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negevirus: a proposed new taxon of insect-specific viruses with wide geographic distribution.six novel insect-specific viruses, isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies collected in brazil, peru, the united states, ivory coast, israel, and indonesia, are described. their genomes consist of single-stranded, positive-sense rnas with poly(a) tails. by electron microscopy, the virions appear as spherical particles with diameters of ∼45 to 55 nm. based on their genome organization and phylogenetic relationship, the six viruses, designated negev, ngewotan, piura, loreto, dezidougo ...201223255793
phylogenetic and molecular variability studies reveal a new genetic clade of citrus leprosis virus c.citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c) causes a severe disease affecting citrus orchards in the western hemisphere. this study reveals the molecular variability of the virus by analyzing four genomic regions (p29, p15, mp and rna2-intergenic region) distributed over its two rnas. nucleotide diversity (π) values were relatively low but statistically different over the analyzed genes and subpopulations, indicating their distinct evolutionary history. values of πp29 and πmp were higher than those of πp15 ...201627275832
detection of citrus leprosis virus c using specific primers and taqman probe in one-step real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays.citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c), a causal agent of the leprosis disease in citrus, is mostly present in the south and central america and spreading toward the north america. to enable better diagnosis and inhibit the further spread of this re-emerging virus a quantitative (q) real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay is needed for early detection of cilv-c when the virus is present in low titer in citrus leprosis samples. using the genomic sequence of cilv-c, spe ...201526341059
citrus leprosis virus c infection results in hypersensitive-like response, suppression of the ja/et plant defense pathway and promotion of the colonization of its mite vector.leprosis is a serious disease of citrus caused by citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c, genus cilevirus) whose transmission is mediated by false spider mites of the genus brevipalpus. cilv-c infection does not systemically spread in any of its known host plants, thus remaining restricted to local lesions around the feeding sites of viruliferous mites. to get insight into this unusual pathosystem, we evaluated the expression profiles of genes involved in defense mechanisms of arabidopsis thaliana and ...201627933078
characterization of a virus infecting citrus volkameriana with citrus leprosis-like symptoms.a citrus volkameriana tree displaying symptoms similar to citrus leprosis on its leaves and bark was found in hawaii. citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c)-specific detection assays, however, were negative for all tissues tested. short, bacilliform virus-like particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the cytoplasm of symptomatic leaves but not in healthy controls. double-stranded (ds) rnas ≈8 and 3 kbp in size were present in symptomatic leaf tissue but not in healthy controls. e ...201221916557
detection of brevipalpus-transmitted viruses in their mite vectors by rt-pcr.the diagnosis of plant diseases caused by brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (brtvs) has been done through the analyses of symptoms, transmission electron microscopy, and rt-pcr of infected plant tissues. here, we report the detection of citrus leprosis virus c, orchid fleck virus, clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus and solanum violaefolium ringspot virus in their viruliferous vectors brevipalpus spp. using specific primer pairs for each of the viruses. the efficiency of virus transmission by brevip ...201121279538
complete nucleotide sequence, genomic organization and phylogenetic analysis of citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type.the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna 1 (8745 nt) and rna 2 (4986 nt) of citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type (cilv-c) was determined using cloned cdna. rna 1 contains two open reading frames (orfs), which correspond to 286 and 29 kda proteins. the 286 kda protein is a polyprotein putatively involved in virus replication, which contains four conserved domains: methyltransferase, protease, helicase and polymerase. rna 2 contains four orfs corresponding to 15, 61, 32 and 24 kda pro ...200616894213
comparative morpho-anatomical studies of the lesions caused by citrus leprosis virus on sweet orange.the leprosis disease shows a viral etiology and the citrus leprosis virus is considered its etiologic agent. the disease may show two types of cytopatologic symptom caused by two virus: nuclear (cilv-n) and cytoplasmic (cilv-c) types. the aim of this study was to compare the morpho-anatomical differences in the lesions caused by leprosis virus-cytoplasmic and nuclear types in citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck 'pêra'. leaf and fruit lesions were collected in piracicaba/são paulo (cytoplasmic type) and ...201020563430
role bending: complex relationships between viruses, hosts, and vectors related to citrus leprosis, an emerging disease.citrus leprosis complex is an emerging disease in the americas, associated with two unrelated taxa of viruses distributed in south, central, and north america. the cytoplasmic viruses are citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c), citrus leprosis virus c2 (cilv-c2), and hibiscus green spot virus 2, and the nuclear viruses are citrus leprosis virus n (cilv-n) and citrus necrotic spot virus. these viruses cause local lesion infections in all known hosts, with no natural systemic host identified to date. al ...201525775106
history and diversity of citrus leprosis virus recorded in herbarium specimens.leprosis refers to two diseases of citrus that present similar necrotic local lesions, often surrounded by chlorotic haloes on citrus. two distinct viruses are associated with this disease, one that produces particles primarily in the nucleus of infected plant cells (citrus leprosis virus nuclear type [cilv-n]; dichorhavirus) and another type that produces particles in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells (citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type [cilv-c]; cilevirus). both forms are transmitted b ...201525961338
infestation dynamics of brevipalpus phoenicis (geijskes) (acari: tenuipalpidae) in citrus orchards as affected by edaphic and climatic variables.brevipalpus phoenicis (geijskes) is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous mite that transmits important phytoviruses, such as coffee ringspot virus, passion fruit green spot virus and citrus leprosis virus c. to characterise the dynamics of the probability and the rate of b. phoenicis infestation in response to edaphic and climatic factors, monthly inspections were performed in nine orchards in a citrus region of the state of bahia, brazil, for 35 months. three fruits per plant were examined using a ma ...201526021609
diversity and genetic variation among brevipalpus populations from brazil and mexico.brevipalpus phoenicis s.l. is an economically important vector of the citrus leprosis virus-c (cilv-c), one of the most severe diseases attacking citrus orchards worldwide. effective control strategies for this mite should be designed based on basic information including its population structure, and particularly the factors that influence its dynamics. we sampled sweet orange orchards extensively in eight locations in brazil and 12 in mexico. population genetic structure and genetic variation b ...201526207373
the complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of citrus leprosis associated virus, cytoplasmatic type (cilv-c).the citrus leprosis disease (cil) is associated to a virus (cilv) transmitted by brevipalpus spp. mites (acari: tenuipalpidae). cil is endemic in brazil and its recently spreading to central america represents a threat to citrus industry in the usa. electron microscopy images show two forms of cilv: a rare nuclear form, characterized by rod-shaped naked particle (cilv-n) and a common cytoplasmic form (cilv-c) associated with bacilliform-enveloped particle and cytoplasmic viroplasm. due to this m ...200616732481
a novel virus of the genus cilevirus causing symptoms similar to citrus leprosis.citrus leprosis in colombia was previously shown to be caused by cytoplasmic citrus leprosis virus (cilv-c). in 2011, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based diagnostic methods failed to identify cilv-c from citrus samples with symptoms similar to citrus leprosis; however, virions similar to cilv-c were observed in the cytoplasm of the symptomatic leaves by transmission electron microscopy. furthermore, the causal organism was transmit ...201323268581
immunodiagnosis of citrus leprosis virus c using a polyclonal antibody to an expressed putative coat protein.citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c), a causal agent for citrus leprosis disease, is present in south and central america and is a threat for introduction into the u.s. citrus industry. a specific, inexpensive and reliable antibody based detection system is needed for the rapid identification of cilv-c. the cilv-c is very labile and has not been purified in sufficient amount for antibody production. the p29 gene of cilv-c genome that codes for the putative coat protein (pcp) was codon optimized for ...201323911294
tanay virus, a new species of virus isolated from mosquitoes in the philippines.in 2005, we isolated a new species of virus from mosquitoes in the philippines. the virion was elliptical in shape and had a short single projection. the virus was named tanay virus (tanav) after the locality in which it was found. tanav genomic rna was a 9562 nt+poly-a positive strand, and polycistronic. the longest orf contained putative rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp); however, conserved short motifs in the rdrp were permuted. tanav was phylogenetically close to negevirus, a recently prop ...201424646751
production of monoclonal antibodies for detection of citrus leprosis virus c in enzyme-linked immuno-assays and immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.citrus leprosis virus c (cilv-c) causes damage in citrus production in the south and central america. since closely related types of citrus viruses have recently been described monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are needed for accurate and sensitive diagnosis of cilv-c. in this study, mabs to the expressed coat protein of cilv-c were produced for serological detection of cilv-c in crude extracts of infected tissues in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (das-elisa), dot blot im ...201424956418
identification and molecular characterization of nuclear citrus leprosis virus, a member of the proposed dichorhavirus genus infecting multiple citrus species in mexico.citrus leprosis is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus spp. and is associated with two unrelated virus groups that produce particles primarily in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of infected plant cells. symptoms of leprosis, including chlorotic spots surrounded by yellow haloes on leaves and necrotic spots on twigs and fruit, were observed on leprosis-affected mandarin and navel sweet orange trees in the state of querétaro, mexico. serological and molecular assays showed that the cyto ...201525423071
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