in genetics. potential targets for future treatment strategies include th ... | 2015 | 26305138 |
| [virulence genes and clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in children]. | clostridium difficile is an obligate anaerobic gram-positive bacillus, it can cause clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). this study aimed to investigate the virulence genes and clinical features of cdad in children by gene detection. | 2015 | 26310645 |
| [update for the diagnosis and resistant associated gene of clostridium difficile]. | 2015 | 26310651 | |
| development of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (pact) for clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudo membranous colitis in the developed world. the aim of this study was to explore whether photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (pact) could be used as a novel approach to treating c. difficile infections. | 2015 | 26313448 |
| medical devices; immunology and microbiology devices; classification of clostridium difficile toxin gene amplification assay. final order. | the food and drug administration (fda) is classifying clostridium difficile (c. difficile) toxin gene amplification assay into class ii (special controls). the agency is classifying the device into class ii (special controls) in order to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device. | 2015 | 26314093 |
| skin and environmental contamination in patients diagnosed with clostridium difficile infection but not meeting clinical criteria for testing. | of 134 patients diagnosed with clostridium difficile infection, 30 (22%) did not meet clinical criteria for testing because they lacked significant diarrhea or had alternative explanations for diarrhea and no recent antibiotic exposure. for these patients, skin and/or environmental contamination was common only in those with prior antibiotic exposure. | 2015 | 26315659 |
| routine disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile and association with pcr ribotype 027. | reduced susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin in clostridium difficile has been reported, which emphasises the need for simple antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. the aim of this study was to apply a published disc diffusion method and zone diameter breakpoint correlates to the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) epidemiological minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) cut-off values in a routine setting. metronidazole and vancomycin zone diameter ... | 2015 | 26319148 |
| [fecal transplantation the future therapy?]. | intestinal bacteria play an important role in human physiology, taking part in the metabolism, absorption of nutrients and regulation of the immune system. in many illnesses the bacterial imbalance in the digestive tract occurs, and fecal transplantation is one method that allows you to restore the balance. the essence of the described method is to replace the pathogenesis, abnormal bacterial flora with the flora occurring in normal healthy individuals. so far, the main use of the method describ ... | 2015 | 26319378 |
| response to "effect of geographic region and seasonality on clostridium difficile incidence and hospital mortality". | 2015 | 26320700 | |
| comparative evaluation of broad-panel pcr assays for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in pediatric oncology patients. | broadly multiplexed molecular amplification assays offer an unprecedented ability to diagnose gastrointestinal infection in immunocompromised patients. however, little data are available to compare the performance of such systems in this population. a total of 436 stool samples were collected from 199 predominantly immunocompromised pediatric oncology patients. remnant samples were tested in parallel with the use of the premarket (investigational use only) versions of two broadly multiplexed pcr ... | 2015 | 26321042 |
| clinical and economic benefits of fidaxomicin compared to vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection. | we studied the clinical and economic impact of a protocol encouraging the use of fidaxomicin as a first-line drug for treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients hospitalized during a 2-year period. this study evaluated patients who received oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for the treatment of cdi during a 2-year period. all included patients were eligible for administration of fidaxomicin via a protocol that encouraged its use for selected patients. the primary clinical endpoi ... | 2015 | 26324268 |
| analysis of bacterial communities during clostridium difficile infection in the mouse. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of health care-associated disease. cdi initiates with ingestion of c. difficile spores, germination in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract, and then colonization of the large intestine. the interactions between c. difficile cells and other bacteria and with host mucosa during cdi remain poorly understood. here, we addressed the hypothesis that, in a mouse model of cdi, c. difficile resides in multicellular communities (biofilms) in association w ... | 2015 | 26324536 |
| burden of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the united states. | gastrointestinal (gi), liver, and pancreatic diseases are a source of substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost in the united states. quantification and statistical analyses of the burden of these diseases are important for researchers, clinicians, policy makers, and public health professionals. we gathered data from national databases to estimate the burden and cost of gi and liver disease in the united states. | 2015 | 26327134 |
| clostridium difficile infection is more severe when toxin is detected in the stool than when detected only by a toxigenic culture. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospital inpatients. rapid testing for the toxins in stool specimens is inconclusive due to its low sensitivity. therefore, a two-step method is recommended as the most appropriate approach. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the differences in the disease severity score between the patients who were glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)-positive/enzyme immunoassays (eia) toxin-positive (group a) ... | 2015 | 26328639 |
| function of the crispr-cas system of the human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the cause of most frequently occurring nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. as an enteropathogen, c. difficile must be exposed to multiple exogenous genetic elements in bacteriophage-rich gut communities. crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-cas (crispr-associated) systems allow bacteria to adapt to foreign genetic invaders. our recent data revealed active expression and processing of crispr rnas from multiple type i-b crispr arrays in c. difficil ... | 2015 | 26330515 |
| factors predictive of severe clostridium difficile infection depend on the definition used. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) produces a variety of clinical presentations ranging from mild diarrhea to severe infection with fulminant colitis, septic shock, and death. over the past decade, the emergence of the bi/nap1/027 strain has been linked to higher prevalence and severity of cdi. the guidelines to treat patients with cdi are currently based on severity factors identified in the literature and on expert opinion and have not been systematically evaluated. | 2016 | 26335160 |
| factors associated with complications of clostridium difficile infection in a multicenter prospective cohort. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and may result in severe complications including death. we conducted a prospective study to identify risk factors for complications of cdi (ccdi). | 2015 | 26338788 |
| building a better crystal ball for predicting complications of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26338793 | |
| antibacterial discovery and development: from gene to product and back. | concern over the reports of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in hospitals and in the community has been publicized in the media, accompanied by comments on the risk that we may soon run out of antibiotics as a way to control infectious disease. infections caused by enterococcus faecium, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella species, clostridium difficile, acinetobacter baumannii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, and other enterobacteriaceae species represent a major public health b ... | 2015 | 26339625 |
| [development of new vaccines]. | recent and important advances in the fields of immunology, genomics, functional genomics, immunogenetics, immunogenomics, bioinformatics, microbiology, genetic engineering, systems biology, synthetic biochemistry, proteomics, metabolomics and nanotechnology, among others, have led to new approaches in the development of vaccines. the better identification of ideal epitopes, the strengthening of the immune response due to new adjuvants, and the search of new routes of vaccine administration, are ... | 2015 | 26341041 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile in germany based on a single center long-term surveillance and german-wide genotyping of recent isolates provided to the advisory laboratory for diagnostic reasons. | epidemiology of clostridium difficile is characterized by worldwide increase of c. difficile infections (cdi) and the emergence of new epidemic outbreak strains with the capacity for global spreading. long-term local surveillance at the university of saarland medical center between 2000 and 2013 shows that the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed cdi was influenced by local epidemiology as well as by testing strategies. since 2008, molecular typing of c. difficile was regularly performed for s ... | 2015 | 26341328 |
| [fecal transplantation for the treatment of relapsing diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile infection in a liver transplantation patient]. | 2016 | 26343156 | |
| prophylactic antibiotics after acute stroke for reducing pneumonia in patients with dysphagia (stroke-inf): a prospective, cluster-randomised, open-label, masked endpoint, controlled clinical trial. | post-stroke pneumonia is associated with increased mortality and poor functional outcomes. this study assessed the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis for reducing pneumonia in patients with dysphagia after acute stroke. | 2015 | 26343840 |
| anti-infective vaccination in the 21st century-new horizons for personal and public health. | the 21st century has seen the licensure of new anti-infective vaccines that have demonstrated their benefit for both individual and population (herd) protection. despite this there are still many human pathogens for which no vaccine is available. as we learn more about these pathogens, and as technologies advance, more opportunities for vaccine development have become available. this review will address these advances and highlight the paradigm shift from vaccines that are used on a population b ... | 2015 | 26344360 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile, a major cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea due to perturbation of the normal gastrointestinal microbiome, is responsible for significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. the incidence and severity of c difficile infection (cdi) is increasing, and recurrent disease is common. recurrent infection can be difficult to manage with conventional antibiotic therapy. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), which involves instillation of stool from a healthy d ... | 2016 | 26344412 |
| counting the patient and healthcare organization costs of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26346585 | |
| [the microbiome of the gut in critically ill patients]. | the complexity and diversity of the human intestinal microbiome has only recently been characterized. the multiple metabolic and immunologic effects of the bacterial flora have demonstrated the symbiosis between the microbiome and its host. this symbiosis is disturbed in a multitude of diseases, especially in critically ill patients. | 2015 | 26346682 |
| emerging role of fecal microbiota therapy in the treatment of gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. | in the recent decade our understanding of the role of the human gut microbiome has been revolutionized by advances in development of molecular methods. approximately, up to 100 trillion (10(14)) microorganisms per human body colonize the intestinal tract making an additional acquired organ that provides many vital functions to the host. a healthy gut microbiome can be defined by the presence of the various classes of microbes that enhance metabolism, resistance to infection and inflammation, pre ... | 2015 | 26348073 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection: treat the patient, not the test. | 2015 | 26348248 | |
| overdiagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in the molecular test era. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of health care-associated infection, but disagreement between diagnostic tests is an ongoing barrier to clinical decision making and public health reporting. molecular tests are increasingly used to diagnose c difficile infection (cdi), but many molecular test-positive patients lack toxins that historically defined disease, making it unclear if they need treatment. | 2015 | 26348734 |
| trends in oral antibiotic, proton pump inhibitor, and histamine 2 receptor blocker prescription patterns for children compared with adults: implications for clostridium difficile infection in the community. | the use of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor (ppi), and histamine 2 receptor blocker (h2b) was compared between children and adults in the community from 2005 through 2011. antibiotic prescription rates remained stable for children, but increased significantly for adults, p = .03. ppi prescription rates increased for children, p = .02 and for adults, p = .009. h2b prescription rates increased for children, p = .03, but not for adults. antibiotic prescription rates were significantly higher in c ... | 2016 | 26350427 |
| the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in outpatient pediatrics. | 2016 | 26350428 | |
| the long-term efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent, severe, and complicated clostridium difficile infection in 146 elderly individuals. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the elderly has a higher prevalence, greater morbidity and mortality, and lower response to conventional treatment than the general population. fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) is highly effective therapy for cdi but has not been studied specifically in the elderly. this study aims to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of fmt for recurrent (rcdi), severe (scdi), and complicated (ccdi) cdi in elderly patients. | 2017 | 26352106 |
| association of clostridium difficile ribotype 078 with detectable toxin in human stool specimens. | using a clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) immunoassay and a sensitive c. difficile toxin a/b immunoassay, human stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea (n = 1085) were classified as either gdh positive/toxin negative, or gdh positive/toxin positive. overall, 528/725 (73%) of the gdh-positive/toxin-negative specimens contained viable c. difficile, and 433/528 (82%) of these c. difficile isolates were pcr positive for the toxin gene pathogenicity locus. overall, 867/1078 (80 ... | 2015 | 26354090 |