Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| microelectrode measurements of membrane resistance and capacitance in the sartorius muscle of the toad (bufo marinus). | 1963 | 14100786 | |
| the toad bufo marinus as a potential mechanical vector of eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. | 1964 | 14169538 | |
| comparative immunology. lymph nodes in the amphibian, bufo marinus. | 1964 | 14193373 | |
| innervation of the large intestine of the toad (bufo marinus). | the morphology, physiology and pharmacology of the innervation of the toad (bufo marinus) large intestine have been studied. the large intestine can be divided into the regions colon, rectum and cloaca, on morphological grounds, but acts as a unit in response to nerve stimulation. of the right and left nerves, each appears to supply the entire large intestine. autonomic innervation of the large intestine of bufo marinus is as follows: (1) the 9th and 10th spinal nerves (pelvic) contain predomina ... | 1964 | 14208191 |
| the effects of dehydration on electrolyte concentrations in a toad, bufo marinus. | 1964 | 14227320 | |
| cytological and cytochemical observations on tissue mast cells in hyla aurea and bufo marinus. | 1964 | 14251347 | |
| cholinesterases in the bladder of the toad (bufo marinus). | 1965 | 14286105 | |
| muscle: a three phase system. the partition of monovalent ions across the cell membrane. | the partition of li(+), br(-), and i(-) across the membrane of the sartorius muscle of the toad bufo marinus has been investigated both at the steady state and with kinetic methods. li(+) was found to have access to an amount of muscle water similar to that of na(+). br(-) and i(-) could be regarded as being interchangeable with cellular cl(-). none of the foreign ions caused significant losses of cellular k(+). li(+) efflux from the cell was slower in muscles which were equilibrated for long pe ... | 1959 | 14446942 |
| catecholamines and methyltransferases in the south american toad (bufo marinus). | 1962 | 14469973 | |
| schwann cell dynamics with respect to newly formed motor-nerve terminal branches on mature (bufo marinus) muscle fibers. | a study has been made of the formation of synaptic terminals from long processes formed at the end of motor nerve branches of endplates in mature amphibian (bufo marinus) muscle. injection of fluorescent dyes into individual motor axons showed the full extent of their branches at single endplates. synaptic vesicle clusters at these branches were identified with styryl dyes. some terminal branches consisted of well separated varicosities, each possessing a cluster of functioning synaptic vesicles ... | 2003 | 14724381 |
| [the identification and use of the common male toad of panama (bufo marinus linneus) in the early diagnosis of pregnancy]. | 1951 | 14820995 | |
| adrenalin and hydroxytyramine in the parotid gland venom of the toad, bufo marinus. | preparations from the parotid gland venom of the toad bufo marinus have been analyzed by paper chromatography for the presence of adrenalin precursors. in addition to adrenalin itself, hydroxytyramine was identified and a second compound which appeared to be an adrenalin ester-perhaps lactyl-adrenalin. two other compounds which appeared on the chromatogram could not be identified. neither noradrenalin nor another possible precursor, epinine, appeared to be present. | 1952 | 14898030 |
| [research on bufo marinus venom]. | 1952 | 14955257 | |
| response of the male toad bufo marinus, to chorionic gonadotropin and use of the animal for biological assay. | 1952 | 14956315 | |
| acidosis counteracts the negative inotropic effect of k+ on ventricular muscle strips from the toad bufo marinus. | strenuous activity is associated with acidosis, increased extracellular potassium concentration ([k+]o), and elevated levels of circulating catecholamines. acidosis and elevated [k+]o are normally considered harmful to cardiac function, and a high sympathetic tone on the heart may lead to arrhythmia. during activity, however, the heart must be able to increase rate and strength of contraction. while the individual effects of [k+]o, acidosis, and adrenaline on contractile properties of cardiac mu ... | 2014 | 15095242 |
| molecular identification and characterization of three isoforms of tachykinin nk(1)-like receptors in the cane toad bufo marinus. | the tachykinin peptide bufokinin, isolated from the cane toad intestine, is important in intestinal and cardiovascular regulation in the toad. in this study, three tachykinin nk(1)-like receptor isoforms, bnk(1)-a, bnk(1)-b, and bnk(1)-c, encoding proteins of 309, 390, and 371 amino acids, respectively, were cloned from the toad brain and intestine. these isoforms differ only at the intracellular cooh terminus. the bnk(1)-a and bnk(1)-b isoforms are similar to the truncated and full-length forms ... | 2004 | 15155274 |
| the effect of n-ethylmaleimide on transmitter release from the skeletal neuromuscular junction of bufo marinus. | n-ethylmaleimide (nem) has been used extensively in biochemical assays as an inhibitor of the nem sensitive fusion protein (nsf). however, examination of the effect of nem on transmitter release in more physiologically relevant preparations has proved inconclusive. in the present study, we have examined the effect of low concentrations of nem on synaptic transmission in intact nerve-muscle preparations from toads (bufo marinus). under conditions of low transmitter release probability (0.3 mm cal ... | 2004 | 15236347 |
| postsynaptic production of nitric oxide implicated in long-term depression at the mature amphibian (bufo marinus) neuromuscular junction. | we report here evidence for endogenous no signalling in long-term (>1 h) synaptic depression at the neuromuscular junction induced by 20 min of 1 hz nerve stimulation. synaptic depression was characterized by a 46% reduction in the end-plate potential (epp) amplitude and a 21% decrease in miniature epp (mepp) frequency, but no change to mepp amplitude, indicating a reduction in evoked quantal release. both the membrane-impermeant no scavenger cptio and the nos inhibitor l-name blocked depression ... | 2004 | 15243135 |
| bufo marinus oocytes as a model for ion channel protein expression and functional characterization for electrophysiological studies. | oocytes from xenopus laevis are commonly used as an expression system for ion channel proteins. the aim of this study was to determine whether oocytes from the colombian native toad, bufo marinus, could be used as an alternative expression system for ion channel protein expression and functional characterization using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp method. b. marinus oocytes and x. laevis were isolated and cultured in similar conditions. the mean resting membrane potential of b. marinus oo ... | 2004 | 15319522 |
| vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity. | hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. in steelhead/rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, osteichthyes), h(2)s produces both dose-dependent dilation and a unique dose-dependent constriction. in this study, we examined h(2)s vasoactivity in all vertebrate classes to determine whether h(2)s is universally vasoactive and to identify phylogenetic and/or environmental trends. h(2)s was generated from nahs and examined in unstimulated and precontracted syste ... | 2005 | 15345473 |
| longevity of the tropical american toad, bufo marinus l. | 1949 | 15390470 | |
| the use of the male bufo marinus toad in the diagnosis of pregnancy. | 1950 | 15418804 | |
| the use of the male toad, bufo marinus, for pregnancy tests. | 1950 | 15429480 | |
| general function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in bufo marinus and rana catesbeiana. | the effects of hypervolemia and graded increases in arginine vasotocin (avt), angiotensin ii (angii), and atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) on lymph heart pressure (p(lh)) and rate (f(lh)) were examined in bufo marinus and rana catesbeiana. the p(lh) and f(lh) for normally hydrated b. marinus at rest were 1.45+/-0.01 kpa and 52.8+/-0.38 beats min(-1). the p(lh) and f(lh) were significantly lower in r. catesbeiana, 1.05+/-0.01 kpa and 48.4+/-0.35 beats min(-1). hypervolemia, induced by intravenous ... | 2013 | 15449230 |
| modulation of breathing by phasic pulmonary stretch receptor feedback in an amphibian, bufo marinus. | this study examined the role of phasic pulmonary stretch receptor (psr) feedback in ventilatory control, breath clustering and breath timing in decerebrate, paralysed and artificially-ventilated cane toads (bufo marinus) under conditions designed to minimise tonic psr feedback. fictive breathing was recorded as trigeminal motor output to the buccal musculature. artificial tidal ventilation, with hypercarbic gas mixtures, was either continuous or activated by the fictive breaths and was manipulat ... | 2004 | 15450478 |
| pawedness and motor asymmetries in toads. | pawedness was investigated in three species of toads, bufo bufo , bufo viridis , and bufo marinus. samples from natural populations were collected in two successive years and tested during attempts to remove a strip of paper stuck onto the snout ( bufo bufo and bufo viridis ) or during attempts to remove an elastic balloon wrapped around the head ( bufo bufo ). a preferential right forelimb use at the population level was observed in bufo bufo in both tests, whereas no clear pawedness was observ ... | 1997 | 15513053 |
| lateralisation of predator avoidance responses in three species of toads. | lateralisation of responses to presentation of a simulated predator was investigated in three species of toads: two european species (the common toad, bufo bufo, and the green toad, bufo viridis) and one species introduced to australia from south america, the cane toad bufo marinus . first a simulated snake was presented moving rapidly towards the toad in the frontal field of vision and the toad's escape responses, including jumps to the right and to the left, were recorded. no significant bias ... | 2002 | 15513195 |
| limb preference and skeletal asymmetry in the cane toad, bufo marinus (anura: bufonidae). | two forms of skeletal asymmetry were identified in a population of cane toads, bufo marinus, an exotic species in australia. fluctuating asymmetry characterised the lengths and weights of the long bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs. directional asymmetry was observed in the structure of the pectoral girdle of the toads, with the right epicoracoid positioned ventral to the left epicoracoid in 88% of the skeletons examined. morphological data from a cohort of individuals were correlated with lim ... | 2002 | 15513201 |
| genetic analysis of complex demographic scenarios: spatially expanding populations of the cane toad, bufo marinus. | inferring the spatial expansion dynamics of invading species from molecular data is notoriously difficult due to the complexity of the processes involved. for these demographic scenarios, genetic data obtained from highly variable markers may be profitably combined with specific sampling schemes and information from other sources using a bayesian approach. the geographic range of the introduced toad bufo marinus is still expanding in eastern and northern australia, in each case from isolates est ... | 2004 | 15521459 |
| adapting to an invasive species: toxic cane toads induce morphological change in australian snakes. | the arrival of invasive species can devastate natural ecosystems, but the long-term effects of invasion are less clear. if native organisms can adapt to the presence of the invader, the severity of impact will decline with time. in australia, invasive cane toads (bufo marinus) are highly toxic to most snakes that attempt to eat them. because snakes are gape-limited predators with strong negative allometry for head size, maximum relative prey mass (and thus, the probability of eating a toad large ... | 2004 | 15569943 |
| plasma aldosterone, angiotensin ii, and arginine vasotocin concentrations in the toad, bufo marinus, following osmotic treatments. | to clarify the physiological roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (raas) and arginine vasotocin (avt) on body fluid regulation in amphibians, we measured plasma concentrations of aldosterone (aldo), angiotensin ii (ang ii), and avt after various osmotic challenges in the marine toad, bufo marinus (bufonidae). hematocrit value (ht) as an indicator of plasma volume, plasma osmolality and concentrations of plasma components (na(+), cl(-), k(+), and urea) were also measured. the toads w ... | 2005 | 15613270 |
| quantitative structure-activity analyses of bufokinin and other tachykinins at bufokinin (bnk1) receptors of the small intestine of the cane toad, bufo marinus. | the toad tachykinin, bufokinin (lys-pro-arg-pro-asp-gln-phe-tyr-gly-leu-met amide; buf), acts via tachykinin nk1-like receptors to contract the intestine of the cane toad, bufo marinus. in this structure-activity study, we used isolated segments of toad small intestine and performed binding studies with [125i] bolton-hunter buf in intestinal membranes to compare the contribution of individual amino acid residues to the potencies of 18 naturally occurring tachykinins and 13 buf analogs. potencies ... | 2005 | 15627485 |
| effects of ozone exposure on nonspecific phagocytic capacity of pulmonary macrophages from an amphibian, bufo marinus. | pulmonary macrophages are an important component of immune defense against inhaled foreign particles and microorganisms. in humans and other mammals, exposure to moderate amounts of ozone (o3) can inhibit functional capacities of alveolar macrophages. in many wilderness areas downwind of urban centers, ozone levels frequently exceed national standards. we report results of 4-h inhalation exposures to 0.8 parts per million o3 on pulmonary macrophage viability and phagocytosis capacity in marine t ... | 2005 | 15683185 |
| cyanide inhibits the na+/ca2+ exchanger in isolated cardiac pacemaker cells of the cane toad. | the effects of the metabolic inhibition on the activity of the na+/ca2+ exchanger (ncx) were studied in single isolated pacemaker cells from the cane toad. ca2+ influx on ncx (reverse mode) was estimated by measuring the increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([ca2+]i) in response to extracellular na+-free solution. after application of 2 mm sodium cyanide for 3-5 min, the peak [ca2+]i in na+-free solution was significantly decreased from 377+/-42 nm to 260+/-46 nm, suggesting inhibitio ... | 2005 | 15688245 |
| nitric oxide control of large veins in the toad bufo marinus. | this study examined the nitric oxide (no) control of the vascular smooth muscle of the ventral abdominal vein and vena cava of the toad, bufo marinus, by using anatomical and physiological approaches. nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nos) and neural nos antibodies produced no evidence for endothelial nos in the veins, but, neural nos-immunoreactive perivascular nerves were present. acetylcholi ... | 2005 | 15690177 |
| osmotically absorbed water preferentially enters the cutaneous capillaries of the pelvic patch in the toad bufo marinus. | cutaneously absorbed water in anurans has two potential routes of movement from the skin interstitium into the body fluids, via the cutaneous capillaries and/or the lymphatic system. we investigated the lymphatic route at the pelvic patch skin under the influence of isoproterenol and arginine vasotocin in bufo marinus by continuously aspirating lymph from the lymph sacs draining the pelvic patch while the animals absorbed water. changes in body mass, lymph mass, and lymph osmolality were measure ... | 2013 | 15702461 |
| sodium pump molecular activity and membrane lipid composition in two disparate ectotherms, and comparison with endotherms. | previous research has shown that the lower sodium pump molecular activity observed in tissues of ectotherms compared to endotherms, is largely related to the lower levels of polyunsaturates and higher levels of monounsaturates found in the cell membranes of ectotherms. marine-based ectotherms, however, have very polyunsaturated membranes, and in the current study, we measured molecular activity and membrane lipid composition in tissues of two disparate ectothermic species, the octopus (octopus v ... | 2005 | 15726386 |
| possible differences in pathogenicity between cane toad-, frog- and platypus-derived isolates of mucor amphibiorum, and a platypus-derived isolate of mucor circinelloides. | platypuses (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the north of the island state of tasmania, australia, suffer from a serious disease called ulcerative mycosis, which is responsible for high morbidity and, presumably, mortality rates in areas where it occurs. the disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus mucor amphibiorum, which is also found in queensland, new south wales and victoria. however, it does not cause disease in platypuses in those states. it has been previously reported that a closely relate ... | 2005 | 15832556 |
| morphological recovery in the reattached retina of the toad bufo marinus: a new experimental model of retinal detachment. | the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) of the toad (bufo marinus) has been used in many studies as a model for understanding its role and interaction with the neural retina. the toad's retina has been used to establish a new in vitro model of experimental retinal detachment (rd) and replacement . it has been shown that the electrophysiological measures of retinal function recovered following complete rd. the toad was chosen because its rpe is similar to the mammalian rpe . in this report, light mi ... | 2008 | 15847941 |
| a retrospective report of 90 dogs with suspected cane toad (bufo marinus) toxicity. | to report the clinical characteristics of toad toxicity in domestic dogs in brisbane. | 2004 | 15887382 |
| inverted photocurrent responses from amphibian rod photoreceptors: role of membrane voltage in response recovery. | we recorded photocurrent responses of retinal rods isolated from cane toads bufo marinus and clawed frogs xenopus laevis. with the outer segment drawn part way into the suction pipette, presentation of flashes to the base of the outer segment (outside the pipette) elicited a slow inverted response. stimulation of the same region, with the outer segment drawn fully in, gave a response of conventional polarity. for moderate to bright flashes a fast transient preceded the slow inverted response. up ... | 2005 | 15919708 |
| interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp) promotes the release of all-trans retinol from the isolated retina following rhodopsin bleaching illumination. | all-trans retinol generated in rod photoreceptors upon the bleaching of rhodopsin is known to move from the rods to the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe), where it is enzymatically converted to 11-cis retinal in the retinoid visual cycle. interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp) contained in the extracellular compartment (interphotoreceptor matrix) that separates the retina and rpe has been hypothesized to facilitate this movement of all-trans retinol, but the precise role of irbp in th ... | 2005 | 15935345 |
| functional roles for the compartmentalization of the subcutaneous lymphatic sacs in anuran amphibians. | compliance of the subcutaneous lymph sacs of the hindlimbs increases from distal to proximal, as does limb segment mass (and presumably rate of lymph formation), for the semiaquatic bullfrog rana catesbeiana and the cane toad bufo marinus but not the aquatic clawed toad xenopus laevis. subcutaneous lymph-sac compliances vary interspecifically. the distal-to-proximal increase in lymph-sac compliance and estimates of lymph formation rate in the various hindlimb segments indicate that partitioning ... | 2005 | 15957106 |
| physiological responses to feeding, fasting and estivation for anurans. | anuran estivation is characterized by long episodes of aphagia. to investigate whether estivating anurans downregulate intestinal performance as an adaptive mechanism to reduce energy expenditure, i compared the metabolic and intestinal responses to feeding, fasting and estivation among non-estivating and estivating species of the anuran families bufonidae, leptodactylidae and ranidae. standard metabolic rates of the estivating bufo alvarius, ceratophrys ornata and pyxicephalus adspersus were si ... | 2005 | 15961745 |
| functional effects of na+,k+-atpase gene mutations linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. | familial hemiplegic migraine type 2, an autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura, has been associated with four distinct mutations in the alpha2-subunit of the na+,k+-atpase. we have introduced these mutations in the alpha2-subunit of the human na+,k+-atpase and the corresponding mutations in the bufo marinus alpha1-subunit and studied these mutants by expression in xenopus oocyte. metabolic labeling studies showed that the mutants were synthesized and associated with the beta-subunit, exce ... | 2004 | 15970628 |
| why are some mitochondria more powerful than others: insights from comparisons of muscle mitochondria from three terrestrial vertebrates. | we studied the molecular composition of muscle mitochondria to evaluate whether the contents of cytochromes or adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) or phospholipid acyl compositions reflect differences in mitochondrial oxidative capacities. we isolated mitochondria from three vertebrates of similar size and preferred temperature, the rat (rattus norvegicus), the cane toad (bufo marinus) and the bearded dragon lizard (pogona vitticeps). mitochondrial oxidative capacities were higher in rats and c ... | 2005 | 16085440 |
| nitric oxide control of lower vertebrate blood vessels by vasomotor nerves. | in mammals, much is understood about the endothelial and neural no control mechanisms in the vasculature. in contrast, no control of blood vessels in lower vertebrates is poorly understood, with the majority of research focusing on the presence of an endothelial no system; however, its presence remains controversial. this study examined the mechanisms by which no regulates the large blood vessels of non-mammalian vertebrates. in all species examined, the arteries and veins contained a plexus of ... | 2005 | 16139537 |
| electrophoretic and functional identification of two troponin c isoforms in toad skeletal muscle fibers. | the differential sensitivity of frog twitch and slow-tonic fibers to ca(2+) and sr(2+) suggests that these two fiber types express different troponin c (tnc) isoforms. to date, only one tnc isoform from anurans (resembling the mammalian fast-twitch isoform) has been isolated and characterized. in this study, we examined the possibility that anuran striated muscle contains more than one tnc isoform. toward this end, we determined the tnc isoform composition of 198 single fibers from the rectus ab ... | 2006 | 16176967 |
| testosterone secretion and pharmacological spermatozoal recovery in the cane toad (bufo marinus). | the cane toad (bufo marinus) was used as a model to study male anuran reproductive endocrinology and to develop a protocol for non-invasive sperm recovery. circulating testosterone concentrations in 6-hourly samples did not vary significantly (p < 0.05) over a 24 h period although there was a tendency (p = 0.06) for testosterone to be elevated at 19:00 h relative to other times of the day, which may be related to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species. testosterone secretion after intrap ... | 2005 | 16257605 |
| gorgoderina festoni n. sp. (digenea: gorgoderidae) in anurans (amphibia) from mexico. | gorgoderina festoni n. sp. is described from the urinary bladder of gastrophryne usta, leptodactylus labialis, l. melanonotus and bufo marinus from localities at low altitude in the states of veracruz, oaxaca, guerrero and colima, mexico. this species differs from most other species of the genus by a combination of the following characters: lobed vitelline masses, body size 3.45-4.26 (mean 3.75) mm and sucker-ratio 1:1.3-1.52 (mean 1:1.44). the new species shares these three features with g. bil ... | 2005 | 16315078 |
| chronic hypoxia modulates nmda-mediated regulation of the hypoxic ventilatory response in an amphibian, bufo marinus. | this study examined whether a hypoxia-tolerant amphibian, the cane toad, undergoes mammalian-like ventilatory acclimatisation to hypoxia (vah) and whether chronic hypoxia (ch) alters nmda-mediated regulation of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (hvr). toads were exposed to 10 days of ch (10% o2) followed by acute hypoxic breathing trials or an intra-arterial injection of nacn. trials were conducted before and after i.p. treatment with an nmda-receptor channel blocker (mk801). ch blunted the ... | 2006 | 16344006 |
| microbial specificity of metallic surfaces exposed to ambient seawater. | high-molecular-weight materials associated with the extracellular matrix and film found on titanium and aluminum surfaces after exposure to flowing coastal seawater were isolated. this material was purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography and subsequently employed to produce antibodies in the toad, bufo marinus. the antibodies were immobilized on a solid support and employed to isolate adhesion-enhancing, high-molecular-weight materials from the laboratory culture media of bacterial strains re ... | 1984 | 16346622 |
| how might you compare mitochondria from different tissues and different species? | mitochondria were isolated from the liver, kidney and mixed hindlimb skeletal muscle of three vertebrate species; the laboratory rat rattus norvegicus, the bearded dragon lizard pogona vitticeps, and the cane toad bufo marinus. these vertebrate species are approximately the same body mass and have similar body temperatures. the content of cytochromes b, c, c1, and a were measured in these isolated mitochondria by oxidised-reduced difference spectra. adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) was measu ... | 2006 | 16408229 |
| viability of glycerol-preserved and cryopreserved anuran skin. | anurans are important animal models for studying the effects of anthropogenic chemical contamination of the environment. two-compartment teflon flow-through diffusion cells can be used to study percutaneous absorption of xenobiotics across harvested skin. however, such an approach currently necessitates that skin be harvested just before experimentation, a requirement that calls for the continuous growth and housing of living animals. the ability to preserve and store skin would allow more effic ... | 2017 | 16409111 |
| effects of azadirachtin on mortality, fertilization, and swimming speed in larvae of the cane toad, bufo marinus (anura: bufonidae). | experiments were conducted to assess the effects of azadirachtin (az) on survival capacity, fertilization success, and swimming speed in larval stages of the cane toad, bufo marinus . lc50 values (96-hr) for various larval stages exposed to 0.50 mg/l az were as follows: 5.35 (stage 12), 5.77 (stage 16), 787 (stage 20), 13.43 (stage 24), and 21.54 (stage 30). tadpoles did not exhibit any apparent disorientation or production of mucous in response to az concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/l. ... | 2005 | 16459558 |
| keystone predators (eastern newts, notophthalmus viridescens) reduce the impacts of an aquatic invasive species. | predation, competition, and their interaction are known to be important factors that influence the structure of ecological communities. in particular, in those cases where a competitive hierarchy exists among prey species, the presence of certain keystone predators can result in enhanced diversity in the prey community. however, little is known regarding the influence of keystone predator presence on invaded prey communities. given the widespread occurrence of invasive species and substantial co ... | 2006 | 16463174 |
| cardiovascular and behavioural changes during water absorption in toads, bufo alvarius and bufo marinus. | blood cell flux (bcf) in the pelvic skin of bufo marinus was lower than bufo alvarius when toads rehydrated from deionised water (di) or 50 mmol l-1 nacl (nacl). despite the lower bcf in b. marinus, water absorption was not different between the species when toads rehydrated from di or nacl. when fluid contact was limited to the pelvic skin, water uptake from nacl was lower than from di, but became greater than uptake from di as the immersion level increased. hydrophobic beeswax coating the late ... | 2006 | 16481573 |
| invasion and the evolution of speed in toads. | cane toads (bufo marinus) are large anurans (weighing up to 2 kg) that were introduced to australia 70 years ago to control insect pests in sugar-cane fields. but the result has been disastrous because the toads are toxic and highly invasive. here we show that the annual rate of progress of the toad invasion front has increased about fivefold since the toads first arrived; we find that toads with longer legs can not only move faster and are the first to arrive in new areas, but also that those a ... | 2006 | 16482148 |
| chronic hypercapnia modulates respiratory-related central ph/co2 chemoreception in an amphibian, bufo marinus. | anuran amphibians have multiple populations of ph/co2-sensitive respiratory-related chemoreceptors. this study examined in cane toads (bufo marinus) whether chronic hypercapnia (chc) altered the ph/co2 sensitivity of central respiratory-related chemoreceptors in vitro and whether chc altered the acute hypercapnic ventilatory response (hcvr; 5% co2) in vivo. toads were exposed to chc (3.5% co2) for 9 days. in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations were used to examine central respiratory-relate ... | 2006 | 16513940 |
| cannibalism in a population of the medicinal leech (hirudo medicinalis l.). | medicinal leeches (hirudo medicinalis l.) were maintained in large ponds in a commercial leech farm at biebertal, germany. the feeding of hungry adult leeches was performed on representative individuals that were placed on cloth soaked with mammalian blood obtained from a local butchery (pig, sus scrofa). in a second set of experiments, cane toads (bufo marinus) were used as host organisms. the leeches rapidly attached to the toads, explored the body and sucked blood. after feeding, the fully en ... | 2005 | 16535988 |
| effect of osmotic stress on expression of a putative facilitative urea transporter in the kidney and urinary bladder of the marine toad, bufo marinus. | anuran amphibians accumulate a large amount of urea in their extracellular fluids to avoid a severe dehydration under dry and hyper-saline environments. to clarify the mechanisms of urea retention, we examined structure and distribution of the urea transporter (ut) in the kidney of the marine toad (bufo marinus), and its expression in the kidney and urinary bladder following exposure to dry and hyper-saline conditions by means of cdna cloning, semi-quantitative rt-pcr, immunoblot analysis and im ... | 2006 | 16547293 |
| complementary and lateralized forms of processing in bufo marinus for novel and familiar prey. | amphibian vision is one of the most comprehensively studied of all vertebrate sensory systems. however, the processes of object recognition and memory in anuran amphibians have resisted satisfactory explanation. our research shows that insight to the issue of visual discrimination and recognition in toads may be gained by investigation of the specialized and complementary functions carried out by the left and right brain hemispheres. we report that specialized processes associated with the left ... | 2006 | 16631392 |
| the characterization of amphibian nucleoplasmins yields new insight into their role in sperm chromatin remodeling. | nucleoplasmin is a nuclear chaperone protein that has been shown to participate in the remodeling of sperm chromatin immediately after fertilization by displacing highly specialized sperm nuclear basic proteins (snbps), such as protamine (p type) and protamine-like (pl type) proteins, from the sperm chromatin and by the transfer of histone h2a-h2b. the presence of snbps of the histone type (h type) in some organisms (very similar to the histones found in somatic tissues) raises uncertainty about ... | 2006 | 16646973 |
| an invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in australia. | rapid environmental change due to human activities has increased rates of extinction, but some species may be able to adapt rapidly enough to deal with such changes. our studies of feeding behaviour and physiological resistance to toxins reveal surprisingly rapid adaptive responses in australian black snakes (pseudechis porphyriacus) following the invasion of a lethally toxic prey item, the cane toad (bufo marinus). snakes from toad-exposed localities showed increased resistance to toad toxin an ... | 2006 | 16777750 |
| isometric contractile properties of sexually dimorphic forelimb muscles in the marine toad bufo marinus linnaeus 1758: functional analysis and implications for amplexus. | it has been shown in the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana shaw 1802, that certain forelimb muscles in males have different contractile properties when compared with females, which may result from adaptation for amplexus. we extended this study to a distantly related species, bufo marinus linnaeus 1758, by testing the isometric contractile properties of three muscles, abductor indicus longus (ail), and flexor carpi radialis (fcr) (both dimorphic muscles), and extensor carpi ulnaris (ecu) (non-dimorphic ... | 2006 | 16916980 |
| active sodium transport by the colon of bufo marinus: stimulation by aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. | 1. the isolated colon of bufo marinus transports sodium actively from the mucosal (lumen) to the serosal side, and this transport is expressed quantitatively by the short-circuit current.2. upon dilution of sodium in ringer solution on the mucosal side of the preparation, short-circuit current remained a fair expression of sodium transport from mucosa to serosa.3. in view of this, the relation between short-circuit current and dilution of sodium of the luminal side was examined. this relation wa ... | 1967 | 16992237 |
| mortality and toxin bioaccumulation in bufo marinus following exposure to cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cell extracts and live cultures. | cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium responsible for the production of the toxin, cylindrospermopsin (cyn). tadpoles of the cane toad bufo marinus were exposed to freeze-thawed whole cell extracts or live cultures of c. raciborskii containing maximum cyn concentrations of 400 microg l-1 or 232 microg l-1, respectively. exposure to live culture treatment solutions resulted in up to 66% mortality of b. marinus, whereas tadpoles exposed to whole cell extracts containing similar toxin ... | 2007 | 17046128 |
| chronic hypoxia attenuates central respiratory-related ph/co2 chemosensitivity in the cane toad. | this study examined the effects of chronic hypoxia (ch) and mid-brain transection on central respiratory-related ph/co(2) chemosensitivity in cane toads (bufo marinus). toads were exposed to 10 days of ch (10% o(2)) following which in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations, with the mid-brain attached, were used to examine central ph/co(2) chemosensitivity. a reduction in artificial cerebral spinal fluid (acsf) ph increased fictive breathing frequency (fr) and total fictive ventilation. ch red ... | 2007 | 17140861 |
| characterization of a major secretory protein in the cane toad (bufo marinus) choroid plexus as an amphibian lipocalin-type prostaglandin d synthase. | here we report the enzymatic and ligand-binding properties of a major secretory protein in the choroid plexus of cane toad, bufo marinus, whose protein is homologous with lipocalin-type prostaglandin (pg) d synthase (l-pgds) and is recombinantly expressed in xenopus a6 cells and escherichia coli. the toad protein bound all-trans retinal, bile pigment, and thyroid hormones with high affinities (k(d)=0.17 to 2.00 microm). the toad protein also catalysed the l-pgds activity, which was accelerated i ... | 2007 | 17167040 |
| the role of hind limb flexor muscles during swimming in the toad, bufo marinus. | most work examining muscle function during anuran locomotion has focused largely on the roles of major hind limb extensors during jumping and swimming. nevertheless, the recovery phase of anuran locomotion likely plays a critical role in locomotor performance, especially in the aquatic environment, where flexing limbs can increase drag on the swimming animal. in this study, i use kinematic and electromyographic analyses to explore the roles of four anatomical flexor muscles in the hind limb of b ... | 2007 | 17182235 |
| afferent input modulates the chronic hypercapnia-induced increase in respiratory-related central ph/co2 chemosensitivity in the cane toad (bufo marinus). | the goal of this study was to examine the role of respiratory-related afferent input on the chronic hypercapnia (chc)-induced increase in central respiratory-related ph/co2 chemosensitivity in cane toads (bufo marinus). toads were exposed to chc (3.5% co2) for 10 days, following which in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations were used to assess central respiratory-related ph/co2 chemosensitivity. motor output from the vagus nerve root was used as an index of breathing (fictive breathing). olf ... | 2007 | 17210960 |
| arginine vasotocin promotes urea permeability through urea transporter expressed in the toad urinary bladder cells. | we previously isolated a cdna of a urea transporter (bufo ut) from the kidney of the marine toad, bufo marinus, and demonstrated that the bufo ut was specifically localized on the epithelial membrane of the early distal tubules in the kidney and urinary bladder. in the present study, the function of bufo ut was investigated using a xenopus oocytes expression system. further, we examined the effects of arginine vasotocin (avt) on urea transport in isolated cells from the toad urinary bladder. whe ... | 2015 | 17270186 |
| measurements of common iliac arterial blood flow in anurans using doppler ultrasound. | color doppler ultrasonography was used to determine time-average mean velocity and cross-sectional area of the common iliac artery in bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana) and marine toads (bufo marinus). volumetric blood flow and weight-adjusted blood flow measurements were calculated from this data. volumetric flow rates of frogs (31.8 ml/min) and toads (23.6 ml/min) did not differ statistically. however, when flow rates were adjusted for body mass, toads displayed a significantly greater flow rate of ... | 2006 | 17312785 |
| immunolocalization and mrna expression of the epithelial na+ channel alpha-subunit in the kidney and urinary bladder of the marine toad, bufo marinus, under hyperosmotic conditions. | the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (enac) has previously been shown to be involved in the maintenance of body fluid volume and in na(+) absorption across the skin and urinary bladder in amphibians. however, the function and distribution of enac have not been clearly described in amphibian kidney. we therefore cloned the enac alpha-subunit cdna from kidney of the marine toad, bufo marinus. the enac mrna and protein were abundantly expressed in the kidney and in the urinary bladder ... | 2007 | 17333031 |
| the cane toad's (chaunus [bufo] marinus) increasing ability to invade australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model. | invasive species threaten biological diversity throughout the world. understanding the dynamics of their spread is critical to mitigating this threat. in australia, efforts are underway to control the invasive cane toad (chaunus [bufo] marinus). range models based on their native bioclimatic envelope suggest that the cane toad is nearing the end of its invasion phase. however, such models assume a conserved niche between native and invaded regions and the absence of evolution to novel habitats. ... | 2007 | 17389221 |
| two new species of rhabdias (nematoda: rhabdiasidae) from the marine toad, bufo marinus (l.) (lissamphibia: anura: bufonidae), in central america. | two new rhabdias species are described from the lungs of the cane toad bufo marinus (l.) from costa rica and nicaragua. rhabdias alabialis n. sp. differs from other known species of the genus by the remarkable morphology of its head end, i.e., the absence of lips or pseudolabia, the slitlike oral opening, and the triangular shape of the buccal capsule in apical view. rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala n. sp. is identified as a form previously known in central and south america as rhabdias sphaeroceph ... | 2007 | 17436957 |
| mechanisms of calcium sequestration during facilitation at active zones of an amphibian neuromuscular junction. | the calcium transients (delta[ca(2+)](i)) at active zones of amphibian (bufo marinus) motor-nerve terminals that accompany impulses, visualized using a low-affinity calcium indicator injected into the terminal, are described and the pathways of subsequent sequestration of the residual calcium determined, allowing development of a quantitative model of the sequestering processes. blocking the endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump with thapsigargin did not affect delta[ca(2+)](i) for a single impulse ... | 2007 | 17462674 |
| optimisation of handling, activation and assessment procedures for bufo marinus spermatozoa. | in the present study, we investigated handling, activation and assessment procedures for cane toad (bufo marinus) spermatozoa. optimisation of these techniques will facilitate the maintenance of sperm viability during cryopreservation and during in vitro fertilisation (ivf) techniques in reproduction technologies for endangered species. spermatozoa were taken from testicular macerates and assessed using plasma membrane integrity assays (live/dead stains) and quantitative scores of motility param ... | 2007 | 17524305 |
| oxygen-sensitive regulatory volume increase and na transport in red blood cells from the cane toad, bufo marinus. | the red blood cells (rbcs) of cane toad, bufo marinus, are only partially saturated with oxygen in most of the circulation due to cardiac shunts that cause desaturation of arterial blood. the present study examines the oxygen dependency of rbc ouabain-insensitive unidirectional na transport, using 22na, in control cells and in cells exposed to hyperosmotic shrinkage or the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. deoxygenation per se induced a slow, but significant na influx, which was paralleled ... | 2007 | 17575034 |
| pyruvate transport in isolated cardiac mitochondria from two species of amphibian exhibiting dissimilar aerobic scope: bufo marinus and rana catesbeiana. | cardiac mitochondria were isolated from bufo marinus and rana catesbeiana, two species of amphibian whose cardiovascular systems are adapted to either predominantly aerobic or glycolytic modes of locomotion. mitochondrial oxidative capacity was compared using vo2 max and respiratory control ratios in the presence of a variety of substrates including pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and octanoyl-carnitine. b. marinus cardiac mitochondria exhibited vo2 max values twice that o ... | 2007 | 17583564 |
| respiratory physiology of high-altitude anurans: 55 years of research on altitude and oxygen. | in a 1951 paper, perhaps the first one addressing adjustments of respiratory physiology in high-elevation anurans, l.c. stuart tested the hypothesis that hemoglobin values were higher in the high-elevation bufo bocourti than in the low-elevation species bufo marinus. we use stuart's paper as a starting point for a historical review of the field that encompasses the past 55 years. we start with the early search for evidence of physiological adjustments that took place in the 1960s, move to the st ... | 2007 | 17597014 |
| palytoxin acts on na(+),k (+)-atpase but not nongastric h(+),k (+)-atpase. | palytoxin (ptx) opens a pathway for ions to pass through na,k-atpase. we investigate here whether ptx also acts on nongastric h,k-atpases. the following combinations of crna were expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes: bufo marinus bladder h,k-atpase alpha(2)- and na,k-atpase beta(2)-subunits; bufo na,k-atpase alpha(1)- and na,k-atpase beta(2)-subunits; and bufo na,k-atpase beta(2)-subunit alone. the response to ptx was measured after blocking endogenous xenopus na,k-atpase with 10 microm ouabain. ... | 2007 | 17639367 |
| bohle iridovirus as a vector for heterologous gene expression. | the large double-stranded dna (ds dna) viruses were among the first to be used to construct recombinant viruses, but to date this has not been achieved with any members of the ds dna virus family, iridoviridae. we identified a non-essential gene, the viral homologue of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eif-2alpha), in bohle iridovirus (biv, genus ranavirus). a recombinant biv was constructed with the neomycin resistance gene and the bufo marinus (cane toad) adult globin gene inserted into the ... | 2007 | 17904650 |
| checklist of helminth parasites of the cane toad bufo marinus (anura: bufonidae) from mexico. | thirty-four adult cane toads bufo marinus l. (12 males and 22 females) collected from 2 localities in mexico (cerro de oro and temascal dams, oaxaca) in september 2003 were examined for helminth parasites. in total, 14,749 helminths belonging to 14 taxa were collected. included were 2 adult digeneans (choledocystus hepaticus, mesocoelium monas); 1 larval cestode (an unidentified pseudophyllidean); and 11 nematodes, including 3 species of larvae (contracaecum sp., physaloptera sp., physocephalus ... | 2007 | 17918380 |
| invasion, stress, and spinal arthritis in cane toads. | the impact of invasive species on biodiversity has attracted considerable study, but impacts of the invasion process on the invaders themselves remain less clear. invading species encounter conditions different from those in their ancestral habitats and are subject to intense selection for rapid dispersal. the end result may be significant stress on individual organisms, with consequent health problems. our studies on invasive cane toads in australia reveal severe spinal arthritis in approximate ... | 2007 | 17951431 |
| unique role of skeletal muscle contraction in vertical lymph movement in anurans. | electromyographic (emg) activity of skeletal muscles that either insert on the skin or are associated with the margins of subcutaneous lymph sacs was monitored for two species of anurans, chaunus marinus and lithobates catesbeiana (formerly bufo marinus and rana catesbeiana). our hypothesis was that contraction of these muscles varies the volume, and hence pressure, within these lymph sacs, and that this pressure is responsible for moving lymph from ventral, gravitationally dependent reaches of ... | 2007 | 17981860 |
| lung ventilation contributes to vertical lymph movement in anurans. | anurans (frogs and toads) generate lymphatic fluid at 10 times the rate in mammals, largely as a consequence of their very 'leaky' vasculature and high interstitial compliance. lymph is ultimately pumped into the venous system by paired, dorsally located lymph hearts. at present, it is unclear how lymphatic fluid that accumulates in central body subcutaneous lymph sacs is moved to the anterior and posterior lymph hearts in the axillary regions and how lymph is moved, against gravity, to the dors ... | 2007 | 17981861 |
| multiple-organ toxicity resulting from cylindrospermopsin exposure in tadpoles of the cane toad (bufo marinus). | histological examinations were made of cane toad (bufo marinus) tadpoles after exposure to freeze-thawed cylindrospermopsis raciborskii whole cell extracts and live c. raciborskii cultures containing sublethal concentrations of the blue-green algal toxin, cylindrospermopsin (cyn). toxin exposure resulted in tissue injuries to multiple organs, with particular severity noted in the liver, intestine, nephric ducts and gill epithelia. the extent of cellular damage was similar across trials exposing ... | 2007 | 18000853 |
| chronic hypoxic hypercapnia modifies in vivo and in vitro ventilatory chemoreflexes in the cane toad. | previous studies have shown that exposure to chronic hypoxia (ch) and chronic hypercapnia (chc) alone have opposite effects on central respiratory-related ph/co(2) chemosensitivity in the cane toad (bufo marinus). this study examined the effects of chronic hypoxic hypercapnia (chh) on central ph/co(2) chemosensitivity. cane toads were maintained at 10% o(2) and 3.5% co(2) for 10 days. changes in central ph/co(2)-sensitive fictive breathing were measured using in vitro brainstem-spinal cord prepa ... | 2008 | 18068556 |
| [the galli-mainini test with bufo marinus and its use in the clinic in combination with the frank test]. | 1949 | 18148704 | |
| spinal arthropathy associated with ochrobactrum anthropi in free-ranging cane toads (chaunus [bufo] marinus) in australia. | inflammatory or degenerative pathology involving the vertebral bodies and/or ventral intervertebral joints has been described in numerous species, both captive and free ranging, including mammals, birds, and snakes, although never in amphibians. we described 15 cases of a newly recognized spinal arthropathy in adult cane toads (chaunus [bufo] marinus), an invasive species in australia. grossly appreciable lesions consisted primarily of ventral proliferation of bone and cartilage that resulted in ... | 2008 | 18192584 |
| natural and experimental infection of the lizard ameiva ameiva with hemolivia stellata (adeleina: haemogregarinidae) of the toad bufo marinus. | developmental stages of a haemogregarine in erythrocytes of the lizard ameiva ameiva (teiidae), from pará state, north brazil, were shown to be those of hemolivia by the nature of the parasite's sporogonic cycle in the tick amblyomma rotondatum. the type species, hemolivia stellata petit et al., 1990 was described in the giant toad bufo marinus and the tick amblyomma rotondatum, also from pará state, and in view of the fact that a. ameiva and bufo marinus share the same habitat and are both comm ... | 2007 | 18225421 |
| role for the skeletal muscle action potential in non-hebbian long-term depression at the amphibian (bufo marinus) neuromuscular junction. | retrograde signaling from skeletal muscle cells to motor nerve terminals is a recognized mechanism for modulating the strength of neuromuscular transmission. we recently described a form of long-term depression of transmitter release at the mature neuromuscular junction that is dependent on the production of nitric oxide, most likely by the muscle cell (etherington and everett 2004 j physiol (lond) 559:507-517). we now show that the depression is blocked by treating neuromuscular preparations wi ... | 2008 | 18240324 |
| a toad more traveled: the heterogeneous invasion dynamics of cane toads in australia. | to predict the spread of invasive species, we need to understand the mechanisms that underlie their range expansion. assuming random diffusion through homogeneous environments, invasions are expected to progress at a constant rate. however, environmental heterogeneity is expected to alter diffusion rates, especially by slowing invasions as populations encounter suboptimal environmental conditions. here, we examine how environmental and landscape factors affect the local invasion speeds of cane t ... | 2008 | 18271722 |
| abiotic and biotic influences on the dispersal behavior of metamorph cane toads (bufo marinus) in tropical australia. | a mechanistic understanding of factors influencing the dispersal behavior of metamorph cane toads (bufo marinus) has direct conservation relevance in australia. these invasive anurans are toxic to native predators, and if we can predict their distribution across the landscape, we can also predict (and perhaps, manage) the scale of their impact. we propose that the major drivers of metamorph distribution are the risk of dehydration (restricting the young toads to moist substrates near pond margin ... | 2008 | 18288694 |
| a new species of oswaldocruzia (molineidae: nematoda) in chaunus marinus (amphibian: bufonidae) (linneaus, 1758) from brazil. | oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. (strongylida: molineidae) from the small intestine of chaunus marinus (l.) from belém, pará state, brazil is described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. is a neotropical species of this genus, harboring caudal bursa type ii, spicules divided in 3 branches, i.e., a blade, shoe, and fork. the blade is divided in 4 points, of which at least 2 are bifurcated. cervical alae are absent; there is a simple cephalic ... | 2008 | 18372649 |
| ozone exposure affects feeding and locomotor behavior of adult bufo marinus. | ozone (o3), a reactive component of air pollution, depresses feeding and voluntary locomotor behavior in laboratory rodents, but the effects of o3 on amphibian behavior are not known. we evaluated the effects of 4 h of exposure to air or ozone (0.6 microl/l), on two ecologically relevant behaviors of the toad bufo marinus. toads were offered five mealworms at 1, 24, and 48 h after exposure. one hour after exposure, o3-exposed toads ate fewer mealworms than did air-exposed toads (fisher exact tes ... | 2008 | 18419187 |
| the effects of fasting and cold exposure on metabolic rate and mitochondrial proton leak in liver and skeletal muscle of an amphibian, the cane toad bufo marinus. | futile cycling of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane contributes significantly to standard metabolic rate in a variety of ectothermic and endothermic animals, but adaptations of the mitochondrial bioenergetics to different environmental conditions have rarely been studied in ectotherms. changes in ambient temperature and nutritional status have a great effect on the physiological demands of ectothermic amphibians and may require the adjustment of mitochondrial efficiency. in order t ... | 2008 | 18515721 |
| genes induced during the early developmental stages of the cane toad, bufo (chaunus) marinus. | metamorphosis, a critical stage in the development of toads and frogs, involves rapid levels of morphological change. in the current study, we have used microarray analysis to identify shifts in gene expression between tadpole and toadlet stages of the cane toad, bufo (chaunus) marinus. here, we report on nine genes that show the greatest induction during metamorphosis; the gut-associated gastrokine and trefoil factor, blood components haemoglobins alpha/beta, apolipoprotein and serum albumin, a ... | 2008 | 18541458 |
| reid's paradox revisited: the evolution of dispersal kernels during range expansion. | current approaches to modeling range advance assume that the distribution describing dispersal distances in the population (the "dispersal kernel") is a static entity. we argue here that dispersal kernels are in fact highly dynamic during periods of range advance because density effects and spatial assortment by dispersal ability ("spatial selection") drive the evolution of increased dispersal on the expanding front. using a spatially explicit individual-based model, we demonstrate this effect u ... | 2008 | 18554142 |