Publications

cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hiv-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms: relation to diagnosis and prognosis.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cell differentials and t-lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed in 95 hiv-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms to determine whether the type of cellular inflammatory response could be useful in diagnosis or as a prognostic marker. patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) had more bal fluid lymphocytes, mainly comprising cd8+ cells, and patients with bacterial infection had more neutrophils than other patients. neither of these changes were mirrored in ...	1991	1863404
[evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia in patients at risk].	bronchoalveolar washout was performed in 130 patients with pneumonia during a period of 28 months. microbiological investigation involved common bacteria, legionella, fungi, viruses (cytomegalovirus, herpes, rsv), mycobacterium, and pneumocystis carinii. infection hiv was present in 75% of patients. the remaining patients had malignant diseases or severe pneumonia. the overall sensitivity of the technique was 65.4% and the positive predictive value was 92%. the technique was less sensitive in ca ...	1991	1863607
phylogenetic analysis of five medically important candida species as deduced on the basis of small ribosomal subunit rna sequences.	the classification of species belonging to the genus candida berkhout is problematic. therefore, we have determined the small ribosomal subunit rna (srrna) sequences of the type strains of three human pathogenic candida species; candida krusei, c. lusitaniae and c. tropicalis. the srrna sequences were aligned with published eukaryotic srrna sequences and evolutionary trees were inferred using a matrix optimization method. an evolutionary tree comprising all available eukaryotic srrna sequences, ...	1991	1865186
prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with hiv.		1991	1865535
extrapulmonary infection with pneumocystis carinii in patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine.		1991	1866565
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. pathophysiology and therapy.		1991	1868006
nursing care of the adult client with infection due to pneumocystis carinii.	since the beginning of the aids epidemic, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has been the most prevalent opportunistic infection diagnosed in people with aids. after a decade of care and research, significant progress has been achieved not only in treating pcp but also in preventing it. concomitantly, new problems have surfaced, for example, nosocomial spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis and occupational hazards, both related to treating people living with aids (pwas) with pcp. the author pro ...	1991	1868227
[personal experience with prevention and therapy of infection after 53 liver transplantations].	an attempt was made to reduce the risk of infection following liver transplantation by means of selective bowel decontamination with tobramycin, polymyxin e and amphotericin b, as well as short-term systemic antibiotics with cephotaxim and tobramycin. after 53 consecutive orthotopic hepatic transplants performed in 51 patients between 1985 and 1987, a total of eight pneumonias occurred as the clinically most significant infection. two pneumonias were caused by cytomegalovirus, one by pneumocysti ...	1991	1870362
pulmonary manifestations of aids. ct and radiographic correlations.	to date, few reports have attempted to correlate plain radiographic findings with computed tomography (ct) in assessing pulmonary disease in patients who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). this report focuses on the most common pulmonary manifestations, with particular emphasis placed on those entities for which there is a potential role for ct. this includes identification of occult disease, especially the early diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, as well as identification ...	1991	1871267
pentamidine prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1991	1872501
disseminated infection with pneumocystis carinii related to administration of pentamidine aerosol.		1991	1872678
[the importance of pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome].	each year we treated approximately 40 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in our department of anaesthesiology. in these cases we found with bronchoalveolar lavage followed by microbiological examination, a high incidence (40 per cent) of pneumocystis carinii contamination. an infection with pneumocystis carinii deteriorates the clinical course of ards. effective drugs were the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. under this therapy we always saw a decrease of i ...	1991	1873409
direct detection of pneumocystis carinii in fresh bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.		1991	1874255
pneumatoceles and pneumothorax in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1991	1876311
alteration of the natural history of pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome receiving aerosolized pentamidine.		1991	1877213
use of intravenous immunoglobulin in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may have an antibody deficiency and a deficiency of cellular immunity. intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) preparations may benefit hiv-infected children and adults with recurrent bacterial infections at doses of 200 to 400 mg/kg every 2 to 4 weeks. in addition, ivig (1 to 2 g/kg) is effective at raising platelet counts to hemostatic levels in hiv-infected patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and life-threatening bleeding. ...	1991	1878843
high risk of developing toxoplasmic encephalitis in aids patients seropositive to toxoplasma gondii.	we studied 41 aids patients in the austrian tyrol with respect to toxoplasma antibody titers and the presence of cns toxoplasmosis. in no patient had primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis with either trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine been applied; the degree to which cns toxoplasmosis is influenced by this kind of pcp chemoprophylaxis, widely used elsewhere, is still unclear. in this study 47.4% of toxoplasma-seropositive patients developed cns toxopla ...	1991	1881367
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids in the congo].	forty-five bronchoalveolar lavages (bal) were performed in brazzaville in aids patients who did not expectorate acid- and alcohol-resistant bacilli (aarb). all patients presented with respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnoea or chest pain), and all but 6 of them had abnormal radiography of the chest. four cases of pneumocystosis were diagnosed (9%); 3 of these patients had interstitial pneumonia and dyspnoea. no aarb was found at microscopic examination of bal which showed pneumocyctis carinii; no ...	1991	1882160
short course of aerosol pentamidine as treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.	since july 1987, 20 hiv-positive patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) admitted to the department of infectious diseases, malmö general hospital, sweden have been treated with 10 consecutive days of aerosol pentamidine as sole antimicrobial therapy in a prospective open non-controlled trial. 16 patients (80%) responded to 10 days of 400 mg aerosol pentamidine daily. one patient responded after a prolonged treatment, one patient received simultaneous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole due ...	1991	1882194
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole transfer in the in vitro perfused human cotyledon.	utilizing the in vitro human placental model, we studied the placental transfer of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. at trimethoprim concentrations of 7.2 micrograms/ml, only 1.4 micrograms/ml was transported across the placenta after 1 h, and at concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml, one half the usual serum level, only 0.08 microgram/ml was transported across the placenta. maternal concentrations of sulfamethoxazole of 29.6 and 127.7 micrograms/ml resulted in concentrations of 5.1 and 14.8 micro ...	1991	1885094
sputum induction for the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in hiv positive patients.	we prospectively compared sputum induction with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in hiv positive patients presenting with acute respiratory episodes and also assessed the effects of using an experienced respiratory physiotherapist on the diagnostic yield from induced sputum. one hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients underwent sputum induction, in 96 the procedure was supervised by nursing and medical staff with no specific expertise (group i); in 55 patients a physiotherapist supervised sputum ...	1991	1885913
intrathoracic complications following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: ct findings.	the authors retrospectively reviewed computed tomographic (ct) scans of 18 patients who developed 21 episodes of intrathoracic complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt). pathologic and/or microbiologic diagnoses were available for all patients. all patients were immunocompromised due to either graft-versus-host disease (gvhd), neutropenia, or recurrent malignancy after bmt. ct demonstrated diagnostically relevant findings that were not apparent at radiography in 12 of the ...	1991	1887025
continuous positive airway pressure ventilation for respiratory failure associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the value of continuous positive airway pressure (cpap) ventilation via a tight fitting face mask was assessed in eight hiv-1 antibody-positive patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia who were in hypoxaemic respiratory failure. all patients were conscious, able to protect their airway and not hypercapnic. treatment was effective in seven patients. prior to cpap, mean (range) arterial oxygen tension was 6.7 (4.7-10.5) kpa in seven patients breathing oxygen via a face mask (fio2 = 0.6), 6.1 k ...	1991	1887130
parasitic adherence and host responses in the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in this article, the parasitic and host factors contributing to the pathophysiology of p carinii pneumonia will be reviewed. in particular, p carinii adherence to alveolar epithelial cells plays a central role in the development of pneumonia. potential mechanisms mediating this attachment include cell surface glycoproteins, exogenous fibronectin and components of the p ...	1991	1887163
bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia seen in pneumocystis pneumonia presenting with pneumothorax.	spontaneous pneumothorax is a known complication of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. from a series of 61 patients with pcp, we identified two cases, not associated with aerosolized pentamidine, that presented with spontaneous pneumothorax and cystic changes seen on chest radiographs. bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings were remarkable for very elevated neutrophil counts in both cases, suggesting a possible inflammatory cause for the obser ...	1991	1889290
survival of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection with and without antimycobacterial chemotherapy.	the contribution of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (dmac) infection to the morbidity and mortality of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is unclear. previous studies that suggested the decreased survival of patients with aids and dmac had incomplete information on patient immunologic status and follow-up. we studied patients with aids and dmac and compared their survival with that of aids patients without dmac but with other comparable risk factors for survival. c ...	1991	1892294
trends in mortality among aids patients in amsterdam, 1982-1988.	in this study we evaluated the survival of 515 aids patients diagnosed in amsterdam between 1982 and 1988 and followed-up until april 1990. non-resident patients survived for a shorter period than resident patients (median survival time 10 versus 16 months). residents had a 1-, 2- and 3-year survival of 56.1, 33.0 and 17.2%, respectively. heterosexual intravenous drug users tended to have a better survival than homosexual men, although this was not significant. the survival time was longer for a ...	1991	1892590
production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by blood and lung mononuclear phagocytes from patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related lung disease.	tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf) is a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of shock and in granuloma formation, tissue necrosis, and fibrosis, in many organ systems, including the lung. it has been suggested that cells from patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv + ve) are primed for tnf release. we postulated that tnf release from the alveolar macrophages (am) of such patients with lung disease might lead to their observed pulmonary dysfunction. we present data confirming t ...	1991	1892644
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).		1991	1893119
specific t-cell response to a pneumocystis carinii surface glycoprotein (gp120) after immunization and natural infection.	t cells have been shown to be important in recovery from pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, although no specific antigen of p. carinii has been defined as containing t-cell epitopes. p. carinii has an abundant mannosylated surface glycoprotein of approximately 120 kda (gp120) which induces a prominent host antibody response in experimental animals after exposure to p. carinii in the environment or after recovery from p. carinii pneumonitis. p. carinii gp120 was purified from infected lungs by lec ...	1991	1894351
alterations in cysteine proteinase content of rat lung associated with development of pneumocystis carinii infection.	the rate of hydrolysis of three cysteine-type proteinase substrates, n-benzyloxycarbonyl-arg-arg-4-methyl-7-coumarylamide (amc) (cathepsin b), arg-amc (cathepsin h), and n-benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-arg-amc (cathepsin l), were determined in rat lung throughout the time course of the induction of pneumocystis carinii infection by immunosuppression. cathepsin b-like and cathepsin l-like activities fell below control values initially, but from week 8 of the immunosuppressive treatment significant increa ...	1991	1894363
pulmonary manifestations of hiv infection in children.	we retrospectively reviewed the spectrum, course, and outcome of pulmonary diseases in 66 children with aids, hospitalized between 1982 and 1988, prior to the use of zidovudine. fifty-two of the 66 (79%) patients developed pulmonary problems. in fifty-two percent of all patients, a pulmonary problem was the first symptom of hiv infection. the most common respiratory illness requiring hospitalization was an episode of respiratory distress with normal pao2 and unchanged x-ray with a 9.7 +/- 6.8 da ...	1991	1896230
[pneumomediastinum and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].		1991	1896604
[diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-positive patients].		1991	1897054
[therapy of hiv infection (aids)].	the stages of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) life cycle are described as guide to therapeutic intervention. practical therapeutic recommendations are given. they should be directed to viruses as the causal agent and to the features of opportunistic infections as well as of associated malignant tumors. recently 3 progresses could be reached: (1) the application of azidothymidine in the latency phase, when the number of cd4 positive cells decreases below 500/mm3, whereby the progression of t ...	1991	1897284
case report: hypothyroidism due to pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	pneumocystis carinii is the most common cause of opportunistic pulmonary infection in aids patients and disseminated disease is being recognized with increasing frequency. we describe a patient with cavitary pulmonary disease, lymphadenopathy, thyroiditis, and associated hypothyroidism, all a result of p. carinii. the organism was easily demonstrated in a fine-needle aspirate specimen of the thyroid. this is the second reported case of clinically apparent pneumocystis thyroiditis and the first r ...	1991	1897563
interaction of cytokines and alveolar cells with pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	although deficient cellular immune function is a major predisposing factor in the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the mechanisms involved in cellular immune surveillance against p. carinii have not been defined. when p. carinii were separated from rat cells by a semipermeable membrane, alveolar macrophages secreted substances lethal to p. carinii only when the macrophages were activated by interferon-gamma; normal macrophages were ineffective. type ii alveolar epithelial cells cau ...	1991	1899874
diabetes mellitus presenting with ketoacidosis following pentamidine therapy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are at risk from many endocrine complications. pentamidine has been recognised for its potential to cause symptomatic, and even life-threatening hypoglycaemia. we report two cases of diabetes mellitus presenting with ketoacidosis 3 to 4 months after pentamidine therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and review our experience of dysglycaemia in 58 patients with aids treated with pentamidine. these cases emphasise the potential for ...	1991	1900521
low-dose intermittent trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the important role of chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv)-infected patients is undisputed. the most cost-effective regimen, however, is unknown. we reviewed our experience at two hospitals in the new york city area in which low-dose, intermittent therapy with the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was used to prevent pcp in hiv-infected patients. during a total of 202 months of primary prophylaxis ...	1991	1901482
uptake of pneumocystis carinii mediated by the macrophage mannose receptor.	human exposure to pneumocystis carinii is common but, in the absence of acquired or genetic dysfunction of either cellular or humoral immunity, exposure rarely leads to illness. although alveolar macrophages can degrade p. carinii, macrophage receptors involved in p. carinii recognition have not been clearly defined. characterization of a predominant surface glycoprotein of the high mannose type led us to investigate the role of the macrophage mannose receptor in this process. we report here tha ...	1991	1903183
enterococcal meningitis in an hiv positive haemophilic patient.	a 25 year old, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositive, severe haemophilic patient was treated for suspected pneumocystis carinii infection with high dose intravenous cotrimoxazole and subsequently with prednisolone. when he improved he was discharged on oral treatment only to return two days later, extremely unwell, with headaches, fever, sweats, tachycardia and hypotension. a lumbar puncture showed modest neutrophil pleocytosis but despite empirical antibiotic treatment with intravenou ...	1991	1906898
cost and benefit of secondary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to determine the relative cost and benefit of aerosolized pentamidine and the combination product of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim sulfate as secondary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1991	1907671
preventing secondary infections among hiv-positive persons.	secondary infectious diseases contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the authors developed comprehensive, practical recommendations for prevention of infectious complications in hiv-infected people. recommendations are concerned with the pathogens that are more common or more severe in hiv-infected people. several infectious complications can be prevented by avoiding ingestion of contaminated food or water. zoonoses can be ...	1991	1910184
high-dose igg for neutropenic patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	leukocytopenia and bacterial infections are common and serious complications in patients with aids. we report here on three patients in whom the administration of high igg doses led to gradual (two patients) or prompt (one patient) increases in circulating leukocyte counts (from 200-600 to 2500-5900/microliters), inducing definite improvement in two patients; one patient died from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. although the rise in leukocyte counts lasted for only approximately 3 weeks, high-do ...	1991	1912034
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and spontaneous pneumothorax].		1991	1912183
infections in the compromised child.	children receiving chemotherapy for malignant diseases show different patterns of infection depending on their underlying disease and its therapy. granulocytopenia carries the risk of bacterial infection, and also, if prolonged, of fungal infection. impairment of cell-mediated immunity predisposes to infections with pneumocystis carinii and is thought to be responsible for severe primary infections with varicella and measles, as well as the severe cytomegalovirus infections seen after allogeneic ...	1991	1912668
possible prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by pentamidine aerosol after bone marrow transplantation.		1991	1912958
immunopathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii infection.		1991	1919293
infectious complications of pediatric liver transplantation.	twenty-five pediatric orthotopic liver transplantations (olts) performed in 22 patients at sainte-justine hospital were reviewed for infections complications. one patient died within 12 hours posttransplantation and is excluded. the patients had an average age of 6.1 years (range, 1.25 to 19 years) and an average weight of 20.4 kg (range, 11 to 55 kg). two patients (9%) were cytomegalovirus (cmv) seropositive and 9 of 19 patients (48%) were epstein-barr virus (ebv) seropositive preoperatively. f ...	1991	1919982
vitiligo and chronic photosensitivity in human immunodeficiency virus infection.	a 56-year-old man was admitted with hemiparesis and shortness of breath. he was positive to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody and was diagnosed as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. he developed chronic photosensitivity and vitiligo preceding the onset of the aids-related complex (arc). association of the two skin lesions with hiv infection is very rare. although the role of hiv infection in these skin lesions is not sign ...	1991	1920968
[a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with bronchial asthma following long-term corticosteroid therapy].	a 50-year-old man, who developed bronchial asthma at the age of 43 and was treated continuously with corticosteroids from the beginning of the first treatment, was admitted with exacerbation of exertional dyspnea. in spite of various treatments for bronchial asthma, such as theophylline, beta-stimulants, anti-allergic drugs and steroid-inhalation, asthmatic symptoms did not improve and he continued to receive intravenous administration of steroids. five months after admission, he suddenly develo ...	1991	1920986
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults without predisposing illnesses.		1991	1922231
pneumonia. pearls for interpreting patients' radiographs.	the chest radiograph can detect pneumonia, but laboratory evaluation is needed to determine the specific causative organism. however, before these results become available, a presumptive diagnosis can be made with the help of chest radiography. a lobar pattern on radiography is usually produced by pneumococcal and klebsiella infections. a lobular (bronchopneumonia) pattern may be produced by staphylococcus, gram-negative organisms, and anaerobes. an interstitial pattern results from viral, mycop ...	1991	1924016
the incidence and distribution of mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain) in the chicago aids autopsy series: an immunohistochemical study. chicago associated pathologists.	mycoplasma incognitus is a recently described organism that was originally isolated by shyh-ching lo from spleen and kaposi's sarcoma (ks) tissue of patients with aids. the mycoplasm has since been found in selected aids autopsy cases in which there were tissues with unexplained areas of necrosis. mycoplasma incognitus is now known to be closely related to mycoplasma fermentans. in order to determine the incidence and distribution of m. fermentans/m. incognitus in an unselected series, we perfor ...	1991	1924279
[which compressor should be used to deliver pentamidine aerosols with the respirgard ii?].	prophylaxis against pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii is most often carried out using pentamidine administered as an aerosol. for reasons both of comfort and cost this technique should be developed at home or at least in an extra-hospital environment. using the respirgard ii as the nebuliser of reference this requires a compressor. we have assessed four different compressors and compared these to pressurised oxygen used in a hospital environment. during the course of nebulisation with a pent ...	1991	1924976
empiric therapy for the immunocompromised host.	the use of empiric therapy for immunocompromised hosts has been one of the major advances in the management of such patients. such therapy has been put into practice primarily for patients with neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. the empiric antibiotic regimens include in their coverage the bowel, skin, and intravenous-catheter flora anticipated for patients in a particular hospital. less often, physicians treat empirically for opportunistic infections that complicate defects in helpe ...	1991	1925322
[antiretroviral therapy in switzerland 1991].	zidovudine (azidothymidine, retrovir) and ddi (di-deoxy-inosine, videx) interfere with the multiplication of hiv by incorporation into nascent dna chains and interruption of the further linking of nucleotides. zidovudine lowers early mortality in patients with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. however, much of the effectiveness of zidovudine is lost later on; the average prolongation of life in treated patients is estimated to be about 1 year. about two thirds of patients with aids can be ...	1991	1925447
[ambulatory therapy and prevention of the most frequent hiv-associated opportunistic infections].	earlier diagnosis and improved therapies for the opportunistic infections have led to improved quality of life as well as survival time of patients with advanced hiv-related immunodeficiency. most of the therapies can be administered on an outpatient basis. outpatient treatment further contributes to improving the quality of life of the patients. presentation, clinical aspects, treatment and prophylaxis of the five most frequent opportunistic infections in hiv-infected patients with advanced imm ...	1991	1925448
incidence of qt interval prolongation during pentamidine therapy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1991	1927925
case report: chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia in an hiv-infected man.	we report a case of an hiv-infected adult with chlamydia pneumoniae. our patient presented with a clinical picture suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), but did not respond to empiric anti-pcp therapy. the diagnosis was eventually confirmed by bronchoscopy and serology. c. pneumoniae pneumonia should be considered in the differential of pathogens that cause interstitial infiltrates in hiv-infected persons.	1991	1928225
epidemiologic patterns of upper respiratory illness and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men.	the relationship between self-reported upper respiratory illness symptoms (uri) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was examined in homosexual men using semiannual visits from 1984 to 1988. temporal and geographic patterns of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) diagnosis in these men during the same time period are also described. uri, including acute sinusitis, was reported more often by 916 hiv-1-seropositive participants than by 2,161 seronegative participants (32.21 versus 28.86 ...	1991	1928944
effect of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis on the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by induced sputum examination in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	this study assessed the effect of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis on the clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of induced sputum examination for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. between january 1, 1988 and october 27, 1990, 348 induced sputum examinations were performed as the initial diagnostic procedure for p. carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). medical records were reviewed for all induced sputum examinations, and the study group c ...	1991	1928945
mode of presentation and diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.	bacterial pneumonia (bp) has recently been reported to be more frequent in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients than in normal hosts. this study reviews the clinical and radiologic manifestations of bp in 132 consecutive pulmonary episodes over a 15-month period. bp was defined on a clinical basis as a pulmonary infiltrate accompanied by fever and improving in a few days with conventional antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole excluded). in patients undergoing bronchoscopy (9 ...	1991	1928971
treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis protects against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids. the swiss hiv cohort study.	to determine whether long-term maintenance treatment for toxoplasmosis protects against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	1991	1929023
hiv infection and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia--bronchoscopic diagnosis in two patients.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is extremely common in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). diagnostic techniques vary between different institutions depending on availability of expertise. we have limited experience in the workup and evaluation of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection because we have at present only 56 reported cases of hiv positive individuals. we report here two cases where pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the index illness and the diag ...	1991	1929187
susceptibility of pneumocystis carinii to artemisinin in vitro.	the susceptibility of pneumocystis carinii to artemisinin (qinghaosu) was determined in short-term primary culture. in untreated cultures, trophozoites increased an average of fivefold over 4 days. inhibition of parasite growth in cultures treated with artemisinin at concentrations as low as 0.5 microm was seen. in contrast, artemisinin concentrations up to 100 microm had no effect on feeder layer cells.	1991	1929266
pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase used to screen potential antipneumocystis drugs.	pneumocystis carinii was obtained in high yield from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats by rupturing mammalian host cells, washing away the soluble mammalian dihydrofolate reductase, and harvesting intact organisms in association with the mammalian plasma membranes. p. carinii dihydrofolate reductase, measured in the 100,000 x g supernatant from sonicated organisms, was obtained in yields ranging up to 62 iu per rat. the enzyme prepared in the presence of protease inhibitors was stable when froz ...	1991	1929292
surgical management of pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may cause severe alveolar damage, resulting in pneumothoraces that are often bilateral, recurrent, and refractory to accepted methods of treatment. the clinical features, management, and follow-up results were assessed in 22 consecutive patients who presented with a pneumothorax and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. seventeen patients died within the time frame of this study. their average survival time was 147 ...	1991	1929829
detection of antibody formation in mice, rats and rabbits immunized with different pneumocystis carinii antigens.	antibody formation to p. carinii of human origin was determined by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) after immunization of mice, rats and rabbits with pronase-treated whole cysts and soluble antigen in order to obtain more detailed data about the production of polyclonal antibodies. antibody titre profiles over defined periods have shown that noticeable differences between the immunoreactions to whole cysts and soluble antigen occur. the soluble antigen produced an earlier and ...	1991	1930560
99mtc-human immunoglobulin (hig) in aids patients: first results.	scintigraphy with 99mtc labelled human polyclonal immunoglobulin was performed in 16 patients with ascertained or suspected aids-related infections. 99mtc-hig lung scanning was compared, in 11 patients, with 67ga scintigraphy, chest x-ray and high resolution lung ct. 67ga and 99mtc-hig were concordantly positive in five cases of bal-ascertained pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), while one of them was rx and ct negative. x-ray, 67ga and 99mtc were concordantly negative in 5 cases. 99mtc-hig yi ...	1991	1932171
guidelines for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in children issued.		1991	1934917
urine pentamidine as an indicator of lung pentamidine in patients receiving aerosol therapy.	to determine if urine pentamidine was reflective of lung pentamidine, we compared levels of the drug in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and simultaneously obtained urine. thirty-one patients who were receiving aerosolized pentamidine either as treatment or as prophylaxis underwent bal and submitted urine samples for pentamidine analysis. pentamidine was analyzed in both phases of bal fluid (supernatant and cell pellet) and in urine using high performance liquid chromatography. urine results were no ...	1991	1935274
pneumothorax with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids. incidence and clinical characteristics.	a retrospective review of the charts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was performed at three university-affiliated teaching hospitals in denver between may 1982 and april 1987. patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and for the occurrence of pneumothorax at any time during their clinical course. the incidence of pneumothorax in aids patients with pcp was 9.0 percent (8/89), compared with 0 percent (0/45) in aids p ...	1991	1935275
diagnostic approach to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the setting of prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine.	recurrent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is common in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who receive prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine. in this setting, the number of organisms is reduced and the clinical presentation may be altered. these observations have led to doubts regarding the use of induced sputum to diagnose pcp in patients receiving prophylactic ap. to determine if the examination of induced sputum is useful for patients receiving prophylactic ap, we examined ...	1991	1935293
apical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients not receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis.	isolated apical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia might develop in aids patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. demonstrated here are two cases of apical p carinii pneumonia occurring in patients not receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis. such isolated apical localization of p carinii should be differentiated from tuberculosis and fungal infection.	1991	1935316
pulmonary cytology in lung transplant recipients: recent trends in laboratory utilization.	the value of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of rejection and opportunistic infection in lung transplant recipients is controversial. we review our experience with pulmonary cytology obtained from 10 lung transplant recipients during the first 15 mos of the transplantation program at cedars-sinai medical center and compare the efficacy of pulmonary cytology for the diagnosis of opportunistic infectious agents with that of histology and microbiology. our study encompasses 1,465 post-transplant day ...	1991	1935512
which apparatus for inhaled pentamidine? a comparison of pulmonary deposition via eight nebulisers.	aerosolised pentamidine 300 mg in 5 or 6 ml solution was administered via 8 different nebuliser systems to 12 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. using 99mtc human serum albumin as an indirect marker for pentamidine, pulmonary, extrapulmonary (gastric and oropharyngeal) and alveolar deposition of pentamidine were measured using a gamma camera. side effects (visual analogue scales) and changes in lung function associated with each treatment were also quantified. deposition was compl ...	1991	1936233
evaluation of immune parameters in hiv+ subjects reporting adverse reactions to sulfamethoxazole.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) is frequently used in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients (hiv+) for treatment or prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). up to 80% of those patients report adverse reactions to that drug combination. to test the hypothesis that these reactions are immunologically mediated, we quantitated specific igg and ige smx-human serum albumin (hsa) antibodies and immune complexes (ic) in hiv+ patients and in hiv controls. patients with ...	1991	1937883
superiority of methylprednisolone over dexamethasone for induction of pneumocystis carinii infection in rats.	because of difficulties in in vitro cultivation, the basic pneumocystis carinii studies have been carried out on animal models, mainly on rodents immunosuppressed by corticosteroids. commonly used dexamethasone and methylprednisolone procedures were evaluated. the intensity of infection in rats was statistically significantly higher after 9 weeks' immunosuppression with methylprednisolone than with dexamethasone.	1991	1939591
complications of immunosuppression associated with weekly low dose methotrexate.	complications of immunosuppression are thought to be rare with the use of low dose pulse methotrexate (mtx) for nonneoplastic conditions. we describe 4 complications of immunosuppression observed in a group of 41 patients who had received mtx for at least 6 months, during a 2-year period. we report the first case of a reversible lymphoproliferative disorder similar to that reported with immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation. two cases of disseminated herpes zoster and 1 ...	1991	1941818
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.	opportunistic infections occur in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with low dose methotrexate (mtx) with or without other immunosuppressants. our case report illustrates a fatal case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with low dose mtx and glucocorticoid. a review of the literature reveals other opportunistic infections such as cryptococcus, nocardia, and herpes zoster presenting in such patients. these occurrences suggest that mtx should be ...	1991	1941836
low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis complicated by pancytopenia and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis pancytopenia and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred during low dose methotrexate therapy. this case emphasizes the potential development of opportunistic infections even with low dose methotrexate. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia resembles methotrexate induced pneumonitis. therefore opportunistic infections should be considered before a definite diagnosis of methotrexate induced pneumonitis is made.	1991	1941837
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common index diagnosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). eighty percent of aids patients will eventually develop pcp. common presenting symptoms are shortness of breath, cough, weight loss, and fever. the chest radiograph typically reveals a diffuse, bilateral, symmetric, fine-to-medium reticulonodular pattern of opacities. upper lobe disease has been reported recently in patients who have undergone prophylactic therapy w ...	1991	1942193
the management of early human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the outcome of treatment in patients with early asymptomatic hiv disease has recently improved. clinical trials with zidovudine have demonstrated efficacy and greatly reduced toxicity when the drug is used in asymptomatic hiv-infected persons who have fewer than 500 cd4+ cells/mm3, and resistance to this drug in these patients is less frequent and severe. also, the optimum dosage of zidovudine is less than previously believed, probably in the range of 500-600 mg daily given in oral divided doses ...	1991	1942200
pulmonary disease in children with aids.	children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) may present with recurrent pneumonias or chronic debilitating illness. the chest radiographs of these patients demonstrate homogeneous densities representing staphylococcal or other pyogenic infections. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia produces a diffuse, symmetric, fine-to-medium, reticulonodular pattern. lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, a disease that is now an index diagnosis of aids in children under 13, may appear as a chronic, diff ...	1991	1942201
racial and ethnic differences in outcome in zidovudine-treated patients with advanced hiv disease. zidovudine epidemiology study group.	objectives--to determine if racial-ethnic differences exist in survival, disease progression, and development of myelosuppression in zidovudine-treated patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. design--prospective observational study. setting:-hospital and private clinics in 12 metropolitan centers. patients:-the study included 754 non-hispanic white, 165 black, and 106 hispanic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or advanced aids-related complex ...	1991	1942423
recurrent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with long interval showing disparate radiographic findings.	a case of recurrent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a long interval between episodes and each episode showing a different radiographic appearance is reported. the radiographic finding in the initial infectious episode was bilateral, patchy, alveolar infiltrate predominantly in the upper and middle lung zones and that in the second infectious episode, six and a half years later, showed bilateral interstitial infiltrate predominantly in the middle and lower lung zones. t cell immunity expresse ...	1991	1942647
upper lobe relapse of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.	a patient with a history of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) inhaled aerosolized pentamidine (ap) for secondary prophylaxis of pcp. nine months after the first pcp episode he presented with pulmonary upper-lobe infiltrations demonstrated by chest x-ray, and bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed the diagnosis of pcp. the clinical course and possible explanations for this unusual form of pcp are presented. the case emphasizes the importance of clinical controls for early diagnosis of relapse of pcp ...	1991	1942958
a preliminary evaluation of 566c80 for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the drug 566c80 is an investigational hydroxynaphthoquinone that is active against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in animal models. initial studies in humans indicate that 566c80 is safe and has adequate bioavailability after oral administration.	1991	1944437
presumed pneumocystis carinii choroiditis. unifocal presentation, regression with intravenous pentamidine, and choroiditis recurrence.	pneumocystis carinii choroiditis is a well-documented but rare infection that has been described as a bilateral, multifocal process. treatment efficacy has not been well established. in this report, three cases of presumed p. carinii choroiditis that developed during aerosolized pentamidine therapy for the prophylaxis of p. carinii pneumonia are described. all patients had unilateral choroiditis, and two patients were first observed to have unifocal choroiditis. in all patients, choroidal lesion ...	1991	1945309
nebulized pentamidine for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients: experience of 173 patients and a review of the literature.	nebulized pentamidine is increasingly used for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv antibody-positive patients. we report our experience of the efficacy and tolerance of a high dose regimen (300 mg every second week) in 173 hiv-positive patients over a 2 1/2-year period. only seven episodes of p. carinii pneumonia occurred but 48 patients (28 per cent) died of other aids-related illnesses. patients who had never had an episode of p. carinii infection were less likely to accept ...	1991	1946942
[allogenic bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia].	allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt) allows application of supraletal chemoradiotherapy thereby sparing of hemopoietic tissue. after ablation of hematopoiesis bone marrow of a healthy and hla-identical donor has to be transplanted. during aplasia patients require maintenance in sterile units (reverse isolation or lamina air flow). these together with intestinal decontamination is aimed to reduce the occurrence of infections in these severely immunocompromised patients. to minimize bmt-sp ...	1991	1949849
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole concentrations in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1991	1949971
pneumocystis carinii in pleural fluid. the cytologic appearance.	we describe the cytologic appearance of pneumocystis carinii in pleural fluid of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a rapidly accumulating pleural effusion. the diagnosis of p carinii infection was made by examination of air-dried, diff-quik-stained cytospin preparations of the pleural fluid. the diagnostic appearances of p carinii organisms stained by this method and by the papanicolaou stain are reviewed. the unusual predominance of the trophozoite forms of the organism in t ...	1991	1950331
establishment of pneumocystis carinii infection in a rat population.		1991	1950847
use of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole thrice weekly for primary and secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.	we conducted an open prospective clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as one double-strength tablet thrice weekly for primary and secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (hiv+) patients. a total of 104 hiv+ patients were evaluated, with 74 being in the primary prophylaxis group and 30 being in the secondary prophylaxis group. all except six patients received concomitant zidovudin ...	1991	1952835
pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of 20-mg/kg/day trimethoprim and 100-mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole in healthy adult subjects.	the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were studied in 12 healthy adult subjects receiving trimethoprim at 20 mg/kg of body weight per day and sulfamethoxazole at 100 mg/kg/day, which is the conventional dose for treating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). daily doses were evenly divided and orally administered every 6 h for 3 days. trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and n4-acetylsulfamethoxazole concentrations in serum and urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatogr ...	1991	1952863
cutaneous pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	extrapulmonary infection with pneumocystis carinii is an uncommon event in which the skin may be affected rarely. all cases heretofore described in immunocompromised hosts have involved the external auditory canal and mastoid areas. we describe two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and extrapulmonary cutaneous p carinii infection that involved the glabrous skin. the first was a 31-year-old white man seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus with prior episodes of p carinii pne ...	1991	1952976
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia-upper lobe recurrence following cotrimoxazole.		1991	1953521
[computed tomography of disseminated extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infection].		1991	1954370