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porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine.abstract: the lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is an important tool for the prevention and control of csfv infection and is widely and routinely used in most csf endemic areas, including taiwan. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv2 infection affects the efficacy of the lpc vaccine. eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (cdcd), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. a tot ...201122129109
porcine circovirus type 2 explores the autophagic machinery for replication in pk-15 cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), an important pathogen of pigs, causes lymphoid depletion in infected tissues most probably by inducing apoptosis although the precise pathogenesis of pcv2-associated diseases remains unknown. we speculate whether autophagy, another cellular response to stress or infections by bacterial or viral pathogens, is involved in pcv2 infection. here, we provide the first evidence that pcv2 could trigger autophagosome formation and enhance autophagic flux in pk-15 cells, ...201122134092
[detection of porcine circovirus type 2 and torque-teno-sus-virus 1 and 2 in semen of boars from an austrian artificial insemination centre].objective: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and torque-teno-sus- viruses (ttsuv) are ubiquitous in all pig-producing countries. both pathogens are transmitted horizontally as well as vertically, and semen could be an important means of transmission. aim of this study was the investigation of the prevalence of these two viruses in boar semen. material and methods: single semen samples from 100 boars from an artificial insemination centre were analysed by quantitative real time pcr for pcv2 an ...201122138827
Quantitative Proteomics Using Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture Reveals Protein and Pathway Regulation in Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infected PK-15 Cells.The infection of host cells by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to extensive modulation of the gene expression levels of target cells. To uncover the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions of PCV2, a quantitative proteomic study using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), coupled with mass spectrometry, was performed on PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. The SILAC-based approach identified 1341 proteins, 163 of which showed significant change in level at 72 h afte ...201122148862
Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious f ...201122152290
efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids.currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. the objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on pcr testing. approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza a virus (iav), and torq ...201122154249
Development of a Plexor real-time PCR assay for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2.A novel, real-time PCR system for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was developed. The system employed Plexor technology and detected 10(8)-10(1) copies per reaction of PCV2 DNA within a recombinant plasmid. The examination of clinical material showed consistent diagnostic sensitivity when samples contained more than 10(3) viral copies per reaction. Specificity of Plexor real-time PCR was confirmed using the porcine viruses PCV1, PRRSV, CSFV, TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 employing the melti ...201122155430
complete genome sequence of a novel porcine circovirus-like agent.we report here the genome sequence of a porcine circovirus-like agent. the sequenced genome of this porcine circovirus-like agent is composed of a 648-nucleotide circular dna that includes three predicted protein-coding genes, which means the agent should be a novel member of the family circoviridae.201222158848
seroprevalence evolution of selected pathogens in iberian wild boar.a total of 1279 eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) sera were collected from 2000 to 2011 in the iberian peninsula to reveal time changes in serum antibody prevalences against selected infectious agents (porcine circovirus type 2, pcv2; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv; hepatitis e virus, hev; and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) and to identify putative individual or population factors driving such changes. overall seroprevalences were 48%, 26%, 2% and 15% for pcv2, hev, prrs ...201122168900
Prevalence of porcine circovirus-like agent P1 in Jiangsu, China.ABSTRACT: Recently, we identified a novel porcine circovirus type 2-like agent P1 isolate from swine. The present study represents the first survey of P1 prevalence in swine herds from Jiangsu, China, by using PCR targeting the complete genome of P1. Prevalences of 50% and 19% were found among 6 herds and 248 animals, respectively. The results indicate a high prevalence of P1 in China pig populations.201122171842
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of porcine boca-like virus.the porcine boca-like virus (pbo-likev) was recently discovered in swedish pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pbo-likev. a set of four primers specific for six regions of pbo-likev vp1/2 genes was designed with the online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 65°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected b ...201122172971
Antigenic subtyping and epitopes' competition analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 using monoclonal antibodies.Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains have been classified into two major genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) and 8 genetic clusters: PCV2b-1A to PCV2b-1C and PCV2a-2A to PCV2a-2E. To date, no studies have been performed to antigenically subtype PCV2 strains enclosing eight PCV2 clusters. The present study aimed to antigenically subtype PCV2 and perform epitopes' competition analysis using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fourteen PCV2 strains representative for eight clusters were tested with 20 mAbs ( ...201122176764
immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).the emergence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) associated diseases and particularly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was a shock for the swine industry and formulated a considerable challenge for researchers in the area of viral immunology in swine. the unique features of pmws of which emaciation and lymphoid depletion were the most evident indicated a deep involvement of the immune system of the pig in the pathogenesis of this condition and indicated that pcv2 was a singular ...201122178803
Epidemiology and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).PCV2 has been highly prevalent in the pig population for decades, prior to the emergence of associated clinical disease manifestations that severely affected the pig production worldwide in the late 90s. PCV2 can be further subdivided into several genotypes. From descriptive epidemiologic data, there is evidence of a global shift of the main PCV2 genotypes in different countries from PCV2a to PCV2b, which is generally associated with more severe disease. In addition, from analytic epidemiologic ...201122178804
Lack of effect of piglet vaccination against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on serum viral loads of Torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2).Anelloviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with circular single stranded DNA, which infect a number of animal species as well as humans. In pigs, two distinct Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) species have been described so far, being one of them linked to disease occurrence. Specifically, TTSuV2 loads in serum have been found increased in pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Since this pathological condition is able to be controlled by means of porcine circovir ...201122189433
spread like a wildfire-the omnipresence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its ever-expanding association with diseases in pigs.the discovery of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in 1998 initiated intensive research on arguably the most economically important pathogen facing the global swine industry today. pcv2 infection is now widespread worldwide, and increasing numbers of disease conditions have been linked to pcv2 infection in pigs. in this special issue of virus research, leading experts in the field review the history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical and pathological features, immunology, pathogenesis, molecul ...201122192532
genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its relevance to vaccination, pathogenesis and diagnosis.porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of complex, multi-factorial syndromes, which are dependent on infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). current strains of pcv2 circulating in the field are classified into two groups, termed pcv2a and pcv2b. outbreaks of severe pcvad in north america and other countries are often linked to a shift from pcv2a to pcv2b as the predominant genotype. therefore, genotype-specific differences in pathogenesis and antigenicity have ...201122198217
immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of carboxymethylpachymaran on the mice infected with pcv2.the objective of the current study is to investigate the protective effect of carboxymethylpachymaran (cmp) on the immune system of mice via multiple infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the in vivo results showed that cmp administration significantly improved the spleen or thymus index, promoted the proliferation activities of t or b lymphocytes, and increased the production of glutathione, the superoxidase dismutase capacity, and the total antioxidant capacity in the spleen or thy ...201122214825
the porcine circovirus type 2 nonstructural protein orf3 induces apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. to analyze whether the pcv2 nonstructural protein orf3 is able to induce apoptosis in nature target cells, transient expression of orf3 in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) was performed, and apoptosis was confirmed by terminal dexoynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)-mediated brdutp-nick end labeling (tunel) assay. the apoptotic responses induced by the full length or the ...201122216074
emerging and re-emerging swine viruses.in the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (ttv), now known as torque teno sus virus (ttsuv), porcine bocavirus (pbov) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (ptov) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (pl ...201222225855
suitability and limitations of portion-specific abattoir data as part of an early warning system for emerging diseases of swine in ontario.abstract: background: abattoir data have the potential to provide information for geospatial disease surveillance applications, but the quality of the data and utility for detecting disease outbreaks is not well understood. the objectives of this study were to 1) identify non-disease factors that may bias these data for disease surveillance and 2) determine if major disease events that took place during the study period would be captured using multi-level modelling and scan statistics. we analy ...201222225910
infectious agents associated with respiratory diseases in 125 farrow-to-finish pig herds: a cross-sectional study.a study was carried out in 125 farrow-to-finish pig herds to assess the relationships between pathogens involved in respiratory disorders and to relate these findings to clinical signs of respiratory diseases and pneumonia and pleuritis at slaughter. clinical examination and sampling were carried out on four different batches in each herd (pigs aged 4, 10, 16 and 22 weeks). mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, swine influenza viruses (siv), porcine reproductive and respirat ...201122226820
increased prevalence of torque teno viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex affected pigs.the role of swine torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) as co-factors in disease syndromes involving porcine circovirus strain 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome virus (prrsv) has been a debatable subject. in this study, the prevalence of ttsuvs in iowa, the leading pork producing state in the u.s., was estimated by a duplex pcr. the pcr is capable of simultaneously detecting both teno sus viruses 1 and 2 (ttsuv1 and 2). based on an analysis of 300 random samples repre ...201122227415
monocyte-derived dendritic cells enhance cell proliferation and porcine circovirus type 2 replication in concanavalin a-stimulated swine peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells cooperating with other immune cells for the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. the objective of the present study was to investigate the replication activity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in dcs and/or lymphocytes during their cross talk and its possible mechanism. two models were set, herein. swine blood monocyte (mo)-derived dcs (modcs) or peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) were inoculated with pcv2 prior t ...201122245116
inactivated pcv2 one shot vaccine applied in 3-week-old piglets: improvement of production parameters and interaction with maternally derived immunity.the present study describes the effects of a commercially available vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on clinical, pathological and virological outcomes of 3-week-old piglets from two farms with a clinical history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the study was a controlled, double-blinded, parallel group (1:1) and randomized trial (with a negative control) involving a total of 1239 animals. the study period comprised from weaning age (time of vaccination or pb ...201222245604
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections in wild boar (sus scrofa) in southwestern germany.samples were collected from 203 wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in baden-wurtemburg, germany from november-january 2008 and 2009. samples from the lung and tonsil were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) type 1 (european type) and type 2 (american type). a qpcr to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific genome was performed on tissue homogenates including lung, tonsils, and inguinal lymph nodes. serum s ...201222247377
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
orbivirus infections in collared peccaries (tayassu tajacu) in southeastern brazil.we surveyed 49 free-living collared peccaries (pecari tajacu) in brazil for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv) and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). antibodies against btv were detected in 19/49 (39%) samples. all samples were negative for pcv2. the importance of antibodies to btv in collared peccaries remains to be determined.201222247399
porcine circovirus diseases: a review of pmws.this article is a review on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), the first described disease among the porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd). post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome has, since its appearance in canada in 1991, been seen in all major pig producing countries. to diagnose pmws at herd level typical clinical appearance consisting of wasting and increased mortality must be combined with finding at autopsy of diseased pigs, where typical microscopic findings in the lym ...201222252114
torque teno sus virus in pigs: an emerging pathogen?the newly established family anelloviridae includes a number of viruses infecting humans (torque teno viruses) and other animal species. the ones infecting domestic swine and wild boar are nowadays named torque teno sus viruses (ttsuv), which are small circular single-stranded dna viruses highly prevalent in the pig population. so far, two genetically distinct ttsuv species are infecting swine. both ttsuvs appear to efficiently spread by vertical and horizontal transmission routes; in fact, foet ...201222252126
naked pcv-2 cloned genomic dna is infectious by mucosal (intratracheal or oro-nasal) inoculation.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) is involved in several diseases named porcine circovirus-associated diseases and is transmitted by oro-faecal route. in this study we inoculated porcine-circovirus free piglets by mucosal routes (intratracheal or oro-nasal routes) with a plasmid carrying two copies of pcv-2 genomic dna and compared the results to the intramuscular route. we observed that this pcv-2 naked dna serves as template for viral replication and infectious pcv-2 particles are detected in ...201222265995
population dynamics and orf3 gene evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in korea.this study was conducted to investigate the status and population dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2(pcv2) in korea and to assess the molecular evolutionary pattern of the two biologically important, overlapping open reading frames, the orf1 and orf3 genes. a wide range of pcv2 genomic sequences (entire genome, orf1, orf2 and orf3) collected between 2001 and 2010 were analyzed using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo and maximum-likelihood approaches. these techniques identified the pcv2d ...201222289963
vaccine discontinuation and switching following regulatory interventions in response to rotavirus vaccine contamination with porcine circovirus dna fragments.the food and drug administration temporarily suspended monovalent rotavirus vaccine (rv1) use following discovery of contamination with porcine circovirus fragments and subsequently announced similar contamination of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) but recommended continued use of the product. we assessed the utilization of these vaccines in relation to the announcements.201222290786
detection of natural inter- and intra-genotype recombination events revealed by cap gene analysis and decreasing prevalence of pcv2 in wild boars.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the causative agent of a number of pcvad (porcine circovirus associated diseases), is ubiquitous in domestic pig and wild boar populations. in the present study, using recombination detection program, phylogenetic analysis and base-by-base comparison of 28 pcv2 orf2s (capsid protein coding gene) from wild boars and 8 from domestic pigs of transylvania, recent natural intra- (pcv2b-1b/pcv2b-1c) and inter-genotype (pcv2a-2d/pcv2b-1c) recombination events were dete ...201222293465
detection and molecular characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from piglets with exudative epidermitis in uruguay.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an economically important emerging pathogen associated with distinct syndromes and diseases in swine, collectively known as porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). the main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of pcv2 in piglets affected with exudative epidermitis (ee) in uruguay. in addition we aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of the isolated strains. in june 2011 an outbreak of ee detected in a small herd was reported. ...201222293515
regulatory approaches for control of viral contamination of vaccines.conference proceeding proceedings of the pda/fda adventitious viruses in biologics: detection and mitigation strategies workshop in bethesda, md, usa; december 1-3, 2010 guest editors: arifa khan (bethesda, md), patricia hughes (bethesda, md) and michael wiebe (san francisco, ca) improved assurance that vaccines do not contain harmful adventitious agents is expected to enhance public confidence and promote vaccine benefit. the recent discovery of porcine circovirus 1 in some rotavirus vaccines u ...201122294577
adventitious agent risk assessment case study: evaluation of rotateq(r) for the presence of porcine circovirus.conference proceeding proceedings of the pda/fda adventitious viruses in biologics: detection and mitigation strategies workshop in bethesda, md, usa; december 1-3, 2010 guest editors: arifa khan (bethesda, md), patricia hughes (bethesda, md) and michael wiebe (san francisco, ca) in june of 2010, results of metagenomic and panmicrobial microarray analysis of a number of commercially available vaccine products were published, identifying the unexpected presence of porcine circovirus (pcv) in of o ...201622294581
contamination by porcine circovirus type 1: findings, investigations, and learnings.conference proceeding proceedings of the pda/fda adventitious viruses in biologics: detection and mitigation strategies workshop in bethesda, md, usa; december 1-3, 2010 guest editors: arifa khan (bethesda, md), patricia hughes (bethesda, md) and michael wiebe (san francisco, ca).201122294584
identification of an emerging recombinant cluster in porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is continuously evolving through point mutation and genome recombination. in the present study, genetic affiliations of 40 pcv2 strains were determined by amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses during the nationwide molecular epidemiology investigation from 2009 to 2010 in mainland china. the results revealed that pcv2b was the predominant genotype in mainland china from 2009 to 2010 and pcv2b-1c within pcv-2b genotype was an emerging predominant sub ...201222300584
oral vaccination with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing cap protein of pcv2 and its immunogenicity in mouse and swine models.attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of oral vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the cap-encoding gene of pcv2 was amplified by pcr and cloned into expression vector pya3341. the recombinant plasmid pya3341-cap was transformed into attenuated s. typhimurium x4550. balb/c mice were inoculated orally with various doses of attenuated s. typhimurium x4550/pya3341-cap. the bacterium was safe to mice ...201222326539
reactive oxygen species regulate the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 via nf-κb pathway.intracellular redox state has been suggested to have various effects on the replication of different viruses within host cells. the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of reactive oxygen species (ros) on replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), in pk15 cells. following pcv2 infection there was a time-dependent increase in ros. antioxidant n-acetyl-l-cysteine treatment of cells resulted in lower ros levels and lower pcv2 replication. in contrast, treatment by buthion ...201222330204
[serological detection of emerging viral infections in wild boars from different hunting regions of southern germany].wild boars represent a possible virus reservoir for notifiable diseases of farm animals, including aujeszky's disease (ad) and classical swine fever (csf). monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the wild boar population is especially relevant in countries that are officially free from these diseases. apart from oie-notifiable diseases, other viral agents that are widely distributed and play a significant role in farm animals, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viru ...201222331288
naturally co-infected boars with both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2.in this study, the humoral response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the presence of the virus in semen and serum and the genetic characteristics of the virus detected in 15 boars from a commercial farm were analysed. the results showed that 53% of the boars presented anti-prrsv antibodies and 100% presented anti-pcv2 antibodies. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected in 43% of the boars and 73% we ...201222335816
comparative evaluation of a competitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a sybr green-based real-time pcr to quantify porcine circovirus-2 dna in swine tissue samples.porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is considered the major etiological agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. the clinical manifestations of the disease are correlated with moderate to high amounts of pcv-2 dna in biological samples of affected pigs. a threshold of 10(7) dna copies/ml is suggested as the trigger factor for symptoms. a comparative study was conducted to determine which quantitative method would be more suitable to estimate the pcv-2 dna load. two polymeras ...201122362797
effects of dna extraction method on porcine circovirus-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification in swine lymph node samples.quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has become an important tool for porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) research and diagnosis. however, significant differences in detection limit and quantification data, among laboratories and quantitative real-time pcr methods, have been demonstrated. new efforts are required for providing more accurate and comparable results. the current study is an evaluation of the effects of dna extraction procedures on pcv-2 quantification in lymph node sampl ...201122362800
influence of prolonged formalin fixation of tissue samples on the sensitivity of chromogenic in situ hybridization.chromogenic in situ hybridization (ish) is a commonly used tool in diagnostic pathology to detect pathogens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue sections. prolonged formalin fixation time was identified to be a limiting factor for the successful detection of nucleic acid from different pathogens, most probably due to the cross-linking activity of formalin between rna, dna, and proteins. therefore, in the current study, the influence of formalin fixation time on ish signal intensity ...201122362804
experimental co-infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and porcine circovirus-2.the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in the development of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2)-associated disease (pcvad) was investigated in 2 experimental studies. in the first, separate groups of germ-free pigs were inoculated with filtered tissue homogenate (from diseased pigs) containing pcv-2b + bvdv-1-like virus (group 1), pcv-2a + bvdv-1-like virus (group 4), bvdv-1-like virus only (group 3), or pcv-2b + bvdv-1-like virus following a bvdv vaccination protocol (group 2). this last grou ...201122362935
diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens.porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (pfts), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of north america, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. morbidity caused by pfts is moderate, but case fatality is high. the etiology of pfts is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. pfts was identified in a hig ...201122362939
detection, prevalence and analysis of emerging porcine parvovirus infections.a number of newly identified porcine parvoviruses had been described during the last decade, but the presence and prevalence of these viruses are unknown in hungary and only partly known for europe. the present study was conducted to detect and measure the prevalence of these viruses, namely porcine parvovirus (ppv) 2, ppv3, ppv4, porcine bocavirus (pbov) 1, pbov2, pbo-likev and the 6v and 7v parvoviruses. the prevalence of ppv1 and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was also investigated. faecal ...201222383055
expression of human cd46 has no effect on porcine circovirus type 2 infection and shedding in the experimental pig model.xenotransplantation of tissues from transgenic pigs with desired genetic modifications such as cd46 expression help minimize xenograft rejections. however, cd46 is a known receptor for some viruses. in this study, pigs transgenic for human cd46 (cd46-tg) and appropriate non-transgenic (non-tg) control pigs were utilized to determine possible differences in the level of replication and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). non-tg and cd46-tg were blocked by transgenic status and randomly ...201222388862
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of the current porcine circovirus 2 genotypes after implementation of widespread vaccination programmes in the usa.to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) genotypes in the usa during 2010-2011, 5 years after widespread pcv2 vaccination, serum samples from clinically normal pigs that were pcv2 vaccinated (n = 1177), non-vaccinated (n = 378) or of unknown vaccination status (n = 120), and 100 lung samples from pigs diagnosed with pcv-associated disease (pcvad) were tested. the presence of pcv2, pcv1, pcv1-2a and porcine parvovirus (ppv) dna was determined by pcr. determination of the pcv2 ge ...201222398315
investigation of porcine circovirus contamination in human vaccines.dna from porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and 2 (pcv2) has recently been detected in two vaccines against rotaviral gastroenteritis from manufacturers a and b. we investigated if pcv1 sequences are present in other viral vaccines. we screened seeds, bulks and final vaccine preparations from ten manufacturers using qrt-pcr. we detected 3.8 × 10³ to 1.9 × 10⁷ pcv1 dna copies/milliliter in live poliovirus seeds for inactivated polio vaccine (ipv) from manufacturer a, however, following inactivation ...201222402185
culturing and molecular methods to assess the infectivity of porcine circovirus from treated effluent of swine manure.samples were collected at the effluent of two swine manure treatment systems and were analyzed by qpcr to determine the presence and amounts of porcine circovirus (pcv2) genetic material. st cells were inoculated with the positive samples to evaluate virus viability and for viral genotyping. twenty-five water samples were collected monthly from treated effluent (march 2009 to december 2010). the pcv2 genome was identified by qpcr in 60% of the samples, and all of the positive samples were able t ...201222405906
orf1 but not orf2 dependent differences are important for in vitro replication of pcv2 in porcine alveolar macrophages singularly or coinfected with prrsv.the objective of this study was to investigate cytokine expression and in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) emphasizing pcv2 open-reading frame (orf) origin (pcv2a or pcv2b) and prrsv strain. chimeric pcv2 viruses composed of different combinations of orf1 and orf2 of pcv2a or pcv2b (chimera pcv2a-2b and chimera pcv2b-2a) were constructed and five different prrsv isolates ...201222406345
effect of porcine circovirus type 2a or 2b on infection kinetics and pathogenicity of two genetically divergent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the conventional pig model.to determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n=8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 prrsv strain (vr-2385) and pcv2a (coi-92-2a; n=9), pigs coinfected with vr-2385 and pcv2b (coi-92-2b; n=9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 prr ...201222406346
patterns and influencing factor of synonymous codon usage in porcine circovirus.analysis of codon usage can reveal much about the molecular evolution of the viruses. nevertheless, little information about synonymous codon usage pattern of porcine circovirus (pcv) genome in the process of its evolution is available. in this study, to give a new understanding on the evolutionary characteristics of pcv and the effects of natural selection from its host on the codon usage pattern of the virus, patterns and the key determinants of codon usage in pcv were examined.201222416942
modern pig farming in the people's republic of china: growth and veterinary challenges.cyclical oversupply and non-profitability situations have led to pig industry consolidations in the people's republic of china, with many smaller farmers leaving the industry. in 2007, pork supply worsened due to outbreaks of 'high fever blue-ear disease', a complex disease issue that includes highly virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, porcine circovirus and classical swine fever. best estimates suggest that 50 million pigs were affected. more recent natural disasters (earthq ...201122435207
longitudinal analysis of acute-phase proteins in saliva in pig farms with different health status.this study assesses the utility of saliva samples to monitor the time course of the acute-phase response to different viruses in pigs under field conditions by using time-resolved immunofluorometric assays (tr-ifma). a total of 30 pigs from three different farms, located in southeast spain, were used. farm 1 had outbreaks of porcine circovirus type 2, farm 2 had infections with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and farm 3 had concomitant infections with both viruses. serology w ...201222436191
identification of three new type-specific antigen epitopes in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 1.porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) has been identified as a contaminant of porcine kidney cell line (pk-15). serological evidence and genetic studies have suggested that pcv1 is widespread in domestic pigs. in this study, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and polyclonal antibodies (pabs) were generated against a recombinant pcv1 cap protein (pcv1-cap), which was expressed using the baculovirus system. pepscan analysis was used to identify epitopes on the pcv1-cap with mabs and pabs. three linear b-cell ...201222437253
a comparison of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs.the aim of this study was to develop and to optimize an immunohistochemistry (ihc) method for pcv2 identification and to compare it with an in situ hybridization (ish) technique. the results demonstrated that both ish and ihc successfully detected pcv2 viral antigens or nucleic acid in the examined tissues. most of the slides identified previously in ish as pcv2-positive were also positive in ihc. in the case of nearly half of the slides the results of ihc examination revealed an increase in the ...201122439326
porcine circovirus type 2 viremia and seroconversion in pigs from a farm affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.the aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of real-time pcr and serological methods as indicators of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) occurrence. significantly higher level of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viral load in serum and significantly lower titre of specific antibodies in pmws-affected pigs indicated that combination of quantitative pcr and serological methods may support diagnosis of pmws.201122439342
serum protein profiles as potential biomarkers for infectious disease status in pigs.in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, there is a need for tools allowing the early warning of diseases. preferably, tests should be available that warn farmers and veterinarians during the incubation periods of disease and before the onset of clinical signs. the objective of this study was to explore the potential of serum protein profiles as an early biomarker for infectious disease status. serum samples were obtained from an experimental pig model for porcine circovirus-associated disea ...201222439879
pcv2-dna in formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded lymph nodes of wild boar (sus scrofa ssp. scrofa): one sampling approach for two laboratory techniques.superficial inguinal lymph nodes from 72 wild boars examined in a previous immunohistochemical (ihc) study on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were selected for a pcv2 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis. four of these lymph nodes were pcv2-ihc strongly positive with pmws histological lesions (outcome 1), 6 weak to mild pcv2-ihc positive without pmws histological lesions (outcome 2) and 62 pcv2-ihc negative. considering ihc the gold standard for diagnosis, the aims of the study were to eval ...201222448643
complete genome sequence of a highly prevalent porcine circovirus 2 isolated from piglet stool samples in china.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the etiologic agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. here, we first report the complete genome sequence of pcv2 strain jstz, which was isolated from piglet stool samples and is highly prevalent in china. it will help in understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of pcv2.201222457531
subclinical porcine circovirus type 2 infection does not modulate the immune response to an aujeszky's disease virus vaccine.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) negatively modulates the immune response in vitro. the objective of this study was to investigate if pcv2 interferes with the development of the immune response to aujeszky's disease virus (adv) vaccine, using an in vivo experimental subclinical model. pigs were divided into four groups: (group cc) not infected with pcv2 and not vaccinated against adv; (group ic) infected with pcv2 but not vaccinated against adv; (group cv) not infected with pcv2 but vaccinated a ...201222464756
attenuated streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus as a bacterial vector for expression of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and other concurrent factors is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which is becoming a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. coinfection of streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (sez) and pcv2 in swine has necessitated demand for a recombinant vaccine against these two pathogens. a recombinant sez-cap strain expressing the major immunogenic capsid protein of pcv2 in place of the szp gene of acapsular sez c55138 δhasb ...201222489773
single amino acid mutations in the capsid switch the neutralization phenotype of porcine circovirus 2.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. previously, it was demonstrated that mabs 16g12, 38c1, 63h3 and 94h8 directed against the pcv2 capsid protein recognize pcv2 strains stoon-1010 (pcv2a), 48285 (pcv2b), 1121 (pcv2a), 1147 (pcv2b) and ii9f (pcv2b), but only neutralize stoon-1010 and 48285. this points to the existence of two distinct pcv2 neutralization phenotypes: phenotype α (mab recognition with neutralization; stoon-1010 and 4 ...201222492916
a serosurvey for brucella suis, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus in feral swine (sus scrofa) of eastern north carolina.as feral swine (sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. from september 2007 to march 2010, in 13 north carolina, usa, counties and at howell woods environmental learning center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (prv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); the samples obtained at howell ...201222493123
the association between submission counts to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory and the economic and disease challenges of the ontario swine industry from 1998 to 2009.an intuitive assumption is to believe that the number of submissions made to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory is dictated by the financial state of the industries using the laboratory. however, no research is available to document how the economics of a food animal industry affects laboratory submissions and therefore disease monitoring and surveillance efforts. the objective of this study was to determine if economic indices associated with the ontario swine industry can account for the varia ...201222494906
protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific cellular immune response in piglets by dam vaccination against pcv2 challenge.the objective of the present study was to evaluate (i) the passive transfer of maternally derived functional porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific lymphocytes of seronegative sows immunized with the pcv2 vaccine to newborn piglets and (ii) the functional role of the maternally derived pcv2-specific cellular immune response in protecting newborn piglets from challenge with pcv2. after ingesting colostrums, piglets from vaccinated sows (pt01 and pt02) have significantly higher numbers of pcv2- ...201222495234
proteomic analysis of porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2.post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is primarily caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), is an emerging swine immunosuppressive disease. to characterize the interaction between target immune cells and pcv2, the differential proteomes of porcine alveolar macrophages, with and without pcv2 infection, were analyzed at different time points with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) followed by maldi-tof/tof identification. mass spectrometry identified 21 altered host ...201222513220
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
antibody responses following vaccination versus infection in a porcine circovirus-type 2 (pcv2) disease model show distinct differences in virus neutralization and epitope recognition.porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of syndromes linked to infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). based on the hypothesis that the immune responses to vaccination versus infection are quantitatively and qualitatively different, the objective of this study was to evaluate immunity, virus replication and disease protection in pigs vaccinated with pcv2 capsid protein (cp) and during infection. the disease model included dual infection with pcv2 and porcine re ...201222521847
simultaneous porcine circovirus type 2 and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae co-inoculation does not potentiate disease in conventional pigs.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of simultaneous experimental inoculation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2; intranasal delivery) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mhyo; transtracheal delivery) into conventional, seropositive 6-week-old piglets. thirty-six male piglets were assigned randomly to four groups: control (n=6), pcv2 (n=6), mhyo (n=12) and pcv2+mhyo (n=12). blood samples and faecal and nasal swabs were collected at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). no significant ...201222522076
characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) capsid particle assembly and its application to virus-like particle vaccine development.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. the sole structural capsid protein of pcv2, cap, consists of major antigenic domains, but little is known about the assembly of capsid particles. the purpose of this study is to produce a large amount of cap protein using escherichia coli expression system for further studying the essential sequences contributing to formation of particles. by using codon optimization of rare arginin ...201222526782
complete genome sequence of the rearranged porcine circovirus type 2.we first report here the genome sequences of 4 rearranged porcine circovirus type 2 strains, jstz, zjqdh1, zjqdh2, and jshm, isolated from porcine sera in china. the complete circular genomes of these isolates are 578, 483, 574, and 772 nucleotides in length, respectively. they are predicted to be defective interfering particles of porcine circovirus type 2. the findings will help us to understand molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 and the relationship between porcine circovirus ty ...201222532529
detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the state of são paulo, brazil.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. the aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of pcv2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the state of são paulo, brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms.201222554105
development of multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of six swine dna and rna viruses.uniplex and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and pcr protocols were developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in detecting simultaneously single and mixed infections in swine. specific primers for three dna viruses and three rna viruses, including classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) an ...201222575688
extraneous agent detection in vaccines--a review of technical aspects.the quality and safety of commercial vaccines have a profound importance. contrary to all precautions and efforts the use of biological material in vaccine development and production may lead to potential contamination of the vaccines with known and unknown extraneous agents (eas). in veterinary field official lists of eas have been compiled as legal framework to describe the potential agents, which must be tested during manufacture of vaccines. nevertheless, detection of known and unknown conta ...201222575785
selenium blocks porcine circovirus type 2 replication promotion induced by oxidative stress by improving gpx1 expression.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is recognized as a key infectious agent in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), but not all pigs infected with pcv2 will develop pmws. the aim of this work was to explore the relationships among pcv2 infection, oxidative stress, and selenium in a pk-15 cell culture model of pcv2 infection. the results showed that oxidative stress induced by h(2)o(2) treatment increased pcv2 replication as measured by pcv2 dna copies and the number of infected cells. ...201222580339
a novel porcine circovirus type 2a strain, 10js-2, with eleven-nucleotide insertions in the origin of genome replication.here, we report a novel porcine circovirus type 2a (pcv2a) strain with 11 nucleotides (nt) inserted in the origin of genome replication (ori). this is the first report of a pcv2a strain with nucleotide insertion in ori. our study will help further epidemiological studies and extend our knowledge of evolutionary characteristics of pcv2.201222628400
complete genome sequence of the first canine circovirus.we found a highly divergent circovirus in serum samples from several dogs. phylogenetic analysis indicates that canine circovirus genotype 1 (cacv-1) represents the first circovirus reported in dogs and is genetically most closely related to the only known mammalian circovirus, porcine circovirus. here we report the complete genome sequence of the cacv-1 strain ny214, which will help toward understanding the evolutionary and pathogenic characteristics of mammalian circoviruses.201222628401
co-infection of porcine dendritic cells with porcine circovirus type 2a (pcv2a) and genotype ii porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) induces cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) t cells in vitro.porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) is currently one of the most economically important diseases in the global swine industry. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent, however co-infection with other swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is often required to induce the full spectrum of clinical pcvad. while the specific mechanisms of viral co-infection that lead to clinical disease are not fully understood, immune mo ...201222633482
porcine circovirus type 2 infection before and during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome on a pig farm in the uk.the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and other pathogens before and during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pwms) in pigs is evaluated in this study. at the time of the outbreak on a large commercial pig farm in the uk, serum samples and data were collected in two independent on-going research projects, one in weaned pigs and the other in sows. serum samples of growing pigs and sows were pcv-2-antibody and pcr positive before and during the pmws outbreak. u ...201222645151
genotypic change and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 in taiwanese pig herds.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. two major pcv2 genotypes, pcv2a and pcv2b, have been identified. to explore the prevalence of different subgroups of pcv2 in taiwan, 37 pcv2 isolates collected during 2002-2011 were analyzed. the genotypes of the pcv2 isolates collected before 2007 belonged to either pcv2a or pcv2b. however, all of the isolates collected after 2008 were pcv2b. most of the isolates obtained since 2008 ha ...201222673086
construction and application of a food-grade expression system for lactococcus lactis.a food-grade host/vector expression system for lactococcus lactis was constructed using alanine racemase gene (alr) as the complementation marker. we obtained an alanine racemase auxotrophic mutant l. lactis nz9000δalr by double-crossover recombination using temperature-sensitive integration plasmid pg(+)host9 and a food-grade vector palr with entirely lactococcal dna elements, including lactococcal replicon, nisin-inducible promoter pnisa and the alr gene from lactobacillus casei bl23 as a comp ...201322674186
immunization of mice by hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 protein.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a primary etiological agent of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is a disease of increasing importance to the pig industry worldwide. hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (hmsns) have gained increasing interest for use in vaccines.201222691538
current state of knowledge on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), a small single-stranded dna virus, was initially discovered in 1998 and is highly prevalent in the domestic pig population. disease manifestations associated with pcv2 include postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (pmws), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), and reproductive failure. although these clinical manifestations involve different organ systems, there is considerable overlap in clinical expression ...201322692624
a touchdown multiplex pcr for porcine circovirus type 2 and pseudorabies virus.porcine circovirus type 2; pseudorabies virus; conventional multiplex pcr; touchdown multiplex pcr.201222720711
prevalence of infection and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in wild boar (sus scrofa) in poland.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a widespread, important pathogen of domestic swine and the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and other diseases and conditions referred to as "porcine circovirus diseases." specific antibodies and dna to pcv2 have also been detected in european wild boars and north american feral pigs. we collected 312 tonsil samples from wild boars shot in 13 of 16 districts of poland, and tested them for pcv2 dna using a real-time pcr. we detected ...201222740527
analysis of putative orf3 gene within porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic syndrome in pigs, whereas the ubiquitous related porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is nonpathogenic. corroborating an earlier observation in pcv2, rep and rep' proteins encoded by orf1 are essential for the initiation of pcv2 replication. cap protein encoded by orf2 has a potential causative role in the initiation of pcv2 replication and contains a type-specific epitope. the putative orf3 of pcv2 oriented in the opposit ...201222741582
a real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent emcv loads in sows and piglets.a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green was developed for the detection and quantification of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in porcine tissues; the method uses two primers specific for the 3d gene. the detection limit of this assay was 22 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(7) dilution range of template concentrations and was specific for emcv; it did not amplify other porcine pathogens (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductiv ...201222752806
fetal infections and antibody profiles in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).the aim of this study was to describe early infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in naturally infected piglets and the piglets' serologic profiles. a total of 20 sows (15 pcv2-vaccinated and 5 unvaccinated) and 100 newborn piglets were studied. colostrum and serum of the sows and serum of the presuckling piglets were obtained on the day of parturition. milk samples were collected on day 20 postpartum. blood samples were taken and the piglets weighed on days 1, 20, 42, 63, and 84 post ...201222754093
simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by duplex real-time pcr and amplicon melting curve analysis using sybr green.the development of a sybr green-based duplex real-time pcr is described for simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) genomes. viral genomes were identified in the same sample by their distinctive melting temperature (t(m)) which is 77.5°c for ppv vp2 313bp amplicon and 82.3°c for pcv-2 orf2 171bp amplicon, respectively. the detection limit of the method was 0.01tcid(50)/ml for ppv and pcv-2, about 10 times more sensitive than conventional pcr. in a ...201322771739
porcine ear necrosis syndrome: a preliminary investigation of putative infectious agents in piglets and mycotoxins in feed.the aim of this study was to identify the causative factors of porcine ear necrosis syndrome (pens) in 72 pigs, 5.5-10 weeks in age housed on nine farms. biopsy samples of ear pinnae were collected from all piglets for bacteriology, histopathology and in situ hybridization for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). at the same time, serum samples were taken for serological analysis and viral pcr, and feed was sampled for mycotoxin analysis. the initial lesion of pens seemed to be a focal epidermal ne ...201222784419
outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in jiangxi province, china.in 2007, herds of pigs in jiangxi province, china experienced outbreaks of a severe form of suspected porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) characterized by high fever, high morbidity and mortality in animals of different ages. 152 swine sera and 42 tissues (consisting of liver, lung, lymph node and kidney) from five herds of pigs were collected. pigs were diagnosed as infected with a highly pathogenic form of the prrs virus (prrsv) based on elisa and reverse transcriptase polymer ...201222784793
c-terminal heat shock protein 70 of mycobacterium tuberculosis as a molecular adjuvant for dna vaccination with the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice.mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the peptide binding c-terminal portion of hsp70 (amino acids 359-610; hsp70c) exert an adjuvant effect when used in vaccines. to enhance the immunogenicity of a dna vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), recombinant plasmids encoding the pcv2 orf2 (capsid) gene fused to full length hsp70 (pca-tch) or truncated c-terminal hsp70c (pca-tchc) were constructed. immunisation of mice with pca-tchc induced higher serum immunoglobuli ...201322809463
serological profile of torque teno sus virus species 1 (ttsuv1) in pigs and antigenic relationships between two ttsuv1 genotypes (1a and 1b), between two species (ttsuv1 and -2), and between porcine and human anelloviruses.the family anelloviridae includes human and animal torque teno viruses (ttvs) with extensive genetic diversity. the antigenic diversity among anelloviruses has never been assessed. using torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) as a model, we describe here the first investigation of the antigenic relationships among different anelloviruses. using a ttsuv genotype 1a (ttsuv1a) or ttsuv1b enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the respective putative orf1 capsid antigen and ttsuv1-specific real-t ...201222811540
development and application of a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to porcine circovirus 2.a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described for detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) antibodies using the well-characterized recombinant pcv2 capsid protein. in a comparative test of 394 pig sera against an indirect immunofluorescence (iif) test and a commercial elisa kit (also based on the recombinant pcv2 capsid protein), the results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the assay were, respectively, 90.61, 94.02, and 91.6 ...201222815145
subclinical porcine circovirus infection: what lies beneath. 201222819006
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