Publications

continuity of affiliative relationships among infants and juveniles in a free-ranging group of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).	5 infants were observed during the first 13 mo. after birth in a free-ranging group of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) to examine whether they maintained relatively frequent affiliative relationships with particular immature individuals. the number of immature affiliative partners rapidly increased from the first 3-mo. period after birth to the second 4-mo. period after birth, and the infants thereafter maintained affiliative relationships with particular individuals, mostly same-aged infants, ...	1998	9621749
temporary shunt system with a heparin-coated inner surface for interruption of cerebral circulation: experiments in primates.	temporary interruption of the cerebral circulation is sometimes required during the course of neurosurgical procedures. it would be beneficial to develop some type of vascular shunt system that could be used when temporary interruption of the cerebral circulation is necessary. recent advances in the production of hemocompatible materials suggested to us that it would be possible to develop a small caliber temporary shunt system.	1998	9696084
temporary shunt system with a heparin-coated inner surface for interruption of cerebral circulation: experiments in primates.	temporary interruption of the cerebral circulation is sometimes required during the course of neurosurgical procedures. it would be beneficial to develop some type of vascular shunt system that could be used when temporary interruption of the cerebral circulation is necessary. recent advances in the production of hemocompatible materials suggested to us that it would be possible to develop a small caliber temporary shunt system.	1998	9696084
dependence of short-latency ocular following and associated activity in the medial superior temporal area (mst) on ocular vergence.	motion of a large-field pattern elicits short-latency ocular following responses (ofr) in the monkey, which are mediated at least in part by the medial superior temporal area of the cortex (mst). the magnitude of the ofr is known to be inversely related to viewing distance, and we investigated the dependence of ofr and the associated neuronal activity in the mst on a major cue to viewing distance, ocular vergence, in alert monkeys (macaca fuscata). the vergence angle, expressed in terms of the a ...	1998	9696382
distribution of nociceptive neurons in the ventrobasal complex of macaque thalamus.	in urethane-chloralose anesthetized japanese macaques, the distribution of nociceptive neurons within the thalamic ventrobasal (vb) complex was studied. nociceptive specific (ns) and wide dynamic range (wdr) neurons were found in the periphery of the contralateral integument compartment of the vb complex. thus, they formed a shell at the perimeter of this compartment with a somatotopic organization. the compartment consisted of large parts of nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (vpm) and nucleus v ...	1998	9704977
morphometry of fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of japanese monkeys under fasting stress.	the fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of japanese monkeys under 4 days of fasting stress were analyzed morphometrically. one of the conspicuous alterations was the enlargement of mitochondria. the average diameter of mitochondria in fasting group increased to approximately 1.89-fold of that in control group, though their number did not change. the number of peroxisomes was 1.36-fold of that in control, though their area did not change. in addition, many of r-er were swollen and were ves ...	1998	9713814
morphometry of fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of japanese monkeys under fasting stress.	the fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of japanese monkeys under 4 days of fasting stress were analyzed morphometrically. one of the conspicuous alterations was the enlargement of mitochondria. the average diameter of mitochondria in fasting group increased to approximately 1.89-fold of that in control group, though their number did not change. the number of peroxisomes was 1.36-fold of that in control, though their area did not change. in addition, many of r-er were swollen and were ves ...	1998	9713814
[helicobacter pylori infection].	since helicobacter pylori was first isolated by warren and marshall in 1983, many investigators have reported that it is closely associated with gastro-duodenal diseases. several diagnostic methods, c-urea breath tests, rapid urea test, histological exam and culture, are used for detecting h. pylori. japanese monkey and mongolian gerbils is the animal model that can sustain persistent colonization with h. pylori. japanese monkeys persistently infected with h. pylori can develop histological gast ...	1998	9721527
[helicobacter pylori infection].	since helicobacter pylori was first isolated by warren and marshall in 1983, many investigators have reported that it is closely associated with gastro-duodenal diseases. several diagnostic methods, c-urea breath tests, rapid urea test, histological exam and culture, are used for detecting h. pylori. japanese monkey and mongolian gerbils is the animal model that can sustain persistent colonization with h. pylori. japanese monkeys persistently infected with h. pylori can develop histological gast ...	1998	9721527
[preference for high frequency sounds of contact calls in primates: japanese macaques and ringtailed lemurs].	preference for high frequency sounds in human infants are found by other researchers. the purpose of this study is to examine whether nonhuman primates also have the same tendency as human infants. it is important to consider language origins. two types of tape recorded coo calls, contact calls, with high and low fundamental frequencies were played back as stimuli for two groups of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). the result showed that the animals of both groups preferred high frequency soun ...	1998	9755467
lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from monkey spinal meninges with special reference to the distribution of the epidural lymphatics.	the structural organization of the epidural lymphatics and lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from spinal meninges was studied in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) by an enzyme-histochemical method. the spinal meninges were examined at various intervals from 1 to 48 h, as well as at 30 days, following an injection of ultrafine carbon particles into the subarachnoidal space (cisterna magna). lymphatics were differentiated from blood capillaries by the 5'-nucleotidase (5'-nase)-alkaline ...	1998	9756104
lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from monkey spinal meninges with special reference to the distribution of the epidural lymphatics.	the structural organization of the epidural lymphatics and lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid from spinal meninges was studied in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) by an enzyme-histochemical method. the spinal meninges were examined at various intervals from 1 to 48 h, as well as at 30 days, following an injection of ultrafine carbon particles into the subarachnoidal space (cisterna magna). lymphatics were differentiated from blood capillaries by the 5'-nucleotidase (5'-nase)-alkaline ...	1998	9756104
macroscopic osseous changes in the temporomandibular joint related to dental attrition in japanese macaque skull.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between osseous changes in the temporomandibular joint (tmj) and dental attrition in the japanese macaque. one hundred and thirty japanese macaque skulls (54 male and 76 female) from animals which had been bred in the same environment, were randomly sampled from a collection at the primate research institute of kyoto university. the age at death had been recorded in all cases. tmj osseous changes were independently evaluated by three ...	1998	9758399
do monkeys choose the more skillful hand in manual problem-solving?	to investigate the relationship between manual skills and hand preference in 4 female japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), the technique of concurrent investigation of manual skills and hand preference was introduced. 4 female japanese monkeys were required to take food out of a pipe using the left hand and right hand alternately. the performance time and the number of deviations from alternate sequence were recorded as measure of manual skills and hand preference. in the result, the preferred han ...	1998	9760629
do monkeys choose the more skillful hand in manual problem-solving?	to investigate the relationship between manual skills and hand preference in 4 female japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), the technique of concurrent investigation of manual skills and hand preference was introduced. 4 female japanese monkeys were required to take food out of a pipe using the left hand and right hand alternately. the performance time and the number of deviations from alternate sequence were recorded as measure of manual skills and hand preference. in the result, the preferred han ...	1998	9760629
molecular evidence for distinct genotypes of monkey b virus (herpesvirus simiae) which are related to the macaque host species.	although monkey b virus (herpesvirus simiae; bv) is common in all macaque species, fatal human infections appear to be associated with exposure to rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), suggesting that bv isolates from rhesus monkeys may be more lethal to nonmacaques than are bv strains indigenous to other macaque species. to determine if significant differences that would support this supposition exist among bv isolates, we compared multiple bv strains isolated from rhesus, cynomolgus, pigtail, and ...	1998	9765470
quantitative analyses of microwear and honing on the sloping crest of the p3 in female japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).	female wild japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), as with all male cercopithecoids, use the mesiobuccal surfaces or the elongated crests of the mandibular third premolars (p3s), as cutting blocks that wear against edges of maxillary canines during threat manifestation or food-eating. in other words, the crests of their p3s are honed with the maxillary canines. the crests become sloped during growth and more heavily striated with the advance of age. the number, directions, lengths, and widths of the ...	1996	9813635
quantitative analyses of microwear and honing on the sloping crest of the p3 in female japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).	female wild japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), as with all male cercopithecoids, use the mesiobuccal surfaces or the elongated crests of the mandibular third premolars (p3s), as cutting blocks that wear against edges of maxillary canines during threat manifestation or food-eating. in other words, the crests of their p3s are honed with the maxillary canines. the crests become sloped during growth and more heavily striated with the advance of age. the number, directions, lengths, and widths of the ...	1996	9813635
a morphometric analysis of protein gene product 9.5-, substance p-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive innervation in the shoulder joint of the japanese macaque.	the shoulder capsule and labrum of japanese macaque monkeys were studied immunohistochemically with the use of antisera against protein gene product 9.5 (pgp 9.5), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), and substance p (sp) to further characterize the innervation of the supporting structures of the shoulder joint. with pgp 9.5 immunohistochemistry thick nerve fibers (diameter > or = 10 microm) presumed to be proprioceptive based on topographic location were found to be abundant in the posterior ...	1998	9814934
prevalence of herpes b virus antibody in nonhuman primates reared at the national university of japan.	a serological investigation by means of an enzyme immuno assay test for herpes b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) was performed on 961 sera of healthy nonhuman primates reared in laboratory animal facilities which belong to the association of laboratory animal facilities of the national university of japan. an antibody prevalence of 40% (384/ 961) was demonstrated. the antibody titer was shown to be higher among macaques (60% of cynomolgus monkeys, 53% of rhesus monkeys, and 34% of japanese ...	1998	9816497
prevalence of herpes b virus antibody in nonhuman primates reared at the national university of japan.	a serological investigation by means of an enzyme immuno assay test for herpes b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) was performed on 961 sera of healthy nonhuman primates reared in laboratory animal facilities which belong to the association of laboratory animal facilities of the national university of japan. an antibody prevalence of 40% (384/ 961) was demonstrated. the antibody titer was shown to be higher among macaques (60% of cynomolgus monkeys, 53% of rhesus monkeys, and 34% of japanese ...	1998	9816497
social diffusion of modified louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging japanese macaques.	changes in louse egg-handling techniques during grooming were studied among a free-ranging troop of japanese macaques, macaca fuscata, from 1990 to 1997 at jigokudani monkey park, the shiga heights, nagano prefecture, japan, where the skills were distributed based on matrilineages. one female altered her louse egg-handling technique from a one-hair combing technique, in which macaques comb a single hair with an egg without first loosening the cement of the egg, to a forefinger nail loosening tec ...	1998	9819340
female orgasm rate increases with male dominance in japanese macaques.	under specific circumstances, nonhuman primate females may experience orgasm. the occurrence of female copulatory orgasm appears to be highly variable, however, and its proximate causation is poorly understood. we investigated the proximate mechanisms that control orgasmic response in female macaques. during 238 h of observation of sexual behaviour in a large captive group of japanese macaques, macaca fuscata, 240 copulations were recorded involving 68 different heterosexual pairs formed by 16 m ...	1998	9819343
possible role of monkey gingival fibroblasts in external basement membrane maintenance.	morphological and immunocytochemical investigations were made of the interface between the junctional epithelium and connective tissue in gingiva from young monkeys (macaca fuscata). some fibroblasts with conspicuous cytoplasmic organelles, including the elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and mitochondria, were found close to the external basement membrane in the connective tissue underlying the junctional epithelium. occasionally, cytoplasmic cell processes either mad ...	1998	9839472
toxigenicity of helicobacter pylori isolates possessing caga gene and vacuolating cytotoxin.	inflammatory cells in the gastric epithelium and direct cell damage are important effects of h. pylori infection in causing gastroduodenal diseases. the aim of this study was to determine whether h. pylori possessing the caga gene and vacuolating cytotoxin activity (caga+/tox+) has these toxigenicities. the detection of caga was performed by the polymerase chain reaction method. culture supernatants of h. pylori were tested on rabbit gastric epithelial cell culture for intracellular vacuolation. ...	1998	9840010
toxigenicity of helicobacter pylori isolates possessing caga gene and vacuolating cytotoxin.	inflammatory cells in the gastric epithelium and direct cell damage are important effects of h. pylori infection in causing gastroduodenal diseases. the aim of this study was to determine whether h. pylori possessing the caga gene and vacuolating cytotoxin activity (caga+/tox+) has these toxigenicities. the detection of caga was performed by the polymerase chain reaction method. culture supernatants of h. pylori were tested on rabbit gastric epithelial cell culture for intracellular vacuolation. ...	1998	9840010
helicobacter pylori infection affects gastric ulcer healing in japanese monkeys.	although peptic ulcer frequently recurs in the presence of helicobacter pylori infection, the effects of h. pylori on ulcer healing have yet to be studied in detail. using an animal model, we examined the effects of h. pylori infection on the healing of peptic ulcer in japanese macaques. forty-four japanese macaques, aged 5 years, were randomly divided into two groups, an h. pylori-infected group and a control group, with 22 animals in each. a total of 10(9) colony forming units per ml of an h. ...	1998	9840013
helicobacter pylori infection affects gastric ulcer healing in japanese monkeys.	although peptic ulcer frequently recurs in the presence of helicobacter pylori infection, the effects of h. pylori on ulcer healing have yet to be studied in detail. using an animal model, we examined the effects of h. pylori infection on the healing of peptic ulcer in japanese macaques. forty-four japanese macaques, aged 5 years, were randomly divided into two groups, an h. pylori-infected group and a control group, with 22 animals in each. a total of 10(9) colony forming units per ml of an h. ...	1998	9840013
behavioral effects of perches on group-housed adult female japanese monkeys.	the use of perches to enrich the environment of group-housed japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) was assessed. when monkeys were housed in a cage which contained eight wooden perches to increase the usable space, the rate of agonistic interactions as well as the rates of spatial proximity and social grooming decreased in comparison with those evident when they were housed in a cage without such perches. these results suggest that agonistic interactions were reduced which are likely to occur more f ...	1998	9842627
behavioral effects of perches on group-housed adult female japanese monkeys.	the use of perches to enrich the environment of group-housed japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) was assessed. when monkeys were housed in a cage which contained eight wooden perches to increase the usable space, the rate of agonistic interactions as well as the rates of spatial proximity and social grooming decreased in comparison with those evident when they were housed in a cage without such perches. these results suggest that agonistic interactions were reduced which are likely to occur more f ...	1998	9842627
the retinal projections to the ventral and dorsal divisions of the medial terminal nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation in the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata): a reinvestigation with cholera toxin b subunit as an anterograde tracer.	after a monocular injection of the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) into the vitreous chamber of the eye, retinal projections to the medial terminal nucleus (mtn) of the accessory optic system (aos) were studied in the japanese monkey. the anterogradely transported tracer was visualized with the peroxidase antibody technique by using an anti-cholera toxin antibody. one small accumulation of the ctb-immunopositive retinofugal terminals was located in a small area just medial to the medial edge of th ...	1998	9853111
chemical anatomy of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: nadph-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase activity.	the distribution and the morphology of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-diaphorase (nd)-active and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nos)-immunoreactive neurons and fibers were studied in the olfactory bulb of three species of primates, i.e., the cynomolgus macaque monkey (macaca fascicularis), the japanese macaque monkey (macaca fuscata), and the pig-tail macaque monkey (macaca nemestrina). the nd staining was carried out by means of a direct histochemical method with beta-nadp ...	1998	9853908
adaptive modifications of post-saccadic smooth pursuit eye movements and their interaction with saccades and the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the primate.	adaptation of the horizontal smooth pursuit eye movement was examined using step-ramp moving target paradigms in chronically prepared macaca fuscata. monkeys were trained to pursue a small target which moved in the horizontal plane in a 3 degrees step-10 degrees/s ramp or a 0 degrees step-10 degrees/s ramp mode for 300-400 ms. when the target moved from central fixation point in a step-ramp mode, the monkeys usually responded with an initial pursuit eye movement (latency, 100-120 ms) which reach ...	1998	9858023
short-latency vergence eye movements elicited by looming step in monkeys.	the looming associated with forward and backward motion of the observer has been shown to elicit vergence eye movements with short-latency (approximately 80 ms) in human subjects. we studied the vergence eye movements elicited by looming in three monkeys (macaca fuscata). the animals faced a large tangent screen onto which a random dot pattern was back-projected. the movements of both eyes were recorded with an electromagnetic induction technique. fifty milliseconds after a centering saccade, th ...	1998	9858026
expression of cell division cycle 2 kinase transcription in chronically rejected cardiac allografts of nonhuman primates.	accurate diagnosis and prevention of graft arteriosclerosis, known as chronic rejection, is critical to the success of cardiac transplantation, but often is difficult to attain. expression of cell division cycle (cdc) 2 kinase, which plays a critical role in cell transition through the g2/m phase, is critical to the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. to evaluate the usefulness of cdc2 kinase expression for pathophysiological analysis of chronic rejection, heterotopic cardiac transpla ...	1997	9860194
expression of cell division cycle 2 kinase transcription in chronically rejected cardiac allografts of nonhuman primates.	accurate diagnosis and prevention of graft arteriosclerosis, known as chronic rejection, is critical to the success of cardiac transplantation, but often is difficult to attain. expression of cell division cycle (cdc) 2 kinase, which plays a critical role in cell transition through the g2/m phase, is critical to the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. to evaluate the usefulness of cdc2 kinase expression for pathophysiological analysis of chronic rejection, heterotopic cardiac transpla ...	1997	9860194
representation of the midline trunk, bilateral arms, and shoulders in the monkey postcentral somatosensory cortex.	single neuronal activities were recorded in the arm/trunk region of the postcentral gyrus in awake japanese monkeys. a total of 1608 units were isolated from four hemispheres of two animals, and receptive fields (rfs) and submodalities were identified in 1162 units. deep or skin submodality neurons were dominant in area 3a or area 3b, respectively. the deep/skin ratio increased as the recording site moved from area 3b to the more caudal areas. in areas 3a and 3b, neuronal rfs were almost exclusi ...	1998	9860270
representation of the midline trunk, bilateral arms, and shoulders in the monkey postcentral somatosensory cortex.	single neuronal activities were recorded in the arm/trunk region of the postcentral gyrus in awake japanese monkeys. a total of 1608 units were isolated from four hemispheres of two animals, and receptive fields (rfs) and submodalities were identified in 1162 units. deep or skin submodality neurons were dominant in area 3a or area 3b, respectively. the deep/skin ratio increased as the recording site moved from area 3b to the more caudal areas. in areas 3a and 3b, neuronal rfs were almost exclusi ...	1998	9860270
male homosexual behaviour accompanied by ejaculation in a free-ranging troop of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).		1998	9885338
dna polymorphisms in the gamma-straight phibeta1-beta-globin gene region of the long-tailed macaque in comparison with those of the rhesus and the japanese macaques.		1998	9885345
pallidal and cerebellar inputs to thalamocortical neurons projecting to the supplementary motor area in macaca fuscata: a triple-labeling light microscopic study.	we investigated the interrelationship between the supplementary motor area (sma) thalamocortical projection neurons and the pallidothalamic and cerebellothalamic territories in the monkey (macaca fuscata) using a combination of three tracers in a triple labeling paradigm. thalamic labeling was analyzed following injections of the anterograde tracers, biotinylated dextran amine (bda) into the internal segment of the globus pallidus (gpi) and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxid ...	1999	9924930
parasite infection and japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys.	to evaluate the relationship between helminthic parasite infection and sensitization to japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollen allergens in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), we examined the parasite infection, presence of anti-pollen allergen ige and development of pollinosis. serum samples and fecal specimens were taken from 169 monkeys in five troops, and the presence of ige antibody for cj pollen allergen and of helminthic parasite eggs in their feces was examined. of the 169 monke ...	1999	9950357
parasite infection and japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys.	to evaluate the relationship between helminthic parasite infection and sensitization to japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollen allergens in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), we examined the parasite infection, presence of anti-pollen allergen ige and development of pollinosis. serum samples and fecal specimens were taken from 169 monkeys in five troops, and the presence of ige antibody for cj pollen allergen and of helminthic parasite eggs in their feces was examined. of the 169 monke ...	1999	9950357
magnetic resonance images and histology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in young monkeys (macaca fuscata).	magnetic resonance images and the histology of spheno-occipital synchondrosis were examined in young monkeys in order to compare the magnetic resonance images with their histologic observations. in serial magnetics resonance images of posterior cranial base, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis showed a low signal zone with unclear boundaries, running through the posterior cranial base perpendicularly to the clivus. the zone was always interposed between nonsignal zones. these observations were th ...	1999	9971923
the prevalence of balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species.	a total of 375 fecal samples of 56 mammalian species belonging to 17 families of 4 orders were examined for the detection of balantidium coli from december 1994 to august 1995. as a result, b. coli was found from 6 species belonging to 4 families of 2 orders (primates and artiodactyla) of host animals examined. white-handed gibbon (hylobates lar), squirrel monkey (saimiri sciurea) and japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) were new hosts for b. coli. all the wild boar (sus scrofa) and chimpanzee (pan ...	1999	10027167
latency of cross-axis vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by pursuit training in monkeys.	to examine the latency of smooth pursuit induced, short-term modifications of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (vor), japanese monkeys were rewarded for tracking a vertically moving target spot synchronized with horizontal whole body rotation. eye movements induced by equivalent rotation in complete darkness were examined before and after training. before training, the horizontal trapezoidal rotation (peak acceleration approximately 78%/s2) resulted in a collinear vor with a mean latency of 15.3 ms, ...	1999	10096473
latency of cross-axis vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by pursuit training in monkeys.	to examine the latency of smooth pursuit induced, short-term modifications of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (vor), japanese monkeys were rewarded for tracking a vertically moving target spot synchronized with horizontal whole body rotation. eye movements induced by equivalent rotation in complete darkness were examined before and after training. before training, the horizontal trapezoidal rotation (peak acceleration approximately 78%/s2) resulted in a collinear vor with a mean latency of 15.3 ms, ...	1999	10096473
cytoplasmic liberation of protein gene product 9.5 during the seasonal regulation of spermatogenesis in the monkey (macaca fuscata).	primate spermatogenesis is distinguished by yet unidentified mechanisms to regulate its spermatogenetic activity. in contrast to the well documented hormonal regulators, the cellular events responsible for the regulation of the spermatogenesis has not been addressed. by using pgp 9.5-immunohistochemistry, our previous study demonstrated that the monkey spermatogonia are divided into two distinct sub-populations, i.e. cytoplasmic pgp 9.5-positive and cytoplasmic pgp 9.5-negative spermatogonia. by ...	1999	10098527
female mating strategy in an enclosed group of japanese macaques.	female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) are noted for mating with multiple males and for their ability to exert mate choice. in a captive group of japanese macaques housed at the primate research institute of kyoto university, japan, behavioral and endocrine data were combined to examine female mating strategies. during one breeding season, daily behavioral observations were conducted on females who exhibited copulatory behavior. blood was collected from females twice weekly and their ovulator ...	1999	10206206
[changes in transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor in the optic nerve head in monkey experimental glaucoma].	remodeling of the extracellular matrix occurs in the lamina cribrosa in progressed glaucomatous optic nerve damage including disc cupping. we examined immunohistochemical changes in the transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta and platelet derived growth factor (pdgf) in the optic nerve heads in experimentally induced glaucoma.	1999	10214053
p53 expression in gastric mucosa with helicobacter pylori infection.	expression of p53 was examined immunohistochemically in the japanese monkey model with helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa to investigate the association between h. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis for a period of 4 years. in the course of these observations, from 3 years after h. pylori inoculation, nuclear staining for p53 was seen in the glandular cells of the mucosa infected with h. pylori, especially in the neck region of the glands. there was a gradual increase i ...	1998	10221826
use of protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against parapoxvirus in wild animals in japan.	using protein ag in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), we tried to detect antibodies against parapoxvirus in 9 species of wild animals in japan: the japanese badger (meles meles anakuma), japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus), japanese deer (cervus nippon centralis), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), japanese serow (capricornis crispus), japanese wild boar (sus scrofa leucomystax), masked palm civet (paguma larvata ...	1999	10225841
u5 monoclonal antibody identifies a novel lymphocyte surface antigen preferentially expressed in human circulating natural killer cells with high cytotoxic activity.	u5 monoclonal antibody (mab), developed against japanese monkey lymphocytes, identified a glycoprotein of 32 000 mw that is expressed in a subset of human circulating natural killer (nk) cells. the distribution of u5 molecules was restricted among cd16+ cells, and u5 antigen was preferentially expressed in the cd38+ subset. u5+ cd16+ cd56+ cells were highly active on nk assay against k562 target cells. variations in cytolytic activities and mrna expression of perforin, granzyme b and fas ligand ...	1999	10233731
effects on acetabular development of resection of the labrum acetabulare (limbus) in the hip joint.	the effect of resecting the hip joint limbus on acetabular development was studied. ten infant japanese monkeys were used as experimental subjects. the limbus was resected on one side and the developmental effects were observed. the period of observation ranged from 12 to 31 months with a mean of 17 months. after histological examination of the resected limbus, the monkeys were divided into two groups, group a (5 cases) in which the hyaline cartilage had not been resected, and group b (5 cases) ...	1999	10319613
effects on acetabular development of resection of the labrum acetabulare (limbus) in the hip joint.	the effect of resecting the hip joint limbus on acetabular development was studied. ten infant japanese monkeys were used as experimental subjects. the limbus was resected on one side and the developmental effects were observed. the period of observation ranged from 12 to 31 months with a mean of 17 months. after histological examination of the resected limbus, the monkeys were divided into two groups, group a (5 cases) in which the hyaline cartilage had not been resected, and group b (5 cases) ...	1999	10319613
perseveration, inhibition and the prefrontal cortex: a new look.	perseverative actions are often the result of inhibitory problems; however, inhibitory problems do not always lead to perseverative actions. some problems of inhibition have been attributed to immaturity of, or severe damage to, the prefrontal cortex. research in this area has generally failed both to take into account species differences in prefrontal function that lead to different perseverative errors and to distinguish between perseverative errors that arise from a failure to inhibit salient ...	1999	10322177
long-term durability of dentin bonds made with a self-etching primer, in vivo.	the long-term durability of bonds between adhesive resins and dentin is of significant importance for the longevity of bonded restorations. we carried out an in vivo one-year study to evaluate the durability of resin-dentin bonds in the oral cavity, as well as to test the hypothesis that the adhesive interface would show morphological changes in vivo over time. very shallow saucer-shaped dentin cavities were prepared in 12 intact teeth of one japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) under general anesth ...	1999	10326735
ige reactivity and cross-reactivity of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) to japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica) and cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen allergens.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica, cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). however, the reactivity to japanese cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa, co) pollen allergens in these monkeys has not yet been reported.	1999	10336604
ige reactivity and cross-reactivity of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) to japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica) and cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen allergens.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica, cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). however, the reactivity to japanese cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa, co) pollen allergens in these monkeys has not yet been reported.	1999	10336604
detection of entamoeba dispar dna in macaque feces by polymerase chain reaction.	we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to determine the prevalence of entamoeba histolytica and e. dispar in the wild population of macaque monkeys (macaca fuscata) in mt. takasaki, oita prefecture, japan. of the 101 samples collected, 41 (42.57%) were found to be positive for e. dispar. however, no e. histolytica was detected from the collected samples. the results of this survey demonstrate the high prevalence of e. dispar in macaque monkeys in the study area. moreover, they provide addit ...	1999	10344544
urine as another potential source for template dna in polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	this technical note examines the potential for preparing template dna in polymerase chain reactions (pcr) from urine in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). microsatellite band patterns from urine samples showed close agreement with those of blood and fecal samples, and only a few hundred microl of urine yielded a template dna for pcr. this research will increase the opportunity for scientists to examine the genetic backgrounds of their target animals by using non-invasive sample collection in th ...	1999	10402038
angiographic and histologic effects of fundus photodynamic therapy with a hydrophilic sensitizer (mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6).	to demonstrate the efficacy of the photosensitizer mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 (npe6) in closing choroidal vessels at low energy levels, that tissue uptake and clearance are rapid, and that low concentrations of drug are needed to achieve clinical effects.	1999	10406627
angiographic and histologic effects of fundus photodynamic therapy with a hydrophilic sensitizer (mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6).	to demonstrate the efficacy of the photosensitizer mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 (npe6) in closing choroidal vessels at low energy levels, that tissue uptake and clearance are rapid, and that low concentrations of drug are needed to achieve clinical effects.	1999	10406627
reproductive termination in female japanese monkeys: a comparative life history perspective.	this study explores the question of reproductive termination (loss of reproductive ability) in female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) from the arashiyama west (texas) troop. we used a large sample of completed lives to identify reproductively terminated female japanese macaques and to consider reproductive termination in japanese macaques from a comparative life history perspective, which permits meaningful comparisons to be made with human female menopause. we classified a female as reproduc ...	1999	10423262
reproductive termination in female japanese monkeys: a comparative life history perspective.	this study explores the question of reproductive termination (loss of reproductive ability) in female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) from the arashiyama west (texas) troop. we used a large sample of completed lives to identify reproductively terminated female japanese macaques and to consider reproductive termination in japanese macaques from a comparative life history perspective, which permits meaningful comparisons to be made with human female menopause. we classified a female as reproduc ...	1999	10423262
the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among japanese monkeys in a troop.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), an appropriate animal model for developing antipollinosis therapies. however, there has been no study on the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys. to evaluate the incidence of cj pollinosis in japanese monkeys, we investigated the presence of pollinosis symptoms among monkeys in a troop, and the response to cj allergens in pollinosis monkeys. we exam ...	1999	10447752
the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among japanese monkeys in a troop.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), an appropriate animal model for developing antipollinosis therapies. however, there has been no study on the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys. to evaluate the incidence of cj pollinosis in japanese monkeys, we investigated the presence of pollinosis symptoms among monkeys in a troop, and the response to cj allergens in pollinosis monkeys. we exam ...	1999	10447752
the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among japanese monkeys in a troop.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), an appropriate animal model for developing antipollinosis therapies. however, there has been no study on the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys. to evaluate the incidence of cj pollinosis in japanese monkeys, we investigated the presence of pollinosis symptoms among monkeys in a troop, and the response to cj allergens in pollinosis monkeys. we exam ...	1999	10447776
the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among japanese monkeys in a troop.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica; cj) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata), an appropriate animal model for developing antipollinosis therapies. however, there has been no study on the incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys. to evaluate the incidence of cj pollinosis in japanese monkeys, we investigated the presence of pollinosis symptoms among monkeys in a troop, and the response to cj allergens in pollinosis monkeys. we exam ...	1999	10447776
can macaques perceive place of articulation from formant transition information?	an important problem in speech perception is to determine how humans extract the perceptually invariant place of articulation information in the speech wave across variable acoustic contexts. although analyses have been developed that attempted to classify the voiced stops /b/ versus /d/ from stimulus onset information, most of the human perceptual research to date suggests that formant transition information is more important than onset information. the purpose of the present study was to deter ...	1999	10462798
cloning and sequencing of the cdna species for mammalian dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenases.	cynomolgus and japanese monkey kidneys, dog and pig livers and rabbit lens contain dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (ec 1.3.1.20) associated with high carbonyl reductase activity. here we have isolated cdna species for the dimeric enzymes by reverse transcriptase-pcr from human intestine in addition to the above five animal tissues. the amino acid sequences deduced from the monkey, pig and dog cdna species perfectly matched the partial sequences of peptides digested from the respective enzymes ...	1999	10477285
evaluation of reaction of primate brain to grafted pc12 cells.	intrastriatal implantation of polymer-encapsulated pc12 cells, which constitute a dopaminergic cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma, has proved useful for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms in several kinds of animals. in considering the clinical application of this technique, we should make sure that pc12 cells are rejected completely by the host immune system in case the capsule breaks. in the present study, unencapsulated pc12 cells were injected into the brain of japanese monkeys (mac ...	1999	10478724
evaluation of reaction of primate brain to grafted pc12 cells.	intrastriatal implantation of polymer-encapsulated pc12 cells, which constitute a dopaminergic cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma, has proved useful for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms in several kinds of animals. in considering the clinical application of this technique, we should make sure that pc12 cells are rejected completely by the host immune system in case the capsule breaks. in the present study, unencapsulated pc12 cells were injected into the brain of japanese monkeys (mac ...	1999	10478724
human is a unique species among primates in terms of telomere length.	trf (terminal restriction fragments) length in various tissues of non-human primates such as macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), macaca fuscata (japanese monkey), macaca fascicularis (crab-eating monkey), pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), and pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) was at least 23 kb without exception, which was quite different from that of human somatic tissues (smaller than 10 kb). the distribution pattern of telomerase activity among tissues was similar between human and non-human primates ...	1999	10491289
the innervation of outer hair cells: 3d reconstruction from tem serial sections in the japanese macaque.	transmission electron micrographs from serial sections were obtained from the neural pole of outer hair cells (ohcs) in the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) and reconstructions of nerve terminals were made using computer software. data are based on observations of six cells in the basal turn, eight in the middle turn and four in the apex. in general, the number of afferent (type ii) terminals on each ohc increased from base to apex, and for a given turn, the numbers appeared unrelated to ohc ro ...	1999	10491951
fibrous structure of connective tissue in the vocal fold of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata).	fibrous structures in the vocal fold were studied in 8 adult japanese monkeys. their vocal folds were fixed with formalin and longitudinal and cross-sections were prepared. some of the samples were treated with 10% naoh to digest cellular components and elastic fibers, and some of them were treated with 90% formic acid to digest cellular components and collagen fibers. each sample was then fixed with oso4, dehydrated, dried at the critical point, ion-coated, and studied under a scanning electron ...	1999	10502963
fibrous structure of connective tissue in the vocal fold of the japanese monkey (macaca fuscata).	fibrous structures in the vocal fold were studied in 8 adult japanese monkeys. their vocal folds were fixed with formalin and longitudinal and cross-sections were prepared. some of the samples were treated with 10% naoh to digest cellular components and elastic fibers, and some of them were treated with 90% formic acid to digest cellular components and collagen fibers. each sample was then fixed with oso4, dehydrated, dried at the critical point, ion-coated, and studied under a scanning electron ...	1999	10502963
social rank and sex-biased maternal investment in captive japanese macaques: behavioural and reproductive data.	this study investigated the relationship between social rank and sex-biased maternal investment in captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) using reproductive and behavioural data. high-ranking mothers showed a significantly male-biased secondary sex ratio, spent more time in contact with and carried male infants for longer than female infants. low-ranking mothers showed no bias in secondary sex ratio nor in the time spent in contact with male and female infants, but carried female infants for ...	1999	10567830
hourly changes in body weight in provisioned free-ranging japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).		2010	10567836
fatal measles virus infection in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).	an outbreak of natural measles virus infection occurred in a group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). over a period of 4 months, 12 of 53 japanese macaques died following a 2-23-day history of anorexia, diarrhea, and dermatitis. the monkeys were kept in outdoor exhibits but had been moved temporarily into indoor caging and then transferred to new outdoor exhibits. ten monkeys died while they were in temporary caging, and two monkeys died after they were moved to new outdoor exhibits. the dia ...	1999	10568440
free-field audiogram of the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata).	the audiograms of three japanese macaques and seven humans were determined in a free-field environment using loudspeakers. the monkeys and humans were tested using tones ranging from 8 hz to 40 khz and 4 hz to 22.4 khz, respectively. at a level of 60 db sound pressure level the monkeys were able to hear tones extending from 28 hz to 37 khz with their best sensitivity of 1 db occurring at 4 khz. the human 60-db hearing range extended from 31 hz to 17.6 khz with a best sensitivity of -10 db at 2 a ...	1999	10573911
sensitization to grass, ragweed, mugwort pollen allergens in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): preliminary report.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cj, cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). furthermore, most of these monkeys with cj pollinosis have immunoglobulin (ig) e sensitization to japanese cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen. however, specific ige to other pollens has not yet been reported.	1999	10594546
sensitization to grass, ragweed, mugwort pollen allergens in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): preliminary report.	the natural occurrence of japanese cedar (cj, cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis has been reported in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). furthermore, most of these monkeys with cj pollinosis have immunoglobulin (ig) e sensitization to japanese cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen. however, specific ige to other pollens has not yet been reported.	1999	10594546
disynaptic pyramidal excitation in forelimb motoneurons mediated via c(3)-c(4) propriospinal neurons in the macaca fuscata.	in contrast to findings in the cat, it recently has been shown that disynaptic pyramidal epsps only rarely are observed in forelimb motoneurons of the macaque monkey in the intact spinal cord or after a corticospinal transection in c(5). this finding has been taken to indicate that the disynaptic pyramidal excitatory pathway via c(3)-c(4) propriospinal neurons (pns) is weakened through phylogeny when the monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connection has been strengthened. we reinvestigate this is ...	1999	10601484
species-specific tt viruses and cross-species infection in nonhuman primates.	viruses resembling human tt virus (ttv) were searched for in sera from nonhuman primates by pcr with primers deduced from well-conserved areas in the untranslated region. ttv dna was detected in 102 (98%) of 104 chimpanzees, 9 (90%) of 10 japanese macaques, 4 (100%) of 4 red-bellied tamarins, 5 (83%) of 6 cotton-top tamarins, and 5 (100%) of 5 douroucoulis tested. analysis of the amplification products of 90 to 106 nucleotides revealed ttv dna sequences specific for each species, with a decreasi ...	2000	10627523
activity of smooth pursuit-related neurons in the monkey periarcuate cortex during pursuit and passive whole-body rotation.	smooth pursuit and vestibularly induced eye movements interact to maintain the accuracy of eye movements in space (i.e., gaze). to understand the role played by the frontal eye fields in pursuit-vestibular interactions, we examined activity of 110 neurons in the periarcuate areas of head-stabilized japanese monkeys during pursuit eye movements and passive whole-body rotation. the majority (92%) responded with the peak of their modulation near peak stimulus velocity during suppression of the vest ...	2000	10634896
activity of smooth pursuit-related neurons in the monkey periarcuate cortex during pursuit and passive whole-body rotation.	smooth pursuit and vestibularly induced eye movements interact to maintain the accuracy of eye movements in space (i.e., gaze). to understand the role played by the frontal eye fields in pursuit-vestibular interactions, we examined activity of 110 neurons in the periarcuate areas of head-stabilized japanese monkeys during pursuit eye movements and passive whole-body rotation. the majority (92%) responded with the peak of their modulation near peak stimulus velocity during suppression of the vest ...	2000	10634896
sural--lateral plantar nerve communications in japanese macaque.	it is generally accepted that the sural nerve in humans contains exclusively sensory and autonomic fibers. recently, however, a few clinical reports have suggested that the human sural nerve contains motor fibers. on the other hand, it is known that motor fibers are present in the sural nerve of rats and dogs, and that the fibers reach intrinsic muscles of the foot via a communicating branch to the lateral plantar nerve. the author investigated the communicating branch between the sural and late ...	1999	10659577
the effect of marker frequency disparity on the discrimination of gap duration in monkeys.	duration-discrimination thresholds of the silent interval (gap) between two successive tones (markers) were measured in four japanese monkeys. the task was serial discrimination, and monkeys were required to release the lever when the gap duration decreased from 200 ms. monkeys successfully acquired the task, and gap thresholds of monkeys were revealed to be larger than previous data with human subjects. gap thresholds were not affected by marker frequency when the two markers were identical in ...	1999	10664785
the effect of marker frequency disparity on the discrimination of gap duration in monkeys.	duration-discrimination thresholds of the silent interval (gap) between two successive tones (markers) were measured in four japanese monkeys. the task was serial discrimination, and monkeys were required to release the lever when the gap duration decreased from 200 ms. monkeys successfully acquired the task, and gap thresholds of monkeys were revealed to be larger than previous data with human subjects. gap thresholds were not affected by marker frequency when the two markers were identical in ...	1999	10664785
malaria infection induces rapid elevation of the soluble fas ligand level in serum and subsequent t lymphocytopenia: possible factors responsible for the differences in susceptibility of two species of macaca monkeys to plasmodium coatneyi infection.	the intraerythrocytic stage of the simian malaria parasite plasmodium coatneyi (cdc strain) was intravenously inoculated into two species of macaques with different susceptibilities to infection with this parasite, including four japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and three cynomolgus macaques (m. fascicularis). the japanese macaques infected with p. coatneyi developed severe clinical manifestations similar to those of severe human malaria and eventually became moribund, while the infected cynom ...	2000	10678924
cerebral vasodilatation induced by stimulation of the pterygopalatine ganglion and greater petrosal nerve in anesthetized monkeys.	although brain cell viability depends largely on cerebral circulation, mechanisms of blood flow control, such as autoregulation, or of the pathogenesis of functionally impaired blood supply to brain regions, such as in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, have not been clearly defined. our recent studies support the hypothesis that nitric oxide, released from nitrergic nerves, plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in vasodilating cerebral arteries from primate and subprimate ma ...	2000	10683579
cerebral vasodilatation induced by stimulation of the pterygopalatine ganglion and greater petrosal nerve in anesthetized monkeys.	although brain cell viability depends largely on cerebral circulation, mechanisms of blood flow control, such as autoregulation, or of the pathogenesis of functionally impaired blood supply to brain regions, such as in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, have not been clearly defined. our recent studies support the hypothesis that nitric oxide, released from nitrergic nerves, plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in vasodilating cerebral arteries from primate and subprimate ma ...	2000	10683579
subdural applications of no scavenger or no blocker to the cerebellum depress the adaptation of monkey post-saccadic smooth pursuit eye movements.	we examined pharmacologically whether cerebellar long-term depression (ltd) may play a role in the adaptation of smooth pursuit eye movements in two macaca fuscata, which were trained to pursue a target moving in the horizontal plane in a 3 degrees step-10 deg/s ramp mode. the monkeys showed small catch-up saccades followed by 6-8 deg/s post-saccadic pursuit movements. adaptation of the post-saccadic pursuit velocity was induced by repetition of acceleration of the target to 20 deg/s after the c ...	2000	10683844
psychophysical correlates of contralateral efferent suppression. i. the role of the medial olivocochlear system in "central masking" in nonhuman primates.	an extensive physiological literature, including experimental and clinical studies in humans, demonstrates that activation of the medial olivocochlear (moc) efferent system, by either contralateral sound or electrical stimulation, can produce significant alterations in cochlear function and suggests a role for the moc system in influencing the auditory behavior of binaural hearing. the present data are from psychophysical studies in nonhuman primates which seek to determine if the noted physiolo ...	2000	10687702
bilateral receptive field neurons and callosal connections in the somatosensory cortex.	earlier studies recording single neuronal activity with bilateral receptive fields in the primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys and cats agreed that the bilateral receptive fields were related exclusively to the body midline and that the ipsilateral information reaches the cortex via callosal connections since they are dense in the cortical region representing the midline structures of the body while practically absent in the regions representing the distal extremities. we recently found a sub ...	2000	10724460
bilateral receptive field neurons and callosal connections in the somatosensory cortex.	earlier studies recording single neuronal activity with bilateral receptive fields in the primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys and cats agreed that the bilateral receptive fields were related exclusively to the body midline and that the ipsilateral information reaches the cortex via callosal connections since they are dense in the cortical region representing the midline structures of the body while practically absent in the regions representing the distal extremities. we recently found a sub ...	2000	10724460
specialized basement membrane of monkey maturation stage ameloblasts mediates firm ameloblast-enamel association by its partial calcification.	a basement membrane-like structure associated with the maturation stage ameloblasts of the monkey (macaca fuscata) tooth germ was examined with high resolution electron microscopy. the tissue was prepared either with or without demineralization. this structure was composed of a lamina lucida-like (lamina lucida) and lamina densa-like (lamina densa) structure. the latter was made up of a fine "cord" network, the major constituent of the basement membrane. it was closely associated with the third ...	2000	10742445
ultrastructural verification of anchoring role of lamina fibroreticularis of dental basement membrane in odontogenesis.	in a previous study of the developing tooth a characteristic fibrillar layer associated with the basement membrane of the inner enamel epithelium was found to be a highly specialized lamina fibroreticularis of the basement membrane which is unusually rich in basotubules, 10 nm wide microfibril-like structures. in this study this layer was further examined in detail in the hope of ultrastructurally elucidating its role in odontogenesis. tooth germs of the monkey (macaca fuscata) were processed fo ...	1999	10742957
role of the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract in short-latency ocular following responses in monkeys.	when a large-field image is suddenly moved in front of an observer, an ocular following response (ofr) with short latency (<60 ms in monkey and <85 ms in human) is observed. previous studies have shown that neurons in the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract (not) of the monkey respond to movements of large-field visual stimuli. to understand the potential role of the not in the ofr, we first recorded single-unit activity in the not of four monkeys (macaca fuscata). sixty-six not neurons preferr ...	2000	10789943