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a minority of seropositive wild bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) show evidence of current puumala virus infection.bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) serve as the reservoir for puumala (puu) virus, the aetiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica. the animals are believed to be persistently infected and the occurrence of serum antibodies is usually taken as an evidence of active infection. we found serum antibodies to puu virus in 42 of 299 wild bank voles captured in a puu virus endemic area. puu virus rna was demonstrated in lung specimens of 11 of these 42 animals and in 2 of them antigen was also found. ...19989825795
[features of the parasitic system of ixodid ticks--borrelia--small mammals in the russian northwest].mammals and ticks was collected in 1995-1997 years in novgorod region from may to september. traps were exposed during 5 consecutive days every month in 4 different biotopes. 928 hosts were captured during three years. 357 larvae and 59 nymphs of ixodes persulcatus, 356 larvae and 71 nymphs of i. trianguliceps were collected. the clethrionomys glareolus and sorex araneus are main hosts of larvae of i. persulcatus and i. trianguliceps. c. glareolus feed 76.2% of i. persulcatus larvae and 25% of i ...19989859127
experimental infection with tick-borne virus in clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus flavicollis, apodemus sylvaticus and mus musculus. 2. serological studies. 19665958662
[influence of radioactive pollution on the character of the distribution of wild mouselike rodents according to the measure of lipid antioxidant activity in their organs].the estimation of the degree of the radioactive contamination effect on the antioxidative status in tissues of rodents from natural populations is done by means of biometric methods. it is shown, that the character of distribution and variability of the lipids antioxidant activity (aoa) differs significantly depending of species and age of animals, the degree of contamination on areas where wild rodents were caught and time during which the radioactive factor affected. the change in character of ...19989889789
experimental infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus in clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus flavicollis, apodemus sylvaticus and mus musculus. 1. virological studies. 19665958418
emmonsiosis of wild rodents and insectivores in czechland.adiaspores of the fungus emmonsia crescens were detected microscopically in the lung tissue of 13% of 10.081 small mammals belonging to 24 species examined in 14 areas of the czech republic between 1986 and 1997; 441/1.934 (23%) clethrionomys glareolus, 1/6 (17%) arvicola terrestris, 357/2.172 (16%) apodemus flavicollis, 220/1.981 (11%). a sylvaticus, 23/265 (9%) a. microps, 11/81 (14%) microtus subterraneus, 93/1.275 (7%) m. arvalis, 98/1.439 (7%) m. agrestis, 1/3 (33%) ondatra zibethicus, 1/1 ...199910231750
immunocytochemical study of parafollicular (c) cells of the thyroid in some wild rodents.studies were done on 3 wild species of rodents: field voles (microtus agrestis, linnaeus 1761), bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus, schreber 1780), and forest mice (apodemus flavicollis, melchior 1834). immunocytochemical reactions were used to detect calcitonin (ct), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), neuron-specific enolase (nse), chromogranin a (cga) in the thyroid parafollicular (c) cells in all species examined. antisera to human ct, rat cgrp, bovine cga, rat nse and human nse give pr ...199910332521
puumala virus infections in finland: increased occupational risk for farmers.puumala hantavirus, transmitted by bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), causes a mild-type hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the disease is common in finland and is considered an occupational hazard for farmers, but the actual risk has not been assessed by analytical studies. data on 5,132 serologically confirmed puumala virus infections during 1989-1994 were analyzed, and cases among farmers and the population living in similar conditions were compared. the farmers contracted the disease ...199910369509
crest staining of micronuclei from free-living rodents to detect environmental contamination in situ.in this work immunofluorescent antikinetochore (crest) staining was used to analyse bone marrow micronuclei (mn) from free-living animals belonging to four different rodent species. yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) were trapped in the czech republic, algerian mice (mus spretus) in spain and house mice (mus musculus domesticus) in italy. animals were collected in areas displaying low or high environmental pollution in order to investigate the sens ...199910390506
mosaic pattern of borrelia infection in a continuous population of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae).an array of 12 20 x 20 m quadrats in a mixed forest near poteply, central bohemia, czech republic, was investigated for the abundance and spatial distribution of host-questing ixodes ricinus nymphs and their infection with borreliae. tick densities were estimated by flagging and their borrelia infection status was determined by direct immunofluorescence. while the tick population appeared to be continuous and homogeneous based on quadrat counts, their infection with borreliae evinced a mosaic pa ...199910399308
cowpox: reservoir hosts and geographic range.it is generally accepted that the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus are wild rodents, although direct evidence for this is lacking for much of the virus's geographic range. here, through a combination of serology and pcr, we demonstrate conclusively that the main hosts in great britain are bank voles, wood mice and short-tailed field voles. however, we also suggest that wood mice may not be able to maintain infection alone, explaining the absence of cowpox from ireland where voles are generally no ...199910459650
a new clethrionomys-derived hantavirus from germany: evidence for distinct genetic sublineages of puumala viruses in western europe.puumala (puu) viruses are the predominant etiologic agents of hantavirus infections in europe. the most important reservoir is the bank vole, clethrionomys glareolus (cg), belonging to the subfamily arvicolinae of the muridae family. here we report on the molecular characterization of the first rodent-derived sequence (puu/cg-erft) from germany. comparison of the s and m segment coding regions revealed 92.5 and 92.8% identity, respectively, with puu/h-9013, a human isolate from france. however, ...199910475080
nephropathia epidemica and puumala virus in austria.to study the epidemiology of hantavirus infections in austria, 1215 humans and 596 rodents of different species were tested for the presence of antibodies against puumala and hantaan virus. direct virus identification by polymerase chain reaction in lung tissue of serologically positive rodents was performed to verify antibody results and to determine the genetic identity of viral rna by phylogenetic analysis of a part of the hantavirus m segment. for 32 of the 37 cases of nephropathia epidemica ...199910482022
[cytochemical differentiation of t- and b-lymphocytes in the short-tailed mouse (clethrionomys glareolus)].using the cytochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase (ap) two different populations of lymphocytes are seen in the short-tailed mouse clethrionomys glareolus: ap-positive and pa-negative lymphocytes. the aim of this study was to find out as to whether in this species ap represents a cytochemical marker for differentiating t- and b-lymphocytes. for this purpose, we analysed the frequency of ap-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, thymus, lymph node, spleen, and peyer ...19853927411
new chimaeric hepatitis b virus core particles carrying hantavirus (serotype puumala) epitopes: immunogenicity and protection against virus challenge.virus-like particles generated by the heterologous expression of virus structural proteins are able to potentiate the immunogenicity of foreign epitopes presented on their surface. in recent years epitopes of various origin have been inserted into the core antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbv) allowing the formation of chimaeric hbv core particles. chimaeric core particles carrying the 45 n-terminal amino acids of the puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induced protective immunity in bank voles ...199910486924
analysis of puumala hantavirus genome in patients with nephropathia epidemica and rodent carriers from the sites of infection.reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) followed by sequence and phylogenetic analyses were used to study specimens from nine finnish nephropathia epidemica (ne) patients admitted to hospital during the epidemic in winter 1996-1997. blood samples from six patients were found to be positive for the partial m- and/or s-segment sequences of puumala hantavirus (puuv). analyses of these sequences (nt 2168-2610 for the m segment, and nt 819-1082 for the s segment) revealed six distinc ...199910502274
hormonal requirements and the influence of age on the decidual cell reaction in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus).laboratory bred bank voles of different age and reproductive status were bilaterally ovariectomized, treated with exogenous oestrogen or progesterone or both, and given an artificial decidual stimulus (crushing with artery forceps). an hormonal regimen of oestrogen (100 ng) followed by progesterone (1 mg) and small amounts of oestrogen (10 ng) was necessary for maximal development of the decidual cell reaction (dcr). a dcr did not develop if the animals were treated with only oestrogen or proges ...19873553583
epidemiological study of nephropathia epidemica in finland 1989-96.this study presents data on 33,000 serum samples studied from july 1989 to june 1996 in finland, with 6,701 serologically confirmed puumala virus (puu) infections. in addition, a puu serosurvey of 8,000 sera from finland is presented. on average, 957 puu infections were detected annually, resulting in an incidence of 19/100,000; mortality was less than 0.1%. the infection was most common in the district of ita-savo with an incidence of 90/100,000. the seasonal peak was in november-december; howe ...199910576121
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents in a recreational park in south-western ireland.ixodes ricinus ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were numerous on the edges of paths and roads in a recreational park in south-western ireland. the abundance of ticks at different sites was related to the presence of deer, but a negative relationship was shown between tick abundance and tick infection rates. this is thought to be due to the deposition of large numbers of uninfected ticks by deer, which are apparently not good reservoir hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l. blood meal an ...199910581711
transmission dynamics of a zoonotic pathogen within and between wildlife host species.the transmission dynamics of the cowpox virus infection have been quantified in two mixed populations of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus), through analyses of detailed time-series of the numbers of susceptible, infectious and newly infected individuals. the cowpox virus is a zoonosis which circulates in these rodent hosts and has been shown to have an adverse effect on reproductive output. the transmission dynamics within species is best described as frequ ...199910584336
aspects of mammalian spermatogenesis: electrophoretical analysis of protamines in mammalian species.protamines are small, highly basic proteins that replace histones and testicular basic proteins during the development of mature spermatozoa, spermatogenesis. in mammals, extensive disulfide crosslinking of protamines result in the formation of a compact chromatin structure devoid of transcriptional activity. as determined by isolation and electrophoresis of protamines, only one protamine has been detected in the mature spermatozoa of most mammalian species. however, in the spermatozoa of the mo ...199910597046
[hantavirus infections in belgium].hantavirus disease is a recently recognised zoonosis. the main vectors are infected but healthy wild rodents or laboratory rats. transmission to man occurs via contact with, or inhalation of aerosolised excretions. the target organs in man are the kidney (old world) or the lung (new world), probably via a local hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. to date, more than 33 different hantaviruses have been characterised, at least 14 of them being of clinical importance. each serotype has it ...199910655777
dynamics of puumala hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles (clethrinomys glareolus).specific features of hantavirus infection in bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in the endemic area of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the foothills of the ural mountains, using long-term observations on living animals by the capture-mark-recapture (cmr) method. the results demonstrated that the infection naturally circulating in the voles is chronic (lasting for up to 15 months) and asymptomatic, with a peak of puumala virus accumulation and release from the organi ...199910664394
disease patterns in field and bank vole populations during a cyclic decline in central finland.declining field vole (microtus agrestis) and bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) populations were sampled (117 field voles and 34 bank voles) in south-central finland during the winter of 1988-89. the last surviving field voles were caught in april and bank voles in february. a subsample (16) of the april field voles were taken live to the laboratory for immunosuppression. the histopathology of the main internal organs and the presence of aerobic bacteria and certain parasites were studied. in t ...200010670697
pcr detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in western switzerland.the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae was demonstrated by pcr in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in switzerland in two areas of endemicity for bovine ehrlichiosis. six ticks (three females and three nymphs) (1.4%) of 417 i. ricinus ticks collected by flagging vegetation contained ehrlichial dna. a total of 201 small mammals from five species, wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), earth vole (pitymys subterraneus), bank vole (clethrionomys gla ...200010698987
serologic evidence of puumala virus infection in wild moose in northern sweden.puumala (puu) virus is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, the scandinavian form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. the infection is acquired by airborne transmission of puu virus from its rodent reservoir, the bank vole. besides serologic data indicating that the virus may spread also to heterologous rodents, there is little information on the susceptibility of wild living animals to puu virus. we studied the occurrence of antibodies to puu virus in serum samples from 427 wild ...200010761733
spatial and temporal dynamics of puumala hantavirus infection in red bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) populations in belgium.dynamics of hantavirus infection and population densities in rodents were investigated from 1996 to 1999 in southern belgium. evidence of puumala infection was restricted to clethrionomys glareolus. although the serotype was not determined, antibodies against hantavirus were also found in eight apodemus sylvaticus. in fall 1996, the seroprevalence in c. glareolus was high (20.1%, 37 of 184) and the infection was widely distributed in the area studied whereas a focal occurrence of positive rodent ...200010773322
a case-control study after a hantavirus infection outbreak in the south of belgium: who is at risk?puumala is the most common hantavirus serotype in europe and is spread mainly by the red bank vole. between 1 july 1992 and 31 january 1994, an outbreak of puumala virus-induced nephropathia epidemica (ne) occurred in the belgian ardennes. serologically confirmed cases (n = 41) were compared with two groups of asymptomatic seronegative controls. risks identified included sighting of living rodents, exposure to rodent droppings, and trapping rodents during the 4 weeks preceding onset of symptoms. ...199910825047
genetic and morphological heterogeneity in small rodent whipworms in southwestern europe: characterization of trichuris muris and description of trichuris arvicolae n. sp. (nematoda: trichuridae).genetic and morphological variability of whipworms trichuris roederer, 1761 (nematoda: trichuridae), parasites of small rodents in southwestern europe, was studied. isozyme patterns of natural populations of nematodes parasitizing rodent species of the muridae (apodemus sylvaticus, apodemus flavicollis, mus musculus) and arvicolidae (clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis, microtus arvalis) were analyzed at 6 putative loci. two diagnostic loci were found in t. muris from muridae and from arv ...200010864238
[an epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome morbidity in the republic of bashkortostan in 1997].the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the republic of bashkortostan, resulting in 10,057 registered cases of the disease (287 cases per 100,000 of the population), was analyzed. hfrs cases among the population were registered in 52 out of 54 regions of bashkortostan. 31% of the total number of patients were the inhabitants of rural regions (170 cases per 100,000) and 69% were urban dwellers (295 cases per 100,000), mainly in ufa (512 cases per 100,000). hfrs morbidity a ...199910876849
[outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with kidney syndrome in egor'ev district of moscow region].epizootological, serological, and molecular virological analysis of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the egoryevsk district of moscow region (september 1995-january 1996) has been carried out. hantavirus (puumala) antigen and virus-specific antibodies were isolated from bank voles captured in the endemic focus. anti-puumala antibodies were detected in the sera of all hfrs patients and in 2% healthy residents of the endemic focus. analysis of nucleotide sequence (rna ...200010971964
a longitudinal study of an endemic disease in its wildlife reservoir: cowpox and wild rodents.cowpox is an orthopoxvirus infection endemic in european wild rodents, but with a wide host range including human beings. in this longitudinal study we examined cowpox in two wild rodent species, bank voles clethrionomys glareolus and wood mice apodemus sylvaticus, to investigate the dynamics of a virus in its wild reservoir host. trapping was carried out at 4-weekly intervals over 3 years and each animal caught was uniquely identified, blood sampled and tested for antibodies to cowpox. antibody ...200010982080
the occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum and c. muris in wild rodents and insectivores in spain.five rodent and two insectivore species were investigated for cryptosporidium at seven sites in north-eastern spain. of the 442 animals studied, 82 apodemus sylvaticus, 1 a. flavicollis, 5 mus spretus, 1 rattus rattus, 8 clethrionomys glareolus and 13 crocidura russula were infected with only c. parvum. eleven a. sylvaticus and 2 c. glareolus were infected with only c. muris and 16 a. sylvaticus, 1 m. spretus and 2 c. glareolus showed mixed infections. both cryptosporidial species were found in ...200010996736
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...200011016435
dna vaccination of mice with a plasmid encoding puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein mimics the b-cell response induced by virus infection.inoculation of naked dna has been applied for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against different viral infections. to study the humoral immune response induced by dna vaccination we cloned the entire nucleocapsid protein-encoding sequence of the puumala hantavirus strain vranica/hällnäs into the cmv promoter-driven expression unit of the plasmid pcdna3, generating pcdna3-vr1. a single dose injection of 50 microg of plasmid dna into each m. tibialis anterior of balb/c mice ...200111035190
eimeria species infecting wood mice (genus apodemus) and the transfer of two species to mus musculus.characteristics of four species of eimeria isolated from apodemus sylvaticus are described. from oocyst morphology, three are identified as e. apionodes, e. hungaryensis and e. uptoni, the fourth being unnamed. cloning demonstrated that oocysts of e. hungaryensis were polymorphic. previous literature relating to the taxonomy is discussed and discrepancies outlined. species isolated from a. sylvaticus were not transmissible to clethrionomys glareolus, but both e. hungaryensis and e. apionodes hav ...19892528109
puumala (puu) hantavirus strain differences and insertion positions in the hepatitis b virus core antigen influence b-cell immunogenicity and protective potential of core-derived particles.hepatitis b virus (hbv) core-derived chimeric particles carrying a puumala (puu) hantavirus (strain vranica/hällnäs) nucleocapsid (n) protein sequence (aa 1-45), alternatively inserted at three distinct positions (n-, c-terminus, or the internal region), and mosaic particles consisting of hbv core as well as core/puu (vranica/hällnäs) n (aa 1-45) readthrough protein were generated. chimeric particles carrying the insert at the n-terminus or the internal region of core induced some protective imm ...200011040127
babesia divergens in france: descriptive and analytical epidemiology.babesia divergens cause of bovine babesiosis transmitted by ixodes ricinus, is widely spread especially in west, central and south-west parts of france. it occurs with two annual peaks, in spring and autumn. the study was carried out during a period of two years (1991-1993) in four farms in the sarthe area, in order to know the distribution and the ecology of i. ricinus, and to show the presence of b. divergens. cattle are parasitised as early as march essentially by adult ticks, according to a ...199911071546
molecular evolution of puumala hantavirus in fennoscandia: phylogenetic analysis of strains from two recolonization routes, karelia and denmark.like other members of the genus hantavirus: in the family bunyaviridae:, puumala virus (puuv) is thought to be co-evolving with its natural host, the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus. to gain insight into the evolutionary history of puuv in northern europe during the last post-glacial period, we have studied wild-type puuv strains originating from areas along two postulated immigration routes of bank voles to fennoscandia. full-length sequences of the s rna segment and partial sequences (nt 216 ...200011086113
nmr spectroscopy based metabonomic studies on the comparative biochemistry of the kidney and urine of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), white toothed shrew (crocidura suaveolens) and the laboratory rat.the metabolic profiles of three wild mammals that vary in their trophic strategies, the herbivorous bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), the granivorous wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), and the insectivorous white-toothed shrew (crocidura suaveolens), were compared with that of a widely used strain of laboratory rat (sprague dawley). in conjunction with nmr spectroscopic investigations into the urine and blood plasma composition for these mammals, high resolution magic angle spinning (hrmas) 1h ...200011126766
prevalence of igg antibodies response to borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in populations of wild rodents from mazury lakes district region of poland.three rodent species: clethrionomys glareolus, apodemus flavicollis and microtus arvalis from mazury lakes district of poland were examined for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-labelled protein g assay (elga). c. glareolus had an exceptionally high prevalence of b. burgdorferi antibodies - 58%, but a. flavicollis and m. arvalis also showed significant prevalence of 16.6% and 10.5%, respectively. the elga method is highly specific with good reproducibility. nevertheless, some differen ...200011153035
[the isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains and the determination of the scope of immune stratification among the population and the domestic animals on the northern russian plain].between 1986 and 1987 the authors conducted virological survey of 689 ixodes persulcatus and 420 mouse-like and insectivorous rodents at the territory of arkhangelsk province and the republic of komi. a total of 8 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus were isolated. out of them 3 strains were isolated from small mammalians (2 from clethrionomys glareolus, 1 from microtus oeconomus) at the southeastern areas of arkhangelsk province within the middle taiga subarea, 5 strains were isolated from ...19902145500
factors affecting the component community structure of haemoparasites in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from the mazury lake district region of poland.the prevalence and abundance of infections with haemoparasites were studied over a 3 year period in clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole, n = 420) sampled from forests in the ne of poland. total species richness was 5 (prevalence = haemobartonella sp. 63.1%, bartonella grahamii 27.4%, hepatozoon erhardovae 31.4%, trypanosoma evotomys 15% and babesia microti 1.0%) with 81.9% of the voles carrying at least 1 species and a mean infracommunity species richness of 1.4. variation in species richness was ...200111197763
[ecological and epizootic characteristics of various zonal types of natural reservoirs of alveococcosis in the omsk region].natural foci of alveococcis of various zonal types were found in the omsk region. the final pathogen hosts are red (aspen and birch forests, northern and southern forest-steppe, steppe) and corsac (southern forest-steppe and steppe) foxes and, perhaps, wolves (southern taiga). there are intermediate hosts, that are small mammals of 10 species, among which clethrionomys voles (northern redbacked, large-toothed redbacked, and bank voles in the southern taiga; northern redbacked voles in the aspen ...200011210415
genetic characterization of puumala hantavirus strains from belgium: evidence for a distinct phylogenetic lineage.puumala hantavirus (puuv) sequences were recovered from red bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) trapped between 1996 and 1998 in four localities of southern belgium: thuin, montbliart, momignies and couvin. in addition, three puuv isolates originating from bank voles trapped in the 1980s in southern (montbliart) and northern (turnhout) belgium were genetically characterized. analysis of the complete s and partial m segment sequences showed that the belgian puuv strains constitute a genetic line ...200111226569
antigenic relatedness of alphaherpesviruses isolated from free-living rodents.complement fixation and virus neutralization tests confirmed that alphaherpesviruses isolated from free-living apodemus flavicollis and clethrionomys glareolus rodents form an antigenically identical or very close group. immunofluorescence showed that antigen assembly and distribution within the infected cell resembles that of members of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. radioimmunoassay revealed close antigenic relatedness between five rodent herpesvirus isolates. moreover it suggested a possib ...19826188352
[lice (anoplura) of small mammals in the volga-kama preserve].18 068 small mammals belonging to 15 species were examined, 25 059 lice of 7 species (hoplopleura acanthopus, h. edentula, h. affinis, h. longula, polyplax serrata, p. borealis, neohaematopinus laeviusculus) were collected from 2355 animals of 14 species. information is given on the species composition, occurrence and abundance for lice on shrews and rodents. 50 per cent of collected animals belong to clethrionomys glareolus and about 85 per cent of lice--to hoplopleura edentula. frequent cases ...19816452609
mortality factors in a cyclic vole population.the causes of cyclic fluctuations in microtine rodent populations are still a bone of contention. in particular, the actual causes of mortality in the different phases of the 3-4-year vole are an enigma. we present results from studies of radio-collared voles (microtus agrestis, m. rossiaemeridionalis and clethrionomys glareolus), which show that small mustelid predation was the major mortality factor of voles in the decline phase, but had less importance in the increase phase of the 3-year popu ...19957644548
germ cells: a new source of estrogens in the male gonad.the cytochrome p450 aromatase (p450arom) is a key enzyme responsible for the formation of estrogens from androgens and is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of various tissues. p450arom has been immunolocalized in leydig cells of numerous species as well as in germ cells of mouse, bank vole and brown bear. aromatase activity has been measured in vitro in immature and mature rat leydig cells and sertoli cells, whereas in pig, ram and humans the enzyme activity is only present in leydig cells. i ...200111403896
a heterogeneous distribution of emmonsia parva var. crescens in an agro-ecosystem.the lung tissue of 1143 rodents of five species, caught at a number of sites and habitats in an agro-ecosystem (southern moravia, czech republic) in 1988-1993, was examined for the presence of adiaspores of emmonsia parva var. crescens (emmons et jellison) van oorschot. the overall prevalence of adiasporomycosis was 16.6%, but its distribution varied significantly according to rodent species (clethrionomys glareolus 37.6%, apodemus flavicollis 33.3%, a. sylvaticus 21.1%, a microps 9.2%, microtus ...19957666301
modifying the cellular transport of dna-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein.puumala virus is a member of the hantavirus genus (family bunyaviridae) and is one of the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in europe. a genetic vaccination approach was conducted to investigate if the immune response could be modulated using different cellular secretion and/or localisation signals, and the immune responses were analysed in balb/c mice and in a bank vole infectious model. rodents vaccinated with dna constructs encoding the antigen fused to an amino ...200111427253
diversity of relative intensities of acetylcholinesterase staining within the laminae of the visual cortex of four mammals.the histological staining patterns of acetylcholinesterase fibers in the visual cortex of the hamster, bank vole, yellow necked wood mouse, and rabbit are described. between the species there are variations in staining intensities of the laminae in the visual cortex. in the hamster and bank vole layers iv, v, and vi are intensely stained. the yellow necked wood mouse demonstrates little difference in staining intensity between the layers of the visual cortex. the rabbit evidences a dense precipi ...19937685233
importance of surveillance of tularemia natural foci in the known endemic area of central europe, 1991-1997.marked activation of natural foci of tularemia in the known endemic area of central europe, comprising the borderland of slovakia, austria and the czech republic, led to an epidemic outbreak in western slovakia and an increase in the number of human tularemia cases in the adjoining regions of northeastern austria and southern moravia from 1995 to 1997. the aim of this paper was to present the results of a longitudinal study on the prevalence of infection with francisella tularensis in small mamm ...200111467089
high-resolution magic angle spinning 1h-nmr spectroscopy studies on the renal biochemistry in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and the effects of arsenic (as3+) toxicity.1. high-resolution magic angle spinning (mas) 1h-nmr spectroscopy was used to study renal metabolism and the toxicity of as3+, a common environmental contaminant, in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), a wild species of rodent. 2. following a 14-day exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of as2o3 (28 mg kg(-1) feed), voles displayed tissue damage at autopsy. mas 1h spectra indicated abnormal lipid profiles in these samples. 3. tissue necrosis was also evident from measurements of the ...200111513249
quantifying parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst voles (clethrionomys glareolus).the estimation of two parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst small mammals, (1) the duration of infectivity in natural hosts and (2) the probability of transmission from an infected to a susceptible vole, is described. when b. microti was maintained by direct tick transmission, the probability of a complete cycle of transmission via the larval-nymphal and nymphal-adult transstadial routes was 1.0 and 0.71 respectively, but only if the larvae or ...19957724236
[species specificity of karyotype instability under conditions of radionuclide contamination (the chernobyl nuclear power plant) in the voles, micrototus oeconomus, micrototus arvalis, and clethrionomys glareolus].the comparative analysis of frequencies of different type cytogenetic anomalies in voles microtus oeconomus, microtus arvalis, clethrionomys glareolus trapped in territories with different levels of radionuclide contamination inside the 30-km zone of estrangement around the chernobyl npp was carried out. animals with constitutive chromosome abnormalities were not revealed. the frequency of lympocytes with micronuclei was the most universal and sensitive character to chronic low-dose radiation in ...200111589050
variation in the helminth community structure in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from three comparable localities in the mazury lake district region of poland.we tested the null hypothesis that populations of hosts trapped in isolated neighbouring locations showing comparable habitat quality, should support similar helminth parasite communities. the study was undertaken in a 2-week period in late summer in ne poland in a single year, thereby eliminating seasonal and between-year variation in parasite burdens. a total of 139 clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) were sampled from 3 forest sites of similar habitat quality. total species richness was 11 (6 ...200111676372
[hantavirus infection in bank voles in the natural reservoir. part 1. characteristics of an infection process in bank voles].the specific features of hantavirus infection in naturally infected bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), the principal host of hantavirus of the serotype puumala, were studied during long-term observation of individually marked animals in the active focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in the south of udmurtia. the infection time in the bank voles was defined by paired serum seroconversion tests. in the natural focus, hantavirus was shown to cause asymptomatic persistent infect ...200111680366
antigenic profile of ixodes ricinus: effect of developmental stage, feeding time and the response of different host species.antigens recognized by host species in response to ectoparasite infestation have been widely reported. although differences in the immune responses of different host species have been described, only a very few of these studies compare the range of antigens recognized by different host species in response to infestation. we used western blot analysis to investigate antigenic responses of different host species that were repeatedly infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. antigenic profiles of larval ...200111696166
[hantavirus infection epidemiology in belgium].in europe, puumala (puu) is a hantavirus responsible for a human disease called nephropathia epidemica and its natural reservoir is the red bank vole, (clethrionomys glareolus). although the population densities and the prevalence rates of infection were high in red bank voles in southern belgium during the 1996 and 1999 epidemic years, the percentages of infected rodents were low in 1997 and 1998, when only a few positive sites were found. antibodies against puu virus were mainly detected in th ...200111697188
[hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].puumala hantavirus is the most common hantavirus infection in western europe. the causative agent, puumala virus, is a member of the hantavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family. the natural hosts of hantaviruses are chronically, but asymptomatic infected rodents, which transmit the virus to human in their excretions. puumala virus is carried by the bank vole, clethrionomys glareolus. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) caused by puumala virus in france or belgium is very similar to the ...200111715607
first molecular evidence for puumala hantavirus in slovakia.we report on the first puumala hantavirus nucleotide sequence (strain opina-916) amplified from a bank vole trapped in slovakia, central europe. phylogenetic analysis of the s-segment sequence grouped the virus within the western/central european sublineage of puumala virus. in the neighborhood of the rodent trapping site two cases of human infection by the puumala virus were verified.200111724269
[estimation of the cytogenetic homeostasis in natural populations of small murine rodents from the lower (astrakhan') and middle (chapaevsk) volga regions].frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were estimated in the bone marrow of two background small rodent species, the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and the house mouse (mus musculus) from the middle (chapaevsk, samarskaya oblast) and lower (astrakhanskaya oblast) volga regions. the majority of chromosomal aberrations were chromatid deletions. in the studied species, cytogenetic disturbances were most prevalent in areas where the anthropogenic environmental pollution was maximum. the lowest ...19979480223
haemogregarines of the genus hepatozoon (apicomplexa: adeleina) in rodents from northern europe.we studied the prevalence and distribution of hepatozoon infections in small rodents from finland and other areas in northern europe. hepatozoon infections were more common in voles (arvicolinae) than mice (murinae) and more prevalent in voles of the genus clethrionomys than in voles of the genus microtus. transmission electron microscopical examination of hepatozoon erhardovae krampitz, 1964 from bank voles clethrionomys glareolus (schreber) showed that intracellular lung meronts were located i ...200111817449
aromatase expression in male germ cells.the cytochrome p450 aromatase (p450arom) is the terminal enzyme responsible for the formation of estrogens from androgens. according to the age, aromatase activity has been measured in immature and mature rat leydig cells, as well as in sertoli cells whereas in pig, ram and human the aromatase is mainly present in leydig cells. in the rat testis, we have immunolocalised the p450arom not only in leydig cells but also in germ cells and especially in elongated spermatids. related to the stage of ge ...200111850226
host specificity of trypanosoma (herpetosoma) species: evidence that bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) carry only one t. (h.) evotomys 18s rrna genotype but wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) carry at least two polyphyletic parasites.the strongest evidence for host specificity of mammalian trypanosomes comes from parasites of the subgenus trypanosoma (herpetosoma). laboratory studies have shown that t. (herpetosoma) species will not infect an alternative host. however, this has not been demonstrated in wild populations. we screened 560 bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and 148 wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) for trypanosomes by pcr amplification of the 18s rrna gene. in total, 109 (19%) bank voles and 12 (8%) wood mice we ...200211860034
[relation between characteristics of the small mammal population and occurrence of leptospira antibodies].five rodent species (apodemus flavicollis, a. agrarius, a. microps, clethrionomys glareolus and microtus arvalis) were examined serologically for presence of antibodies to leptospira. small mammals were caught in several areas of eastern slovakia, an important part of host material coming from east slovakian lowland (45.7%), south part of kosice basin (26.5%) and slovak carst (10.1%). serological examinations were used by kmety and bakoss (1978), the sexual condition of rodents were ascertained ...19979481926
tula hantavirus in belgium.european common voles (microtus arvalis), captured in belgium in 1999, were proven by molecular as well as by serological techniques to be infected with tula hantavirus (tulv). this is the first evidence for the presence of tulv in this country. no indication of spill-over infections of puumala virus, known to be highly endemic among bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) within the same geographical regions as the trapped tulv-infected common voles, was observed. together with previous reports on ...200212002543
excretion of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by wild mammals.a survey of fecal samples found enterococcal excretion in 82% of 388 bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus), 92% of 131 woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), and 75% of 165 badgers (meles meles). vancomycin-resistant enterococci, all enterococcus faecium of vana genotype, were excreted by 4.6% of the woodmice and 1.2% of the badgers, but by none of the bank voles.200212023924
cross-protection against challenge with puumala virus after immunization with nucleocapsid proteins from different hantaviruses.hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. the nucleocapsid protein (n) is relatively conserved among hantaviruses and highly immunogenic in both laboratory animals and humans, and it has been shown to induce efficient protective immunity in animal models. to investigate the ability of recombinant n (rn) from different hantaviruses to elicit cross-protection, we immunized bank voles with rn from puumala (puuv) ...200212050380
dissociation between mk-801- and captivity-induced stereotypies in bank voles.pharmacologically induced stereotypies (phis) following dopamine agonists and, more recently, the non-competitive nmda antagonist dizocilpine (mk-801), are used to study human psychopathology and for screening potential neuroleptic drugs. on the other hand, bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) spontaneously develop stereotyped jumping in barren cages, already before the age of 1 month (= captivity-induced stereotypies or cis). large interindividual differences in the level of jumping exist. in t ...19989682997
small mammal populations and community under conditions of extremely high thallium contamination in the environment.studies were carried out in the vicinity of a zinc smelter in southern poland, 50 km northwest of krakow, where the previous measurements with another bioindication method revealed huge thallium levels in the environment. the mammals (106 individuals in total) were captured in four wooded areas situated 1.5 to 2.5 km in various directions from the plant and in two reference sites, located far from industrial emission sources. very high tl levels were found in livers and kidneys of all mammals ex ...19989756683
[biological effects in natural populations of small rodents in radiation-polluted territories. description of sites. dynamics of concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides in populations of two species of small mammals].it has been revealed that dynamics of gamma-emitting radionuclide concentration in consecutive generations of two species of wild rodents (european bank vole and yellow-necked mouse) is characterised by the phases of an increase, a maximum content (peaks) and a decrease over 10 years after the chernobyl accident. the peaks of specific activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides in populations in the areas with different densities of radio-contamination falls not on the first year but on the next on ...19989876497
a new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).a previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. the amino acid sequences of predicted ljungan virus capsid proteins vp2 and vp3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). a partial 5' noncoding region sequence of ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. t ...199910049824
[epidemic nephropathy. an important differential diagnosis of acute renal failure in reutlingen, an endemic area].hantavirus ("epidemic") nephropathy (hn), or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (who nomenclature), is an infection caused by strains (e.g. puumala) of hantavirus, which is often accompanied by acute renal failure. although its typical symptomatology has been fully reported, it is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of renal nephropathy. this study investigated whether, in the presence of typical symptoms, specific search for a certain constellation of laboratory values in associati ...200212183800
demographic factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) is the natural reservoir of puumala virus (puuv), a species in the genus hantavirus. puuv is the etiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. factors that influence hantavirus transmission within host populations are not well understood. we evaluated a number of factors influencing on the association of increased puuv infection in bank voles captured in a region in northern sweden endemic for the virus. l ...200212194768
behavioral, physiologic, and habitat influences on the dynamics of puumala virus infection in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus).populations of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) were monitored during a 4-year study in southern belgium to assess the influence of agonistic behavior, reproductive status, mobility, and distribution of the rodents on the dynamics of puumala virus (abbreviation: puuv; genus: hantavirus) infection. concordance was high between data from serologic testing and results of viral rna detection. wounds resulting from biting or scratching were observed mainly in adult rodents. hantavirus infection i ...200212194769
mycobacterium microti infection (vole tuberculosis) in wild rodent populations.mycobacterium microti (vole tuberculosis) infections in small wild mammals were first described more than 60 years ago in several populations in great britain. few studies of vole tuberculosis have been undertaken since then, and little is known about the relationship between m. microti isolates originating from different populations or at different times or of the prevalence of this infection in wild rodent populations, despite human cases of m. microti infections being increasingly reported. i ...200212202566
characterisation of dna probes for the analysis of metallothionein gene expression in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus).dna probes have been developed for subsequent use in monitoring the exposure of animals to heavy metal pollution in terrestrial environments using metallothionein (mt) gene expression in the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). three different bank vole sequences were characterised corresponding to the cdna and the genomic dna for mt-i and the genomic dna for mt-ii. nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that the coding sequences of the bank vole mt-i and mt-ii genes exhibit a very high degree o ...200212222609
yeast-expressed puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induces protection in a bank vole model.hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause severe human diseases. the coding sequences for the authentic and a his-tagged puumala hantavirus (puuv) nucleocapsid (n) protein were expressed in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae). n-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated native antigenicity of the two proteins. all bank voles vaccinated with the his-tagged n protein in freund's adjuvant (n=12) were defined as completely protected against subsequent virus challenge, based on the absence of vi ...200212297397
rodent host specificity of european hantaviruses: evidence of puumala virus interspecific spillover.in order to investigate rodent host specificity of european hantaviruses, experimental infection of colonized and wild-trapped rodents was performed. in addition to the natural rodent reservoir, clethrionomys glareolus, puumala hantavirus (puuv) could infect colonized microtus agrestis and lemmus sibiricus, but not syrian hamsters or balb/c mice. neither c. glareolus, nor m. agrestis, could be readily infected by tula hantavirus (tulv). wild-trapped apodemus flavicollis and a. agrarius, the natu ...200212376967
hantaviruses in estonia.human serum samples collected from healthy individuals in 14 counties were screened by elisa in order to investigate the presence of hantavirus infections in estonia. out of 1,234 serum samples, 124 were found positive for hantavirus-specific igg and were subsequently serotyped by a focus reduction neutralization test. a total of 112 samples neutralized at least one of the examined hantaviruses-puumala (puuv), saaremaa (saav), dobrava (dobv), hantaan, and seoul viruses-and thereby, the focus red ...200212376968
the effect of testicular macrophages, macrophage-conditioned medium and interleukin-1alpha on the cytoskeleton of bank vole leydig cells.recently, morphological and functional interactions between cytoskeletal elements and their involvement in cell movements, shape changes and/or translocation of organelles have been intensively studied. thus, the aim of our work was to determine whether testicular macrophages and/or their products have an influence on leydig cell cytoskeleton. the source of leydig cells and macrophages were male bank voles from spring and autumn generations, reared in different regime of light for 7-8 weeks. the ...199910482039
dinara - new natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia.to investigate the characteristics and determine risk factors for hantanvirus infection in natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) on the dinara mountain, where outbreak of disease emerged among croatian soldiers in 1995, and to describe the features of hfrs acquired on the dinara mountain and determine the scale of the largest hfrs epidemic so far in croatia.200212402400
epidemiologic characteristics and military implications of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia.to analyze epidemiologic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in croatia, including military implications of the disease and measures for its prevention.200212402401
prevalence of coinfection with francisella tularensis in reservoir animals of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.studies on lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne zoonoses in the austrian and slovakian borderland, a region endemic for tularemia, revealed a relatively high prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and francisella tularensis in small terrestrial mammals, as well as in the ticks, during a one-year survey. the occurrence of coinfection with the agents of lyme borreliosis and tularemia was assessed in different species of rodents.200212422587
distribution of hantavirus foci in belgium.during 1999 and 2000, we performed rodent captures on 15 sites all over belgium to evaluate the presence of hantaviruses in local rodent populations. viral antibody and rna detection was performed by elisa/focus reduction neutralisation test and rt-pcr, respectively. we found hantavirus-positive rodents on 13 out of 15 trapping sites and 3 rodent species were found positive for hantavirus infection. apart from puumala virus that was carried by clethrionomys glareolus, 2 additional rodent species ...200212443796
properties of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from bank voles.to assess the properties of b. thuringiensis naturally occurring in the intestines of bank voles.200312492924
puumala hantavirus infection in humans and in the reservoir host, ardennes region, france.we compared the occurrence of nephropathia epidemica cases, over a multi-annual population cycle, in northeastern france with the hantavirus serology for bank voles captured in the same area. we discuss hypotheses to explain the pattern of infection in both humans and rodents and their synchrony.200212498675
[detection of natural foci of babesiosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in russia].the use of microscopy, infection of golden hamsters and the polymerase chain reaction made it possible to find out that about 30% of common red-backed voles (clethrionomys glareolus), inhabiting the taiga forests of the southern part of the western urals (the chusovskoi district of the perm region), were infected with babesia microti and simultaneously (a third of them) with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. the sequencing of 18s rdna of str ...200212506622
[genetic efficacy of low doses of ionizing radiation in chronically-irradiated small mammals].earlier we have established the genetic effects of low dose chronic irradiation in bank vole (somatic and germ cells, embryos), in pond carp (fertilized eggs, embryos, fry) and in laboratory mice (somatic and germ cells) in the range of doses from near-background to 10 cgy. these low dose effects observed in mammals and fish are not expected from extrapolation of high dose experiments. for understanding reasons this discrepancy the comparative analysis of genetic efficiency of low dose chronic i ...200212530144
[dna-protein cross-links in leukocytes of the field mouse (apodemus agrarius) and the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) dwelling in the territory of a radioactive waste storage station].dna-protein cross-links in white blood cells of apodemus agrarius and clethrionomys glareolus dwelling in the territory of the guarded zone of the radioactive waste storage in sergievo posad (area with gamma-background 50-400 micror/h) have been determined. as a control the animals from sanitary protected area of sergievo posadsky department (gamma-background on the soil surface is 8-10 micror/h) was used. it was found that the doses received by apodemus agrarius and clethrionomys glareolus, res ...199910542876
the wood mouse is a natural host for murid herpesvirus 4.infection of laboratory mice by the murid herpesvirus 4 (mhv-4) is a much studied model system for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. little, however, is known about its natural host range, epidemiology and pathogenesis outside the laboratory. we have studied mhv-4 infection in free-living murids in the uk. using a combination of serology and pcr analysis, we found that mhv-4 was endemic in wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) but not in two species of voles (clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis). ...200312533706
bartonella infection in sylvatic small mammals of central sweden.sylvatic small mammals were captured in rural habitats near uppsala, sweden, to measure the prevalence of bartonella infections, characterize bacterial isolates and identify their host range, and increase our understanding of host-pathogen ecology. during 7 nights of trapping at 3 localities, 236 small mammals were captured (trap success 30%). bartonella were isolated from bloods of apodemus flavicollis (19 of 110 tested), apodemus sylvaticus (6/25), clethrionomys glareolus (9/60), microtus agre ...200312613756
association of borrelia afzelii with rodents in europe.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) is maintained in nature by complex zoonotic transmission cycles, involving a large variety of vertebrates as hosts and hard ticks of the genus ixodes as vectors. recent studies suggest that the genospecies of b. burgdorferi s.l. and sometimes their subtypes are propagated by different spectra of hosts, mainly birds and rodents. in order to test the concept of host-association, we analysed the relationships between borrelia genospecies, rodent hosts and i. r ...200312613759
murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection of and persistence in the central nervous system.murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) was originally isolated from a bank vole by passage through mouse brain. given its ability to replicate in mouse brain and its subsequent reisolation from trigeminal ganglia, it was originally considered to be an alphaherpesvirus. molecular studies have now firmly established mhv-68 to be a gammaherpesvirus. other gammaherpesviruses have been suggested to cause and in some cases shown to cause neurological disease. given the isolation history of mhv-68, we hav ...200011038374
s-100 protein immunoreactivity in mammalian testis and epididymis.the present study deals with immunohistochemical localization of s-100 protein in mouse, bank vole and pine vole testis and epididymis. s-100 protein immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelia of capillaries and lymphatic sinusoids of pine vole testis. a reaction to s-100 protein of the same intensity as that noted in the endothelia of testicular capillaries was found in myoid cells of pine vole and bank vole seminiferous tubules. moreover, a positive reaction to s-100 protein was observed ...200011185720
[detection of hantavirus antigen in rodents in the czech republic].the work is based on the hitherto implemented examinations of lungs of rodents from the territory of the czech republic for the presence of hantavirus antigen. for detection of a species specific antigen the elisa set hantagnost from the poliomyelitis institute in moscow was used. a total of 1494 micromammalia of 15 species caught in 1991-2001 were examined. the hantavirus antigen was detected in the lungs of 101 individuals (6.8%) whereby representatives of the species microtus arvalis predomin ...200312647557
testosterone depresses innate and acquired resistance to ticks in natural rodent hosts: a force for aggregated distributions of parasites.the effects of testosterone on acquired resistance to ticks, ixodes ricinus, in their natural rodent hosts (voles, clethrionomys glareolus, and wood-mice, apodemus sylvaticus) were investigated by manipulating testosterone levels and exposing the hosts to repeated tick infestations. testosterone reduced both innate and acquired resistance to tick feeding. during primary infestations, attachment rates were higher on rodents with high testosterone levels than on oil-implanted controls. successive ...200111227902
distribution of puumala hantavirus in denmark: analysis of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) from fyn and jutland.the majority of hantaviral infections in denmark since 1957 have occurred on the island of fyn. we have recently shown the presence of puumala hantavirus (puuv) in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) on fyn. to learn more about the distribution and prevalence of puuv in denmark, 310 small mammals, belonging to six rodent and two insectivore species, were trapped in four localities on fyn and three localities on the jutland peninsula (mainland denmark), where only a few cases of nephropathia epi ...200212656129
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