Publications

prey specialization may influence patterns of gene flow in wolves of the canadian northwest.	this study characterizes population genetic structure among grey wolves (canis lupus) in northwestern canada, and discusses potential physical and biological determinants of this structure. four hundred and ninety-one grey wolves, from nine regions in the yukon, northwest territories and british columbia, were genotyped using nine microsatellite loci. results indicate that wolf gene flow is reduced significantly across the mackenzie river, most likely due to the north-south migration patterns of ...	2001	11903892
estimation of critical loads for radiocaesium in fennoscandia and northwest russia.	the application of the critical loads methodology for radioactive contamination of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems, where natural and semi-natural food products are important components of the diet of many people, is proposed and discussed. the critical load is herein defined as the amount of radionuclide deposition necessary to produce radionuclide activity concentrations in food products exceeding intervention limits. the high transfer of radiocaesium to reindeer meat gives this product the l ...	2002	11936608
assessment of current exposure levels in different population groups of the kola peninsula.	activity concentrations of 137cs and 90sr in samples of vegetation and natural food products collected in the kola peninsula in 1998 and 1999 indicate a very slow decrease in contamination levels during the last decade, mainly due to the physical decay of the radionuclides. the activity concentrations of 137cs in reindeer meat decreased with a half-life of about 9 years. 137cs in lichen, moss and fungi is significantly higher than in natural vegetation (grasses) and agricultural plants (potatoes ...	2002	11936611
radioactive contamination in the arctic--sources, dose assessment and potential risks.	arctic residents, whose diets comprise a large proportion of traditional terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, have received the highest radiation exposures to artificial radionuclides in the arctic. doses to members of both the average population and selected indigenous population groups in the arctic depend on the rates of consumption of locally-derived terrestrial and freshwater foodstuffs, including reindeer/caribou meat, freshwater fish, goat cheese, berries, mushrooms and lamb. the vulner ...	2002	11936613
conservation science. caribou study fuels debate on drilling in arctic refuge.		2002	11964445
campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis, a common campylobacter species in reindeer.	to study the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in the faecal material of reindeer, and to identify the isolates by means of a polyphasic approach. in addition, to study the genetic diversity of camp. hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis reindeer isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge).	2002	11966912
effect of moderate wintertime undernutrition on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.).	we studied the effect of moderate undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in reindeer calves (<1 year) between early winter and late spring. calves studied in early winter (december) had grazed on natural pastures and were in good condition, while the calves in spring (april) had been maintained on a negative energy balance since december, had lost approximately 16% of body weight and were in a moderate undernutritional state. the fatty acid composition of total lipids in ...	2002	12020656
genotypically unique babesia spp. isolated from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the united states.	two morphologically dissimilar babesia spp. were cultured from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in placer county, calif. the smaller isolate, designated rd61, was morphologically similar to babesia odocoilei. serum from rd61-infected reindeer reacted equally strongly to b. odocoilei and rd61 parasites in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene-sequence analysis showed 99.0% identity to that of b. odocoilei. the larger piroplasm, designated r ...	2002	12049456
molecular characterization of cryptosporidium sp. isolated from northern alaskan caribou (rangifer tarandus).	cryptosporidium sp. was found in 3 out of 49 caribou (rangifer tarandus) from northern alaska. segments of both the 18s ribosomal rna and the heat shock protein genes were amplified from the caribou isolate and compared with that obtained from an isolate from a wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in virginia as well as other species and isolates available from genbank. analyses showed the white-tailed deer isolate to be identical with the c. parvum cattle genotype; however, the carib ...	2002	12053974
reproductive success in reindeer males in a herd with varying sex ratio.	in polygynous species, male reproductive success is often correlated with dominance status of individual males and sex ratio in the population. reindeer, rangifer tarandus, is a polygynous species, and here we compared the variation in male reproductive success and dominance status during two successive years in a herd with a male:female sex ratio of 1:7 and 1:3. copulations were recorded, together with data on male dominance hierarchy and size of mating groups. male reproductive success was est ...	2002	12074731
morphology, cytochemical staining and ultrastructural characteristics of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) leukocytes.	peripheral blood smears from four adult reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were examined after staining with romanowsky's stain and cytochemical stains, including alpha-napthyl butyrate esterase (alpha-nbe), sudan black b (sbb), chloroacetate esterase (cae) and alkaline phosphatase (alp). romanowsky-stained eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes resembled those of cattle, sheep and goats. basophils had two different staining patterns with romanowsky's stain. basophils that we termed "grey ...	1999	12075531
the population dynamics of ostertagia gruehneri in reindeer: a model for the seasonal and intensity dependent variation in nematode fecundity.	the gastrointestinal nematode ostertagia gruehneri is a parasite of reindeer that can have a significant impact on host population dynamics. to gain a better understanding of the population dynamics of o. gruehneri, we parameterise a model for its fecundity that describes the observed seasonal and intensity dependent pattern of faecal egg counts well. the faecal egg count model is combined with a model for the seasonal faecal production rate of svalbard reindeer to obtain quantitative estimates ...	2002	12076628
blood lipids, fatty acids, diet and lifestyle parameters in adolescents from a region in northern norway with a high mortality from coronary heart disease.	students aged 13 and 14 y, in a region in northern norway with high blood cholesterol levels and high mortality from coronary heart disease (chd) in the adult population, were studied with respect to lifestyle, dietary habits, nutritional intake and blood lipids including fatty acids in serum. the students came from a coastal community with seawater fish as an important part of the traditional diet, and an inland community with meat from reindeer as a major constituent of the diet.	2002	12080412
reindeer bull introduction affects the onset of the breeding season.	reindeer are seasonally polyestrus, short day breeders, with estrous cycles of approximately 20 days in length. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of reindeer bull exposure on the onset of the reindeer cow breeding season and to investigate whether cows with calving experience responded differently than cows with no previous reproductive experience. during year 1, blood samples were collected weekly beginning 14 july and continuing until 15 september (n = 8) or 30 septemb ...	2002	12106963
cancer incidence among sami in northern finland, 1979-1998.	the sami population living in northern finland represents a specific genetic background and a way of life that is different from other finns. a cohort of 2,100 sami and 4,174 non-sami people from the 2 northernmost municipalities of finland on 31 december 1978 was identified from the national population register and followed up through the finnish cancer registry for cancer incidence during 1979-1998. there were 111 cancer cases among the sami, while the expected number based on the average canc ...	2002	12115551
wet belly in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in relation to body condition, body temperature and blood constituents.	wet belly, when the reindeer becomes wet over the lower parts of the thorax and abdomen, sometimes occurs in reindeer during feeding. in a feeding experiment, 11 out of 69 reindeer were affected by wet belly. the problem was first observed in 7 animals during a period of restricted feed intake. when the animals were then fed standard rations, 3 additional animals fed only silage, and 1 fed pellets and silage, became wet. four animals died and 1 had to be euthanized. to investigate why reindeer d ...	2002	12173506
the role of parasites in the dynamics of a reindeer population.	even though theoretical models show that parasites may regulate host population densities, few empirical studies have given support to this hypothesis. we present experimental and observational evidence for a host-parasite interaction where the parasite has sufficient impact on host population dynamics for regulation to occur. during a six year study of the svalbard reindeer and its parasitic gastrointestinal nematode ostertagia gruehneri we found that anthelminthic treatment in april-may increa ...	2002	12184833
cancer risk in the reindeer breeding saami population of sweden, 1961-1997.	the saami people are the natives of northern scandinavia and the kola peninsula. in a cohort of 2033 swedish reindeer breeding saamis, the cancer risks between 1961 and 1997 were studied. in total, 193 cases of cancer were observed versus 322 expected in the general swedish population and 249 in a geographically matched reference population of non-saamis. in comparison to non-saamis living in the same area, the reindeer breeding saamis showed a statistically significant lower risk of developing ...	2001	12188018
efficient polymerase chain reaction detection of the second internal transcribed spacer of mucosa-derived larvae is dependent on the larval extraction method.	methods for estimating abundance of arrested gastrointestinal larvae in large mammal hosts by digestion of the gastrointestinal mucosa are well established. the effects of digestion on the success of species identification using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) are, however, unknown. in this study, the relationship between numerical recovery of arrested larvae and the success of pcr-typing for the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal genes was characterized. fresh and prefrozen muc ...	2002	12197140
toxin types of clostridium perfringens isolated from free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer in norway.	samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of clostridium perfringens. the organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. the isolates were classified into c perfringens toxin types by pcr analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified ...	2002	12211393
serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from alaska.	blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in alaska. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); dall sheep (ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); ...	2002	12238366
microsatellite dna evidence for genetic drift and philopatry in svalbard reindeer.	mainland populations of arctic reindeer and caribou rangifer tarandus often undergo extensive movements, whereas populations on islands tend to be isolated and sedentary. to characterize the genetic consequences of this difference, levels of genetic diversity and subdivision of svalbard reindeer (r. t. platyrhynchus) from two adjacent areas on nordenskjiöldland, spitsbergen were estimated using data from up to 14 microsatellites. the mean number of alleles per locus in svalbard reindeer was 2.4 ...	2002	12296937
[cationic hydrogen exchanges in the reticulo-rumen and their significance in ruminants].	up-to-date experimental results on mechanisms and physiological significance of mineral cations absorption in the reticulo-rumen of ruminants are observed in the review. up to 90% of sodium, 100% of potassium and calcium and about 30-60% of magnesium pass across epithelium of the reticulo-rumen of domestic ruminants by electroneitral way through cation per hydrogen exchanges. in wild ruminant (reindeer) the item for sodium is up to 100%. intracellular hydrogen ions are available due to carbonic ...	2002	12298153
isolation and identification of a novel satellite dna family highly conserved in several cervidae species.	in an attempt to amplify cervid satellite ii dna from the genomes of indian muntjac and chinese muntjac, a pair of primers derived from the white tailed deer satellite ii dna clone (ovdii) yielded a prominent approximately 1 kb polymerase chain reaction (pcr) product (in addition to the expected 0.7 kb satellite ii dna fragments) in both species. the approximately 1 kb products were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed by southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). this revealed ...	2002	12355207
seroprevalence of antibodies to salmonella spp in semidomesticated reindeer in norway, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	an indirect elisa was developed as a possible tool to detect the seroprevalence of antibodies to salmonella spp in semidomesticated reindeer. to cover a broad spectrum of serogroups a lipopolysaccharide mix of s. typhimurium and s. choleraesuis was used as antigen in this pilot study. sera from 31 culture-negative reindeer with no clinical or historical evidence of salmonellosis were used as negative serum control. after immunisation with an inactivated s. typhimurium vaccine, pooled sera from 6 ...	2002	12357671
human impacts on the tundra-taiga zone dynamics: the case of the russian lesotundra.	the tundra-taiga zone is considered not only as a natural ecotone, but as a unique fringe zone with socioeconomic peculiarities. this holistic approach enables us to analyze several significant types of human impacts (industrial impacts and those associated with renewable resources development, including traditional reindeer herding and human settlements) and their role in the displacement of the lesotundra zone. in russia, there is much evidence of deforestation and ecosystem degradation in dif ...	2002	12374057
serum insulin, glucose and lactate concentrations during 18-h fast in female reindeer.	we investigated whether secretion of insulin occurred in the absence of feeding in a ruminant. serum insulin, glucose and lactate concentrations were measured in three adult non-pregnant reindeer at hourly intervals during an 18-h fast (17:30-11:30 h) in october. mean serum insulin concentration was 39+/-3 micro/ml (range 2-100). the insulin profile of two animals was characterized by a nocturnal rise and an early morning trough, followed by a mid-morning rise. within the larger peaks, short-ter ...	2002	12381382
a review of mutual transmission of important infectious diseases between livestock and wildlife in europe.	oral vaccination of red foxes against rabies has been practiced in europe since 1978 and has succeeded in greatly reducing the occurrence of this disease in foxes: this is an example of coordinated activity against a disease that affects both wild and domestic animals as well as humans. some examples of diseases that affect both domestic and wild animals in europe are: classical swine fever (hog cholera) in wild boars and domestic swine; myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic and ...	2002	12381556
serological differentiation of brucella-vaccinated and -infected domesticated animals by the agar gel immunodiffusion test using brucella polysaccharide in mongolia.	to investigate brucella infection in cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer and yak in mongolia, serological reactions of brucella-infected and -vaccinated domestic animals were compared by the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test with a polysaccharide (poly-b) of the b. abortus strain s-19. the sensitivity and specificity were compared with conventional serological tests that are commonly used in mongolia, such as the rose bengal test, the tube agglutination test and the compliment fixation test. a tota ...	2002	12399611
brucella vaccines in wildlife.	brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. at the beginning of this century in the us, brucella abortus is a problem in elk and bison in the greater yellowstone area, b. suis is prevalent in millions of feral swine in most of the southern states, and caribou/reindeer in alaska are infected with b. suis biovar 4. brucellosis has been virtually eliminated in domestic livestock in the us after decades of expensive governmental disease pr ...	2002	12414169
synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate.	the hypothesis that animal population dynamics may be synchronized by climate is highly relevant in the context of climate change because it suggests that several populations might respond simultaneously to climatic trends if their dynamics are entrained by environmental correlation. the dynamics of many species throughout the northern hemisphere are influenced by a single large-scale climate system, the north atlantic oscillation (nao), which exerts highly correlated regional effects on local w ...	2002	12432390
inpatient hospital care for back disorders in relation to industry and occupation in finland.	the variation in hospital admission rates was studied for back disorders by industry and occupational title among gainfully employed finns.	2002	12432983
transplacental toxoplasmosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus) fetus.	toxoplasma gondii infection was diagnosed in a full term stillborn reindeer (rangifer tarandus) fetus. the fetus had encephalitis and placentitis associated with t. gondii. tissue cysts were identified histologically in sections of brain and tachyzoites were present in placenta and the myocardium. protozoa in the brain, heart, and placenta stained positively with t. gondii antibodies, but not with neospora caninum antibodies in an immunohistochemical test. the dam of the fetus had a 1:12,800 tit ...	2002	12446098
do reindeer and children know something that we don't? pediatric inpatients' belief in santa claus.		2002	12473618
screening for chronic wasting disease in caribou in northern quebec.		2002	12497968
impact of the environment on the mammalian corneal epithelium.	to evaluate whether the content of ascorbic acid in the corneal epithelium and aqueous humor reflects seasonal fluctuations in parallel with environmental changes.	2003	12506049
molecular identification and prevalence of dictyocaulus spp. (trichostrongyloidea: dictyocaulidae) in swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids.	lungs of 102 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 136 moose (alces alces), 68 fallow deer (dama dama), and six red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during hunting seasons from 16 september 1997 to 1 march 2000. the aim was to determine the species composition and prevalence of dictyocaulus lungworms in these hosts in sweden. worms were identified following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal dna (its2), followed by hybridization with four s ...	2002	12528445
cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a moose in norway.	a case of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a young adult moose (alces alces) from telemark county, southeastern norway, is described. the moose was found by bird hunters during january, displaying signs of severe posterior paresis. it was killed and submitted for autopsy. the carcass was emaciated, and there were skin excoriations and subcutaneous edema over both metacarpi. histopathologic examination revealed traumatic malacia throughout the spinal cord and meningeal accumulations of mononuclear i ...	2002	12528451
echinococcus granulosus in finland.	echinococcus granulosus is shown to occur in eastern finland in a sylvatic cycle involving wolves (canis lupus) as the definitive host and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and probably also elk (alces alces) and the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) as intermediate hosts. even though the prevalence of e. granulosus in reindeer has increased in recent years, it is still very low (<0.013%). the results suggest, however, that the reindeer is a good sentinel animal to show the c ...	2003	12531293
naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in great britain.	a provisional diagnosis of babesiosis was made in a reindeer herd in scotland when seven animals died during 1997 and 1998. additional clinical cases occurred, but the animals recovered after treatment. thirty-one reindeer from the herd were tested for the prevalence of exposure to babesia by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a bovine isolate of babesia divergens that had been passaged through gerbils. infection rates were determined by giemsa-stained blood smears. in addition, molecu ...	2003	12541061
iodine content of traditional greenlandic food items and tap water in east and west greenland.	the iodine intake level is important for the occurrence of thyroid disorders in a population. the iodine intake in greenland has been proposed to be more than ten times the recommended level. however, no measurements have been performed to determine the iodine content of greenlandic food items, drinking water, and beverages available in east and west greenland.	2002	12546191
medetomidine-ketamine in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): effective immobilization by hand- and dart-administered injection.	twelve reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were immobilized by hand injection in indoor stalls with established optimal hand-injection doses of medetomidine-ketamine and then moved to outside paddocks where they were immobilized again with the same dose by dart. the reindeer in paddocks were immobilized a second time with a 50% higher dose, hereafter referred to as the optimal darting dose. mean time to first sign of sedation was longer and mean induction time was significantly longer (55% and ...	2002	12564542
individually coded telemetry: a tool for studying heart rate and behaviour in reindeer calves.	the aim of the study was to test the performance of a silver wire modified version of the coded telemetric heart rate monitor polar vantage nv (pvnv) and to measure heart rate (hr) in a group of captive reindeer calves during different behaviour. the technical performance of pvnv hr monitors was tested in cold conditions (-30 degrees c) using a pulse generator and the correlation between generated pulse and pvnv values was high (r=0.9957). the accuracy was tested by comparing the hr obtained wit ...	2002	12564543
mitochondrial dna evidence for admixed origins of central siberian populations.	the yakuts of northeastern siberia are a turkic-speaking population of horse- and cattle-breeders surrounded by tungusic-speaking reindeer-herders and hunter-gatherers. archaeological and ethnohistorical data suggest that yakuts stem from a common ancestral population with the buryats living near lake baikal. to address this hypothesis, we obtained sequences of the first hypervariable segment (hv1) of the mitochondrial dna control region from yakuts and buryats and compared these with sequences ...	2003	12567375
relative biological effectiveness (rbe) of 210po alpha-particles versus x-rays on lethality in bovine endothelial cells.	alpha-radiation from polonium-210 ((210)po) can elevate background radiation dose by an order of magnitude in people consuming large quantities of meat and seafood, particularly caribou and reindeer. because up to 50% of the ingested (210)po body burden is initially found in the blood, a primary target for the short range alpha-particles is the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. this study examined the relative biological effectiveness (rbe) of (210)po alpha-particles versus 250 kvp x-r ...	2003	12569014
[character identification of 12 kinds of pilose antler medicinal materials].	in this paper, commercial medicinal materials of 12 kinds of pilose antler, cervus nippon, c. elaphus, c. albirostris, c. unicolor, c. eldihainanus, c. timorensis c. porinus, dama dama, rangifer farandus, alces alces, elaphurus davidianus, capreolus capreolus were compared and identified. a key and simple character illustration were listed.	1999	12571919
genetic variation in caribou and reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	genetic variation at seven microsatellite dna loci was quantified in 19 herds of wild caribou and domestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus) from north america, scandinavia and russia. there is an average of 2.0-6.6 alleles per locus and observed individual heterozygosity of 0.33-0.50 in most herds. a herd on svalbard island, scandinavia, is an exception, with relatively few alleles and low heterozygosity. the central arctic, western arctic and porcupine river caribou herds in alaska have similar all ...	2003	12580784
detection of papillomavirus-dna in mesenchymal tumour cells and not in the hyperplastic epithelium of feline sarcoids.	we examined 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline skin tumours which had the histopathological features of fibropapillomas for the presence of papillomavirus (pv) dna using touchdown polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. nine of the tumours contained a 102-bp pcr product demonstrated using consensus pv primers that amplify a portion of the l1 gene. the nucleotide sequences are closely related, but not identical to that of ovine pv type 2, ...	2003	12603685
adults only? a reconsideration of middle paleolithic 'prime-dominated' reindeer hunting at salzgitter lebenstedt.		2003	12669705
gamma-emitting natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the terrestrial environment of kongsfjord, svalbard.	this paper presents results obtained from a radiometric survey, conducted by the norwegian radiation protection authority, into the levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides, both anthropogenic and natural, in the terrestrial environment of kongsfjorden, which lies on the north-western coast of spitsbergen in the arctic archipelago of svalbard (79 degrees n, 12 degrees e). samples of terrestrial matrices were taken during field campaigns conducted between 2000 and 2002 and analysed for a range of g ...	2003	12670771
evidence of herpesvirus infection in woodland caribou in saskatchewan.	sera were collected from 40 female and two male woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) in saskatchewan (canada) from march 1992 to january 1995, inclusive. the samples were examined for antibodies against smooth brucella spp., five serovars of leptospira interrogans, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1). twenty-two (52%) of 42 sera exhibited positive reactions to bhv-1 by a modified serum neutralization test, and the prevalence correlated positively with the age of ...	2003	12685086
multilevel phenotypic selection on morphological characters in a metapopulation of silene tatarica.	this study partitions selection in a natural metapopulation of a riparian plant species, silene tatarica, into individual- and patch-level components by using contextual analysis, in which a patch refers to a spatially distinct stand of individual plants. we estimated selection gradients for two morphological characters (plant height and number of stems), their respective patch means, and plant density with respect to reproductive success in a two-year study. the approach was also extended to pa ...	2003	12703940
refugial origins of reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	the glacial-interglacial cycles of the upper pleistocene have had a major impact on the recent evolutionary history of arctic species. to assess the effects of these large-scale climatic fluctuations to a large, migratory arctic mammal, we assessed the phylogeography of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) as inferred from mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence variation in the control region. phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes seem to reflect historical patterns of fragmentation and colonization r ...	2003	12703955
global climate change and reindeer: effects of winter weather on the autumn weight and growth of calves.	reindeer/caribou (rangifer tarandus), which constitute a biological resource of vital importance for the physical and cultural survival of arctic residents, and inhabit extremely seasonal environments, have received little attention in the global change debate. we investigated how body weight and growth rate of reindeer calves were affected by large-scale climatic variability [measured by the north atlantic oscillation (nao) winter index] and density in one population in central norway. body wei ...	2003	12707839
bacteria of pathogenic importance in faeces from cadavers of free-ranging or corralled semi-domesticated reindeer in northern norway.	there is little information on bacteria that have the potential to cause disease in reindeer husbandry. in this project, faecal samples from 35 free-ranging or corralled reindeer, adults and calves, that died in the winter of 2000 in northern norway, were examined for the occurrence of campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, listeria spp., salmonella spp. and yersinia spp. to evaluate the role of these microrganisms in loss and mortality in reindeer husbandry. in addition, 31 of these sampl ...	2003	12718503
effects of seasonal changes in food quality and food intake on the transport of sodium and butyrate across ruminal epithelium of reindeer.	transport of 22na and 14c-butyrate across the ruminal epithelium of captive reindeer fed a concentrate diet in summer (n=5) and in winter (n=5) and from free-ranging reindeer taken from summer (n=3) and winter pasture (n=5) was measured in vitro in ussing chambers. significant amounts of both na+ and butyrate were transported across the isolated epithelium without any external driving force. the ruminal transport of na+ and butyrate were interacting, as evidenced by both the observed amiloride-i ...	2003	12759766
circulation of parasites among fishes from lakes in the caribou mountains, alberta, canada.	circulation of 24 macroparasite species among 12 species of fish was evaluated within samples of hosts collected from 9 lakes on an isolated plateau in northern alberta, canada. twenty-seven parasite taxa (24 species plus the larval stages of triaenophorus crassus, t. stizostedionis, and raphidascaris acus) had the potential to be circulated among hosts. sixteen parasite taxa were recovered from a single host species within a lake. of the 11 remaining nonspecialist taxa, 4 were larval stages tha ...	2003	12760632
genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: implications for classification.	currently, the genus pestivirus comprises the four approved species bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bvdv-2, classical swine fever virus (csfv), and border disease virus (bdv) and one tentative fifth species represented by a single strain (h138) isolated from a giraffe in kenya more than 30 years ago. to further address the issue of heterogeneity of pestiviruses we have determined the entire n(pro) and e2 coding sequences for several new pestivirus isolates. interestingly, phylogenetic an ...	2003	12832207
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate the antibody responses of animals infected with brucella species from those of animals infected with yersinia enterocolitica o9.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using antigens extracted from brucella abortus with n-lauroylsarcosine differentiated natural brucella-infected animals from brucella-vaccinated or yersinia enterocolitica o9-infected animals. a field trial in mongolia showed cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer, camel, and human sera without infection could be distinguished from brucella-infected animals by conventional serological tests.	2003	12853409
an arctic terrestrial food-chain bioaccumulation model for persistent organic pollutants.	a model representing the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops) in arctic terrestrial mammalian food-chains is developed, parametrized, tested, and analyzed. the model predicts concentrations of pops in lichen, caribou (rangifer tarandus), and wolf (canis lupus) food-chains of canada's central and western arctic region from measured concentrations in air and snowpack meltwater. the model accounts for temporal and seasonal variation in diet composition, life-stage, body weight, a ...	2003	12875402
crowding and winter emergency feeding as predisposing factors for kerato-conjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer in norway.	due to the hard environmental and climatic situation in late winter 1999, a herd of about 200 free-ranging, semi-domesticated reindeer was gathered in a paddock in northern norway for emergency feeding. about the same number of reindeer was not corralled but supplementary fed on their winter pastures. the fodder was of relatively good quality but very dusty and fed in a very dry environment. six weeks later, an outbreak of eye-infection was diagnosed in one third of the corralled reindeer; mild ...	2003	12910868
species identification of hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterization.	cuticular structures and the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase i gene were compared for hypoderma bovis (linnaeus), hypoderma lineatum (de villers), hypoderma actaeon brauer, hypoderma diana brauer and hypoderma tarandi (linnaeus) (diptera, oestridae). third-stage larvae of each species were examined by scanning electron microscopy revealing differences among species in the pattern and morphology of spines on the cephalic and thoracic segments, by spine patterns on the tenth abdominal segment, ...	2003	12941017
[unknown hepatoid glands of some species of cats and deer].	our histological description of the fourth type of mammalian skin glands--hepatiod glands--allowed us to revise the obtained and published data mistaking the alveolar glands of the anal sacs in cats and the limb glands in deers as sebaceous. large clusters of hepatiod glands were discovered in the anal sacs of the cat, lynx, and tiger, interdigital gland of elk, and the tarsal gland of reindeer. these glands secrete considerable amounts of protein to the clearance of the intercellular canaliculi ...	2003	12942753
phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data.	in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ...	2003	12954019
an examination of a compensatory relationship between food limitation and predation in semi-domestic reindeer.	a central issue in ecology is to what extent food limitation and predation affect animal populations. we studied how survival and reproductive success was related to the female's size in a population of semi-domesticated reindeer during 2 years where there was a large difference in snowfall during winter. the females were kept within a predator-free enclosure for about 5 weeks during the calving period and thereafter released to their natural summer pastures. small females were more likely to fa ...	2003	12955491
molecular genetic characterization of the fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (g10) of echinococcus granulosus.	the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs in north america and northern eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. previously, cervid isolates of e. granulosus from north america have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the g8 genotype. in this study, 5 isolates of e. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern finland. dna sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase i (ni)i) genes and t ...	2003	12964823
[seasonal habitat of the paleolithic reindeer].		1953	13059959
[seasonal peculiarities of secretory and motor functions of the stomach in reindeers].		2006	13083743
[brucella infection in far northern regions. iii. clinical manifestations of "reindeer" brucellosis in man].		1961	13692812
[brucellosis in arctic regions. i. on brucellosis in reindeers].		1961	13692813
[brucellosis in far northern regions. ii. on epidemiological characteristics of a focus of brucellosis in reindeers].		1961	13692814
[pulmonary mycoses in bisons and reindeers].		2006	13736459
[brucellosis in conditions of the arctic region. iv. on the study of brucella cultures isolated from reindeers].		1962	13878682
blood and serum groups in reindeer compared with those in cattle.		1961	13896204
strontium-90 in alaska.	strontium-90 concentrations have been determined in a variety of foods used by the native population. caribou from the tundra carry 10 to 20 times the level of domestic cattle. eskimos for whom caribou is a staple in the diet are found to have four times the strontium-90 content of the average for the world population of the north temperate zone.	1962	13909456
iodine-131 in the thyroids of north american deer and caribou: comparison after nuclear tests.	concentrations of i(131) in the thyroids of deer from washington, colorado, and maryland, and of caribou from alaska were measured after the resumption of nuclear weapon tests by the u.s.s.r. on 1 september 161. maximum concentrations occurred nearly 2 months after the first nuclear test and then decreased at an effective half-time of about 15 days. thyroids from washington and colorado deer showed the highest concentrations, thyroids from alaskan caribou the lowest.	1963	13952648
[remarks on total ossification in the newborn wren (rangifer tarandus)].		1963	13991767
cesium-134 in alaskan eskimos and in fallout.	whole-body counts of alaskan eskimos during the summer of 1962 showed the presence of cesium-134 as well as cesium-137. cesium-134 was also found in reindeer and caribou meat; this finding was confirmed through coincidence counting. there was generally about 1 percent as much cesium-134 as there was cesium-137. cesium-134 was also found on air filters collected at richland, washington. the appearance of cesium-134 seems to be world-wide and continuing.	1963	14057358
comparative studies on the biology and morphology of echinococcus granulosus from domestic livestock, moose and reindeer.		1963	14080000
strontium-90 in plants and animals of arctic alaska, 1959-61.	the strontium-90 content of the biota near cape thompson, alaska, was related to environmental factors. in plants, perennials with persistent aerial parts had maximum and similar concentrations of strontium-90. the content of caribou muscle varied seasonally and was highest in winter when lichens were an important caribou food.	1964	14137931
the significance of the artificial introduction of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces) in the spread of hydatid disease (echinococcus granulosus).		1964	14212887
an immunity study on a reindeer herd.		1964	14230695
radioactivity measured in alaskan natives, 1962-1964.	measurements of the cesium-137 content of northern alaskan natives during the summer of 1964 indicated that the adults of the interior village of anaktuvuk pass had the highest average body burden: 1280 nanocuries of cesium-137. this is an increase of 200 percent over the average body burden found in the summer of 1962 and 100 percent over that found in the summer of 1963. the greatest burden found in a native in 1964 was 2.4 microcuries of cesium-137, but the highest burden of all, 3.0 microcur ...	1965	14241411
polymorphism in the serum proteins of the reindeer.		1964	14251004
radionuclides in alaskan caribou and reindeer, 1962-1964.		1964	14254614
[spermiogenesis and cycle of the seminoferous epithelium in reindeer].		1964	14259290
radionuclides in alaskan caribou and reindeer, 1963-1964.		1965	14326280
hypoderma diana (diptera, oestridae) and lipoptena cervi (diptera, hippoboscidae) as parasites of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in scotland with notes on the second-stage larva of hypoderma diana.		1955	14370836
cesium 137 burdens in swedish laplanders and reindeer.		1961	14465124
[characteristics of strains of brucella isolated from reindeers].		1962	14486760
ribosomal rna analysis of babesia odocoilei isolates from farmed reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in wisconsin.	piroplasms isolated from a farmed reindeer and elk in wisconsin were determined to be babesia odocoilei, based on morphology and ribosomal rna (rrna) analysis. different clinical manifestations were observed in the two host species. the reindeer was parasitemic and exhibited acute babesiosis resulting in death, while the elk showed no parasites in blood smears and no overt clinical signs of babesiosis. b. odocoilei was, however, readily cultured from elk erythrocytes. small subunit rrna gene seq ...	2003	14505046
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from domestic and exotic ruminants and swine.	clostridium perfringens types a, b, c, d and e are known to cause severe enteritis/enterotoxaemia and diseases (especially caused by type a) belonging to the gas oedema complex in many species. samples from the small intestine as well as faeces of domestic and exotic animals suffering from enterotoxaemic signs or having died within days after first occurance of toxaemia were submitted for typing c. perfringens toxovars by multiplex pcr. the following species have been investigated: domestic shee ...	2003	14535937
how and why is aquatic quality changing at nahanni national park reserve, nwt, canada?	nahanni national park reserve is located at southwestern nwt-yukon border. one of the first unesco world heritage sites, nahanni lies within taiga cordillera and taiga shield ecozones. base and precious metal mining occurred upstream of nahanni prior to park establishment. nahanni waters, sediments, fish, and caribou have naturally elevated metals levels. baseline water, sediment and fish tissue quality data were collected and analyzed throughout nahanni during 1988-91 and 1992-97. these two pro ...	2003	14570418
new bone formation induced by injection of native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein extract.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are usually administered with a solid framing material during open surgery. in some instances, percutaneous administration of injectable bmp would be preferable. we tested the new bone-forming activity of injectable native reindeer bmp extract in the balb/c mouse thigh muscle pouch model.	2003	14582548
low levels of nucleotide diversity in mammalian y chromosomes.	sex chromosomes provide a useful context for the study of the relative importance of evolutionary forces affecting genetic diversity. the human y chromosome shows levels of nucleotide diversity 20% that of autosomes, which is significantly less than expected when differences in effective population size and sex-specific mutation rates are taken into account. to study the generality of low levels of y chromosome variability in mammalian genomes, we investigated nucleotide diversity in intron sequ ...	2004	14595096
ecology of uncultivated oscillospira species in the rumen of cattle, sheep, and reindeer as assessed by microscopy and molecular approaches.	the ecology of the uncultured, but large and morphologically conspicuous, rumen bacterium oscillospira spp. was studied. oscillospira-specific 16s rrna gene sequences were detected in north american domestic cattle, sheep from australia and japan, and norwegian reindeer. phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained allowed definition of three operational taxonomic units within the oscillospira clade. consistent with this genetic diversity, we observed atypical smaller morphotypes by using an ...	2003	14602644
reindeer in the swedish mountains: an assessment of grazing impacts.	during the last decade, several well-publicized grazing-related incidents of vegetation degradation have helped to form an official opinion of overutilization of some mountain areas and a concern that swedish reindeer husbandry may not be ecologically sustainable. we examine these examples in a temporal and management perspective to assess the scale of impact on summer grazing grounds in the swedish mountains. long-term data on population dynamics of reindeer show no trend with fluctuations arou ...	2003	14627368
ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis and measurements of fetal size in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	transrectal or transabdominal examinations of 13 pluriparous reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) by ultrasonography from the start of mating until week 20 of gestation were conducted to find out when pregnancy could first be detected and to describe fetal development in early pregnancy. the examinations (n=35 per animal) were performed with a 5 mhz linear transducer from 7th october until 1st january and with a 3 mhz sector transducer from that time until 24th february. time of pregnancy diagn ...	2004	14698066
[properties of blood serum from reindeer and results of using it in virology and biotechnology].	the blood serum of the reindeer does not virtually contain any antibodies to respiratory and intestinal viruses widely spread among the cattle. the reindeer blood serum is comparable with the bovine serum by the contents of chlorides, hemoglobin, total protein and protein fractions; however, it is different from the latter by a 2.5-fold higher content of glucose and by a higher osmotic pressure. the serum stimulates the mitotic cell activity and cell monolayer production; it also contributes to ...	2003	14708230
antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in norwegian cervids.	a serologic survey revealed that norwegian populations of free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and moose (alces alces) have been exposed to alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses. a total of 3,796 serum samples collected during the period 1993-2000 were tested in a neutralization test for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) or cervid herpesvirus 2 (cerhv-2), and 3,897 samples were tested by a neutralization test ...	2003	14733272