Publications

molecular characterization of two natural hotspots in the drosophila buzzatii genome induced by transposon insertions.	transposable elements (tes) have been implicated in the generation of genetic rearrangements, but their potential to mediate changes in the organization and architecture of host genomes could be even greater than previously thought. here, we describe the naturally occurring structural and nucleotide variation around two te insertions in the genome of drosophila buzzatii. the studied regions correspond to the breakpoints of a widespread chromosomal inversion generated by ectopic recombination bet ...	0	11483576
plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity and infection rates in children in gabon.	several factors can determine the outcome of a malarial infection. studies on susceptibility or resistance to malarial infection can be confounded by differences in transmission. in the present study, the relationship between vector abundance and plasmodium falciparum infection rate of gabonese children was studied. indoor human bait catches were conducted in the houses of two groups of children, those who had been found earlier to be either frequently (> 3 infections per year) or rarely (< 0.5 ...	2001	11484848
fresh isolates from children with severe plasmodium falciparum malaria bind to multiple receptors.	the sequestration of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (prbc) away from the peripheral circulation is a property of all field isolates. here we have examined the prbc of 111 fresh clinical isolates from children with malaria for a number of adhesive features in order to study their possible coexpression and association with severity of disease. a large number of adhesion assays were performed studying rosetting, giant rosetting, and binding to cd36, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, p ...	2001	11500463
screening of malian medicinal plants for antifungal, larvicidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.	a total of 78 different extracts from 20 medicinal plants belonging to 14 plant families from mali were tested for their antifungal, larvicidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. dichloromethane, methanol, water and ethanol extracts were used. tlc autobiography for antifungal activity was run with cladosporium cucumerinum and candida albicans. extracts were also tested on the larvae of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus. mollusc ...	2001	11507731
gene targeting in mosquito cells: a demonstration of 'knockout' technology in extrachromosomal gene arrays.	gene targeting would offer a number of advantages over current transposon-based strategies for insect transformation. these include freedom from both position effects associated with quasi-random integration and concerns over transgene instability mediated by endogenous transposases, independence from phylogenetic restrictions on transposon mobility and the ability to generate gene knockouts.	2001	11513755
effects of malaria infection on vitellogenesis in anopheles gambiae during two gonotrophic cycles.	we report changes in the abundance of vitellogenin (vg) mrna, and concentration of haemolymph vg and ovarian vitellin (vn) in anopheles gambiae following infection with plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. a parasite-induced reduction in vg mrna abundance was first detected 24 h after feeding on an infective blood meal, when ookinetes were invading the midgut. during a second gonotrophic cycle post-infection, developing oocysts reduced vg mrna abundance by up to 33% and the effect was detected from 2 ...	2001	11520358
a conserved domain in arthropod cuticular proteins binds chitin.	many insect cuticular proteins include a 35-36 amino acid motif known as the r&r consensus. the extensive conservation of this region led to the suggestion that it functions to bind chitin. provocatively, it has no sequence similarity to the well-known cysteine-containing chitin-binding domain found in chitinases and some peritrophic membrane proteins. using fusion proteins expressed in e. coli, we show that an extended form of the r&r consensus from proteins of hard cuticles is necessary and su ...	2001	11520687
meiotic recombination, cross-reactivity, and persistence in plasmodium falciparum.	we incorporate a representation of plasmodium falciparum recombination within a discrete-event model of malaria transmission. we simulate the introduction of a new parasite genotype into a human population in which another genotype has reached equilibrium prevalence and compare the emergence and persistence of the novel recombinant forms under differing cross-reactivity relationships between the genotypes. cross-reactivity between the parental (initial and introduced) genotypes reduces the frequ ...	2001	11525454
effect of bacillus thuringiensis cry1 toxins in insect hemolymph and their neurotoxicity in brain cells of lymantria dispar.	little information is available on the systemic effects of bacillus thuringiensis toxins in the hemocoel of insects. in order to test whether b. thuringiensis-activated toxins elicit a toxic response in the hemocoel, we measured the effect of intrahemocoelic injections of several cry1 toxins on the food intake, growth, and survival of lymantria dispar (lepidoptera) and neobellieria bullata (diptera) larvae. injection of cry1c was highly toxic to the lymantria larvae and resulted in the complete ...	2001	11525986
drosophila euchromatic ltr retrotransposons are much younger than the host species in which they reside.	the recent release of the complete euchromatic genome sequence of drosophila melanogaster offers a unique opportunity to explore the evolutionary history of transposable elements (tes) within the genome of a higher eukaryote. in this report, we describe the annotation and phylogenetic comparison of 178 full-length long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposons from the sequenced component of the d. melanogaster genome. we report the characterization of 17 ltr retrotransposon families described prev ...	0	11544196
when genetic distance matters: measuring genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci in whole-genome scans of recent and incipient mosquito species.	genetic distance measurements are an important tool to differentiate field populations of disease vectors such as the mosquito vectors of malaria. here, we have measured the genetic differentiation between anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae, as well as between proposed emerging species of the latter taxon, in whole genome scans by using 23-25 microsatellite loci. in doing so, we have reviewed and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of standard parameters of genetic distance, f(st) ...	2001	11553812
linear and spatial organization of polytene chromosomes of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus.	anopheles funestus giles is one of the major malaria vectors in africa, but little is known about its genetics. lack of a cytogenetic map characterized by regions has hindered the progress of genetic research with this important species. this study developed a cytogenetic map of an. funestus using ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes. we demonstrate an important application with the cytogenetic map for characterizing various chromosomal inversions for specimens collected from coastal kenya. t ...	2001	11560898
electroantennogram and behavioural responses of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae to human-specific sweat components.	afrotropical malaria vectors of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae), particularly an. gambiae sensu stricto, are attracted mainly to human hosts. a major source of human volatile emissions is sweat, from which key human-specific components are the carboxylic acids (e)- and (z)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid and 7-octenoic acid. electrophysiological studies on the antennae of an. gambiae s.s. showed selective sensitivity to these compounds, with a threshold at 10(-6) g comparable to that ...	2001	11583442
mapping distributions of chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae in west africa using climate data.	the mosquito anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae), the principal vector of malaria in west africa, comprises several chromosomal forms (e.g. bissau, forest, mopti, savanna) associated with climatic zones. here we show how climate data can be used to map the geographical distribution of these chromosomal forms. the climate at 144 sites surveyed for mosquitoes in west africa between 1971 and 92 was determined using computerized climate surfaces. forest and bissau forms occurr ...	2001	11583443
unexpected anthropophagic behaviour in anopheles quadriannulatus.	the strongly anthropophilic behaviour of anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae), the most important malaria vector in africa, has been demonstrated by field and laboratory studies. other members of the an. gambiae complex express varied degrees of anthropophily. anopheles quadriannulatus (theobald) species a and b are more zoophilic members of the complex and hence are considered to be of no medical importance. olfactometer experiments with an. quadriannulatus species a have ...	2001	11583447
identification of a novel class of insect glutathione s-transferases involved in resistance to ddt in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	the sequence and cytological location of five anopheles gambiae glutathione s-transferase (gst) genes are described. three of these genes, aggst1-8, aggst1-9 and aggst1-10, belong to the insect class i family and are located on chromosome 2r, in close proximity to previously described members of this gene family. the remaining two genes, aggst3-1 and aggst3-2, have a low sequence similarity to either of the two previously recognized classes of insect gsts and this prompted a re-evaluation of the ...	2001	11583575
differential behaviour of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) to human and cow odours in the laboratory.	a dual port olfactometer was used to study the response of anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto to odours of human and animal origin. human odour consisted of human skin emanations collected on a nylon stocking, which was worn for 24 h. this was tested alone or together with 4.5% carbon dioxide, the concentration in human and cattle breath. cattle odours consisted of cow skin emanations and/or carbon dioxide. cow skin emanations were collected by tying a nylon stocking ('cow sock') around the h ...	2001	11587625
tsetse immune responses and trypanosome transmission: implications for the development of tsetse-based strategies to reduce trypanosomiasis.	tsetse flies are the medically and agriculturally important vectors of african trypanosomes. information on the molecular and biochemical nature of the tsetse/trypanosome interaction is lacking. here we describe three antimicrobial peptide genes, attacin, defensin, and diptericin, from tsetse fat body tissue obtained by subtractive cloning after immune stimulation with escherichia coli and trypanosomes. differential regulation of these genes shows the tsetse immune system can discriminate not on ...	2001	11592981
tackling the most difficult diseases. genetics and genomics open new strategies to fight vector-borne diseases.		0	11600446
the crystal structures of glutathione s-transferases isozymes 1-3 and 1-4 from anopheles dirus species b.	glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are dimeric proteins that play an important role in cellular detoxification. four gsts from the mosquito anopheles dirus species b (ad), an important malaria vector in south east asia, are produced by alternate splicing of a single transcription product and were previously shown to have detoxifying activity towards pesticides such as ddt. we have determined the crystal structures for two of these alternatively spliced proteins, adgst1-3 (complexed with glutathio ...	2001	11604524
genome-wide analysis of the drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays.	to identify new drosophila genes involved in the immune response, we monitored the gene expression profile of adult flies in response to microbial infection by using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays encompassing nearly the full drosophila genome. of 13,197 genes tested, we have characterized 230 induced and 170 repressed by microbial infection, most of which had not previously been associated with the immune response. many of these genes can be assigned to specific aspects of the immune ...	2001	11606746
gambicin: a novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	a novel mosquito antimicrobial peptide, gambicin, and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-pcr, an expressed sequence tag (est) project, and characterization of an antimicrobial activity in a mosquito cell line by reverse-phase chromatography. the 616-bp gambicin orf encodes an 81-residue protein that is processed and secreted as a 61-aa mature peptide containing eight cysteines engaged in four disulfide bridges. gambicin lacks sequence homology with othe ...	2001	11606751
rural bancroftian filariasis in north-western cameroon: parasitological and clinical studies.	a cross-sectional epidemiological, parasitological and clinical survey of bancroftian filarieasis was conducted in the rural north-western republic of cameroon. of the 1020 respondents (622 males and 398 females) randomly drawn from 4 ethnically homogeneous communities, 148 were microfilaraemic giving an overall prevalence of 14.5%. association between the ages of individuals and the prevalence of microfilaria (mf) in peripheral circulation was statistically significant (chi 2(6) = 12.59, p < 0. ...	2000	11668936
various levels of cross-resistance to bacillus sphaericus strains in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) colonies resistant to b. sphaericus strain 2362.	we studied the cross-resistance to three highly toxic bacillus sphaericus strains, iab-59 (serotype h6), iab-881 (serotype h3), and iab-872 (serotype h48), of four colonies of the culex pipiens complex resistant to b. sphaericus 2362 and 1593, both of which are serotype h5a5b strains. two field-selected highly resistant colonies originating from india (kochi, 17,000-fold resistance) and france (sphae, 23,000-fold resistance) and a highly resistant laboratory-selected colony from california (geor ...	2001	11679325
targeting plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library.	despite vast efforts and expenditures in the past few decades, malaria continues to kill millions of persons every year, and new approaches for disease control are urgently needed. to complete its life cycle in the mosquito, plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to traverse the epithelia of the midgut and salivary glands. although strong circumstantial evidence indicates that parasite interactions with the two organs are specific, hardly any information is available about the interacti ...	2001	11687659
the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations.	a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ...	2001	11706651
cyt1aa from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is toxic to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, and synergizes the activity of cry1ac towards a resistant strain.	the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cytolytic protein cyt1aa was found to be toxic to an insecticide-susceptible laboratory population of plutella xylostella. cry1ac-resistant populations of p. xylostella showed various degrees of resistance to cyt1aa. cyt1aa/cry1ac mixtures showed a marked level of synergism in the cry1ac-resistant populations.	2001	11722947
candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae and evidence of down-regulation in response to blood feeding.	olfaction plays a major role in host preference and blood feeding, integral behaviors for disease transmission by the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (henceforth a. gambiae). we have identified four genes encoding candidate odorant receptors from a. gambiae that are selectively expressed in olfactory organs, contain approximately seven transmembrane domains, and show significant similarity to several putative odorant receptors in drosophila melanogaster. furthermore, one ...	2001	11724964
a beta-1,3-glucan binding protein from the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon.	a beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (gbp) has been isolated from a shrimp hemocyte cdna library. its open reading frame consists of 1314 nucleotides with a polyadenylated sequence and a poly a tail. it encodes a polypeptide of 370 amino acids including a 17 amino acid-signal peptide. the mature protein has an estimated molecular mass of 39.5 kda and a predicted pi of 5.5. sequence comparison shows a high degree of similarity to invertebrate recognition proteins with glucanase-like domains for exam ...	2002	11755673
effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission in the gambia.	the effect of zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission has not been studied on the african continent despite that the world health organization has recommended this intervention method since 1982. the effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria vector abundance, mosquito feeding preferences, and infectivity was studied in an area of moderate seasonal transmission in the gambia. a paired cohort of 204 children <7 yr of age was selected and matched in groups for presence or absence of cattle (bos ta ...	2001	11761380
innate preference for host-odor blends modulates degree of anthropophagy of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae).	in field studies, anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto obtains most blood meals from humans, whereas anopheles quadriannulatus theobald bites predominantly bovids. we investigated whether host odors modulate the host preference of these mosquito species. in a dual-choice olfactometer, mosquitoes were given a choice between clean air and putative host-specific odor blends. an. gambiae chose 'human odor' over clean air and clean air over cow odor.' although anopheles quadriannulatus did not choos ...	2001	11761386
a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ...	2002	11779831
cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination between anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis larval karyotypes.	examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. a discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the an. gambiae mopti 2rbc/bc karyotype from mali could be separated from the forest 2la/a karyotype from liberia in > 80% of cases. similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of anopheles arabiensi ...	2001	11784439
the distribution of two major malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, in nigeria.	the distribution of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south) was investigated. results of the present study were compared to the distributions determined from samples of indoor-resting females reported by an earlier study over 20 years ago. larvae were sampled in the rainy seasons of 1997 and 1999 from 24 localities, 10 of which were sampled in both years. specimens were identified by th ...	2001	11784926
visual arrestins in olfactory pathways of drosophila and the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae.	arrestins are important components for desensitization of g protein-coupled receptor cascades that mediate neurotransmission as well as olfactory and visual sensory reception. we have isolated agarr1, an arrestin-encoding cdna from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae, where olfaction is critical for vectorial capacity. analysis of agarr1 expression revealed an overlap between chemosensory and photoreceptor neurons. furthermore, an examination of previously identified arrestins from dr ...	2002	11792843
a sensitive and rapid assay for homologous recombination in mosquito cells: impact of vector topology and implications for gene targeting.	recent progress in insect transgenesis has been dramatic but existing transposon-based approaches are constrained by position effects and potential instability. gene targeting would bring a number of benefits, however progress requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. much can be learned in vitro since extrachromosomal recombination occurs at high frequency, facilitating the study of multiple events and the impact of structural changes among the recombining molecules. we have i ...	2001	11801182
structure and evolution of mtanga, a retrotransposon actively expressed on the y chromosome of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	here we report the discovery of a novel family of long terminal repeat (ltr)-retrotransposons designated mtanga-y, specific to the y chromosome of the african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. mtanga-y elements represent the first y-linked sequences and the first members of the ty1-copia superfamily of retrotransposons described from this mosquito. analysis of a full-length 4,284-bp element revealed the presence of two intact overlapping open reading frames bounded by ltrs of 119 bp. evidence s ...	2002	11801743
platelet-activating-factor-hydrolyzing phospholipase c in the salivary glands and saliva of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus.	a phospholipase c activity specific for platelet-activating factor (paf), named paf phosphorylcholine hydrolase, was found in the salivary glands and saliva of the human-feeding mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. the enzymatic activity was demonstrated by inhibition of paf-induced platelet aggregation, and by identification of substrate consumption and production of diacyl glyceride by electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry. the activity has a neutral optimal ph and an apparent molecular mass o ...	2001	11807106
age of anopheles gambiae giles male mosquitoes at time of mating influences female oviposition.	female anopheles gambiae were more likely to oviposit when they mated with males that were two days old than when they mated with older males. the females' age at the time of mating and blood feeding did not influence ovipositional patterns. females were no less likely to oviposit when they mated after blood feeding and maturing eggs. sperm were present in the seminal vesicles of males 28 hours after eclosion, and their accessory glands were replete by 76-100 hours. the mean life span of sucrose ...	2001	11813657
molecular characterisation and chromosomal mapping of transcripts having tissue-specific expression in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae: possible involvement in visual or olfactory processes.	we have compared the transcriptional activity of heads, antennae + palps, and carcasses in the mosquito anopheles gambiae by means of differential display pcr (dd-pcr). three transcripts specifically or preferentially expressed in the heads and in the antennae + palps have been selected. all are very similar to genes related to visual and olfactory mechanisms of several different organisms. they have been named ag arrestin, ag rldl, and ag dynamin. the potential of the dd-pcr technique in identi ...	2002	11822731
dissecting the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in a malaria-vector mosquito.		2002	11830653
satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria.	more than 30 years ago, human beings looked back from the moon to see the magnificent spectacle of earth-rise. the technology that put us into space has since been used to assess the damage we are doing to our natural environment and is now being harnessed to monitor and predict diseases through space and time. satellite sensor data promise the development of early-warning systems for diseases such as malaria, which kills between 1 and 2 million people each year.	2002	11832960
what's buzzing? mosquito genomics and transgenic mosquitoes.	genome projects and associated technologies are now being established for mosquito species that are vectors of human disease. the recent announcement of an award by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid) to celera genomics to sequence the anopheles gambiae genome will further accelerate the completion of the sequencing of this genome. completion of the an. gambiae sequence will mean that the genomes of all three organisms involved in the transmission of falciparum mala ...	2002	11835673
evidence for genetic differentiation between the molecular forms m and s within the forest chromosomal form of anopheles gambiae in an area of sympatry.	we studied genetic variation at ten microsatellite dna loci in anopheles gambiae populations from the forest chromosomal form collected in four villages in cameroon (central africa). both recently described m and s molecular forms occur in sympatry in this area. geographic differentiation within form was low (fst < 0.017) despite geographical distance between collection sites ranging from 35 to 350 km. however, higher (fst > 0.035) and statistically significant levels of genetic differentiation ...	2002	11841498
a cluster of four d7-related genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	four genes expressed in the anopheles gambiae adult female salivary glands and similar in sequence to the aedes aegypti d7 gene were identified. the genes, called d7-related (d7r), are included in a single cluster encompassing approximately six kilobases on chromosome arm 3r. the deduced proteins contain secretory signals and they are probably injected by the mosquito into the host with the saliva during blood feeding. the region of similarity to d7 encompasses the carboxy-terminal part of the a ...	2002	11841502
characterization of a unique human single-chain antibody isolated by phage-display selection on membrane-bound mosquito midgut antigens.	the insect midgut is the primary site for food digestion, as well as for vector-borne pathogen infection into the invertebrate host. accordingly, antigens of this critical insect organ are targets for anti-vector vaccines, insecticidal toxins, and transmission-blocking vaccines. we used midgut proteins of the african malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae to select single-chain human antibody fragments (scfv) from a high-diversity, phage-displayed library. using a phage-display selection meth ...	2002	11861067
thioredoxin-2 but not thioredoxin-1 is a substrate of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 from drosophila melanogaster: isolation and characterization of a second thioredoxin in d. melanogaster and evidence for distinct biological functions of trx-1 and trx-2.	as drosophila melanogaster does not contain glutathione reductase, the thioredoxin system has a key function for glutathione disulfide reduction in insects (kanzok, s. m., fechner, a., bauer, h., ulschmid, j. k., müller, h. m., botella-munoz, j., schneuwly, s., schirmer, r. h., and becker, k. (2001) science 291, 643-646). in view of these unique conditions, the protein systems participating in peroxide metabolism and in redox signaling are of special interest. the genes for a second thioredoxin ...	2002	11877442
aedes aegypti transducing densovirus pathogenesis and expression in aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae larvae.	aedes aegypti densovirus (aednv) is a small dna virus that has been developed into an expression and transducing vector for mosquitoes [afanasiev et al. (1994) exp parasitol 79: 322-339; afanasiev et al. (1999) virology 257: 62-72; carlson et al. (2000) insect transgenesis: methods and applications (handler, a.m. & james, a.a., eds), pp. 139-159. crc press, boca raton]. virions carrying a recombinant genome expressing the gfp gene were used to characterize the pathogenesis of the virus in 255 in ...	2001	11881803
population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis across nigeria suggests range expansion.	ten microsatellite loci, four located within and six outside chromosome inversions, were employed to study the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savannah in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south). regardless of location within or outside inversions, genetic variability at all loci was characterized by a reduction in both the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity from savannah to forest. across all loci, all but one ...	2001	11883874
synergistic interaction between two cockroach sodium channel mutations and a tobacco budworm sodium channel mutation in reducing channel sensitivity to a pyrethroid insecticide.	pyrethroid insecticide resistance due to reduced nerve sensitivity, known as knockdown resistance (kdr or kdr-type), is linked to multiple point mutations in the para-homologous sodium channel genes. previously we demonstrated that two mutations (e434k and c764r) in the german cockroach sodium channel greatly enhanced the ability of the l993f mutation (a known kdr -type mutation) to reduce sodium channel sensitivity to deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide. neither e434k nor c764r alone, howeve ...	2002	11886774
novel sodium channel gene mutations in blattella germanica reduce the sensitivity of expressed channels to deltamethrin.	pyrethroid insecticides alter the normal gating of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. three sodium channel mutations (e434k, c764r, l993f) were recently identified in pyrethroid resistant german cockroach populations. in this report, we show that the l993f mutation decreased sodium channel sensitivity to the pyrethroid, deltamethrin, by five-fold in xenopus oocytes. in contrast, neither e434k nor c764r alone decreased channel sensitivity to deltamethrin. however, e434k or c764r ...	0	11886779
molecular analysis of the gene encoding a novel chitin-binding protease from alteromonas sp. strain o-7 and its role in the chitinolytic system.	alteromonas sp. strain o-7 secretes several proteins in response to chitin induction. we have found that one of these proteins, designated apriv, is a novel chitin-binding protease involved in chitinolytic activity. the gene encoding apriv (apriv) was cloned in escherichia coli. dna sequencing analysis revealed that the open reading frame of apriv encoded a protein of 547 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 57,104 da. apriv is a modular enzyme consisting of five domains: the signal s ...	2002	11889092
cloning and molecular characterization of two mosquito iron regulatory proteins.	iron regulatory proteins (irps) control the synthesis of various proteins at the translational level by binding to iron responsive elements (ires) in the mrnas. iron, infection, and stress can alter irp/ire binding activity. insect messenger rnas for ferritin and succinate dehydrogenase subunit b have ires that are active translational control sites. we have cloned and sequenced cdnas encoding proteins from the irp1 family for the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. both deduced ami ...	2002	11891134
genetic differentiation of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae across nigeria suggests that selection limits gene flow.	gene flow was investigated in anopheles gambiae from eight localities that span the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna zones in the north gradually turn into humid forest zones in the south). genetic differentiation was measured over 10 microsatellite loci and, to determine any effects of selection, five loci were located within chromosome inversions and the other five were outside inversions. over all loci, the largest estimates of differentiation were in comparisons between localities i ...	2001	11903560
germline transformation of the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, with the piggybac transposable element.	germline transformation of the major african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, was achieved using the piggybac transposable element marked with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) injected into mosquito embryos. two g1 generation male mosquitoes expressing egfp were identified among 34 143 larvae screened. genomic southern data and sequencing of the piggybac insertion boundaries showed that these two males arose from one piggybac insertion event in the injected g0 embryos. genetic cro ...	2001	11903629
developmental variation in epidermal growth factor receptor size and localization in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	the ager gene encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae was cloned and sequenced. it represents a canonical member of this family of tyrosine kinase proteins exhibiting many similarities to orthologues from other species, both on the level of genomic organization and protein structure. the mrna can be detected throughout development. western analysis with an antibody raised against the extracellular domain of the mosquito protein suggests deve ...	2001	11903632
[chromosomal polymorphism of populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from reunion island and cross-fertility among continental african populations].	cytological examination of a sample of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes from reunion island revealed the presence of an. arabiensis only. chromosomal polymorphisms were observed only for inversion 3ra, the standard homozygote form being predominant. cross-mating experiments with laboratory specimens originating from continental africa produced viable and fertile offspring with no chromosomal asynapsis observed in the f1 female progeny. there was no evidence for speciation of the reunion isla ...	2001	11921546
high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon.	a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ...	2002	11931035
density-dependent development of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats.	the growth and development of anopheles gambiae giles larvae were studied in artificial habitats in western kenya. larvae responded to increasing densities by extending their development time and by emerging as smaller adults, although survival was not significantly affected. addition of nutrients in the form of cow dung collected near the study site had no impact on larval growth and development. regression analysis showed that female development time increased by 0.020 d and female dry mass de ...	2002	11931252
spatial and habitat distribution of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in banambani village, mali.	we studied the larval distribution and composition of anopheles arabiensis patton, an. gambiae s.s. giles, and its forms, among local habitats; and their association with the adults between these habitats in banambani village, mali during the mid-rainy seasons of 1997-1999. for species and form identification we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and pcr-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp). differences among species in the distribution of larvae were observed in 1998, but not in 19 ...	2002	11931274
melanization of plasmodium falciparum and c-25 sephadex beads by field-caught anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) from southern tanzania.	the melanization responses of field-captured anopheles gambiae s.l. toward oocysts of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum or negatively charged (c-25) sephadex beads were determined. only two of 431 infected mosquitoes harboured melanized oocysts. however, 90% of field-captured mosquitoes melanized c-25 sephadex beads. the effects of age, glucose concentration and blood meal on the melanization response of an an gambiae s.s. laboratory colony toward c-25 beads were also assayed. all newly ...	2002	11931276
integrated approach to malaria control.	malaria draws global attention in a cyclic manner, with interest and associated financing waxing and waning according to political and humanitarian concerns. currently we are on an upswing, which should be carefully developed. malaria parasites have been eliminated from europe and north america through the use of residual insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics; however, in many tropical and some temperate areas the incidence of disease is increasing dramati ...	2002	11932233
annotated expressed sequence tags and cdna microarrays for studies of brain and behavior in the honey bee.	to accelerate the molecular analysis of behavior in the honey bee (apis mellifera), we created expressed sequence tag (est) and cdna microarray resources for the bee brain. over 20,000 cdna clones were partially sequenced from a normalized (and subsequently subtracted) library generated from adult a. mellifera brains. these sequences were processed to identify 15,311 high-quality ests representing 8912 putative transcripts. putative transcripts were functionally annotated (using the gene ontolog ...	0	11932240
[cloning and sequence analysis of full-length trypsin cdna of culex pipiens pallens].	the expression difference of trypsin gene between deltamethrin-resistant strain and -susceptible strain of culex pipiens pallens was further investigated, and the results showed that the expression of trypsin gene were respectively 4.3 and 3.9 fold more in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain, by reverse northern blot and northern blot assays. a full-length trypsin cdna of 909 base pairs (genbank/ncbi ay034060) with an open reading frame of 786 base pairs was cloned from the const ...	2002	11958130
comparative insecticidal power of three pyrethroids on netting.	adult mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae giles and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), were exposed for 3 min to replicate samples of polyester netting cut from replicate bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide formulations at the recommended concentration (alphacypermethrin sc at 40mg ai/m2; cyfluthrin ew at 50 mg ai/m2; deltamethrin wt at 25 mg ai/m2), or treated with only a quarter of those dosages. after 4 months domestic use of the bednets in malawi, chemical assays showed that ...	2002	11963974
male size does not affect mating success (of anopheles gambiae in são tomé).	for malaria control, the utility of transgenic vector anopheles mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) refractory to plasmodium transmission, will depend on their interbreeding with the wild vector population. in many species, larger males are more successful in obtaining mates. in são tomé island, we determined that size did not affect mating success of male anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto, the main malaria vector in tropical africa. also we showed that larval intraspecific competition is probab ...	2002	11963975
a simple method for calculating mosquito mortality rates, correcting for seasonal variations in recruitment.	a simple age-structured exponential growth model is presented for the analysis of the population dynamics of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). in this model, the proportion of parous mosquitoes r depends on the birth rate beta, and the length of the first gonotrophic cycle g, but not on the mortality rate. if the age structure is fairly constant, r = exp(- betag). extensions of the model correcting for feeding patterns are given. a simple method is applied to an example of anopheles gambiae giles ...	2002	11963978
development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling afrotropical malaria vectors.	an exposure-free bednet trap (the 'mbita trap') for sampling of afrotropical malaria vectors was developed during preliminary studies of mosquito behaviour around human-occupied bednets. its mosquito sampling efficiency was compared to the cdc miniature light-trap and human landing catches under semi-field conditions in a screen-walled greenhouse using laboratory-reared anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae). when compared in a competitive manner (side by side), the mbita tra ...	2002	11963983
l-lactic acid: a human-signifying host cue for the anthropophilic mosquito anopheles gambiae.	using a dual-choice olfactometer, the role of l-lactic acid was investigated in relation to host-seeking and selection by female anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in a y-tube bioassay. l-lactic acid alone was not attractive, but it significantly augmented the attractiveness of co2, skin odour and skin-rubbing extracts from humans and other vertebrates. comparing the left and right index fingers of the same person, one could be made more attractive than the oth ...	2002	11963986
isolation of cdna clones encoding putative odourant binding proteins from the antennae of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	one way of controlling disease transmission by blood-feeding mosquitoes is to reduce the frequency of insect-host interaction, thus reducing the probability of parasite transmission and re-infection. a better understanding of the olfactory processes responsible for allowing mosquitoes to identify human hosts is required in order to develop methods that will interfere with host seeking. we have therefore initiated a molecular approach to isolate and characterize the genes and their products that ...	2002	11966877
the d7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera.	the d7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. although d7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. in the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel d7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-o ...	2002	11966880
leveraging genomic databases: from an aedes albopictus mosquito cell line to the malaria vector anopheles gambiae via the drosophila genome project.	an important justification for genome sequencing efforts is the anticipation that data from model organisms will provide a framework for the more rapid analysis of other, less studied genomes. in this investigation, we sequenced an internal region of 25 amino acids from a 52 kda protein that was differentially expressed in 20-hydroxyecdysone-treated aedes albopictus cells in culture. within the genbank non-mouse and non-human expressed sequence tag (est) database, this "aedes peptide" uncovered ...	2002	11966884
screening the fruitfly immune system.	the anti-microbial defense system of drosophila shows functional similarities with the vertebrate innate immune system. two recent gene-expression profiling studies of fruitflies challenged with infectious agents have identified key molecular players in the fruitfly's response to bacterial and fungal infection, as well as a large number of immune-regulated genes with unknown immunological function.	2002	11983063
loss of the membrane anchor of the target receptor is a mechanism of bioinsecticide resistance.	the mosquitocidal activity of bacillus sphaericus is because of a binary toxin (bin), which binds to culex pipiens maltase 1 (cpm1), an alpha-glucosidase present in the midgut of culex pipiens larvae. in this work, we studied the molecular basis of the resistance to bin developed by a strain (geo) of c. pipiens. immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization experiments showed that cpm1 was undetectable in the midgut of geo larvae, although the gene was correctly transcribed. the sequence of the ...	2002	11983886
dynamics of the malaria-vector populations in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria.	an entomological study was carried out in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria, to explore the role of anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. moucheti in the transmission of plasmodium falciparum in this holo-endemic area. mosquitoes were caught, on human bait at night and by pyrethrum-spray catches during the day, twice a month throughout 2000. of the 1812 anopheles mosquitoes collected, an. gambiae s.l., the predominant vector species, represented 78.7% while the other 21.3% were an. moucheti. the res ...	2002	11989536
genomics and global health.		0	11991895
an isolate of bacillus circulans toxic to mosquito larvae.	a new strain of bacillus circulans isolated from a larva of culex quinquefasciatus showed larvicidal activity on 3 mosquitoes of medical importance. compared to bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, this b. circulans isolate proved less toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae but was 107 times more toxic to aedes aegypti. moreover, in comparison to other studies, b. circulans was at least as pathogenic as b. thuringiensis var. israelensis in ae. aegypti. the tests have showed that the tox ...	2002	11998934
[dynamics of malaria transmission in kafiné, a rice growing village in a humid savannah area of côte d'ivoire].	a study on malaria transmission based on samples of mosquitoes caught on human subjects was conducted from february to august 1995 in the rice growing area of kafine, a village located in the niakaramandougou district of northern côte d'ivoire. the village is surrounded by 117,500 acres of rice fields. irrigation is sub-permanent in the rice field and harvests number two a year. during the 6 months of the study, 12.353 mosquitoes were caught. the average biting rate was 118.8 bites per man per n ...	2002	12012955
how reliable are light traps in estimating biting rates of adult anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in the presence of treated bed nets?	the sampling efficiency of light trap catches relative to human bait catches in estimating biting rates of the mosquito anopheles gambiae giles was investigated in two types of community in southern sierra leone: (i) where most of the inhabitants slept under treated bed nets; and (ii) where most of the inhabitants slept without bed nets. the number of female a. gambiae mosquitoes caught in these communities by light trap was strongly correlated (r > or = 0.72) with those from corresponding human ...	2002	12020364
the paradoxical population genetics of plasmodium falciparum.	among the leading causes of death in african children is cerebral malaria caused by the parasitic protozoan plasmodium falciparum. endemic forms of this disease are thought to have originated in central africa 5000-10000 years ago, coincident with the innovation of slash-and-burn agriculture and the diversification of the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquito vectors. population genetic studies of p. falciparum have yielded conflicting results. some evidence suggests that today's population incl ...	2002	12036741
fourfold faster rate of genome rearrangement in nematodes than in drosophila.	we compared the genome of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans to 13% of that of caenorhabditis briggsae, identifying 252 conserved segments along their chromosomes. we detected 517 chromosomal rearrangements, with the ratio of translocations to inversions to transpositions being approximately 1:1:2. we estimate that the species diverged 50-120 million years ago, and that since then there have been 4030 rearrangements between their whole genomes. our estimate of the rearrangement rate, 0.4-1.0 ch ...	0	12045140
a cluster of candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	olfaction is critical to the host preference selection behavior of many disease-transmitting insects, including the mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (hereafter a. gambiae), one of the major vectors for human malaria. in order to more fully understand the molecular biology of olfaction in this insect, we have previously identified several members member of a family of candidate odorant receptor proteins from a. gambiae (agors). here we report the cloning and characterization of an additio ...	2002	12052782
recombinational telomere elongation promoted by dna circles.	yeast mutants lacking telomerase are capable of maintaining telomeres by an alternate mechanism that depends on homologous recombination. we show here, by using kluyveromyces lactis cells containing two types of telomeric repeats, that recombinational telomere elongation generates a repeating pattern common in most or all telomeres in survivors that retain both repeat types. we propose that these patterns arise from small circles of telomeric dna being used as templates for rolling-circle gene c ...	2002	12052861
short-range attractiveness of pregnant women to anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.	malaria is a major cause of illness and an indirect cause of mortality in pregnant women. it can also cause stillbirths and low-birthweight babies. we have shown previously that pregnant women attracted twice as many anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the principal african malaria vector, as their non-pregnant counterparts over distances of about 15 m. in the current study (in 1998/99) we compared the short-range attractiveness of both pregnant and non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets ...	2002	12055794
a theoretical approach to predicting the success of genetic manipulation of malaria mosquitoes in malaria control.	mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to better encapsulate the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum are being considered as a possible tool in the control of malaria. hopes for this have been raised with the identification of genes involved in the encapsulation response and with advances in the tools required to transform mosquitoes. however, we have only very little understanding of the conditions that would allow such genes to spread in natural populations.	2002	12057019
comparative genomic analysis in the region of a major plasmodium-refractoriness locus of anopheles gambiae.	we have sequenced six overlapping clones from a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones derived from a laboratory strain of the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in africa. the resulting uninterrupted 528-kb sequence is from the 8c region of the mosquito 2r chromosome, at or very near the major refractoriness locus associated with melanotic encapsulation of parasites. this sequence represents the first extensive view of the mosquito genome structure e ...	2002	12060762
bifenthrin: a useful pyrethroid insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets.	bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide already used in agriculture was evaluated in laboratory conditions against susceptible and pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes, as a potential insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets. two laboratory strains of anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, the major malaria vector in africa, and two of culex quinquefasciatus say, a major pest mosquito in urban areas, were used. compared with other pyrethroids such as permethrin and deltamethrin, the intrinsic toxicity of bifen ...	2002	12061451
mating alters the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes were analyzed before and after they mated. in an. gambiae, the proportions of the two cuticular hydrocarbon components, n-heneicosane and n-tricosane, were significantly reduced as the female aged and after it mated. there were no changes in the hydrocarbon composition of males after they mated. hydrocarbon extracts from mated and unmated an. gambiae females as well as those from males ca ...	2002	12061454
novel cdnas encoding salivary proteins from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	several genes encoding salivary components of the mosquito anopheles gambiae were identified using a selective trapping approach. among these, five corresponded to genes expressed specifically in female glands and their role may possibly be linked to blood-feeding. our collection included a fourth member of the d7 protein family and two polypeptides that showed weak similarity to anti-coagulants from distantly related species. moreover, we identified two additional members of a novel group of pr ...	2002	12062411
design and activity of antimicrobial peptides against sporogonic-stage parasites causing murine malarias.	insects produce several types of peptides to combat a broad spectrum of invasive pathogenic microbes, including protozoans. however, despite this defense response, infections are often established. our aim was to design novel peptides that produce high rates of mortality among protozoa of the genus plasmodium, the malaria parasites. using existing antimicrobial peptide sequences as templates, we designed and synthesized three short novel hybrids, designated vida1 to vida3. each has a slightly di ...	2002	12069961
the lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein gene is upregulated in white spot virus-infected shrimp (penaeus stylirostris).	pattern recognition proteins such as lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) play an important role in the innate immune response of crustaceans and insects. random sequencing of cdna clones from a hepatopancreas cdna library of white spot virus (wsv)-infected shrimp provided a partial cdna (psest-289) that showed similarity to the lgbp gene of crayfish and insects. subsequently full-length cdna was cloned by the 5'-race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) technique and sequ ...	2002	12072514
genome expression analysis of anopheles gambiae: responses to injury, bacterial challenge, and malaria infection.	the complex gene expression responses of anopheles gambiae to microbial and malaria challenges, injury, and oxidative stress (in the mosquito and/or a cultured cell line) were surveyed by using cdna microarrays constructed from an est-clone collection. the expression profiles were broadly subdivided into induced and down-regulated gene clusters. gram+ and gram- bacteria and microbial elicitors up-regulated a diverse set of genes, many belonging to the immunity class, and the response to malaria ...	2002	12077297
the impact of genomics on global health.	ensuring that advances in genomics are applied to the health improvement of people living in developing countries is an important contemporary challenge. in the near term, such advances are likely to alleviate infectious diseases, with longer-term benefits envisaged for chronic disorders. to ensure that benefits are shared by developing countries, attention must be paid to complex ethical, legal, social, and economic issues, as well as to public education and engagement. creative and equitable i ...	0	12084683
extent of digestion affects the success of amplifying human dna from blood meals of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae).	the success of distinguishing blood meal sources of anopheles gambiae giles through deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) profiling was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification at the tc-11 and vwa human short tandem repeats (str) loci. blood meal size and locus had no significant effect on the success of amplifying human dna from blood meals digested for 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h (p = 0.85 and 0.26 respectively). however, logistic regression found a significant negative relationship betw ...	2002	12088540
cultivation of clinically significant hemoflagellates.	the hemoflagellates, trypanosoma spp. and leishmania spp., are causal agents of a number of parasitic diseases having a major impact on humans and domestic animals over vast areas of the globe. among the diseases are some of the most pernicious and deadly of human afflictions: african sleeping sickness, chagas' disease, kala-azar, and oriental sore. the organisms have complex, pleomorphic life cycles typically involving a vertebrate and an invertebrate host, the latter serving as a vector. in th ...	2002	12097246
plasmodium vivax blood-stage dynamics.	we examine the dynamics of parasitemia and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 221 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the st. elizabeth strain of plasmodium vivax, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 109 charts for which 15 or more days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed an average 98% of the duration of each infection. our approximations of merogony cycles (via "local peaks" in parasitemia) seldom fit patterns that correspond ...	2002	12099421
landing responses of anopheles gambiae elicited by oxocarboxylic acids.	a wind tunnel bioassay and video system were used to observe anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) landing on glass cylinders, heated to human skin temperature (34 degrees c) and treated with aqueous solutions of oxocarboxylic acids. six of nine compounds tested: 2-oxobutanoic, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic, 2-oxopentanoic, 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic, 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic and 2-oxohexanoic elicited significant landing responses in comparison to a water control. landing responses ap ...	2002	12109705
host selection by anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus feeding on cattle in zimbabwe.	in the zambezi valley, mosquito females of the anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from a hut containing pairs of cattle distinguishable by known dna markers. dna was extracted from the blood-fed mosquito abdomens and primer sets for ungulate and mosquito dna loci were used to identify the mosquito sibling species and individual host source(s) of their bloodmeals. the 67 mosquitoes comprised a mixture of an. arabiensis patton (31%) and an. quadriannulatus theobald ...	2002	12109716
pcr assay for identification of anopheles quadriannulatus species b from ethiopia and other sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex.	sibling species a and b of anopheles quadriannulatus (theobald) are recognized as allopatric members of the anopheles gambiae giles complex of afrotropical mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). species a represents an. quadriannulatus sensu stricto, widespread in southern africa, whereas an. quadriannulatus species b occurs in ethiopia. because of difficulty of identification, distribution of an. quadriannulatus sensu lato remains poorly known. cytotaxonomy and the standard dna polymerase chain react ...	2002	12109717
endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase, an enzyme involved in processing of free oligosaccharides in the cytosol.	formation of oligosaccharides occurs both in the cytosol and in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (er). luminal oligosaccharides are transported into the cytosol to ensure that they do not interfere with proper functioning of the glycan-dependent quality control machinery in the lumen of the er for newly synthesized glycoproteins. once in the cytosol, free oligosaccharides are catabolized, possibly to maximize the reutilization of the component sugars. an endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase ( ...	2002	12114544