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the calcineurin pathway inhibitor tacrolimus enhances the in vitro activity of azoles against mucorales via apoptosis.the calcineurin pathway regulates antifungal drug resistance and the virulence of several major human-pathogenic fungi, including the recalcitrant mucorales. we hypothesized that the fungistatic triazoles posaconazole (pcz) and itraconazole (icz) become fungicidal in the setting of the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (tcr) and that such an effect is mediated through apoptosis. fungicidal activity and apoptosis were studied using standard microbiological techniques and hyphal metabolic and vital ...201323851337
a mucormycosis case treated with a combination of caspofungin and amphotericin b.mucormycosis is a rare, invasive and fatal disease that occurs mainly in diabetes mellitus patients with uncontrolled blood glucose levels or in immunocompromised patients. the mortality rate of this disease is as high as 25 to 80%, despite aggressive surgical treatment and antifungal therapy. this high mortality requires alternative treatment approaches. the accepted treatment modality of invasive mucormycosis are amphotericin b lipid formulations. although echinocandins generally show no activ ...201323856448
in vitro activity of miltefosine as a single agent and in combination with voriconazole or posaconazole against uncommon filamentous fungal pathogens.antifungal treatment of uncommon filamentous fungal infections is problematic. this study determined the in vitro susceptibility of miltefosine, as a single agent and in combination with posaconazole or voriconazole, against these pathogens.201323861311
characterization of antifungal activity of the gh-46 subclass iii chitosanase from bacillus circulans mh-k1.we characterized the antifungal activity of the bacillus circulans subclass iii mh-k1 chitosanase (mh-k1 chitosanase), which is one of the most intensively studied glycoside hydrolases (ghs) that belong to gh family 46. mh-k1 chitosanase inhibited the growth of zygomycetes fungi, rhizopus and mucor, even at 10 pmol (0.3 μg)/ml culture probably via its fungistatic effect. the amino acid substitution e37q abolished the antifungal activity of mh-k1 chitosanase, but retained binding to chitotriose. ...201323892828
modulation of isoflavonoid composition of rhizopus oryzae elicited soybean (glycine max) seedlings by light and wounding.the isoflavonoid profile of soybean was altered in different ways by stimulation of defense response upon germination. the combination of simultaneous germination and induction by rhizopus oryzae increased the total isoflavonoid content of soybeans over 2-fold. pterocarpans became the predominant isoflavonoids, up to 50% (w/w) of total isoflavonoids. to modulate both isoflavonoid content and composition further, the treatment was extended with wounding or light stimuli. the total isoflavonoid co ...201323944987
soft rot on cucumis melo var. makuwa caused by rhizopus oryzae.rhizopus oryzae is reported for the first time on cucumis melo l. var. makuwa makino. a detailed description of this korean specimen is given, along with its rdna internal transcribed spacer sequence. on the basis of mycological characteristics and molecular data, the fungus was identified as r. oryzae went & prinsen geerligs.201023956677
[effect of znso4 on l-lactic acid production by rhizopus oryzae].to improve the yield and quality of l-lactic acid by rhizopus oryzae, we aim to understand the relationship between inorganic salts utilization and the l-lactic acid metabolism of the strain rlc41-6, through systematic analysis of the effects of zinc ion concentration on the production of l-lactic acid and the lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) activity.201323957157
siderophore production by pathogenic mucorales and uptake of deferoxamine b.clinical reports have established that mucormycosis, mainly caused by rhizopus spp., frequently occurs in patients treated with deferoxamine b (dfo, desferal(®)) which is misappropriated by these fungi. siderophore production by twenty mucoralean isolates was therefore investigated using a commercial iron-depleted culture medium. siderophore production was detected for most of the isolates. our experiments confirmed that feroxamine b (iron chelate of dfo) promoted in vitro growth of rhizopus arr ...201323982284
dissociation between sensitizing and colonizing fungi in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.because allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) does not require the presence of aspergillus fumigatus for diagnosis, serological and radiological findings without cultures usually confirm this condition.201323987194
zygomycotic mediastinal lymphadenitis in beef cattle with ruminal tympany.a 9-month-old steer was autopsied due to recurrent ruminal tympany. a macroscopic examination found an enlarged caudal mediastinal lymph node, and a section of the lymph node revealed necrosis with marked calcification, similar to tuberculous lymphadenitis. histopathologically, the lesion consisted of multiple coagulative necrotic foci and fibrosis with macrophage, lymphocyte, eosinophil and multinucleated giant cell infiltration. non-uniform width hyphae were detected in the necrotic area and w ...201424018826
isolation of mucorales from processed maize (zea mays l.) and screening for protease activity.mucorales were isolated from maize flour, corn meal and cooked cornflakes using surface and depth plate methods. rhizopus oryzae, circinella muscae, mucor subtilissimus, mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis, syncephalastrum racemosum, rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis and absidia cylindrospora showed protease activity.200824031292
novel agents for enzymatic and fungal hydrolysis of stevioside.a comparative study on the potential of some biological agents to perform the hydrolysis of stevioside was carried out, aiming at establishing an alternative methodology to achieve the aglycon steviol or its rearranged derivative isosteviol, in high yields to be used in the preparation of novel bioactive compounds. hydrolysis reactions were performed by using filamentous fungi (aspergillus niger, rhizopus stolonifer and rhizopus arrhizus), a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) and enzymes (pancreat ...200924031374
fumaric acid production in saccharomyces cerevisiae by simultaneous use of oxidative and reductive routes.in this study, the simultaneous use of reductive and oxidative routes to produce fumaric acid was explored. the strain fmme003 (saccharomyces cerevisiae cen.pk2-1cδthi2) exhibited capability to accumulate pyruvate and was used for fumaric acid production. the fum1 mutant fmme004 could produce fumaric acid via oxidative route, but the introduction of reductive route derived from rhizopus oryzae nrrl 1526 led to lower fumaric acid production. analysis of the key factors associated with fumaric aci ...201324045196
antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi against aspergillus fumigatus.more than 120 isolates of lactic acid bacteria obtained from kimchi was screened for antifungal activity against aspergillus fumigatus. approximately 10% of the isolates showed inhibitory activity and only 4.16% (five isolates) exhibited strong activity against the indicator fungus a. fumigatus. the five isolates showed a wide rang of antifungal activity against a. flavus, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium commune, and rhizopus oryzae. they were identified by 16s rdna sequencing as lactobacillus ...200524049503
synthesis of some novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazine derivatives for antimicrobial evaluation.a new series of novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazines 7a-j has been synthesized by the reaction of [5, 5'-methylenebis(3-methylbenzofuran-7, 5-diyl)]bis[(4-amino-5-thioxo-4, 5-dihydro-1h-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl)methanone] (6) with a variety of phenacyl bromides in ethanol under reflux for 6 h. all the newly synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity against certain strains of bacteria such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae and shigella f ...201124062120
biodiesel production in a magnetically-stabilized, fluidized bed reactor with an immobilized lipase in magnetic chitosan microspheres.biodiesel production by immobilized rhizopus oryzae lipase in magnetic chitosan microspheres (mcms) was carried out using soybean oil and methanol in a magnetically-stabilized, fluidized bed reactor (msfbr). the maximum content of methyl ester in the reaction mixture reached 91.3 (w/v) at a fluid flow rate of 25 ml/min and a magnetic field intensity of 150 oe. in addition, the mcms-immobilized lipase in the reactor showed excellent reusability, retaining 82 % productivity even after six batches, ...201424062133
synthesis and bioconversions of formestane.in an effort to generate new steroidal aromatase inhibitors, formestane (4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione) (1) was biotransformed by rhizopus oryzae to yield the known 4β,5α-dihydroxyandrostane-3,17-dione as the major product (5) and bioconverted by beauveria bassiana to afford the known reduced 4,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (6) and 3α,17β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-4-one (7) and the new 4,11α,17β-trihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (8). all the metabolites showed more potent activities than their par ...201324074257
drosera peltata smith var. lunata (buch.-ham.) c. b. clarke as a feasible source of plumbagin: phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity assay.drosera peltata smith var. lunata (buch.-ham.) c. b. clarke (dpvl) fractions and plumbagin were tested via broth microdilution techniques on rhizopus oryzae, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, penicillium citrinum. all of the test substances [petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fraction and aqueous residue (ar)] except for the ar were active against all the tested strains. the petroleum ether fraction (pef) was the most active (mic = 5.86-46.88 μg/ml, mf ...201424078108
putative drug targets in rhizopus oryzae: in-silico insight.opportunistic fungal infections, such as zygomycosis, often associated with excessive morbidity and mortality, are increasingly becoming a source of concern worldwide. in the reported investigation, genome analysis of a major opportunistic fungus rhizopus oryzae was undertaken to identify gene or protein sequences that may serve as targets for therapeutic interventions. using database of essential genes six proteins were identified. these proteins are implicated in metabolic/cellular pathways, w ...201324084240
endoglucanase and total cellulase from newly isolated rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma reesei: production, characterization, and thermal stability.a multienzymatic complex production was evaluated, as well as endoglucanase and total cellulase characterization, during solid-state fermentation of rice industry wastes with rhizopus oryzae cct 7560 (newly isolated microorganism) and trichoderma reesei qm 9414 (control). r. oryzae produced enzymes with higher activity at 15 h of fermentation (5.1 and 2.3 u g(-1) to endoglucanase and total cellulase), while t. reesei produced them at 55 h (15.3 and 2.8 u g(-1) to endoglucanase and total cellulas ...201424092451
induction of rhizopus oryzae germination under starvation using host metabolites increases spore susceptibility to heat stress.sweetpotato is a nutritional source worldwide. soft rot caused by rhizopus spp. is a major limiting factor in the storage of produce, rendering it potentially unsafe for human consumption. in this study, rhizopus oryzae was used to develop a concept of postharvest disease control by weakening the pathogen through induction of spore germination under starvation conditions. we isolated the sweetpotato active fractions (spafs) that induce spore germination and used them at a low dose to enhance spo ...201424093921
crystal structures of starch binding domain from rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase in complex with isomaltooligosaccharide: insights into polysaccharide binding mechanism of cbm21 family.glucoamylases are responsible for hydrolysis of starch and polysaccharides to yield β-d-glucose. rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (roga) is composed of an n-terminal starch binding domain (sbd) and a c-terminal catalytic domain connected by an o-glycosylated linker. two carbohydrate binding sites in rosbd have been identified, site i is created by three highly conserved aromatic residues, trp47, tyr83, and tyr94, and site ii is built up by tyr32 and phe58. here, the two crystal structures of rosbd i ...201424108499
l (+)-lactic acid production by pellet-form rhizopus oryzae nrrl 395 on biodiesel crude glycerol.given its availability and low price, glycerol derived from biodiesel industry has become an ideal feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. a solution to reduce the negative environmental problems and the cost of biodiesel is to use crude glycerol as carbon source for microbial growth media in order to produce valuable organic chemicals. in the present paper, crude glycerol was used as carbon substrate for production of l (+)-lactic acid using pelletized fungus r. oryzae nrrl 395 on ...201324112554
antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition of phenolic acids from fermented rice bran with fungus rizhopus oryzae.the solid-state fermentation (ssf) has been employed as a form making available a higher content of functional compounds from agroindustrial wastes. in this work, the effect of ssf with the rhizopus oryzae fungus on the phenolic acid content of rice bran was studied. phenolic extracts derived from rice bran and fermented rice bran were evaluated for their ability to reduce free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrihidrazil (dpph) and for the ability to inhibit the enzymes peroxidase and polyphenol oxidas ...201424176356
a sulfuric-lactic acid process for efficient purification of fungal chitosan with intact molecular weight.the most recent method of fungal chitosan purification, i.e., two steps of dilute sulfuric acid treatment, pretreatment of cell wall at room temperature for phosphate removal and extraction of chitosan from the phosphate free cell wall at high temperature, significantly reduces the chitosan molecular weight. this study was aimed at improvement of this method. in the pretreatment step, to choose the best conditions, cell wall of rhizopus oryzae, containing 9% phosphate, 10% glucosamine, and 21% n ...201424211428
successful isavuconazole salvage therapy in a patient with invasive mucormycosis.a 45-year-old male with rhinocerebral mucormycosis (rhizopus oryzae), refractory to liposomal amphotericin b and posaconazole, received isavuconazole salvage therapy. initial isavuconazole plasma and tissue levels were 0.76-0.86 μg/ml and 1.09-1.38 μg/g. plasma levels increased to 1.3-3.24 μg/ml with reduced comedication. isavuconazole was well tolerated, and the patient has remained disease-free 24 months post-antifungal therapy.201424217961
[evaluation of zygomycosis cases by pooled analysis method reported from turkey].zygomycosis is a rapidly-progressive invasive fungal disease with high mortality rates. mucor, rhizopus, rhizomucor and absidia species classified in mucorales order, are the main causative agents of zygomycosis. uncontrolled diabetes, hematologic malignancies, long term corticosteroid use and immunosuppressive therapies are the main predisposing factors for mucormycosis. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the mucormycosis cases from turkey published in national and international databases in t ...201324237440
1,2-diazole and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and their regulatory effects on ethanol and lactic acid formation in the living culture of rhizopus oryzae.in heterofermentation of rhizopus oryzae, ethanol is the major byproduct which reduces the production of a desired product, an optically pure l-lactic acid. to improve lactic acid production, regulating the alcohol fermentative pathway to limit ethanol production has been done by various techniques. in vitro study on alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) inhibition in several organisms showed that 1,2-diazole and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were competitively bound at the active sites that eventually limited e ...201424242164
why is mucormycosis more difficult to cure than more common mycoses?although considered to be a rare infection, mucormycosis (zygomycosis) has emerged as the second most common invasive mould infection. despite the advent of newer antifungal agents, mortality rate of mucormycosis remains exceedingly high. successful management of mucormycosis requires early diagnosis, reversal of underlying predisposing risk factors, surgical debridement and prompt administration of active antifungal agents. however, mucormycosis is not always amenable to cure. there are challen ...201424279587
proven invasive pulmonary mucormycosis successfully treated with amphotericin b and surgery in patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia: a case report.invasive mucormycosis (zygomycosis) is the third most frequent fungal infection in patients with hematologic malignancies. it often results in a fatal outcome mainly due to the difficulty of early diagnosis and its resistance to antimycotics.201324299522
organic synthesis of maize starch-based polymer using rhizopus oryzae lipase, scale up, and its characterization.the industrial utilization of native starches is limited because of their inherit nature, with characteristics such as water insolubility and their tendency to form unstable pastes and gels. in this investigation, a lipase produced from rhizopus oryzae was used for modification of maize starch with palmitic acid at a reaction temperature of 45°c for 18 hr in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso). the synthesis of maize starch palmitate was confirmed by fourier-transform infrared (ft-ir) and ...201424320233
evaluation of biotechnological potentials of some industrial fungi in economical lipid accumulation and biofuel production as a field of use.considering the vast number of scientific reports on various potential uses of fungi, there was an attempt to select the best lipid producer of some fungi at optimized conditions (aspergillus versicolor, rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus arrhizus, tramates versicolor). the aim was to offer new fields of use to the industries already culturing and using such materials. aspergillus versicolor mycelia were found to be accumulating the highest amount of lipids. experiments to improve lipid accumulation and ...201424320234
optimization of marine waste based-growth media for microbial lipase production using mixture design methodology.lipase production by staphylococcus xylosus and rhizopus oryzae was investigated using a culture medium based on a mixture of synthetic medium and supernatants generated from tuna by-products and ulva rigida biomass. the proportion of the three medium components was optimized using the simplex-centroid mixture design method (scmd). results indicated that the experimental data were in good agreement with predicted values, indicating that scmd was a reliable method for determining the optimum mixt ...201324350480
coth3 mediates fungal invasion of host cells during mucormycosis.angioinvasion is a hallmark of mucormycosis. previously, we identified endothelial cell glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) as a receptor for mucorales that mediates host cell invasion. here we determined that spore coat protein homologs (coth) of mucorales act as fungal ligands for grp78. coth proteins were widely present in mucorales and absent from noninvasive pathogens. heterologous expression of coth3 and coth2 in saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred the ability to invade host cells via bind ...201424355926
high-level expression of pro-form lipase from rhizopus oryzae in pichia pastoris and its purification and characterization.a gene encoding rhizopus oryzae lipase containing prosequence (prorol) was cloned into the ppiczαa and electrotransformed into the pichia pastoris x-33 strain. the lipase was functionally expressed and secreted in pichia pastoris with a molecular weight of 35 kda. the maximum lipase activity of recombinant lipase (rprorol) was 21,000 u/ml, which was obtained in a fed-batch cultivation after 168 h induction with methanol in a 50-l bioreactor. after fermentation, the supernatant was concentrated b ...201324368519
study of different reaction schemes for the enzymatic synthesis of polyglycerol polyricinoleate.different strategies for the solvent-free enzymatic production of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (pgpr) were explored in an attempt to simplify and improve the process. besides the conventional procedure (obtaining polyricinoleic acid, followed by its esterification with polyglycerol), two alternative methods are proposed: (1) reversing the synthesis order, i.e. esterification of polyglycerol with ricinoleic acid and then the condensation of ricinoleic acid with the previously obtained polyglycero ...201424403129
changes in the binding and inhibitory properties of urea/triazine-type herbicides upon phospholipid and galactolipid depletion in the outer monolayer of thylakoid membranes : different behaviour of atrazine-susceptible and-resistant biotypes of solanum nigrum l.the binding characteristics and the inhibitory power of atrazine and dcmu towards uncoupled electron flow activity were studied in acyl lipid-depleted thylakoid membranes from atrazine-susceptible and-resistant biotypes of solanum nigrum l. for this purpose, phospholipase a2 from vipera russelli and the lipase from rhizopus arrhizus were used to obtain a selective lipid class (phospholipids or galactolipids) depletion which was restricted to the outer monolayer. neither phospholipid nor galactol ...199224407930
mechanisms of increased linamarin degradation during solid-substrate fermentation of cassava.several fungi and bacteria, isolated from ugandan domestic fermented cassava, released hcn from linamarin in defined growth media. in 72 h, a bacillus sp. decreased the linamarin to 1% of initial concentrations, mucor racemosus to 7%, rhizopus oryzae and r. stolonifer to 30%, but neurospora sitophila and geotrichum candidum hardly degraded the linamarin. adding pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, but not linamarase, to root pieces under aseptic conditions, led to root softening and significantl ...199524414645
interesterification of butter fat by partially purified extracellular lipases from pseudomonas putida, aspergillus niger and rhizopus oryzae.three extracellular lipases were produced by batch fermentation of pseudomonas putida atcc 795, aspergillus niger cbs 131.52 and rhizopus oryzae atcc 34612 during the late phase of growth, at 72, 96 and 96 h, respectively. the lipases were partially purified by (nh4)2so4 fractionation. the lipase of p. putida was optimal at ph 8.0 whereas those from a. niger and r. oryzae were optimal at ph 7.5. the a. niger lipase had the lowest v max value (0.51×10(-3) u/min) and r. oryzae the highest (1.86×10 ...199524415019
influence of carbohydrates and polyols on l-lactic acid production and fatty acid formation by rhizopus arrhizus.growth and l-lactic acid production on 24 different carbohydrates and polyols (glycerol, mannitol and sorbitol) by rhizopus arrhizus ccm 8109 were determined. the d- but not the l-forms of xylose, fructose, galactose, mannose, glucose, cellobiose, maltose and sucrose and partially hydrolysed starch were converted to l-lactic acid. changes in lipid formation and fatty acid composition were detected in biomass grown on the different sugars. in the presence of polyols, growth and considerable produ ...199424421009
production of l-lactic acid by rhizopus species.of 19 rhizopus spp. only four produced l-lactic acid in shake-flask culture. aerobically and in the presence of a neutralizing agent, rhizopus oryzae nrrl 395 produced the highest concentration of l-lactic acid (65 g/l) but with o2-limited growth ethanol was produced instead.199424421092
inducing effect of salicin for extracellular endoglucanase synthesis in rhizopus oryzae pr7 mtcc 9642.the induction of endoglucanase of rhizopus oryzae pr7 mtcc 9642 has been observed in cultivation medium using a batch-fermentation technique. the effect of various experimental parameters such as use various carbon sources as inducers, concentration of inducer and effect of different additives were investigated. salicin at concentrations from 0.25 to 0.75% (w/v) was found to bring about a remarkable increase in endoglucanase synthesis when used as a sole carbon source and thought to act as a gra ...201624455865
efficacy of aerosolized liposomal amphotericin b against murine invasive pulmonary mucormycosis.invasive pulmonary mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection encountered in immunocompromised patients. an intravenous high-dose lipid formulation of amphotericin b, such as liposomal amphotericin b (l-amb), is the recommended treatment. the efficacy of inhaled l-amb against mucormycosis has not been evaluated. we evaluated the efficacy of inhaled aerosolized l-amb in murine invasive pulmonary mucormycosis. icr female mice were immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate and cyclophosphami ...201424462443
enhanced fumaric acid production from brewery wastewater and insight into the morphology of rhizopus oryzae 1526.the present work explores brewery wastewater as a novel substrate for fumaric acid production employing the filamentous fungal strain rhizopus oryzae 1526 through submerged fermentation. the effects of different parameters such as substrate total solid concentrations, fermentation ph, incubation temperature, flask shaking speed, and inoculum size on the fungal morphologies were investigated. different morphological forms (mycelium clumps, suspended mycelium, and solid/hairy pellets) of r. oryzae ...201424469587
treatment of experimental mucormycosis (rhizopus oryzae infection) in rabbits with amphotericin b. 195824544889
the inhibitory effect of amphotericin b on localized rhizopus oryzae infection (mucormycosis) utilizing the pneumoderma pouch of the rat. 195824544973
comprehensive clone screening and evaluation of fed-batch strategies in a microbioreactor and lab scale stirred tank bioreactor system: application on pichia pastoris producing rhizopus oryzae lipase.in pichia pastoris bioprocess engineering, classic approaches for clone selection and bioprocess optimization at small/micro scale using the promoter of the alcohol oxidase 1 gene (paox1), induced by methanol, present low reproducibility leading to high time and resource consumption.201424606982
[effects of nitrogen-limitation on xylose metabolism and key enzymes activity in rhizopus oryzae].we studied the effects of nitrogen concentration on xylose metabolism and organic acid production in rhizopus oryzae.201324617260
alternative respiration and fumaric acid production of rhizopus oryzae.under the conditions of fumaric acid fermentation, rhizopus oryzae me-f14 possessed at least two respiratory systems. the respiration of mycelia was partially inhibited by the cytochrome respiration inhibitor antimycin a or the alternative respiration inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid and was completely inhibited in the presence of both antimycin a and salicylhydroxamic acid. during fumaric acid fermentation process, the activity of alternative respiration had a great correlation with fumaric aci ...201424643733
overexpression of aspergillus tubingensis faea in protease-deficient aspergillus niger enables ferulic acid production from plant material.the production of ferulic acid esterase involved in the release of ferulic acid side groups from xylan was investigated in strains of aspergillus tubingensis, aspergillus carneus, aspergillus niger and rhizopus oryzae. the highest activity on triticale bran as sole carbon source was observed with the a. tubingensis t8.4 strain, which produced a type a ferulic acid esterase active against methyl p-coumarate, methyl ferulate and methyl sinapate. the activity of the a. tubingensis ferulic acid este ...201424664515
eco-friendly methodology for efficient synthesis and scale-up of 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate using rhizopus oryzae lipase and its biological evaluation.lipase-mediated synthesis of phenolic acid esters is a green and economical alternative to current chemical methods. octyl methoxycinnamate, an important uvb-absorbing compound, was synthesized by the esterification of p-methoxycinnamic acid with 2-ethyl hexanol using rhizopus oryzae lipase. a molar ratio of 1:2 of p-methoxycinnamic acid and 2-ethyl hexanol was found to give an optimum yield using cyclo-octane (50 ml) as reaction solvent, at a temperature of 45 °c, and 750 u of lipase, resulting ...201424668019
a successful treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to rhizopus oryzae.mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi of the mucoraceae family. the genera most commonly responsible are mucor or rhizopus. the disease occurs mostly in association with diabetic ketoacidosis. mucormycosis has an extremely high death rate even when aggressive surgery is done. death rates range from 25-85% depending on the body area involved. a case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a 65-year-old diabetic male patient typically presenting as headache, especially ...201424672569
a study on biochemical changes during cultivation of rhizopus oryzae in deproteinized whey medium in relation to chitosan production.the kinetics of cultivation of zygomycete filamentous fungus rhizopus oryzae in deproteinized whey medium in relation to chitosan production was studied here to optimize chitosan production from r. oryzae as well as utilize whey, a by-product of sweetmeat industry as a cheap source of sugar in the cultivation process. chitosan content of r. oryzae biomass was found to be increased with time during cultivation and reached maximum (13·6%) after 72 h and then declined steadily. maximum 1·13 g of ch ...201424698442
genome sequence and transcriptome analyses of the thermophilic zygomycete fungus rhizomucor miehei.the zygomycete fungi like rhizomucor miehei have been extensively exploited for the production of various enzymes. as a thermophilic fungus, r. miehei is capable of growing at temperatures that approach the upper limits for all eukaryotes. to date, over hundreds of fungal genomes are publicly available. however, zygomycetes have been rarely investigated both genetically and genomically.201424746234
monoolein production by triglycerides hydrolysis using immobilized rhizopus oryzae lipase.lipase extracted from rhizopus oryzae was immobilized in alginate gel beads. the effects of the immobilization conditions, such as, alginate concentration, cacl2 concentration and amount of initial enzyme on retained activity (specific activity ratio of entrapped active lipase to free lipase) were investigated. the optimal conditions for lipase entrapment were determined: 2% (w/v) alginate concentration, 100mm cacl2 and enzyme ratio of 2000iu/ml.in such conditions, immobilized lipase by inclusio ...201424755261
cloning and characterization of the first gh10 and gh11 xylanases from rhizopus oryzae.the only available genome sequence for rhizopus oryzae strain 99-880 was annotated to not encode any β-1,4-endoxylanase encoding genes of the glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 10 or 11. here, we report the identification and cloning of two such members in r. oryzae strain nrrl 29086. strain 29086 was one of several selected fungi grown on wheat or triticale bran and screened for xylanase activity among other hydrolytic actions. its high activity (138 u/ml) in the culture supernatant led to the ide ...201424760228
preparation of immobilized whole cell biocatalyst and biodiesel production using a packed-bed bioreactor.rhizopus oryzae nbrc 4697 was selected from among promising candidates as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production. this microorganism was immobilized on to polyurethane foam coated with activated carbon for reuse, and, for biodiesel production. vacuum drying of the immobilized cells was found to be more efficient than natural or freeze-drying processes. although the immobilized cells were severely inhibited by a molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil in excess of 2.0, stepwise methanol addition ( ...201424770957
production of fumaric acid from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by rhizopus arrhizus.this work investigated the capability of rhizopus arrhizus to assimilate biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and convert it into fumaric acid. after optimizing the initial glycerol concentration, spore inoculum and yeast extract concentration, smaller pellets (0.7 mm) and higher biomass (3.11 g/l) were obtained when r. arrhizus grew on crude glycerol. it was found that crude glycerol was more suitable than glucose for smaller r. arrhizus pellet forming. when 80 g/l crude glycerol was used as carbon ...201424787316
heat-killed yeast protects diabetic ketoacidotic-steroid treated mice from pulmonary mucormycosis.previous studies have shown that vaccination with heat-killed yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae (hky), protects mice against systemic candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis or coccidioidomycosis. here we sought to define the potential use of hky as a vaccine to protect mice from mucormycosis. mice were vaccinated with different regimens of hky prior to induction of diabetes. diabetic ketoacidotic (dka) mice were then treated with steroids prior to intratracheal challenge with rhizopus oryzae. ...201424814556
effects of 7-hydroxycalamenene isolated from croton cajucara essential oil on growth, lipid content and ultrastructural aspects of rhizopus oryzae.the leaves and bark of croton cajucara, a shrub from the amazon region, have been used in folk medicine to treat diabetes, malaria, and gastrointestinal and liver disorders. the essential oil from the leaves, rich in linalool, presented antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities. a chemotype of this species was found with an essential oil rich in 7-hydroxycalamenene. during our studies of the c. cajucara essential oil, we isolated 7-hydroxycalamenene at > 98 % purity. the minimum inhibitory co ...201424841967
green conversion of agroindustrial wastes into chitin and chitosan by rhizopus arrhizus and cunninghamella elegans strains.this article sets out a method for producing chitin and chitosan by cunninghamella elegans and rhizopus arrhizus strains using a green metabolic conversion of agroindustrial wastes (corn steep liquor and molasses). the physicochemical characteristics of the biopolymers and antimicrobial activity are described. chitin and chitosan were extracted by alkali-acid treatment, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, viscosity and x-ray diffraction. the effectiveness of chitosan from c. elegans and ...201424853288
efficient transformation of rhizopus delemar by electroporation of germinated spores.high efficient transformation of mycelial fungi is essential to both metabolic engineering and physiological analysis of these industrially important microorganisms. however, transformation efficiencies for mycelial fungi are highly restricted by difficulties in colony formation and competent cell preparation. in this work, an innovative transformation procedure that could significantly improve the efficiency of colony formation and transformation process has been established for a typical mycel ...201424886837
determination of methylene blue biosorption by rhizopus arrhizus in the presence of surfactants with different chemical structures.methylene blue (mb) biosorption properties of rhizopus arrhizus were investigated in the presence of surfactants. the effects of cationic and anionic surfactants on mb removal by dead biomass (1 g l(-1)) were determined. mb removal was tested as a function of initial ph (2-12), contact time (5-1440 min), and dye (37.4-944.7 mg l(-1)) and surfactant (0-10 mm) concentrations. the opposite charged anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (dbs) enhanced sorption of cationic mb by b ...201424905046
reduction of aflatoxins by rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma reesei.this study evaluated the ability of the microorganisms rhizopus oryzae (cct7560) and trichoderma reesei (qm9414), producers of generally recognized as safe (gras) enzymes, to reduce the level of aflatoxins b1, b2, g1, g2, and m1. the variables considered to the screening were the initial number of spores in the inoculum and the culture time. the culture was conducted in contaminated 4 % potato dextrose agar (pda) medium, and the residual mycotoxins were determined every 24 h by hplc-fl. the fung ...201424925827
evaluation of chitinolytic activities and membrane integrity in gut tissues of arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) fed fish meal and zygomycete biomass.chitinolytic activity, nutrient uptake and intestinal barrier functions were investigated in gut tissues of arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) fed iso-nitrogenous diets based on fish meal, with or without inclusion of zygomycetes (rhizopus oryzae). we found that gut tissue of arctic charr had significant chitinase activity, of both endo- and exo-chitinase iso-forms. moreover, the distribution pattern along the gi tract of arctic charr differed between endo-chitinase and exo-chitinase. the endo-ch ...201424947208
quantitative metabolomics and instationary 13c-metabolic flux analysis reveals impact of recombinant protein production on trehalose and energy metabolism in pichia pastoris.pichia pastoris has been recognized as an effective host for recombinant protein production. in this work, we combine metabolomics and instationary 13c metabolic flux analysis (inst 13c-mfa) using gc-ms and lc-ms/ms to evaluate the potential impact of the production of a rhizopus oryzae lipase (rol) on p. pastoris central carbon metabolism. higher oxygen uptake and co2 production rates and slightly reduced biomass yield suggest an increased energy demand for the producing strain. this observatio ...201424957027
upgrading the antioxidant potential of cereals by their fungal fermentation under solid-state cultivation conditions.solid-state fermentation (ssf) at 30°c for 72 h with four generally recognized as safe (gras) filamentous fungi (aspergillus oryzae ncim 1212, aspergillus awamori mtcc no. 548, rhizopus oligosporus ncim 1215 and rhizopus oryzae rck2012) showed high efficiency for the improvement of water-soluble total phenolic content (tpc) and antioxidant properties including abts(●+) [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and dpph(●) (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging capacities of ...201424964826
[fungal sinusitis: report of two cases of indolent form of fungus usually invasive, up treatment and care].unlike aspergillus sinusitis, sinus infections by mucormycosis are often invasive and have a lethal potential. we report two cases of chronic sinusitis with unilateral uncomplicated diagnosis of mucormycosis confirmed by pathology or mycology and discuss the therapeutic strategy.201324974408
effects of regioselectivity and lipid class specificity of lipases on transesterification, exemplified by biodiesel production.lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis of triolein was studied as a model for biodiesel production. four lipases were immobilized on porous polypropylene, and ethanolysis reactions were carried out in methyl t-butyl ether. the reaction products were analyzed using gas chromatography. three of the four lipases studied were efficient in the conversion of triolein to 2-monoolein, but slow in the final step of producing glycerol. however, candida antarctica lipase b was slow in the conversion of triolein, but ...201425045169
biocatalytic behaviour of immobilized rhizopus oryzae lipase in the 1,3-selective ethanolysis of sunflower oil to obtain a biofuel similar to biodiesel.a new biofuel similar to biodiesel was obtained in the 1,3-selective transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol using as biocatalyst a rhizopus oryzae lipase (rol) immobilized on sepiolite, an inorganic support. the studied lipase was a low cost powdered enzyme preparation, biolipase-r, from biocon-spain, a multipurpose additive used in food industry. in this respect, it is developed a study to optimize the immobilization procedure of these lipases on sepiolite. covalent immobili ...201425093983
an antifungal role of hydrogen sulfide on the postharvest pathogens aspergillus niger and penicillium italicum.in this research, the antifungal role of hydrogen sulfide (h2s) on the postharvest pathogens aspergillus niger and penicillium italicum growing on fruits and under culture conditions on defined media was investigated. our results show that h2s, released by sodium hydrosulfide (nahs) effectively reduced the postharvest decay of fruits induced by a. niger and p. italicum. furthermore, h2s inhibited spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, and produced abnormal mycelial contraction ...201425101960
gene expansion shapes genome architecture in the human pathogen lichtheimia corymbifera: an evolutionary genomics analysis in the ancient terrestrial mucorales (mucoromycotina).lichtheimia species are the second most important cause of mucormycosis in europe. to provide broader insights into the molecular basis of the pathogenicity-associated traits of the basal mucorales, we report the full genome sequence of l. corymbifera and compared it to the genome of rhizopus oryzae, the most common cause of mucormycosis worldwide. the genome assembly encompasses 33.6 mb and 12,379 protein-coding genes. this study reveals four major differences of the l. corymbifera genome to r. ...201425121733
deciphering the uniqueness of mucoromycotina cell walls by combining biochemical and phylogenomic approaches.most fungi from the mucoromycotina lineage occur in ecosystems as saprobes, although some species are phytopathogens or may induce human mycosis. mucoromycotina represent early diverging models that are most valuable for understanding fungal evolution. here we reveal the uniqueness of the cell wall structure of the mucoromycotina rhizopus oryzae and phycomyces blakesleeanus compared with the better characterized cell wall of the ascomycete neurospora crassa. we have analysed the corresponding po ...201525143134
manipulating pyruvate decarboxylase by addition of enzyme regulators during fermentation of rhizopus oryzae to enhance lactic acid production.ethanol was found as the major by-product in lactate fermentation by rhizopus oryzae. several methods have been conducted in order to limit ethanol formation, thus increasing the lactate yield. the direct way to suppress ethanol production can be done by inhibition of the responsible enzymes in the related pathway. pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) are responsible for ethanol production in r. oryzae. shunting the ethanol production pathway by targeting at pdc was attem ...201425149454
effect of meadowsweet flower extract-pullulan coatings on rhizopus rot development and postharvest quality of cold-stored red peppers.the study involved an examination of the antifungal activity on red peppers of pullulan coating (p) and pullulan coating containing either water-ethanol (p + eemf) or ethanol extract of meadowsweet flowers (p + eemf). pullulan was obtained from a culture of aureobasidium pullulans b-1 mutant. both non-inoculated peppers and those artificially inoculated with rhizopus arrhizus were coated and incubated at 24 °c for 5 days. the intensity of the decay caused by rhizopus arrhizus in the peppers with ...201425157463
effects of pellet characteristics on l-lactic acid fermentation by r. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure.the effects of pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure on l-lactic acid fermentation by rhizopus oryzae were characterized for different inoculum sizes and concentrations of peptone and caco3. inoculum size was the most important factor determining pellet formation and diameter. the diameter decreased with increasing inoculum size, and larger pellets were observed for lower inoculum sizes. peptone concentration had the greatest effect on pellet density, which increased with ...201425163881
screening and molecular identification of overproducing γ-linolenic acid fungi and cloning the delta 6-desaturase gene.this research aims at isolating and identifying γ-linolenic acid (gla)-producing fungi in the traditional chinese salt-fermented soybean food, douchi, from yongchuan, people's republic of china. in this study, rhizopus oryzae dr3 was identified as a novel fungal species that produces large amounts of gla. a full-length cdna, designated as rod6 d, with high homology to fungal △6 fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from r. oryzae by using the rapid amplification of cdna ends method. it had an ...201525169017
mucormycosis in children: a study of 22 cases in a mexican hospital.we present a single-centre, retrospective study (1985-2012) of 22 cases of mucormycosis in children. a total of 158 mucormycosis cases were identified, of which 22 (13.96%) were children. the mean age of the children was 10.3 years (range: 6 months-18 years), and 59% of the infections occurred in males. the rhinocerebral form was the main clinical presentation (77.27%), followed by the primary cutaneous and pulmonary patterns. the major underlying predisposing factors were diabetes mellitus in 6 ...201425175081
comparative pharmacodynamics of posaconazole in neutropenic murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis.we used two established neutropenic murine models of pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis to explore the association between the posaconazole area under the concentration-time curve (auc)-to-mic ratio (auc/mic) and treatment outcome. posaconazole serum pharmacokinetics were verified in infected mice to ensure that the studied doses reflected human exposures with the oral suspension, delayed-release tablet, and intravenous formulations of posaconazole. sinopulmonary infections were then induc ...201425182639
mucormycosis in india: unique features.mucormycosis remains a devastating invasive fungal infection, with high mortality rates even after active management. the disease is being reported at an alarming frequency over the past decades from india. indian mucormycosis has certain unique features. rhino-orbito-cerebral presentation associated with uncontrolled diabetes is the predominant characteristic. isolated renal mucormycosis has emerged as a new clinical entity. apophysomyces elegans and rhizopus homothallicus are emerging species ...201425187095
enhanced acid tolerance of rhizopus oryzae during fumaric acid production.ensuring a suitable ph in the culture broth is a major problem in microorganism-assisted industrial fermentation of organic acids. to address this issue, we investigated the physiological changes in rhizopus oryzae at different extracellular ph levels and attempted to solve the issue of cell shortage under low ph conditions. we compared various parameters, such as membrane fatty acids' composition, intracellular ph, and adenosine triphosphate (atp) concentration. it was found that the shortage o ...201525190324
screening of accurate clones for gene synthesis in yeast.methods for error-less gene synthesis are desired because synthesized genes often contain mutations. by cloning pcr-assembled oligonucleotide fragments fused to a selection marker in yeast, we developed a novel method to screen accurate clones in gene synthesis. as a model case, the 555-bp luciferase gene from gaussia princeps (gluc) was synthesized to contain yeast-optimized codons (called ygluc hereafter). after standard pcr-mediated oligonucleotide assembly, many clones showed no luciferase a ...201525201012
novel fungal consortium for bioremediation of metals and dyes from mixed waste stream.the present study is targeted towards development of a three member fungal consortium for effective removal of metals [cr(6+) and cu(2+)] and dyes [ab and po] from mixed waste streams. initial studies using individual fungal strain showed that aspergillus lentulus was best for cu(2+) and ab removal, aspergillus terreus for cr(6+) removal whereas, rhizopus oryzae was best for po removal. based on the complementary pollutant affinities and positive interactions, a consortium comprising all three s ...201425203229
diversity of soil fungi in north 24 parganas and their antagonistic potential against leucinodes orbonalis guen. (shoot and fruit borer of brinjal).soil samples were collected from agricultural fields and gardens in north 24 parganas, west bengal, and fungi species were isolated from them. thirty-one fungal species were isolated with 19 found in agricultural soil and 28 in garden soil. twenty-eight out of 31 were identified using cultural and microscopic characters, and three were unidentified. the diversity of isolated fungi was calculated by simpson's diversity index. the garden soil possessed more fungal colonies (750) than agricultural ...201425213561
molecular cloning, expression of cpr gene from rhizopus oryzae into rhizopus nigericans and its application in the 11α-hydroxylation of 16α, 17-epoxy-progesterone.the hydroxylations of the steroid skeleton structure are catalyzed by a family of enzymes, the cytochromes p450 (cyps). in this study, the pcb1004-pgpda plasmid was used for cloning the cytochrome p450 reductase (cpr) gene from rhizopus oryzae into rhizopus nigericans to strengthen the expression of cpr gene in r. nigericans with remi (restriction enzyme mediate integration) mediated protoplast transformation. the conditions for the protoplast production of r. nigericans were optimized as follow ...201425248696
molecular characterization and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 80 clinical isolates of mucormycetes in delhi, india.mucormycosis is a highly aggressive disease which is usually fatal in immunocompromised patients. the species of mucormycetes show significant differences in susceptibility to amphotericin b, azoles and terbinafine. the precise species level identification for this fungal group could be achieved by internal transcribed-spacer (its) region sequencing. herein, we present the largest series of antifungal susceptibility data of molecularly characterised isolates of mucormycetes reported so far from ...201425250768
species boundaries and nomenclature of rhizopus arrhizus (syn. r. oryzae).rhizopus arrhizus (mucorales, mucoromycotina) is the prevalent opportunist worldwide among the mucoralean species causing human infections. on the other hand the species has been used since ancient times to ferment african and asian traditional foods and condiments based on ground soybeans. as producer of organic acids and hydrolytic enzymes it is widely applied in food industry and biotechnology. using a set of 82 strains we studied phylogenetic and biological species boundaries within rhizopus ...201425266947
apoptotic-like phenotype triggered by hydrogen peroxide and amphotericin b in the fungus rhizopus arrhizus.rhizopus is the most common genus of invasive mucormycosis, whose prognosis and outcome was not improved over the past decades. we studied the apoptotic-like phenotype in rhizopus arrhizus exposed to hydrogen peroxide (h2 o2 ) and amphotericin b (amb). the strain provided by fungal genetic stock centre was studied about the apoptotic-like phenotype treated with different concentrations of h2 o2 and amb, and then analyzed by fluorescent microscopy (observed by annexin-v/fitc and tunel staining), ...201425267143
antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxicity and analgesic properties of ethanol extract of solena amplexicaulis root.this study was subjected to investigate different pharmacological properties of ethanol extract of solena amplexicaulis root.201425287979
comparison of color removal from reactive dye contaminated water by systems containing fungal biosorbent, active carbon and their mixture.the adsorption of everzol black (eb) from synthetic aqueous solution onto active carbon (ac) and dried fungal biosorbent (rhizopus arrhizus) was studied under the same experimental conditions. the effects of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time were examined at a batch-scale level. as an alternative to ac, fungus was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent for dye removal. the amount of eb adsorbed onto ac was lower compared with fungal biosorbent; dye adsorption capacity of ...201425325540
evaluation of γ- aminobutyric acid, phytate and antioxidant activity of tempeh-like fermented oats (avena sativa l.) prepared with different filamentous fungi.tempeh is a popular traditional fermented food in asia. many tempeh-like foods are made from cereal grains. however, the information of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) accumulation in those tempeh-like cereal grains during fermentation is lacking. meanwhile, little information is available on the anti-nutrient contents and antioxidant activity of tempeh-like fermented oats. the aim of the present work was to study the changes of gaba, phytate, natural antioxidants and antioxidant activity of tempeh-l ...201425328194
quantitative multiplexed detection of common pulmonary fungal pathogens by labeled primer polymerase chain reaction.invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients.201425357108
lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation of fungal secondary metabolism.we report on a preliminary investigation of the use the gram-negative bacterial cell wall constituent lipopolysaccharide (lps) as a natural chemical cue to stimulate and alter the expression of fungal secondary metabolism. integrated high-throughput micro-cultivation and micro-analysis methods determined that 6 of 40 (15%) of fungi tested responded to an optimal exposure to lps (0.6 ng/ml) by activating, enhancing or accelerating secondary metabolite production. to explore the possible mechanism ...201425379339
successful therapy of progressive rhino-orbital mucormycosis caused by rhizopus arrhizus with combined and sequential antifungal therapy, surgery and hyperbaric therapy.we present a case of rhino-orbitary mucormycosis which progressed despite liposomal amphotericin and early surgical debridement. combined echinocandin and high dose liposomal amphotericin, repeated debridement, prolonged therapy with hyperbaric oxygen and continued therapy with posaconazole, along with strict diabetic control, allowed cure without disfigurement.201425383316
effective treatment of cerebral mucormycosis associated with brain surgery.isolated cerebral mucormycosis is rare. we describe a patient with a brain tumor and a surgically-related rhizopus oryzae brain abscess. her abscess was effectively treated with posaconazole, micafungin and colony-stimulating factor followed by posaconazole alone. to our knowledge, cerebral mucormycosis secondary to brain surgery had not been previously reported.201525420158
efficient co-displaying and artificial ratio control of α-amylase and glucoamylase on the yeast cell surface by using combinations of different anchoring domains.recombinant yeast strains that display heterologous amylolytic enzymes on their cell surface via the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchoring system are considered as promising biocatalysts for direct ethanol production from starchy materials. for the effective hydrolysis of these materials, the ratio optimization of multienzyme activity displayed on the cell surface is important. in this study, we have presented a ratio control system of multienzymes displayed on the yeast cell surface by u ...201525432675
disseminated mucormycosis due to rhizopus oryzae diagnosed by skin biopsy. 201525470108
rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilized on hierarchical mesoporous silica supports for transesterification of rice bran oil.the tunable textural properties of self-oriented mesoporous silica were investigated for their suitability as enzyme immobilization matrices to support transesterification of rice bran oil. different morphologies of mesoporous silica (rod-like, rice-like, and spherical) were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. the surface area, pore size, and ordered arrangement of the pores wer ...201525488500
protective effect of aqueous extracts from rhizopus oryzae on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.hepatoprotective effects of rhizopus oryzae/ u-1 aqueous extract (ru) were demonstrated in carbon tetrachloride (ccl4 )-induced liver-injured rats. in order to investigate the ru effects, the rats were administered ru at a dose of 10 or 100 mg/kg of body weight for 10 days before induction of the liver injury by oral administration of ccl4 (125 mg/kg body weight). (i) pretreatment with ru caused a significant decrease in serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspar ...201525496319
cloning of a novel thermostable glucoamylase from thermophilic fungus rhizomucor pusillus and high-level co-expression with α-amylase in pichia pastoris.fungal amylase, mainly constitute of fungal α-amylase and glucoamylase, are utilized in a broad range of industries, such as starch hydrolysis, food and brewing. although various amylases have been found in fungi, the amylases from aspergillus dominate the commercial application. one of main problems exist with regard to these commercial use of amylases is relatively low thermal and acid stability. in order to maximize the efficiency of starch process, developing fungal amylases with increased t ...201425539598
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