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design and data analysis of experimental trials to test vaccine candidates against zoonotic pathogens in animals: the case of a clinical trial against campylobacter in broilers.the development of effective vaccines against zoonotic pathogens represents a priority in public health protection programs. the design of clinical trials and appropriate data analysis of the experiments results are crucial for the assessment of vaccine effectiveness. this manuscript reviews important issues related to the assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines designed to obtain a quantitative reduction of the pathogen in animals or animal products. an effective vaccine will reduce the ris ...201223176651
prevalence of the main food-borne pathogens in retail food under the national food surveillance system in japan.the national food surveillance system in japan was formed in 1998 to monitor the contamination of retail foods with bacterial pathogens. approximately 2000-3000 samples were tested annually, and the data from food categories that had more than 400 samples collected during 1998-2008 were analysed. with regard to meat, the frequency of positive samples for salmonella in chicken for raw consumption and ground chicken was 12.7% and 33.5%, respectively. moreover, shiga toxin-producing escherichia col ...201323199079
screening for lactic acid bacteria capable of inhibiting campylobacter jejuni in in vitro simulations of the broiler chicken caecal environment.thermotolerant campylobacter spp., specifically campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, are the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. consumption of improperly prepared poultry products and cross contamination are among the main causes of human campylobacteriosis. the aim of this study was to identify lactic acid bacterial (lab) strains capable of inhibiting c. jejuni growth in initial in vitro trials ('spot-on-lawn' method), as well as in batch ferme ...201223234730
in vivo broiler experiments to assess anti-campylobacter jejuni activity of a live enterococcus faecalis strain.bacterial gastroenteritis caused by thermotolerant campylobacter species, mainly campylobacter jejuni, has been the most reported zoonotic disease in many developed countries in recent years. reducing campylobacter shedding on the farm could result in a reduction of the number of campylobacteriosis cases. in 2 independent broiler seeder experiments, in which broiler chickens were orally inoculated with 2 amounts of enterococcus faecalis mb 5259, we established whether a live e. faecalis strain w ...201323243257
zoonotic fecal pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in county fair animals.livestock fairs present a unique opportunity for the public to experience close contact with animals, but may also expose people to zoonotic pathogens through contact with animal feces. the goal of this study was to screen cattle, sheep, goat, chicken, rabbit and horse feces from a livestock fair in california for the potentially zoonotic pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, campylobacter, vibrio, cryptosporidium and giardia spp., as well as determining the level of antimicrobial resi ...201323260373
[campylobacter spp.: prevalence and pheno-genotypic characterization of isolates recovered from patients suffering from diarrhea and their pets in la pampa province, argentina].the prevalence of campylobacter spp. was investigated in 327 patients suffering from diarrhea and in 36 animals (dogs, cats and chickens) owned by the patients that presented infection by campylobacter in santa rosa, la pampa, argentina. campylobacter spp. was isolated in 50/327 patients and in 12/36 animals, being campylobacter jejuni the most common species. resistance to ciprofloxacin (65 %) and tetracycline (32 %) was found among 35 isolates of human origin studied. seven genetic subtypes we ...201223267623
colonization of chicken flocks by campylobacter jejuni in multiple farms in japan.campylobacter jejuni was monitored in 4 chicken farms during the period 2003 to 2006 to elucidate the mechanisms of transmission. three farms (1 to 3), located at least 14 km from each other, belonged to an integrated poultry company, which also provided the farms with day-old chicks from several hatcheries as well as chicken feed. another farm (4), which belonged to a different company, was located 270 m from farm 1. a total of 206 c. jejuni isolates obtained from the 4 farms were classified in ...201323300304
use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products.salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni are the 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. chickens are the reservoir hosts of these pathogens, with their intestinal colonization being the most significant factor causing contamination of meat and eggs. effective preslaughter strategies for reducing the colonization of birds with these pathogens are critical to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products. an antimicrobial treatment that can be applied thr ...201323300319
continued widespread dissemination and increased poultry host fitness of campylobacter jejuni st-4526 and st-4253 in japan.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. we previously reported the widespread camp. jejuni sequence type (st)-4526 in japan from 2005 to 2006. this study assesses the potential for this genotype to thrive thereafter.201323351059
non-stochastic sampling error in quantal analyses for campylobacter species on poultry products.using primers and fluorescent probes specific for the most common food-borne campylobacter species (campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli), we developed a multiplex, most probable number (mpn) assay using quantitative pcr (qpcr) as the determinant for binomial detection: i.e., number of p positive pathogen growth responses out of n = 6 observations each of 4 ml (v) per dilution. working with media washes of thrice frozen-thawed chicken pieces which had been spiked with known levels of c. j ...201323380949
practicalities of using non-local or non-recent multilocus sequence typing data for source attribution in space and time of human campylobacteriosis.in this study, 1208 campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolates from humans and 400 isolates from chicken, collected in two separate periods over 12 years in the netherlands, were typed using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). statistical evidence was found for a shift of st frequencies in human isolates over time. the human mlst data were also compared to published data from other countries to determine geographical variation. because only mlst typed data from chicken, taken from the same time po ...201323405107
toward integrative genomics study of genetic resistance to salmonella and campylobacter intestinal colonization in fowl.salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium and campylobacter jejuni are responsible for most cases of food poisoning in europe. these bacteria do not cause severe disease symptoms in chicken, but they are easily propagated by symptomless chicken carriers which cannot be easily isolated. this animal tolerance is detrimental to food safety. in this particular case, increasing animal's resistance is not sufficient, since some animals considered as resistant are able to carry bacteria ...201223412643
phenotypic and genetic analyses of campylobacter jejuni lior serotype 76 isolated from chicken meat and clinical specimens.the aim of this study was to examine the link between campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from chicken meat (n = 7) and gastroenteritis patients (n = 744). in total, 751 isolates were subjected to lior serotyping. all the isolates from chicken meats were serotyped as lior serotype 76 (lio76). among 23 of the identified lio76 strains, 13 strains (6 from chicken meat and 7 from clinical specimens) were indistinguishable by penner serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and pulsed-fiel ...201323429091
effects of lipooligosaccharide inner core truncation on bile resistance and chick colonization by campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterium that causes diarrhea worldwide, and chickens are considered the main reservoir of this pathogen. this study investigated the effects of serial truncation of lipooligosaccharide (los), a major component of the outer membrane of c. jejuni, on its bile resistance and intestinal colonization ability in chickens. genes encoding manno-heptose synthetases or glycosyltransferases were inactivated to generate isogenic mutants. serial truncation of the los ...201323437265
effect of steam and lactic acid treatments on the survival of salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni inoculated on chicken skin.campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the most frequently reported zoonotic infectious diseases. the present work evaluated the effectiveness of steam treatment at 100 °c for 8s, a 5% lactic acid treatment for 1 min and their combination for inactivating salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni inoculated on chicken skin. the impact of each treatment on the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and the effect of rinsing after contact with lactic acid were also evaluated. residual bacteria ...201323454819
n-glycosylation of campylobacter jejuni surface proteins promotes bacterial fitness.campylobacter jejuni is the etiologic agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. in contrast, despite heavy colonization, c. jejuni maintains a commensal mode of existence in chickens. the consumption of contaminated chicken products is thought to be the principal mode of c. jejuni transmission to the human population. c. jejuni harbors a system for n-linked protein glycosylation that has been well characterized and modifies more than 60 periplasmic and membrane-bound proteins. however, ...201323460522
application of protective cultures against listeria monocytogenes and campylobacter jejuni in chicken products packaged under modified atmosphere.to control the growth, or reduce the numbers, of food pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes and campylobacter jejuni in chicken products packaged under modified atmosphere (map), the effectiveness of protective cultures was evaluated in this study. leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides pck18 reduced the counts of l. monocytogenes by 1.22 log cfu/g in chicken burgers under map after 24 d. furthermore, a reduction of 1.16 log cfu/g in c. jejuni together with a delay in the growth of lactic acid bacte ...201323472035
induction of chicken cytokine responses in vivo and in vitro by lipooligosaccharide of campylobacter jejuni hs:10.campylobacter jejuni is a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but colonizes chickens for prolonged periods without causing disease. it is unclear what host and bacterial mechanisms maintain a non-inflammatory state in chickens. the present work was undertaken to characterize cytokine responses of chickens to purified lipooligosaccharide (los) of c. jejuni hs:10. chickens were injected with purified los, and expression of interleukin (il)-1β (pro-inflammatory cytokine), il-8 (pro-in ...201323473646
development of a selective enrichment broth supplemented with bacteriological charcoal and a high concentration of polymyxin b for the detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken carcass rinses.a new campylobacter-selective enrichment broth supplemented with bacteriological charcoal and a high concentration of polymyxin b was developed (charcoal-cefoperazone-polymyxin b-deoxycholate broth; ccpd broth). we compared the ability of ccpd broth to detect campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken carcass rinses to that of modified bolton (mbolton) broth. eighty whole chickens were purchased from retailers and rinsed with 400 ml buffered peptone water. the rinsed samples were enr ...201323474610
distribution of colonization and antimicrobial resistance genes in campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken.campylobacter jejuni is an important worldwide foodborne pathogen commonly found as a commensal organism in poultry that can reach high numbers within the gut after colonization. although information regarding some genes involved in colonization is available, little is known about their distribution in strains isolated specifically from chickens and whether there is a linkage between antimicrobial resistance (amr) and colonization genes. to assess the distribution and relevance of genes associat ...201323510494
targeting motility properties of bacteria in the development of probiotic cultures against campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.campylobacter is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. campylobacter is commonly present in the intestinal tract of poultry, and one strategy to reduce enteric colonization is the use of probiotic cultures. this strategy has successfully reduced enteric colonization of salmonella, but has had limited success against campylobacter. in an effort to improve the efficacy of probiotic cultures, we developed a novel in vitro screening technique for selecting bacterial isolates with enhanced ...201323531121
prevalence and risk assessment of campylobacter jejuni in chicken in china.to understand the occurrence and distribution of campylobacter jejuni in chicken in china, assess its health risk to the chinese population, and provide recommendations for effective risk control.201323534464
a "successful allele" at campylobacter jejuni contingency locus cj0170 regulates motility; "successful alleles" at locus cj0045 are strongly associated with mouse colonization.campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen of humans and its primary reservoir is the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of chickens. our previous studies demonstrated that phase variation to specific "successful alleles" at c. jejuni contingency loci cj0045 (successful alleles carry 9g or 10g homopolymeric tracts) and cj0170 (successful allele carries a 10g homopolymeric tract) in c. jejuni populations is strongly associated with colonization and enteritis in c57bl/6 il-10 deficient mice. ...201323541212
improved protocol for isolation of campylobacter spp. from retail broiler meat and use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for the typing of isolates.to improve the detection of campylobacter spp. in retail broiler meat, a reference method (r subsamples) based on the enrichment of 25 g of meat in bolton broth at 42°c under microaerobiosis was compared with an alternative method (a subsamples) consisting in the rinsing of meat samples for 30s in buffered peptone water with antimicrobials with incubation at 42°c under aerobiosis. one piece of meat (breasts, tenderloins and thighs) was rinse in experiment 1 (a1) and two pieces in experiment 2 (a ...201323545445
genome-wide association analysis of avian resistance to campylobacter jejuni colonization identifies risk locus spanning the cdh13 gene.the enteropathogen campylobacter jejuni is a major worldwide health and economic burden, being one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and commonly linked to postinfectious onset of autoimmune disease. chickens are a major vector for human infection and even though variation in avian colonization level is heritable, no previous studies have identified regions of the genome associated with colonization resistance. we performed a genome-wide association study of resistance to c. jej ...201323550144
improvement of karmali agar by addition of polymyxin b for the detection of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli in whole-chicken carcass rinse.the karmali agar was modified by supplementation with a high concentration of polymyxin b. the goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of a high concentration of polymyxin b on the ability and selectivity of the modified karmali agar to isolate campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from whole chicken carcass rinse. a total of 80 whole chickens were rinsed with 400 ml of buffer peptone water. the rinsed samples were incubated with 2× blood-free modified bolton enrichment broth for 48 h ...201323550907
is allicin able to reduce campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers when added to drinking water?reducing campylobacter shedding on the farm could result in a reduction of the number of human campylobacteriosis cases. in this study, we first investigated if allicin, allyl disulfide, and garlic oil extract were able to either prevent c. jejuni growth or kill c. jejuni in vitro. allyl disulfide and garlic oil extract reduced c. jejuni numbers in vitro below a detectable level at a concentration of 50 mg/kg (no lower concentrations were tested), whereas allicin reduced c. jejuni numbers below ...201323571353
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken carcasses in the federal district, brazil.the aim of the present study was to perform microbiological isolation of campylobacter jejuni from chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the federal district of brazil and to subject the strains to an antibiogram. a total of 92 samples from chilled chicken carcasses were acquired, 18 of which (19.56%) tested positive for c. jejuni. a total of 16 strains were tested for susceptibility to eight antimicrobial drugs. all 16 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 15 strains to nalidixic acid, strep ...201323575135
comparison of genotypes and antibiotic resistances of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on chicken retail meat and at slaughter.multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and antibiotic resistance patterns of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from retail chicken meat showed high overlap with isolates collected at slaughterhouses, indicating little selection along the production chain. they also showed significant common sequence types with human clinical isolates, revealing chicken meat as a likely source for human infection.201323584778
immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken.bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as salmonella and campylobacter. as such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to salmonella. in this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role ...201323648643
[molecular analysis of fluoroquinolones and macrolides resistance in campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans, bovine and chicken meat].campylobacter sp.- one of the leading causes of bacterial food-borne gastrointestinal illness worldwide- is increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolone and macrolide antimicrobials, which has become a major concern for public health.201323677151
role of motab in adherence and internalization in polarized caco-2 cells and in cecal colonization of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative motile bacterium commonly found in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. an intact and functional flagellum is important for c. jejuni virulence and colonization. to understand the role of c. jejuni motility in adherence and internalization in polarized caco-2 cells and in cecal colonization of chickens we constructed a c. jejuni nctc11168 v1 deltamotab mutant. the motab genes code ...201323678739
campylobacteriosis outbreak associated with consumption of undercooked chicken liver pâté in the east of england, september 2011: identification of a dose-response risk.a foodborne outbreak with 49 cases (22 culture positive for campylobacter sp.) following a wedding party in the east of england was investigated. a retrospective cohort study identified an association between consumption of chicken liver pâté and infection with campylobacter jejuni/coli. there was a statistically significant association between dose (amount of chicken liver pâté eaten) and the risk of disease ['tasted': odds ratio (or) 1·5, 95% confidence interval (ci) 0·04-∞; 'partly eaten': or ...201323711104
divergent mechanisms of interaction of helicobacter pylori and campylobacter jejuni with mucus and mucins.helicobacter pylori and campylobacter jejuni colonize the stomach and intestinal mucus, respectively. using a combination of mucus-secreting cells, purified mucins, and a novel mucin microarray platform, we examined the interactions of these two organisms with mucus and mucins. h. pylori and c. jejuni bound to distinctly different mucins. c. jejuni displayed a striking tropism for chicken gastrointestinal mucins compared to mucins from other animals and preferentially bound mucins from specific ...201323716616
production and evaluation of chicken egg-yolk-derived antibodies against campylobacter jejuni colonization-associated proteins.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis. chickens are considered a reservoir host of c. jejuni, and epidemiological studies have shown that contaminated chicken meat is a primary source of human infection. the objective of this study was to produce chicken egg-yolk-derived antibody (igy) against the five c. jejuni colonization-associated proteins or caps (cadf, flaa, momp, flpa, and cmec). recombinant c. jejuni caps were expressed in escherichia coli ...201323742296
adaptive mechanisms of campylobacter jejuni to erythromycin treatment.macrolide is the drug of choice to treat human campylobacteriosis, but campylobacter resistance to this antibiotic is rising. the mechanisms employed by campylobacter jejuni to adapt to erythromycin treatment remain unknown and are examined in this study. the transcriptomic response of c. jejuni nctc 11168 to erythromycin (ery) treatment was determined by competitive microarray hybridizations. representative genes identified to be differentially expressed were further characterized by constructi ...201323767761
absence of class 1 and class 2 integrons among campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from poultry in italy. 201323788478
distribution of nine virulence-associated genes in campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from broiler feces in shiraz, southern iran.to investigate the prevalence of nine virulence and toxin genes of campylobacter, a total of 90 campylobacter strains including 48 c. jejuni and 42 c. coli were recovered from chicken feces by cultivation methods. the isolates were identified on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of 16srrna and multiplex pcr for determining two species. for confirmed strains, pcr was carried out for the presence of virulence genes using specific primers. data were analyzed by spss software, v ...201323789768
a novel immunoproteomics method for identifying in vivo-induced campylobacter jejuni antigens using pre-adsorbed sera from infected patients.campylobacter jejuni is an important food-borne and zoonotic pathogen with a worldwide distribution. humans and chickens are hosts of this pathogen. at present, there is no ideal vaccine for controlling human campylobacteriosis or the carriage of c. jejuni by chickens. bacterial in vivo-induced antigens are useful as potential vaccine candidates and biomarkers of virulence.201323850640
antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among campylobacter.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are recognized as the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. humans most often become infected by ingesting contaminated food, especially undercooked chicken, but also other sources of bacteria have been described. campylobacteriosis is normally a self-limiting disease. antimicrobial treatment is needed only in patients with more severe disease and in those who are immunologically compromised. the most common antimicrob ...201323865047
evaluation of nanoparticle-encapsulated outer membrane proteins for the control of campylobacter jejuni colonization in chickens.numerous vaccination strategies have been evaluated to develop effective vaccines against campylobacter jejuni colonization in poultry but with limited success. the following experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of biodegradable and biocompatible poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle (np) encapsulated outer membrane proteins (omp) of c. jejuni. chickens were vaccinated with different routes [subcutaneous (s/c) or oral] and doses (25, 125, or 250 µg) of candidate nanoparticle v ...201323873570
phage receptor binding protein-based magnetic enrichment method as an aid for real time pcr detection of foodborne bacteria.we present a novel phage receptor binding protein-based magnetic separation and pre-enrichment method as an alternative to the immunomagnetic separation methods by replacing antibodies with bacteriophage receptor binding proteins (rbps). we couple the proposed rbp-based magnetic separation with real time pcr for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of campylobacter jejuni cells in artificially contaminated skim milk, milk with 2% fat and chicken broth. recovery rates, assessed by real time pc ...201323897488
review of current methodologies to isolate and identify campylobacter spp. from foods.this article summarizes the most effective protocols to isolate campylobacter spp. (mainly campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli) from food, primarily poultry products, and includes a summary of the current methods recommended by the food and drug administration and the u.s. department of agriculture in the usa, and iso in europe. the recommended temperature for incubation of the samples throughout the isolation procedure is 42°c. the enrichment of the samples for 48h, which can be perform ...201323899774
quantum dot-based immunochromatography test strip for rapid detection of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a recognized human foodborne pathogen which is one of the leading causes of human gastrointestinal enteritis worldwide. in stress conditions, c. jejuni is able to enter into a viable but non-culturable state that is difficult to diagnose. hence a rapid, sensitive, and specific method is required to monitor food and water for natural or intentional contamination by this pathogen. we report a quantum dot (qd)-based immunochromatography test strip (qdits) for rapid detection ...201323901473
tetrazolium reduction allows assessment of biofilm formation by campylobacter jejuni in a food matrix model.to develop a staining method for specific detection of metabolically active (viable) cells in biofilms of the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni.201323910098
evaluation of the immunogenicity of campylobacter jejuni cjaa protein delivered by salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium strain with regulated delayed attenuation in chickens.campylobacter spp. are regarded as the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, and consumption of chicken meat contaminated by campylobacter is considered to be one of the most frequent sources of human infection in developed countries. here we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of salmonella typhimurium χ9718 producing the campylobacter jejuni cjaa protein as a chicken anti-campylobacter vaccine. in this study chickens were orally immunized with a new generat ...201323913025
campylobacter jejuni pdxa affects flagellum-mediated motility to alter host colonization.vitamin b6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, plp) is linked to a variety of biological functions in prokaryotes. here, we report that the pdxa (putative 4-hydroxy-l-threonine phosphate dehydrogenase) gene plays a pivotal role in the plp-dependent regulation of flagellar motility, thereby altering host colonization in a leading foodborne pathogen, campylobacter jejuni. a c. jejuni pdxa mutant failed to produce plp and exhibited a coincident loss of flagellar motility. mass spectrometric analyses showed a ...201323936426
campylobacteriosis in returning travellers and potential secondary transmission of exotic strains.multilocus sequence types (sts) were determined for 232 and 737 campylobacter jejuni/coli isolates from dutch travellers and domestically acquired cases, respectively. putative risk factors for travel-related campylobacteriosis, and for domestically acquired campylobacteriosis caused by exotic sts (putatively carried by returning travellers), were investigated. travelling to asia, africa, latin america and the caribbean, and southern europe significantly increased the risk of acquiring campyloba ...201423962634
the complete campylobacter jejuni transcriptome during colonization of a natural host determined by rnaseq.campylobacter jejuni is a major human pathogen and a leading cause of bacterial derived gastroenteritis worldwide. c. jejuni regulates gene expression under various environmental conditions and stresses, indicative of its ability to survive in diverse niches. despite this ability to highly regulate gene transcription, c. jejuni encodes few transcription factors and its genome lacks many canonical transcriptional regulators. high throughput deep sequencing of mrna transcripts (termed rnaseq) has ...201323991199
effect of refrigeration and frozen storage on the campylobacter jejuni recovery from naturally contaminated broiler carcasses.campylobacter jejuni is the most common thermophilic campylobacter associated with human enteritis in many countries. broilers and their by-products are the main sources for human enteritis. refrigeration and freezing are used to control bacterial growth in foods. the effect of these interventions on survival of campylobacter jejuni is yet not quite understood. this study evaluated the effect of storage temperature on the survival of c. jejuni in chicken meat stored for seven days at 4°c and for ...201024031523
antimicrobial activity of essential oils and five terpenoid compounds against campylobacter jejuni in pure and mixed culture experiments.the aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial potential of three essential oils (eos: tea tree oil, lemon myrtle oil and leptospermum oil), five terpenoid compounds (α-bisabolol, α-terpinene, cineole, nerolidol and terpinen-4-ol) and polyphenol against two strains of campylobacter jejuni (acm 3393 and the poultry isolate c338), campylobacter coli and other gram negative and gram positive bacteria. different formulations of neem oil (azadirachta indica) with these compounds were also tes ...201324041998
assessment of glycan interactions of clinical and avian isolates of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni strain 11168 was demonstrated to have a broad specificity for eukaryotic surface glycosylation using glycan array analysis. the initial screen indicated that sialic acid and mannose are important binding partners after environmental stress, while galactose and fucose structures are likely to be involved in persistent infection.201324119179
multistate outbreak of campylobacter jejuni infections associated with undercooked chicken livers--northeastern united states, 2012.in october 2012 the vermont department of health (vdh) identified three cases of laboratory-confirmed campylobacter jejuni infection in vermont residents; the isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. a query of pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, led to the identification of one additional case each from new hampshire, new york, and vermont that had been reported in the preceding 6 months. an investigation ...201324196663
genotypes and antibiotic resistance of canine campylobacter jejuni isolates.campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. it is a commensal in many wild and domestic animals, including dogs. whereas genotypes of human and chicken c. jejuni isolates have been described in some detail, only little information on canine c. jejuni genotypes is available. to gain more information on genotypes of canine c. jejuni and their zoonotic potential, isolates from routine diagnostics of diarrheic dogs as well as isolates of a prevalence stud ...201424210812
molecular epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni human and chicken isolates from two health units.a study was conducted over a 2-year period in the perth district and wellington-dufferin-guelph health units in ontario, with an objective of using comparative genomic fingerprinting (cgf) with a 40-gene assay (cgf40) to investigate the association between human cases of campylobacteriosis and spatially and temporally related campylobacter isolates from retail chicken. cgf results were available for isolates from 115 human cases and 718 retail chicken samples. these data were combined with cgf r ...201424219173
screening of genes expressed in vivo during interaction between chicken and campylobacter jejuni.chicken are considered as the most important source of human infection by campylobacter jejuni, which primarily arises from contaminated poultry meats. however, the genes expressed in vivo of the interaction between chicken and c. jejuni have not been screened. in this regard, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) was applied to identify expressed genes in vivo during interaction between chicken and c. jejuni, a prevalent foodborne pathogen worldwide. chicken sera were obtained by inoculati ...201424225374
source attribution of human campylobacter isolates by mlst and fla-typing and association of genotypes with quinolone resistance.campylobacteriosis is the most frequent zoonosis in developed countries and various domestic animals can function as reservoir for the main pathogens campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. in the present study we compared population structures of 730 c. jejuni and c. coli from human cases, 610 chicken, 159 dog, 360 pig and 23 cattle isolates collected between 2001 and 2012 in switzerland. all isolates had been typed with multi locus sequence typing (mlst) and flab-typing and their genotypi ...201324244747
extracellular secretion of protease htra from campylobacter jejuni is highly efficient and independent of its protease activity and flagellum.the serine protease htra of c. jejuni has been identified as a novel secreted virulence factor which opens cell-to-cell junctions by cleaving e-cadherin. efficient c. jejuni transmigration across polarized human epithelial cells requires the intact flagellum and htra; however, the mechanism of htra secretion into the supernatant is unknown. here we show that htra secretion is highly efficient and does not require its proteolytic activity because the protease-inactive s197a mutant is secreted lik ...201324265934
evaluation of the culture method nihsj-02 alternative to iso 10272-1:2006 for the detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken: collaborative study.for the surveillance of the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in raw chicken products in japan, a qualitative method, national institute of health sciences japan (nihsj)-02, was developed as an alternative to international organization for standardization (iso) 10272-1:2006. in the nihsj-02 culture method, the enrichment step is carried out in a reduced volume of preston broth at 42 +/- 1 degrees c to reduce cost and space, and to prevent the overgrowth of background bact ...201324282937
virulence characteristics of five new campylobacter jejuni chicken isolates.campylobacter enteritis has emerged as one of the most common forms of human diarrheal illness. in this study we have investigated the virulence potential of five new c. jejuni chicken isolates (ro14, ro19, ro24, ro29 and ro37) originated from private households in the rural regions of banat and transylvania in romania. following isolation and in vitro virulence assay, on hct-8 cells, our results show that all the c. jejuni chicken isolates overcome the virulence abilities of the highly virulent ...201324330718
pentavalent single-domain antibodies reduce campylobacter jejuni motility and colonization in chickens.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the world, with symptoms ranging from acute diarrhea to severe neurological disorders. contaminated poultry meat is a major source of c. jejuni infection, and therefore, strategies to reduce this organism in poultry, are expected to reduce the incidence of campylobacter-associated diseases. we have investigated whether oral administration of c. jejuni-specific single-domain antibodies would reduce bacterial colonization ...201324391847
double-locus sequence typing using pora and peb1a for epidemiological studies of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. bacterial typing schemes play an important role in epidemiological investigations to trace the source and route of transmission of the infectious agent by identifying outbreak and differentiating among sporadic infections. in this study, a double-locus sequence typing (dlst) scheme for c. jejuni based on concatenated partial sequences of pora and peb1a genes is proposed. the dlst scheme was validated usin ...201424404778
characterization and antigenicity of recombinant campylobacter jejuni flagellar capping protein flid.campylobacter jejuni, a flagellated, spiral-rod, gram-negative bacterium, is the leading pathogen of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and chickens are regarded as a major reservoir of this micro-organism. bacterial flagella, composed of more than 35 proteins, play important roles in colonization and adhesion to the mucosal surface of chicken caeca. in this study, the flagellar capping protein, flid, encoded by the flid gene, from the campylobacter jenuni d1-39 isolate was express ...201424445509
a novel o-linked glycan modulates campylobacter jejuni major outer membrane protein-mediated adhesion to human histo-blood group antigens and chicken colonization.campylobacter jejuni is an important cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis; strategies to prevent infection are hampered by a poor understanding of the complex interactions between host and pathogen. previous work showed that c. jejuni could bind human histo-blood group antigens (bgags) in vitro and that bgags could inhibit the binding of c. jejuni to human intestinal mucosa ex vivo. here, the major flagella subunit protein (flaa) and the major outer membrane protein (momp) were identified as ...201424451549
comparative analysis and limitations of ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide treatments for the differentiation of viable and nonviable campylobacter cells.the lack of differentiation between viable and nonviable bacterial cells limits the implementation of pcr-based methods for routine diagnostic approaches. recently, the combination of a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) and ethidium monoazide (ema) or propidium monoazide (pma) pretreatment has been described to circumvent this disadvantage. in regard to the suitability of this approach for campylobacter spp., conflicting results have been reported. thus, we compared the suitabilities of ema and ...201424487529
biological roles of the o-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and the capsular polysaccharide (cps) of this organism is required for persistence and disease. c. jejuni produces over 47 different capsular structures, including a unique o-methyl phosphoramidate (meopn) modification present on most c. jejuni isolates. although the meopn structure is rare in nature it has structural similarity to some synthetic pesticides. in this study, we have demonstrated, by whole genome comparis ...201424498018
genome sequences of campylobacter jejuni 81-176 variants with enhanced fitness relative to the parental strain in the chicken gastrointestinal tract.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food-borne infections in the united states due to its ability to asymptomatically colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens. using competition assays with parental c. jejuni 81-176, variants with consistently improved fitness in chicken ceca relative to the parental strain were identified and sequenced.201424503981
reduction of microbiological risk in minced meat by a combination of natural antimicrobials.responsibility for food safety must be taken through the entire food-production chain, to avoid consumer cross-contamination. the antimicrobial activities of an alpinia katsumadai seed extract and epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), and their combination, were evaluated against individual food-borne pathogenic strains of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli and campylobacter jejuni, individually and as a cocktail, in chicken-meat juice and sterile minced meat as food models, and in minced meat ...201424532379
the evidence for clonal spreading of quinolone resistance with a particular clonal complex of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter is the most prevalent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and it represents a significant public health risk of increasing severity due to its escalating resistance to clinically important quinolone and macrolide antibiotics. as a zoonotic pathogen campylobacter is transmitted along the food chain and naturally cycles from environmental waters, feedstuff, animals and food to humans. we determined antibiotic resistance profiles, as well as multilocus sequence types and flaa ...201424534165
campylobacter infection in chickens modulates the intestinal epithelial barrier function.asymptomatic carriage of campylobacter jejuni is highly prevalent in chicken flocks. thus, we investigated whether chronic campylobacter carriage affects chicken intestinal functions despite the absence of clinical symptoms. an experiment was carried out in which commercial chickens were orally infected with c. jejuni (1 × 10(8) cfu/bird) at 14 days of life. changes in ion transport and barrier function were assessed by short-circuit current (i(sc)) and transepithelial ion conductance (g(t)) in ...201524553586
functional characterization of exopolyphosphatase/guanosine pentaphosphate phosphohydrolase (ppx/gppa) of campylobacter jejuni.the inorganic polyphosphate (poly-p) is a key regulator of stress responses and virulence in many bacterial pathogens including campylobacter jejuni. the role of exopolyphosphatases/guanosine pentaphosphate (pppgpp) phosphohydrolases (ppx/gppa) in poly-p homeostasis and c. jejuni pathobiology remains unexplored. here, we analyzed deletion mutants (∆ppx1, ∆ppx2) and the double knockout mutant (dkppx), all ∆ppx mutants exhibited increased capacity to accumulate poly-p; however only ∆ppx1 and dkppx ...201424569519
passive immunization to reduce campylobacter jejuni colonization and transmission in broiler chickens.campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterium-mediated diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. poultry products are considered the most important source of c. jejuni infections in humans but to date no effective strategy exists to eradicate this zoonotic pathogen from poultry production. here, the potential use of passive immunization to reduce campylobacter colonization in broiler chicks was examined. for this purpose, laying hens were immunized with either a whole-cell lysate or th ...201424589217
effects of commercial marinade seasoning and a natural blend of cultured sugar and vinegar on campylobacter jejuni and salmonella typhimurium and the texture of chicken breasts.marination using various ingredients has been widely used to improve microbial safety and quality of chicken products at retail markets. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of commercial marinade seasoning and cultured sugar/vinegar blend on campylobacter jejuni and salmonella typhimurium populations during refrigerated storage. in addition, their effects on the texture of precooked chicken breasts during frozen and refrigerated storage was investigated. chicken breasts in ...201424604867
characterization and reactivity of broiler chicken sera to selected recombinant campylobacter jejuni chemotactic proteins.campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative rod bacterium, is the leading causative agent of human acute bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. consumption and handling of raw or undercooked poultry are regarded as a major source for human infection. because bacterial chemotaxis guides microorganisms to colonization and invasion in the host cells, proteins involved in chemotactic processes can be novel targets for vaccine development. in this communication, we report amplification, cloning and expressio ...201424609189
colonization properties of campylobacter jejuni in chickens.campylobacter is the most common bacterial food-borne pathogen worldwide. poultry and specifically chicken and raw chicken meat is the main source for human campylobacter infection. whilst being colonized by campylobacter spp. chicken in contrast to human, do scarcely develop pathological lesions. the immune mechanisms controlling campylobacter colonization and infection in chickens are still not clear. previous studies and our investigations indicate that the ability to colonize the chicken var ...201224611122
high-throughput sequencing of campylobacter jejuni insertion mutant libraries reveals mapa as a fitness factor for chicken colonization.campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide, due primarily to its ability to asymptomatically colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of agriculturally relevant animals, including chickens. infection often occurs following consumption of meat that was contaminated by c. jejuni during harvest. because of this, much interest lies in understanding the mechanisms that allow c. jejuni to colonize the chicken gastrointestinal tract. to address this, we generated a c. ...201424633877
extensive microbial and functional diversity within the chicken cecal microbiome.chickens are major source of food and protein worldwide. feed conversion and the health of chickens relies on the largely unexplored complex microbial community that inhabits the chicken gut, including the ceca. we have carried out deep microbial community profiling of the microbiota in twenty cecal samples via 16s rrna gene sequences and an in-depth metagenomics analysis of a single cecal microbiota. we recovered 699 phylotypes, over half of which appear to represent previously unknown species. ...201424657972
genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of campylobacter jejuni isolates from poultry and humans in turkey.in this study, the investigation of clonal relations between human and poultry campylobacter jejuni isolates and the determination of susceptibilities of isolates to various antibiotics were aimed. a total of 200 c. jejuni isolates concurrently obtained from 100 chicken carcasses and 100 humans were genotyped by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and automated repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr (rep-pcr, diversilab system) methods and were tested for their susceptibility to six antib ...201424667316
effect of noradrenaline on the virulence properties of campylobacter species.campylobacter species cause a spectrum of illnesses in humans. the type of illness and the outcome is dependent on the virulence of the infecting pathogen strain and host immune status. acute stress can seriously compromise host immunity and increase susceptibility to infection. noradrenaline (na) is a stress hormone. several studies have shown that it stimulated growth and increased the pathogenicity of organisms including e. coli and campylobacter jejuni. however, the effect of na on other cam ...201424669220
alternative bacteriophage life cycles: the carrier state of campylobacter jejuni.members of the genus campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease, often through consumption of contaminated poultry products. bacteriophages are viruses that have the potential to control pathogenic bacteria, but understanding their complex life cycles is key to their successful exploitation. treatment of campylobacter jejuni biofilms with bacteriophages led to the discovery that phages had established a relationship with their hosts typical of the carrier state life cycle ...201424671947
prevalence of virulence genes in strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from human, bovine and broiler.campylobacter jejuni isolates of different origins (bovine, broiler meat, human) were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of 4 genes cdtb, cst-ii, ggt, and virb11, previously linked to virulence such as adherence, invasion, colonization, molecular mimicry, and cytotoxin production. in addition, the isolates were screened for the presence of the global gene regulator csra linked to oxidative stress responses, biofilms formation, and cell adhesion. all the c. jejuni isolates wer ...201424688515
campylobacter infection has different outcomes in fast- and slow-growing broiler chickens.campylobacter spp. are frequently carried by poultry, but they are not believed to cause significant disease in these animals. modern poultry breeds have been selected to grow rapidly under intensive conditions, but recently, consumers have moved toward purchasing birds produced in higher welfare, free-range or organic systems. birds reared in these systems tend to be a slower growing breed and are fed a different diet. birds reared in such systems are stocked at a lower density compared with th ...201324689180
loads and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. on fresh chicken meat in nueva ecija, philippines.this study was performed to determine the prevalence and to semiquantify campylobacter spp. on chicken meat samples at 4 selected local wet markets in nueva ecija, philippines, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the campylobacter isolates. out of 120 chicken meat samples, 57 (47.5%) were campylobacter spp. positive. the majority of isolated campylobacter strains were identified as campylobacter coli (54.4%) and 45.6% as campylobacter jejuni. most of these positive samples ...201424795322
supplementation of bolton broth with triclosan improves detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken carcass rinse.we compared bolton enrichment broth supplemented with antimicrobial triclosan (t-bolton broth) and normal bolton broth for the isolation of campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and campylobacter coli (c. coli) from chicken carcass rinse. whole chickens were rinsed with buffered peptone water prior to enrichment in normal bolton broth or t-bolton broth, followed by inoculation onto modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mccda). suspect colonies were confirmed by pcr. we observed a signific ...201424813626
campylobacter jejuni influences the expression of nutrient transporter genes in the intestine of chickens.the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier against pathogens. however, the interaction of campylobacter with intestinal epithelial cells and its effects on the intestinal function of chickens are poorly studied. therefore, the goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of c. jejuni oral infection on the mrna expression of nutrient transporters in the intestine. newly hatched specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were orally infected with c. jejuni (nctc 12744; 1 × 10( ...201424834798
identification of possible virulence marker from campylobacter jejuni isolates.a novel protein translocation system, the type-6 secretion system (t6ss), may play a role in virulence of campylobacter jejuni. we investigated 181 c. jejuni isolates from humans, chickens, and environmental sources in vietnam, thailand, pakistan, and the united kingdom for t6ss. the marker was most prevalent in human and chicken isolates from vietnam.201424856088
antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter spp. strains isolated from different poultry production systems at slaughterhouse level.the aim of the current work was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp. isolated from different chicken production systems at the slaughterhouse level. chicken sampling at slaughterhouse was performed for cecum, carcass, and breast meat from flocks of organic (n = 6), extensive indoor (n = 14), and intensive production (n = 14), totaling 34 ceca pools, 64 neck skin pools, and 132 breasts, representing 96,386 chickens. a collection of 167 strains were ide ...201424879708
the effects of temperature and innate immunity on transmission of campylobacter jejuni (campylobacterales: campylobacteraceae) between life stages of musca domestica (diptera: muscidae).the house fly (musca domestica l.) is a well-established vector of human pathogens, including campylobacter spp., which can cause infection of broiler chicken flocks, and through contaminated broiler meat can cause outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in humans. we investigated whether campylobacter jejuni (jones) could be transferred between life stages of m. domestica (larvae-pupae-adults) and determined bacterial counts of c. jejuni at different time points after bacterial exposure. c. jejuni was ...201424897861
campylobacter jejuni gene cj0511 encodes a serine peptidase essential for colonisation.according to merops peptidase database, campylobacter species encode 64 predicted peptidases. however, proteolytic properties of only a few of these proteins have been confirmed experimentally. in this study we identified and characterised a campylobacter jejuni gene cj0511 encoding a novel peptidase. the proteolytic activity associated with this enzyme was demonstrated in cell lysates. moreover, enzymatic studies conducted with a purified protein confirmed a prediction of it being a serine pept ...201424918062
the interplay between campylobacter and helicobacter species and other gastrointestinal microbiota of commercial broiler chickens.poultry represent an important source of foodborne enteropathogens, in particular thermophilic campylobacter species. many of these organisms colonize the intestinal tract of broiler chickens as harmless commensals, and therefore, often remain undetected prior to slaughter. the exact reasons for the lack of clinical disease are unknown, but analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota of broiler chickens may improve our understanding of the microbial interactions with the host.201424940386
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...201424945318
comparative population structure analysis of campylobacter jejuni from human and poultry origin in bangladesh.campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of antecedent infections leading to guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs). the objective of the present study was to define the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential role of poultry in the transmission of campylobacter to humans in bangladesh. we determined the population structure of c. jejuni isolated from poultry (n = 66) and patients with enteritis (n = 39) or gbs (n = 10). lipooligosaccharide (los) ty ...201424962195
campylobacter jejuni is not merely a commensal in commercial broiler chickens and affects bird welfare.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne infection; chicken meat is its main source. c. jejuni is considered commensal in chickens based on experimental models unrepresentative of commercial production. here we show that the paradigm of campylobacter commensalism in the chicken is flawed. through experimental infection of four commercial breeds of broiler chickens, we show that breed has a significant effect on c. jejuni infection and the immune response of the animals, ...201424987092
intestinal carriage and excretion of campylobacter jejuni in chickens exposed at different ages.campylobacter jejuni is usually recovered from chickens in commercial broiler farms after 2 to 3 weeks of age. this study was conducted to clarify whether fecal excretion is associated with the age of exposure to this bacterium. day-of-hatch broiler chickens were separated from a flock in a local commercial farm, kept in isolation rooms, and esophageally inoculated with c. jejuni (5.5 × 10(7) to 5.4 × 10(8) cfu) at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. the remaining chicks were placed on the far ...201424988026
effects of feeding plant-derived agents on the colonization of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.the aim of this work was to test the potential use of plant-derived extracts and compounds to control campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. over a 7-wk feeding period, birds were fed a commercial diet with or without plant extracts (acacia decurrens, eremophila glabra), essential oil [lemon myrtle oil (lmo)], plant secondary compounds [terpinene-4-ol and α-tops (including α-terpineol, cineole, and terpinene-4-ol)], and the antibiotic virginiamycin. traditional culture and real-time quantitat ...201425002548
detection, identification and quantification of campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari in food matrices all at once using multiplex qpcr.thermotolerant campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari are recognized as leading food-borne pathogens causing an acute bacterial enteritis worldwide. due to narrow spectrum of their biochemical activity, it is very complicated to distinguish between individual species. for reliable risk assessment, proper incidence evaluation or swift sample analysis regarding individual species, a demand for simple and rapid method for their distinguishing is reasonable. in this study, we evaluated a reliable and s ...201425057300
inhibition of campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken breasts by κ-carrageenan/chitosan-based coatings containing allyl isothiocyanate or deodorized oriental mustard extract.campylobacter species are common bacterial pathogens associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. the objectives of this study were to determine the minimum inhibitory (mic) and minimum bactericidal (mbc) concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) against 4 campylobacter jejuni strains in mueller-hinton (mh) broth at 4, 21, 37 and 42°c and to screen the c. jejuni strains for their ability to degrade sinigrin (which forms aitc) in ph7.0 mh broth at 35°c for 21d. also evaluated was the anti ...201425058687
quantitative effects of in-line operations on campylobacter and escherichia coli through two australian broiler processing plants.campylobacter is an important food borne pathogen, mainly associated with poultry. a lack of through-chain quantitative campylobacter data has been highlighted within quantitative risk assessments. the aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively measure campylobacter and escherichia coli concentration on chicken carcasses through poultry slaughter. chickens (n=240) were sampled from each of four flocks along the processing chain, before scald, after scald, before chill, after chill ...201425104301
antimicrobial efficacy of lauric arginate against campylobacter jejuni and spoilage organisms on chicken breast fillets.the objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of lauric arginate (lae) against campylobacter jejuni (in broth and on chicken breast fillets) and spoilage microorganisms (on chicken breast fillets). in vitro antimicrobial activity of lae was determined by treating c. jejuni (in pure culture) with 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mg/l of lae solutions at 4°c for 2 h. inoculated chicken samples with c. jejuni were treated with 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg of lae, packaged, and sto ...201425104765
dynamics of dual infection with campylobacter jejuni strains in chickens reveals distinct strain-to-strain variation in infection ecology.although multiple genotypes of campylobacter jejuni may be isolated from the same commercial broiler flock, little is known about the infection dynamics of different genotypes within individuals or their colonization sites within the gut. single experimental infections with c. jejuni m1 (sequence type 137, clonal complex 45) and c. jejuni 13126 (sequence type 21, clonal complex 21) revealed that 13126 colonized the ceca at significantly higher levels. the dissemination and colonization sites of ...201425107966
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