Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| microflora investigation experiment. | many microorganisms were isolated from condensed water, wiping and scratching of cabin wall and air sampler in russian space station mir by russian astronauts lazutkin et al. in february 1997 as part of nasda "first mir utilization space experiment (jmir)". for example, there were about 2 x 10(6) cells/ml in condensed water sample no. 1 isolated from the transfer-docking compartment of crystal module. we tried the colony isolation, pure culturing and identification from these sampled microorgani ... | 2001 | 11799257 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray data of the recombinant peptide amidase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the peptide amidase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia selectively hydrolyses the c-terminal amide bond in peptide amides. crystals have been obtained by sitting-drop vapour diffusion from solution containing polyethylene glycol (peg) 6000, hepes ph 7.5, glycerine and sodium azide (nan(3)). the crystals belong to the monoclinic space group p2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 74.18, b = 62.60, c = 101.91 a, beta = 90 degrees. x-ray data from these crystals diffracted at the european synchrotron r ... | 2002 | 11807268 |
| bacteremia due to multiresistant gram-negative bacilli in neutropenic cancer patients: a case-controlled study. | the aim of this study was to assess whether multiresistant gram-negative bacteremias (mrgnb) were associated with specific risk factors for higher mortality than sensitive gram-negative bacteremias. two groups of subjects: (51 cases and 102 controls) were matched for sex, age, underlying disease, and neutropenia. there were no significant differences in the incidence of cytotoxic chemotherapy administered, vascular catheter insertion, catheter as source of bacteremia, and etiology of bacteremia. ... | 1999 | 11810513 |
| susceptibility to fluoroquinolones among commonly isolated gram-negative bacilli in 2000: trust and tsn data for the united states. tracking resistance in the united states today. the surveillance network. | from january to may 2000, as part of the tracking resistance in the united states today (trust) surveillance initiative, clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae (n=2519) and non-fermentative gram-negatives (n=580) were prospectively collected from 26 hospital laboratories across the united states. isolates were tested for susceptibility to three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin) and seven other agents. in addition, data for the same period were collected from the surve ... | 2002 | 11814764 |
| differential regulation of l1 and l2 beta-lactamase expression in stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | it has been reported that stenotrophomonas maltophilia l1 and l2 beta-lactamase expression is coordinated. we have isolated s. maltophilia mutants where (i) l1 is constitutively hyper-expressed and l2 is inducible; (ii) l2 is hyper-expressed and l1 is inducible; and (iii) l1 and l2 are constitutively hyper-expressed. the frequency of isolating type 1 and 2 mutants is c. 10(-7), indicating that promoter mutations are probably not involved and providing strong evidence that l1 and l2 expression is ... | 2002 | 11815585 |
| severe cellulitis/myositis caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | to present a case of cellulitis/myositis due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the absence of trauma and to discuss a potentially novel treatment option. | 2002 | 11816260 |
| assessment of chitin decomposer diversity within an upland grassland. | the breakdown of chitin within an acidic upland grassland was studied. the aim was to provide a molecular characterisation of microorganisms involved in chitin degradation in the soil using soil microcosms and buried litter bags containing chitin. the investigation involved an examination of the effects of liming on the microbial communities within the soil and their chitinolytic activity. microcosm experiments were designed to study the influence of lime and chitin enrichment on the grassland s ... | 2001 | 11816968 |
| l-glucitol catabolism in stenotrophomonas maltophilia ac. | the carbohydrate catabolism of the bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia ac (previously named pseudomonas sp. strain ac), which is known to convert the unnatural polyol l-glucitol to d-sorbose during growth on the former as the sole source of carbon and energy, was studied in detail. all enzymes operating in a pathway that channels l-glucitol via d-sorbose into compounds of the intermediary metabolism were demonstrated, and for some prominent reactions the products of conversion were identified ... | 2002 | 11823194 |
| multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare? | pseudomonas aeruginosa carries multiresistance plasmids less often than does klebsiella pneumoniae, develops mutational resistance to cephalosporins less readily than enterobacter species, and has less inherent resistance than stenotrophomonas maltophilia. what nevertheless makes p. aeruginosa uniquely problematic is a combination of the following: the species' inherent resistance to many drug classes; its ability to acquire resistance, via mutations, to all relevant treatments; its high and inc ... | 2002 | 11823954 |
| post-traumatic endophthalmitis caused by xanthomonas maltophilia. | 2001 | 11827012 | |
| microbial degradation of polyethers. | this paper summarizes studies on microbial degradation of polyethers. polyethers are aerobically metabolized through common mechanisms (oxidation of terminal alcohol groups followed by terminal ether cleavage), well-characterized examples being found with polyethylene glycol (peg). first the polymer is oxidized to carboxylated peg by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and then the terminal ether bond is cleaved to yield the depolymerized peg by one glycol unit. most probably peg is anaerobicall ... | 2002 | 11831473 |
| [stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a cause of hospital infections--typing of clinical isolates using pulsed field gel electrophoresis] ]. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (s. maltophilia) has been recognised now as an important cause of hospital infections. as s. maltophilia is resistant to many antibiotics, attempts have been made to identify the sources of s. maltophilia infection and route of its transmission. from july till october 1998, 22 isolates of s. maltophilia were obtained from 20 patients hospitalised at eight different wards. strain typing was performed by macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal dna by use of pfge (xbai ... | 2001 | 11845578 |
| functional control of the binuclear metal site in the metallo-beta-lactamase-like fold by subtle amino acid replacements. | at present there are three protein families that share a common structural domain, the alphabeta/betaalpha fold of class b beta-lactamases: zinc beta-lactamases, glyoxalases ii, and a-type flavoproteins. a detailed inspection of their superimposed structures was undertaken and showed that although these proteins contain binuclear metal sites in spatially equivalent positions, there are some subtle differences within the first ligand sphere that determine a distinct composition of metals. althoug ... | 2002 | 11847294 |
| topoisomerase ii and iv quinolone resistance-determining regions in stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates with different levels of quinolone susceptibility. | the quinolone resistance-determining regions (qrdrs) of topoisomerase ii and iv genes from stenotrophomonas maltophilia atcc 13637 were sequenced and compared with the corresponding regions of 32 unrelated s. maltophilia clinical strains for which ciprofloxacin mics ranged from 0.1 to 64 microg/ml. gyra (leu-55 to gln-155, escherichia coli numbering), gyrb (met-391 to phe-513), parc (ile-34 to arg-124), and pare (leu-396 to leu-567) fragments from strain atcc 13637 showed high degrees of identit ... | 2002 | 11850246 |
| in vitro activities of tigecycline (gar-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in spain. | the antimicrobial activities of tigecycline (gar-936) were compared with those of other agents against 1,087 strains recently isolated in 12 spanish medical centers. tigecycline showed activity against a wide spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including strains such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecium, acinetobacter baumannii, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | 2002 | 11850282 |
| antimicrobial activity evaluations of gatifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone: contemporary pathogen results from a global antimicrobial resistance surveillance program (sentry, 1997). | objective: to investigate the in vitro potency and spectrum of activity of gatifloxacin and five comparator fluoroquinolones tested against over 23 000 clinical isolates from diverse geographic and clinical sources in the americas. methods: gram-negative, gram-positive and fastidious bacterial isolates were tested against gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin using broth microdilution methods recommended by the national committee for clinical labora ... | 1999 | 11851706 |
| evaluation of the id 32e for the identification of gram-negative glucose-fermenting and glucose-non-fermenting bacilli. | objective: to evaluate the id 32e bacterial identification system for accuracy in the identification of members of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and acinetobacter baumannii/iwoffii. methods: stock cultures of 497 enterobacteriaceae and 27 commonly encountered non-enteric gram-negative rods were tested in the id 32e system. for each isolate, the resulting 11-digit profile number was converted to an identification using the apilab plus softwar ... | 1999 | 11856267 |
| in vitro activity of clinafloxacin in comparison with other quinolones against stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates in the presence and absence of reserpine. | a total of 33 stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates were tested for their susceptibility to clinafloxacin in comparison with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin. the mic(50) and mic(90) were as follows: ciprofloxacin 4 and 64 microg/ml; clinafoxacin 0.5 and 4 microg/ml; levofloxacin 2 and 32 microg/ml; moxifloxacin 1 and 8 microg/ml; nalidixic acid 8 and 128 microg/ml; norfloxacin 64 and 256 microg/ml; sparfloxacin 1 and ... | 2002 | 11858908 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia endocarditis: a systematic review. | the disease characteristics, management, and outcome of stenotrophomonas maltophilia endocarditis were evaluated by examining the reports on the subject identified through a comprehensive literature search. twenty-three (17 male) cases of s.. maltophilia endocarditis were identified. mean age was 41 +/- 15 years. all patients presented with fever. prosthetic valves were involved in 12 (52%) cases. among native valves, the aortic valve was most frequently involved (50%), followed by the tricuspid ... | 2002 | 11863309 |
| high frequency of antibiotic resistance among gram-negative isolates in intensive care units at 10 swedish hospitals. | objective: to investigate the resistance rates among gram-negative isolates in swedish intensive care units (icus). methods: during 1994-95, members of the swedish study group collected, on clinical indication, 502 consecutive initial isolates of gram-negative bacteria from patients admitted to icus at 10 swedish hospitals and performed minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) determinations with the etest. breakpoints were defined according to the criteria of the swedish reference group for antib ... | 1997 | 11864106 |
| cq-397 and cq-414: antimicrobial activity and spectrum of two fluoroquinolone---cephalosporin, dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds. | objective: to evaluate the potential spectrum of activity of two novel dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds (cq-397 and cq-414; laboratorios aranda, san rafael, mexico) against human pathogens. methods: approximately 800 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic clinical bacteria were tested in vitro using the mueller-hinton broth microdilution method of the national committee of clinical laboratory standards. results: cq-397 (cefamandole+enrofloxacin) and cq-414 (cefamandole+norfloxacin) ... | 1997 | 11864130 |
| the comparative in vitro activity of fk-037 (cefoselis), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. | fk-037, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was active against clinical isolates of both gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. the activity of fk---037 was similar to that of cefpirome and cefepime and generally superior to that of ceftazidime. methicillin-resistant staphylococci were less susceptible than methicillin-sensitive isolates but most remained within the sensitive range. all streptococci and enterobacteriaceae were sensitive as were the majority of isolates of acinetobacter sp ... | 1995 | 11866715 |
| comparative in vitro activity of apalcillin alone and combined with ro 48-1220, a novel penam beta-lactamase inhibitor. | objective: the in vitro activity of apalcillin plus ro 48-1220, a novel penam sulfone beta-lactamase inhibitor, was compared with apalcillin alone, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, ceftazidime and cefepime. methods: agar dilution and broth microdilution testing of 854 bacterial strains, subcultured from frozen stocks incubated for 24 h in 5% carbon dioxide, was carried out to determine the minimum bactericidal (mbc) and minimum inhibito ... | 1995 | 11866735 |
| in-vitro interaction of azithromycin and fluoroquinolones against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | objective: to determine the combined in-vitro effects of azithromycin plus the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin or lomefloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. methods: fractional inhibitory (fic) and fractional bactericidal concentration indices of azithromycin and the fluoroquinolone were determined using a microtiter-checkerboard method. clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas ... | 1996 | 11866755 |
| characterization of a chitinase gene from stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain 34s1 and its involvement in biological control. | a chitinase gene was cloned on a 2.8-kb dna fragment from stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain 34s1 by heterologous expression in burkholderia cepacia. sequence analysis of this fragment identified an open reading frame encoding a deduced protein of 700 amino acids. removal of the signal peptide sequence resulted in a predicted protein that was 68 kda in size. analysis of the sequence indicated that the chitinase contained a catalytic domain belonging to family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases. three pu ... | 2002 | 11872449 |
| microbial populations of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating wastewater from a gelatin industry. | the microbial populations of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, used for treating wastewater from the gelatin industry, were studied by microbiological methods and phase-contrast and electron microscopy. microscopy examination of the sludge showed a complex mixture of various rod-shaped and coccoid bacterial pluslong filaments and verymobile curved rods. in addition free-living anaerobic ciliates and flagellates were also observed. the trophic group population observed in decreasing ord ... | 2001 | 11873883 |
| probing substrate binding to metallo-beta-lactamase l1 from stenotrophomonas maltophilia by using site-directed mutagenesis. | the metallo-beta-lactamases are zn(ii)-containing enzymes that hydrolyze the beta-lactam bond in penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems and are involved in bacterial antibiotic resistance. there are at least 20 distinct organisms that produce a metallo-beta-lactamase, and these enzymes have been extensively studied using x-ray crystallographic, computational, kinetic, and inhibition studies; however, much is still unknown about how substrates bind and the catalytic mechanism. in an effort ... | 2002 | 11876827 |
| [effectiveness of contact isolation in the control of multiresistant bacteria in an intensive care service]. | to describe the frequency, characteristics and progression of critically ill patients admitted to the icu, for whom isolation is indicated due to detection of multiresistant pathogenic bacteria, and to study the effectiveness of precautionary measures to avoid dissemination of these microorganisms. | 2002 | 11886673 |
| pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. | cystic fibrosis (cf) is an autosomal-recessive disorder and affects about 60,000 people worldwide. the cf gene, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr), was found in 1989 and over 800 mutations have been sequenced. although our understanding of the pathophysiology of cf has increased, pulmonary infections remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality. during the first decade of life, staphylococcus aureus and nontypable haemophilus influenza are most common, but pseudo ... | 2002 | 11891518 |
| broad-range bacterial detection and the analysis of unexplained death and critical illness. | broad-range rdna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) provides an alternative, cultivation-independent approach for identifying pathogens. in 1995, the centers for disease control and prevention initiated population-based surveillance for unexplained life-threatening infections (unexplained death and critical illness project [unex]). to address the causes of unex cases, we examined 59 specimens from 46 cases by using broad-range bacterial 16s rdna pcr and phylogenetic analysis of amplified sequences. ... | 2002 | 11897072 |
| synergistic activities of macrolide antibiotics against pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia cepacia, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. | azithromycin and clarithromycin were paired with other antibiotics to test synergistic activity against 300 multidrug-resistant pathogens isolated from cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. clarithromycin-tobramycin was most active against pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited 58% of strains. azithromycin-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin-ceftazidime, and azithromycin-doxycycline or azithromycin-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibited 40, 20, and 22% of stenotrophomonas maltophilia, burkholder ... | 2002 | 11897598 |
| effect of an efflux pump inhibitor on the mic of nalidixic acid for acinetobacter baumannii and stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. | 2002 | 11909848 | |
| recent developments in carbapenems. | carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics characterised by the presence of a beta-lactam ring with a carbon instead of sulfone in the 4-position of the thyazolidinic moiety. the first carbapenem to be utilised in therapy was imipenem, the n-formimidoyl derivative of thienamycin. imipenem is coadministered with cilastatin, an inhibitor of human renal dehydropeptidase i, as imipenem is hydrolysed by this enzyme. meropenem was the first carbapenem with a 1-beta-methyl group and 2-thio pyrrolidinyl mo ... | 2002 | 11922861 |
| rapid direct antibiotic susceptibility testing in endophthalmitis. | to compare a new rapid antibiotic susceptibility test (rast) to the conventional method in patients with endophthalmitis. | 2002 | 11927425 |
| sinusitis due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | this is the first report of a patient diagnosed with sinusitis due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia. despite the organism being resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the infection was cured by drainage and treatment with intravenous piperacillin, followed by oral ciprofloxacin. | 2002 | 11928848 |
| phylogenetic analysis of xanthomonas species based upon 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer sequences. | phylogenetic relationships of 17 species of xanthomonas were assessed based on analysis of 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer (its) sequences; a higher level of resolution was obtained than that revealed by 16s rdna analysis. its sequences varied in size from 492 to 578 nt within the genus and the similarity among sequences ranged from 63 to 99%. major differences were found for the hyacinthi group, which included xanthomonas albilineans, xanthomonas hyacinthi, xanthomonas sacchari, xanthomonas thei ... | 2002 | 11931143 |
| stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila sp. nov., a strictly aerobic bacterium isolated from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactor. | two of several strictly aerobic, mesophilic bacteria isolated from a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactor treating a petrochemical wastewater, strains amx 17 and amx 19t, were subjected to detailed taxonomic study. cells were gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating, straight to curved rods with a polar flagellum. the isolates exhibited phenotypic traits of members of the genus stenotrophomonas, including cellular fatty acid composition and the limited range of substrates that ... | 2002 | 11931169 |
| the flavonoid galangin inhibits the l1 metallo-beta-lactamase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the flavonoid galangin inhibits the partially purified metallo-beta-lactamase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. the effect was not reversed by the addition of zncl(2) suggesting that the inhibitory effect is not related to metal chelation. the flavonoid quercetin also has some inhibitory effect against the enzyme. using the crystal structure of the enzyme, a molecular modelling study predicts a possible orientation of galangin at the active site of the enzyme. | 2002 | 11934488 |
| new synthetic siderophores and their beta-lactam conjugates based on diamino acids and dipeptides. | linking of siderophores to antibiotics improves the penetration and therefore increases the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics. we synthesized the acylated catecholates and hydroxamates as siderophore components for antibiotic conjugates to reduce side effects of unprotected catecholate and hydroxamate moieties. in this paper, we report on bis- and tris-catecholates and mixed catecholate hydroxamates based on diamino acids or dipeptides. these compounds were active as siderophores in a gr ... | 2002 | 11937324 |
| expression of the mel gene from pseudomonas maltophilia in bacillus thuringiensis. | the objective of this work was to express a novel mel gene, responsible for melanin formation, in bacillus thuringiensis. | 2002 | 11940152 |
| characterization of monomeric l1 metallo-beta -lactamase and the role of the n-terminal extension in negative cooperativity and antibiotic hydrolysis. | the l1 metallo-beta-lactamase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia is unique among this class of enzymes because it is tetrameric. previous work predicted that the two regions of important intersubunit interaction were the residue met-140 and the n-terminal extensions of each subunit. the n-terminal extension was also implicated in beta-lactam binding. mutation of methionine 140 to aspartic acid results in a monomeric l1 beta-lactamase with a greatly altered substrate specificity profile. a 20-amin ... | 2002 | 11940588 |
| selective (r)-3-hydroxylation of fa by stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | soil samples were screened for microorganisms selectively transforming fa. one of the isolated strains was identified as the bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia by its phenotypic features and genotypic characterization by sequencing the ribosomal rna gene. using linoleic acid as substrate resulted in the formation of two major compounds. after liquid chromatographic isolation and separation, their structures were elucidated by hplc-tandem ms, gc-ms, and nmr techniques to be 3-hydroxy-z6-dodec ... | 2002 | 11942484 |
| two episodes of stenotrophomonas maltophilia endocarditis of prosthetic mitral valve: report of a case and review of the literature. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (previously named xanthomonas maltophilia) is an aerobic, non-fermentive, gram-negative bacillus that is wide spread in the environment. it was considered to be an organism with limited pathogenic potential, which was rarely capable of causing diseases in human other than those who were in debilitated or immunocompromised state. more recent studies have established that stenotrophomonas maltophilia can behave as a true pathogen. endocarditis due to this organism is r ... | 2002 | 11961315 |
| [monitoring the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in microbiology laboratories using bacterio software]. | since 1997, the microbiology laboratory of the hospital center in lens has monitored hospital ecology and epidemiology to provide rapid information that help to adapt probabilistic antibiotherapy and to estimate the impact of hygienic preventive measures on the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (mrb). | 2002 | 11963375 |
| substrate-activated zinc binding of metallo-beta -lactamases: physiological importance of mononuclear enzymes. | we have investigated the influence of substrate binding on the zinc ion affinity of representatives from the three metallo-beta-lactamase subclasses, b1 (bcii from bacillus cereus and blab from chryseobacterium meningosepticum), b2 (cpha from aeromonas hydrophila), and b3 (l1 from stenotrophomonas maltophilia). by competition experiments with metal-free apoenzymes and chromophoric zinc chelators or edta, we determined the dissociation constants in the absence and presence of substrates. for the ... | 2002 | 11967267 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteraemia in two patients with cystic fibrosis associated with totally implantable venous access devices. | 2002 | 11972423 | |
| [post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--ii. gram-negative bacteria]. | as a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, penicillins, monobactams, and carbapenems. changes in czop susceptibility for the bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated with the breakpoint mic. twenty-five species (3,362 strains) of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinica ... | 2002 | 11977920 |
| molecular epidemiology of stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. | 2002 | 11980986 | |
| [nosocomial infection due to stenotrophomona maltophilia in surgically treated patients]. | 2002 | 11996709 | |
| clinical epidemiology of stenotrophomonas maltophilia colonization and infection: a multicenter study. | 2002 | 11997719 | |
| degradation characteristics of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene by stenotrophomonas maltophilia t3-c. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia t3-c, isolated from a biofilter for the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (btex), could grow in a mineral salt medium containing toluene, benzene, or ethylbenzene as the sole source of carbon. the effect of environmental factors such as initial toluene mass, medium ph, and temperature on the degradation rate of toluene was investigated. the cosubstrate interactions in the btex mixture by the isolate were also studied. within the range of initial t ... | 2002 | 12002185 |
| hospital-acquired infections following the 1999 marmara earthquake. | in this study, medical records of all casualties admitted to our hospital following the marmara earthquake, which struck northwest turkey and resulted in the destruction of several towns in the marmara region, were evaluated retrospectively. the time buried under the rubble, demographic data, type of medical and surgical therapies performed, type of injury and data on infection were analysed. between 17 august and 25 september 1999, 630 trauma victims were received at our hospital and 532 (84%) ... | 2002 | 12009820 |
| [synthesis of signaling n-acyl-homoserine-lactones participating in quorum sensing in rhizosphere and soil bacteria pseudomonas and xanthomonas]. | signaling molecules assigned to n-acyl-homoserine-lactones (ahl) serve as autoinducers for the genes controlling the quorum sensing regulatory system. in many gram-negative bacteria, ahl are the key factors responsible for density-dependent regulation of exoenzyme and secondary metabolite production; they also participate in interaction between bacteria and higher organisms. the soil and rhisosphere bacteria pseudomonas and xanthomonas from different geographical zones of russia and the former u ... | 2002 | 12018176 |
| fulminant stenotrophomonas maltophilia soft tissue infection in immunocompromised patients: an outbreak transmitted via tap water. | soft tissue infection caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia is uncommon, but nosocomial infections had been reported. we describe herein 2 young female patients, with severe neutropenia, on broad spectrum antimicrobial agents for neutropenic fever, with hickman-type central venous catheter, who developed mucocutaneous and soft tissue infections with rapidly progressive and devastating course. cultures from the skin of both patients and from blood of one of them grew s. maltophilia. both patient ... | 2002 | 12018671 |
| cau-1, a subclass b3 metallo-beta-lactamase of low substrate affinity encoded by an ortholog present in the caulobacter crescentus chromosome. | the sequenced chromosome of caulobacter crescentus cb15 encodes a hypothetical protein that exhibits significant similarity (30 to 35% identical residues) to metallo-beta-lactamases of subclass b3. an allelic variant of this gene (divergent by 3% of its nucleotides) was cloned in escherichia coli from c. crescentus type strain dsm4727. expression studies confirmed the metallo-beta-lactamase activity of its product, cau-1. the enzyme produced in e. coli was purified by two ion-exchange chromatogr ... | 2002 | 12019096 |
| identification of a series of tricyclic natural products as potent broad-spectrum inhibitors of metallo-beta-lactamases. | this work describes the discovery and characterization of a novel series of tricyclic natural product-derived metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors. natural product screening of the bacillus cereus ii enzyme identified an extract from a strain of chaetomium funicola with inhibitory activity against metallo-beta-lactamases. sb236050, sb238569, and sb236049 were successfully extracted and purified from this extract. the most active of these compounds was sb238569, which possessed k(i) values of 79, 17 ... | 2002 | 12019104 |
| gene cloning, overexpression and biochemical characterization of the peptide amidase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | the peptide amidase (pam) from the gram-negative bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia catalyzes predominantly the hydrolysis of the c-terminal amide bond in peptide amides. its gene ( pam) was isolated by southern hybridization using a dna probe derived from the known n-terminal amino acid sequence. pam is a member of the amidase signature family and was identified as a periplasmic protein by an n-terminal signal peptide found in the gene. the processed protein consists of 503 amino acids with ... | 2002 | 12021798 |
| septicaemia due to glucose non-fermenting, gram-negative bacilli other than pseudomonas aeruginosa in children. | bloodstream infections due to non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli other than pseudomonas aeruginosa (nf-gnb) are uncommon in children but their incidence is reported to be increasing. the aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of such infections in children in a london teaching hospital. all paediatric patients with positive nf-gnb blood cultures and clinical evidence of sepsis between july 1995 and june 2000 were included in the study. a total of 10278 blood cultures was perfor ... | 2002 | 12022303 |
| two cases of stenotrophomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis. | two cases of stenotrophomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis, a rare cause of postoperative endophthalmitis, are reported in this study. both of the patients underwent vitreus tap and intravitreal antibiotic injection. the therapy was augmented with systemic and subconjunctival injections. the response to this therapy protocol was excellent and the final visual acuity in both of the patients was 10/10. the results are discussed and the literature, which consists of only 8 reported cases of stenotro ... | 2002 | 12027111 |
| purification and characterization of an alkaline serine endopeptidase from a feather-degrading xanthomonas maltophilia strain. | a keratinolytic xanthomonas maltophilia strain (poa-1), cultured on feather meal broth, using keratin as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen, secretes several extracellular peptidases. the major serine peptidase was purified to homogeneity by a five-step procedure. its purity was evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis. this enzyme has a molecular mass of 36 kda, an optimum ph of 9.0, and an optimum temperature of 60 degrees c. the inhibitory profile using protease inhibitors shows that t ... | 2002 | 12030707 |
| analysis of endophytic bacterial communities of potato by plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of 16s rdna based pcr fragments. | the diversity of endophytic bacterial populations of potato (solanum tuberosum cv desirée) was assessed using a combination of dilution plating of plant macerates followed by isolation and characterization of isolates, and direct pcr-dgge on the basis of dna extracted from plants. the culturable endophytic bacterial communities detected in potato stem bases as well as in roots were in most cases on the order 103 to 105 cfu g?1 of fresh plant tissue. dilution plating revealed that a range of bact ... | 2001 | 12032611 |
| attributable mortality of stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia. | a systematic evaluation of the attributable mortality of stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia was undertaken in a matched, retrospective, case-control study. we determined the attributable mortality rate (26.7%) and mortality risk ratio (an 8-fold increase) of s. maltophilia bacteremia. the attributable mortality rate for s. maltophilia bacteremia is similar to the attributable mortality rate for other nosocomial bloodstream infections. | 2002 | 12032905 |
| heterogeneity of dehydrogenases of stenotrophomonas maltophilia showing dye-linked activity with polypropylene glycols. | distinct enzyme activities were found in extracts from stenotrophomonas maltophilia showing dye-linked oxidation of polypropylene glycols. the activities were induced when polypropylene glycols served as sole carbon and energy sources for the bacterium. in the logarithmic phase, most of the enzyme activities (88%) were found in the cytoplasm. in the stationary phase, more than half of the activities (54%) were found on the membrane, but significant activities were also distributed in the peripla ... | 2002 | 12036044 |
| prevalent bacterial species and novel phylotypes in advanced noma lesions. | the purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial diversity in advanced noma lesions using culture-independent molecular methods. 16s ribosomal dna bacterial genes from dna isolated from advanced noma lesions of four nigerian children were pcr amplified with universally conserved primers and spirochetal selective primers and cloned into escherichia coli. partial 16s rrna sequences of approximately 500 bases from 212 cloned inserts were used initially to determine species identity or close ... | 2002 | 12037085 |
| characterization of cholylglycine hydrolase from a bile-adapted strain of xanthomonas maltophilia and its application for quantitative hydrolysis of conjugated bile salts. | purified bile salt hydrolase from bile-adapted xanthomonas maltophilia displays michaelis-menten kinetics on cholylglycine and cholyltaurine and hydrolyzes bile salts also in crude bovine bile. the protein is a dimer and is resistant to proteinases and to heating at 55 to 60 degrees c for up to 60 min, in agreement with calorimetric data. | 2002 | 12039776 |
| factors affecting the incidence of stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolation in cystic fibrosis. | to identify factors predisposing cystic fibrosis (cf) patients to stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection and to determine whether coinfection with s maltophilia affects the clinical response to therapy with tobramycin solution for inhalation (tsi), 300 mg bid. | 2002 | 12065335 |
| stenotrophomonas maltophilia meningitis, bacteremia and respiratory infection. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an increasingly recognized cause of nosocomial infection of special interest because of its resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. we report a case of generalized infection by s. maltophilia, including meningitis, bacteremia and respiratory tract infection, in a patient who had undergone multiple neurosurgical procedures and who was treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. | 2002 | 12069028 |
| [yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2000--ii. gram-negative bacteria]. | the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2000 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, and carbapenems. thirty-two species 2,697 strains of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from january to december, and consisted of moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis (n = 125), escherichia coli (n = 250), citrobacter freu ... | 2002 | 12071094 |
| metabolite repression inhibits degradation of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene by stenotrophomonas maltophilia vun 10,003. | large inocula of stenotrophomonas maltophilia vun 10,003 were used to investigate bacterial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene. although strain vun 10,003 was capable of degrading 10-15 mg (-1) of the five-ring compounds in the presence of pyrene after 63 days, further addition of pyrene after degradation of the five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) ceased did not stimulate significant decreases in the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene or dibenz[a,h]anthracene. how ... | 2002 | 12074057 |
| [interpretative reading of the non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli antibiogram]. | among non-fermenting gram-negative rods, the most clinically important species are pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which are frequently multiresistant. p. aeruginosa resistance to beta-lactams depends on the production of chromosomal and plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases, altered permeability (loss of oprd porin is related to carbapenem-resistance) and active efflux pumps, particularly mexab-oprm. in aminoglycoside-resistant strains the main mech ... | 2002 | 12084355 |
| highly antibacterial active aminoacyl penicillin conjugates with acylated bis-catecholate siderophores based on secondary diamino acids and related compounds. | new acylated bis-catecholates and 1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione derivatives based on secondary diamino acids (n-(aminoalkyl)glycines, n-aminopropyl-alanine, and n-aminopropyl-4-aminovaleric acid), on n-(aminoalkyl)aminomethyl benzoic acids, on n-(aminoalkyl)aminomethyl phenoxyacetic acids, or on 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid were synthesized as artificial siderophores. the corresponding diamino acids were obtained from the diamines and oxocarboxylic acids by catalytic hydrogenation. the acylated bis-catec ... | 2002 | 12086488 |
| response of furniture factory workers to work-related airborne allergens. | the aim of this work was to determine the reactivity of furniture factory workers to microbial allergens associated with wood dust. allergological examinations by skin and precipitin tests were performed in 48 workers employed in a factory producing furniture from fibreboards and chipboards, and in 32 healthy urban dwellers not exposed to organic dusts (referents). the skin test was performed by the intradermal method with the saline extracts of the cultures of 3 microbial species (rahnella sp., ... | 2002 | 12088404 |
| antimicrobial multiresistance in bacteria isolated from freshwater chilean salmon farms. | the intensive use of antimicrobial agents, mainly oxytetracycline, to prevent and control bacterial pathologies in chilean salmon culture is a frequent practice. a total of 103 gram-negative oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria recovered from various sources of 4 chilean freshwater salmon farms were identified and investigated for their susceptibility patterns to various antibacterial agents, by using an agar disk diffusion method. antibacterial resistance patterns of isolates were not correlated ... | 2002 | 12109474 |
| risk factors for late-onset nosocomial pneumonia caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia in critically ill trauma patients. | patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia often receive inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy, potentially increasing mortality. knowledge of the risk factors associated with s. maltophilia pneumonia may better guide the selection of empiric antibiotic therapy. potential risk factors for s. maltophilia pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed for critically ill trauma patients with late-onset gram-negative pneumonia. the effects of s. maltophilia infection and inad ... | 2002 | 12115086 |
| synergistic activity of the novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, garenoxacin (bms-284756), in combination with other antimicrobial agents against pseudomonas aeruginosa and related species. | non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria (pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia cepacia, stenotrophomonas maltophilia and acinetobacter spp.) are intrinsically less susceptible to many antimicrobial agents. two-drug combinations have been used to treat infections caused by less susceptible pathogens. in this study, the antibacterial activity of garenoxacin (garx) with non-quinolones was examined. the non-quinolones evaluated were cefepime (cepi), imipenem (imip), aztreonam (aztr), piperacillin-taz ... | 2002 | 12127712 |
| co-infection of the human cornea with stenotrophomonas maltophilia and aspergillus fumigatus. | to report a case of corneal co-infection of stenotrophomonas maltophilia and aspergillus fumigatus. | 2002 | 12131049 |
| comparative in vitro activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates from neutropenic patients. | novel fluoroquinolones have been recently introduced in the management of neutropenic patients because of their increased activity against gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms. | 2002 | 12138329 |
| isolation of s-n-butylcysteine sulfoxide and six n-butyl-containing thiosulfinates from allium siculum. | isolation and identification of (s(s)r(c))-s-n-butylcysteine sulfoxide (1) from the bulbs of allium siculum is reported. this compound was found in all parts of the plant (bulbs, stem, leaves, and flowers) along with known compounds (s(s)r(c))-s-methyl- and (r(s)r(c))-(e)-s-(1-propenyl)cysteine sulfoxides (2 and 3, respectively). in addition, six n-butyl-containing thiosulfinates (4-9) have been found in a ch2cl2 extract of the bulbs. structures were determined by a combination of spectral metho ... | 2002 | 12141853 |
| evaluation of a new etest for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in routine clinical testing. | several etest (ab biodisk, solna, sweden) gradient formats were developed for detection of metallo-beta-lactamases based on the reduction of imipenem (ip) or ceftazidime (tz) mics in the presence of edta or 2-mercaptopropionic acid (mpa). the etest metallo-beta-lactamase (etest mbl) strips consisted of a double-sided seven-dilution range of ip or tz (4 to 256 microg/ml) and ip or tz (1 to 64 microg/ml) overlaid with a constant concentration of edta or mpa. the prototype strips were evaluated on ... | 2002 | 12149325 |
| detecting stenotrophomonas maltophilia does not reduce survival of patients with cystic fibrosis. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacterium that has been cultured with increasing prevalence from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). we conducted a cohort study, using the cystic fibrosis foundation registry, to assess the effect of s. maltophilia on survival. we studied all patients in this registry from 1991 to 1997 who were older than 6 years of age, were s. maltophilia negative in the first year of enrollment, and had their cf diagnosed before the age of 45 year ... | 2002 | 12153970 |
| quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with treatment failure. | to study the correlation of bacteriology between quantitative cultures of protected specimen brush (psb), bal, and quantitative endotracheal aspirate (qea) in ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) patients with treatment failure. | 2002 | 12171848 |
| identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria by the phoenix automated microbiology system. | the phoenix automated microbiology system (becton dickinson, sparks, md) was evaluated for its ability to identify nonfermenting gram-negative pathogens and measure their drug susceptibility. isolates producing rare extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (per-1, imp-2, vim-1, and vim-2) were included in the study. species identification was compared to that given by the atb system (bio-mérieux, marcy l'etoile, france), whereas susceptibility results were compared to those produced by a reference brot ... | 2002 | 12173774 |
| [occurrence of beta-lactamase types esbl and ampc among gram-negative rods isolated from food]. | the aim of the study was to isolate extended spectrum beta-laktamases (esbl) and chromosomal beta-laktamases ampc producing strains from food products. a total of 739 gram-negative bacteria were tested with double disc diffusion method using cefotaxim, ceftasidim and amoxycillin with clavulanic acid. one strain producing esbl and belonging to stenotrophomonas maltophilia was detected from the ice cream (0.14% of all strains). from different food products a total of 14 microorganisms (1.9%) havin ... | 2002 | 12185694 |
| characterization of an acetate-degrading sludge without intracellular accumulation of polyphosphate and glycogen. | a sequencing batch reactor (sbr) was operated in the conventional anaerobic-aerobic mode for enhanced biological phosphate removal (ebpr) using acetate as the sole substrate. results showed that, however, the reactor was unable to remove phosphate from wastewater. the sludge containing 1.65% of phosphate did not exhibit the typical characteristics of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (pao) or glycogen-accumulating organisms (gao). phylogenetic analysis, based on 16s rdna sequences of individu ... | 2002 | 12188117 |
| characterization of flagella produced by clinical strains of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen associated with opportunistic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and hiv. adherence of this organism to abiotic surfaces such as medical implants and catheters represents a major risk for hospitalized patients. the adhesive surface factors involved in adherence of these bacteria are largely unknown, and their flagella have not yet been characterized biochemically and antigenically. we purified and characterized the ... | 2002 | 12194767 |
| bacteraemia due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an analysis of 45 episodes. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important nosocomial pathogen and a therapeutic challenge. a ten-year review of episodes of bacteraemia due to s. maltophilia was undertaken in light of reports of an increasing frequency of infection. | 2002 | 12217732 |
| [plantar pyoderma due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia]. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram negative, opportunistic bacteria. we describe a case of community-acquired superficial pyoderma due to this bacteria in a immunocompetent host. | 2002 | 12218917 |
| xanthomonas maltophilia endophthalmitis following penetrating corneal injury. | 2002 | 12322863 | |
| in vitro activities of antimicrobial combinations against clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a major pathogen causing nosocomial infection, is inherently resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. evaluation of the effectiveness of recommended therapeutic options for s. maltophilia infections is crucial, particularly in areas with high antimicrobial resistance in this nosocomial pathogen. | 2002 | 12353342 |
| use of 16s rrna gene sequencing for identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli recovered from patients attending a single cystic fibrosis center. | during 1999, we used partial 16s rrna gene sequencing for the prospective identification of atypical nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients attending our cystic fibrosis center. of 1,093 isolates of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli recovered from 148 patients, 46 (4.2%) gave problematic results with conventional phenotypic tests. these 46 isolates were genotypically identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 isolates, 12 patients), achromobacter xylosoxidans (10 isolates, 8 ... | 2002 | 12354883 |
| clonal diversity and metallo-beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial pathogen with an intrinsic broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactam compounds and other antibacterial agents. it produces two chromosomal beta-lactamases: a clavulanic acid-sensitive class a (l2) and a tetrameric carbapenemase (l1 or blas). we screened 40 s. maltophilia multidrug-resistant clinical isolates recovered between 1995 and 1998 in the varese hospital (italy) for the presence of the metallo-beta-lactamase. the isolates were investigated by p ... | 2002 | 12363008 |
| an alternative mechanism for amidase signature enzymes. | the peptide amidase from stenotrophomonas maltophilia catalyses predominantly the hydrolysis of the c-terminal amide bond in peptide amides. peptide bonds or amide functions in amino acid side-chains are not hydrolysed. this specificity makes peptide amidase (pam) interesting for different biotechnological applications. pam belongs to the amidase signature (as) family. it is the first protein within this family whose tertiary structure has been solved. the structure of the native pam has been de ... | 2002 | 12367528 |
| cloning and characterization of smet, a repressor of the stenotrophomonas maltophilia multidrug efflux pump smedef. | we report on the cloning of the gene smet, which encodes the transcriptional regulator of the stenotrophomonas maltophilia efflux pump smedef. smet belongs to the tetr and acrr family of transcriptional regulators. the smet gene is located upstream from the structural operon of the pump genes smedef and is divergently transcribed from those genes. experiments with s. maltophilia and the heterologous host escherichia coli have demonstrated that smet is a transcriptional repressor. s1 nuclease map ... | 2002 | 12384340 |
| molecular epidemiology of stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a university hospital. | the aim of this investigation was to study the molecular epidemiology of stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a university hospital in italy. sixty-one clinical isolates were collected from 43 patients during a two-year period. the majority of specimens were from the respiratory tract (41 of 43) of patients in the adult intensive care unit (icu) (19 of 43) or cystic fibrosis (cf) patients (13 of 43). genotypic analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of clinical isolates identified 31 diff ... | 2002 | 12392899 |
| comparative in vitro activities of tigecycline (gar-936) and other antimicrobial agents against stenotrophomonas maltophilia. | 2002 | 12407139 | |
| diversity of transconjugants that acquired plasmid pjp4 or pemt1 after inoculation of a donor strain in the a- and b-horizon of an agricultural soil and description of burkholderia hospita sp. nov. and burkholderia terricola sp. nov. | we examined the diversity of transconjugants that acquired the catabolic plasmids pjp4 or pemt1, which encode degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), in microcosms with agricultural soil inoculated with a donor strain (dejonghe, w., goris, j., el fantroussi, s., höfte, m., de vos, p., verstraete, w., and top, e. m. appl. environ. microbiol. 2000, p. 3297-3304). using repetitive element pcr fingerprinting, eight different rep-clusters and six separate isolates could be discriminate ... | 2002 | 12421072 |
| [endocarditis due to stenotrophomonas maltophilia]. | 2002 | 12425885 | |
| in vitro killing effect of moxifloxacin on clinical isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | the time-kill effect of moxifloxacin on 20 genetically distinct isolates of stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was studied. the majority (80%) were killed by a concentration equivalent to four times the mic; the mic induced a transient decrease in bacterial counts at 4 h, followed by regrowth. no effect was detected in four isolates. these results merit further clinical consideration. | 2002 | 12435710 |
| isolation and characterization of bacteria from crude petroleum oil contaminated soil and their potential to degrade diesel fuel. | potential hydrocarbon degrader bacteria were isolated from soil samples that have been exposed to crude petroleum oil spills. bacterial population of these polluted soils showed counts ranging between 9.5 x 10(5) and 237.5 x 10(5) cfu/g soil with 2 different colony types of bacterial strains which have been recovered on the agar plates. results indicated that longer aged contamination exhibited a greater number of microorganisms. phenotypic examination of the recovered bacteria revealed that the ... | 2002 | 12442304 |
| antimicrobial activity of a novel des-fluoro (6) quinolone, garenoxacin (bms-284756), compared to other quinolones, against clinical isolates from cancer patients. | the in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro (6) quinolone, garenoxacin (bms-284756), was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin against 736 clinical isolates from cancer patients. garenoxacin was the most active agent overall against gram-positive organisms, with potent activity against aerococcus spp., micrococcus spp., rhodococcus equi, stomatococcus mucilaginous, bacillus spp., enterococcus faecalis, listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus ... | 2002 | 12458127 |