| field efficacy and nontarget effects of the mosquito larvicides temephos, methoprene, and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in florida mangrove swamps. | we compared the efficacy and nontarget effects of temephos, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (b.t.i.), and methoprene applied by helicopter to control mosquito larvae in mangrove swamps on sanibel island, fl, in may 1997. three sites per treatment and 3 untreated sites were used. temephos (abate) was applied at 37 ml/ha (43% active ingredient [ai]), b.t.i. granules (vectobac g) were applied at 5.606 kg/ha (200 international toxic units/mg), and methoprene (altosid all) was applied at 213 ... | 1999 | 10612606 |
| incrimination of the mosquito, aedes taeniorhynchus, as the primary vector of heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in coastal yucatan, mexico. | mosquito collections were carried out on microfilaraemic dogs, positive for dirofilaria sp., for 18 consecutive nights in the coastal town of celestún, yucatan, southeast mexico, during the rainy season (august) of 2007. a total of 292 female mosquitoes representing 12 species of dipteran culicidae were collected: anopheles albimanus (wiedemann); anopheles crucians (wiedemann); anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald); culex coronator (dyar & knab); culex interrogator (dyar & knab); culex nigripa ... | 2010 | 20572932 |
| vector competence of two species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from southern california for dirofilaria immitis (filariidea: onchocercidae). | two species of mosquitoes reared to adults from field-collected larvae or egg rafts in or near los angeles county, ca, were exposed to dogs with known levels of dirofilaria immitis (leidy) microfilariae per 20 cubic millimeters of blood. aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) readily blood fed on an infected dog ingested microfilariae but did not become infected. culiseta incidens (thomson) also fed on an infected dog became infected, and 10% of the microfilariae developed to the l3 stage. cs. inciden ... | 2000 | 10730504 |
| pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from grand cayman. | the grand cayman population of aedes aegypti is highly resistant to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. glutathione transferase, cytochrome p450, and esterase levels were increased in the grand cayman population relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, but synergist studies did not implicate elevated insecticide detoxification as a major cause of resistance. the role of target site resistance was therefore investigated. two substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel were identified, v101 ... | 2010 | 20682868 |
| genetic diversity and purifying selection in west nile virus populations are maintained during host switching. | to investigate differential evolutionary rates and selective forces of wnv in hosts and vectors, we measured the genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage in mosquitoes and birds. within-host genetic diversity was monitored in each of three experimentally passed replicates, and the complete genome sequence of each wnv strain was determined after passage. the intrahost genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage was significantly greater than the diversity generated duri ... | 2008 | 18395240 |
| arbovirus transmission by culex nigripalpus in florida, 2005. | understanding the transmission patterns of west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv and slev) could result in an increased ability to predict transmission risk to humans. to examine transmission patterns between vector and host, we trapped mosquitoes in three florida counties from june to november 2005 by using chicken-baited lard can mosquito traps. these traps were used to monitor for presence of wnv and slev in mosquitoes and subsequent transmis ... | 2008 | 18533444 |
| 110 years of avipoxvirus in the galapagos islands. | the role of disease in regulating populations is controversial, partly owing to the absence of good disease records in historic wildlife populations. we examined birds collected in the galapagos islands between 1891 and 1906 that are currently held at the california academy of sciences and the zoologisches staatssammlung muenchen, including 3973 specimens representing species from two well-studied families of endemic passerine birds: finches and mockingbirds. beginning with samples collected in ... | 2011 | 21249151 |
| isolation of novel bacillus species showing high mosquitocidal activity against several mosquito species. | two novel mosquitocidal bacteria, vb17 and vb24, identified as new bacillus species were isolated from dead mosquito larvae obtained in florida aquatic habitats. gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (gc-fame) and 16s rrna sequencing indicated that vb24 is closely related to bacillus sphaericus whereas vb17 does not have a close relationship with either bacillus thuringiensis or b. sphaericus. both isolates were significantly more active than b. sphaericus 2362 against aedes t ... | 2011 | 21276795 |
| mosquito infestation and dengue virus infection in aedes aegypti females in schools in merida, mexico. | we determined abundance of aedes aegypti mosquitoes and presence of dengue virus (denv) in females collected from schools in mérida, méxico, during 2008 and 2009. backpack aspiration from 24 schools produced 468 females of ae. aegypti and 1,676 females of another human biter, culex quinquefasciatus. ae. aegypti females were collected most commonly from classrooms followed by offices and bathrooms. of these females, 24.7% were freshly fed. examination of 118 pools of ae. aegypti females (total of ... | 2011 | 21363990 |
| the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus (larroussius) perniciosus, a vector of leishmania infantum: comparison of sugar fed and blood fed sand flies. | abstract: | 2011 | 21569254 |
| laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate. | abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ... | 2011 | 21595988 |
| persistent west nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement st. louis encephalitis virus in southeastern california, 2003-2006. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) invaded the colorado desert biome of southern california during summer 2003 and seemed to displace previously endemic st. louis encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, slev, an antigenically similar flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex). western equine encephalomyelitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, weev), an antigenically distinct alphavirus, was detected during 2005 and 2006, ind ... | 2008 | 18533445 |
| mosquito (diptera: culicidae) bloodmeal sources during a period of west nile virus transmission in puerto rico. | host bloodmeals of indigenous caribbean mosquitoes have not been studied previously. we identified vertebrate dna in 90 blood-engorged mosquitoes belonging to four genera (aedes, culex, deinocerites, and uranotaenia) and 12 species that were collected in puerto rico within a geographic and temporal focus of west nile virus transmission in 2007. it was found that 62 (68.8%) bloodmeals were from reptiles, 18 (20.0%) from birds, and 10 (11.1%) from mammals. only one bloodmeal of 18 derived from cul ... | 2011 | 21661334 |
| endemic venezuelan equine encephalitis in the americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is an emerging infectious disease in latin america. outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown vee activity. clinically, vee is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are ... | 2011 | 21765860 |
| susceptibility of mosquito and lepidopteran cell lines to the mosquito iridescent virus (iiv-3) from aedes taeniorhynchus. | mosquito iridescent viruses (miv) are members of the genus chloriridovirus that currently contains only the type iiv-3 from aedestaeniorhynchus. the complete genome of invertebrate iridescent virus -3 (iiv-3) has been sequenced and the availability of a tissue culture system would facilitate functional genomic studies. this investigation, using quantitative pcr and electron microscopy, has determined that the mosquito cell lines aedes aegypti (aag2), aedes albopictus (c6/36) and anopheles gambia ... | 2011 | 21741386 |
| the fat body transcriptomes of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, pre- and post- blood meal. | the fat body is the main organ of intermediary metabolism in insects and the principal source of hemolymph proteins. as part of our ongoing efforts to understand mosquito fat body physiology and to identify novel targets for insect control, we have conducted a transcriptome analysis of the fat body of aedes aegypti before and in response to blood feeding. | 2011 | 21818341 |
| identification of two mosquitocidal bacillus cereus strains showing different host ranges. | mosquitocidal bacteria, m413 and c32 have been isolated from sediment samples collected from woodland and ditch, respectively. gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids methyl esters (gc-fame) and 16s rrna gene sequence alignment results showed these isolates belong to bacillus cereus. the sds-page analysis of sporulated cultures of both isolates showed two major bands very similar in size. interestingly, however, m413 is mainly toxic to 4th instars of ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus whereas c32 i ... | 2009 | 18854193 |
| Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Dengue as Influenced by Weather and Human Behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico. | Previous studies on the influence of weather on Aedes aegypti dynamics in Puerto Rico suggested that rainfall was a significant driver of immature mosquito populations and dengue incidence, but mostly in the drier areas of the island. We conducted a longitudinal study of Ae. aegypti in two neighborhoods of the metropolitan area of San Juan city, Puerto Rico where rainfall is more uniformly distributed throughout the year. We assessed the impacts of rainfall, temperature, and human activities on ... | 2011 | 22206021 |
| isoenzyme polymorphism and genetic structure of ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) in populations from the colombian atlantic coast. | | 2009 | 19452273 |
| west nile virus vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the galapagos islands. | the mosquito-transmitted pathogen west nile virus (wnv) is not yet present in the galápagos archipelago of ecuador. however, concern exists for fragile endemic island fauna after population decreases in several north american bird species and pathology in certain reptiles. we examined wnv vector competency of a galápagos strain of mosquito (culex quinquefasciatus say). field specimens were tested for their capacity to transmit the wn02-1956 strain of wnv after incubation at 27°c or 30°c. rates o ... | 2011 | 21896799 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis in panama: fatal endemic disease and genetic diversity of etiologic viral strains. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a reemerging, mosquito-borne viral disease of the neotropics that is severely debilitating and sometimes fatal to humans. periodic epidemics mediated by equine amplification have been recognized since the 1920s, but interepidemic disease is rarely recognized. we report here clinical findings and genetic characterization of 42 cases of endemic vee detected in panama from 1961-2004. recent clusters of cases occurred in darien (eastern panama) and panama prov ... | 2009 | 19564908 |
| experimental transmission of mayaro virus by aedes aegypti. | outbreaks of mayaro fever have been associated with a sylvatic cycle of mayaro virus (mayv) transmission in south america. to evaluate the potential for a common urban mosquito to transmit mayv, laboratory vector competence studies were performed with aedes aegypti from iquitos, peru. oral infection in ae. aegypti ranged from 0% (0/31) to 84% (31/37), with blood meal virus titers between 3.4 log(10) and 7.3 log(10) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml. transmission of mayv by 70% (21/30) of infected mo ... | 2011 | 21976583 |
| evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the galapagos islands. | wildlife on isolated oceanic islands is highly susceptible to the introduction of pathogens. the recent establishment in the galápagos islands of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, a vector for diseases such as avian malaria and west nile fever, is considered a serious risk factor for the archipelago's endemic fauna. here we present evidence from the monitoring of aeroplanes and genetic analysis that c. quinquefasciatus is regularly introduced via aircraft into the galápagos archipelago. genet ... | 2009 | 19675009 |
| encephalitic alphaviruses. | this review will cover zoonotic, encephalitic alphaviruses in the family togaviridae. encephalitic alphaviruses, i.e. western- (weev), eastern- (eeev), venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and, more rarely, ross river virus, chikungunya virus and highlands j virus (hjv), are neuroinvasive and may cause neurological symptoms ranging from mild (e.g., febrile illness) to severe (e.g., encephalitis) in humans and equines. among the naturally occurring alphaviruses, weev, eeev and veev have wi ... | 2010 | 19775836 |
| detection of novel sequences related to african swine fever virus in human serum and sewage. | the family asfarviridae contains only a single virus species, african swine fever virus (asfv). asfv is a viral agent with significant economic impact due to its devastating effects on populations of domesticated pigs during outbreaks but has not been reported to infect humans. we report here the discovery of novel viral sequences in human serum and sewage which are clearly related to the asfarvirus family but highly divergent from asfv. detection of these sequences suggests that greater genetic ... | 2009 | 19812170 |
| susceptibility of psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype ic) and enzootic (subtype id) venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. | to test the hypothesis that adaptation to epizootic mosquito vectors mediates the emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, veev) from enzootic progenitors, the susceptibility of the epizootic vector psorophora confinnis (lynch-arribalzaga) to epizootic versus enzootic strains was evaluated. artificial bloodmeals containing subtype ic strains isolated during the 1962-1964, 1992-1993, and 1995 venezuelan/colombian epizootics and closely related venez ... | 2005 | 16365999 |
| production of chymotrypsin-resistant bacillus thuringiensis cry2aa1 delta-endotoxin by protein engineering. | cleavage of the cry2aa1 protoxin (molecular mass, 63 kda) from bacillus thuringiensis by midgut juice of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) larvae resulted in two major protein fragments: a 58-kda fragment which was highly toxic to the insect and a 49-kda fragment which was not toxic. in the midgut juice, the protoxin was processed into a 58-kda toxin within 1 min, but after digestion for 1 h, the 58-kda fragment was further cleaved within domain i, resulting in the protease-resistant 49-kda fragment ... | 1999 | 10508095 |
| targeted trapping of mosquito vectors in the chesapeake bay area of maryland. | most adult mosquito surveillance in maryland is performed using dry ice-baited or unbaited centers for disease control (cdc) miniature light traps suspended approximately 1.5 m above the ground. however, standardized trapping methods may miss mosquito species involved in disease transmission cycles. during a 2-yr study, the effectiveness of the olfactory attractant 1-octen-3-ol alone and in combination with carbon dioxide was evaluated for collecting mosquito vector species. in addition, trap he ... | 2006 | 16619593 |
| limited potential for mosquito transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | in an attempt to improve the current live-attenuated vaccine (tc-83) for venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), specific mutations associated with attenuation of vee virus in rodent models were identified. these mutations were inserted into full-length cdna clones of the trinidad donkey strain of vee virus by site-directed mutagenesis, and isogenic virus strains with these mutations were recovered after transfection of baby hamster kidney cells with infectious rna. we evaluated 10 of these strain ... | 1999 | 10403340 |
| cache valley virus in the del mar va peninsula. iv. biological transmission of the virus by aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus. | | 1970 | 4392809 |
| pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the mexico-us border along the rio grande. | transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. the complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. the rio grande serve ... | 2014 | 25453027 |
| countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for anaplasma spp., borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), dirofilaria immitis and ehrlichia canis in mexico. | canine vector-borne diseases (cvbd) have become a major concern for canine and human public health. the aim of the study described here is to add epidemiological data regarding four pathogens responsible for cvbd, namely anaplasmosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis in a national survey conducted in mexico. | 2016 | 27474020 |
| transmission of pathogens by stomoxys flies (diptera, muscidae): a review. | stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. in livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. they also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. their indirect effect is the mechanical transmissi ... | 2013 | 23985165 |
| molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
| genetic variability and heterogeneity of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vector ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) populations of the colombian atlantic coast, based on microsatellite loci. | in colombia, the mosquito ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus has been identified as an efficient vector of the epidemic-epizootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. we evaluated the genetic variability and heterogeneity of this mosquito in colombian populations using eight microsatellite dna loci. two hundred and ten mosquito specimens collected from seven populations of the colombian atlantic coast (san bernardo del viento, coveñas, cartagena, barranquilla, ciénaga, dibulla, and riohacha) were anal ... | 2009 | 19866436 |
| zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses. | in this review, we mainly focus on zoonotic encephalitides caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of the families flaviviridae (genus flavivirus) and togaviridae (genus alphavirus) that are important in both humans and domestic animals. specifically, we will focus on alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) and flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus). most of these viruses were origin ... | 2013 | 24427764 |
| wolbachia biocontrol strategies for arboviral diseases and the potential influence of resident wolbachia strains in mosquitoes. | arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are a major cause of human disease worldwide. the absence of vaccines and effective vector control strategies has resulted in the need for novel mosquito control strategies. the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia has been proposed to form the basis for an effective mosquito biocontrol strategy. resident strains of wolbachia inhibit viral replication in drosophila fruit flies and induce a reproductive phenotype known as cytoplasmic incompatibility that allows ... | 2016 | 26925368 |
| arbovirus infections. | arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) infections are increasingly important causes of neurologic disease in the united states through both endemic transmission and travel-associated infections. this article reviews the major arbovirus infections that can cause neurologic disease likely to be encountered in the united states. | 0 | 26633778 |
| infection and dissemination of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the epidemic mosquito vector, aedes taeniorhynchus. | the mosquito aedes taeniorhynchus is an important epidemic vector of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), but detailed studies of its infection are lacking. we compared infection by an epidemic veev strain to that by an enzootic strain using virus titrations, immunohistochemistry, and a virus expressing the green fluorescent protein. ae. taeniorhynchus was more susceptible to the epidemic strain, which initially infected the posterior midgut and occasionally the anterior midgut and cardi ... | 2007 | 17620651 |
| tissue barriers to arbovirus infection in mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate hosts, but they typically do not cause significant pathology in their arthropod vectors. following oral acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, the arbovirus disease cycle requires replication in the cellular environment of the arthropod vector. once the vector has become systemically and persistently infected, the ... | 2015 | 26184281 |
| global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. | global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ... | 2012 | 22723781 |
| studies on yellow fever in south america : v. transmission experiments with certain species of culex and aedes. | 1. yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of aëdes (ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes. 2. a fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of aëdes (ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of aëdes (taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynch ... | 1929 | 19869666 |
| the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus rnas--non-coding is not non-functional. | the non-coding regions found at the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus genomes regulate viral gene expression, replication, translation and virus-host interactions, which have significant implications for viral evolution, host range, and pathogenesis. the functions of these non-coding regions are mediated by a combination of linear sequence and structural elements. the capped 5' untranslated region (utr) contains promoter elements, translational regulatory sequences that modulate dependence on cellula ... | 2015 | 25630058 |
| biological differences between brackish and fresh water-derived aedes aegypti from two locations in the jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and the implications for arboviral disease transmission. | the mainly fresh water arboviral vector aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) can also undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water of up to 15 ppt (parts per thousand) salt in coastal areas. we investigated differences in salinity tolerance, egg laying preference, egg hatching and larval development times and resistance to common insecticides in ae. aegypti collected from brackish and fresh water habitats in jaffna, sri lanka. brackish water-derived ae. aegypti were more tolerant of salin ... | 2014 | 25170879 |
| in vivo and in vitro development of the protist helicosporidium sp. | we describe the discovery and developmental features of a helicosporidium sp. isolated from the black fly simulium jonesi. morphologically, the helicosporidia are characterized by a distinct cyst stage that encloses three ovoid cells and a single elongate filamentous cell. bioassays have demonstrated that the cysts of this isolate infect various insect species, including the lepidopterans, helicoverpa zea, galleria mellonella, and manduca sexta, and the dipterans, musca domestica, aedes taeniorh ... | 2001 | 11456323 |
| role of micrornas in arbovirus/vector interactions. | the role of micrornas (mirnas) as small non-coding rnas in regulation of gene expression has been recognized. they appear to be involved in regulation of a wide range of cellular pathways that affect several biological processes such as development, the immune system, survival, metabolism and host-pathogen interactions. arthropod-borne viruses impose great economic and health risks around the world. recent advances in mirna biology have shed some light on the role of these small rnas in vector-v ... | 2014 | 25251636 |
| ires-based venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine candidate elicits protective immunity in mice. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an arbovirus that causes periodic outbreaks that impact equine and human populations in the americas. one of the veev subtypes located in mexico and central america (ie) has recently been recognized as an important cause of equine disease and death, and human exposure also appears to be widespread. here, we describe the use of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) from encephalomyocarditis virus to stably attenuate veev, creating a vaccine candidat ... | 2013 | 23351391 |
| protection of hamsters by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus candidate vaccine v3526 against lethal challenge by mosquito bite and intraperitoneal injection. | in an attempt to improve the current live, attenuated vaccine (tc-83) for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), specific mutations associated with attenuation of veev in rodent models were inserted into a full-length cdna clone of the trinidad donkey strain of veev by site-directed mutagenesis. because some viruses have been reported to be more pathogenic when introduced by mosquito bite than the same virus introduced by needle inoculation, there were concerns that the presence of mosquit ... | 2008 | 18256440 |
| ecological correlates of microfilariae prevalence in endangered galápagos birds. | this study assesses the ecological factors associated with microfilariae prevalence in wild populations of endangered flightless cormorants (phalacrocorax harrisi) and galápagos penguins (spheniscus mendiculus). prevalence values were tested for correlation with a large number of environmental variables, as modeled from weather station data and measured by satellite-borne sensors. predictions were made based on the expected effects of climatic and landscape variables on sustained populations of ... | 2010 | 19954259 |
| urban mosquito fauna in mérida city, méxico: immatures collected from containers and storm-water drains/catch basins. | we examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from november 2011 to june 2013 in mérida city, méxico. a wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. in total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. the most commonly collected species were aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (n = 60,961) a ... | 0 | 25429168 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| aedes taeniorhynchus vectorial capacity informs a pre-emptive assessment of west nile virus establishment in galápagos. | increased connectivity with the mainland has led to the arrival of many invasive species to the galápagos islands, including novel pathogens, threatening the archipelago's unique fauna. here we consider the potential role of the mosquito aedes taeniorhynchus in maintaining the flavivirus west nile virus [wnv] should it reach the islands. we report on three components of vectorial capacity - vector competency, distributional abundance and host-feeding. in contrast to usa strains, galápagos a. tae ... | 0 | 23519190 |
| nature, nurture and evolution of intra-species variation in mosquito arbovirus transmission competence. | mosquitoes vary in their competence or ability to transmit arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). many arboviruses cause disease in humans and animals. identifying the environmental and genetic causes of variation in mosquito competence for arboviruses is one of the great challenges in public health. progress identifying genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors influencing mosquito competence for arboviruses is reviewed. there is great complexity in the various traits that comprise m ... | 2013 | 23343982 |
| predicting the mosquito species and vertebrate species involved in the theoretical transmission of rift valley fever virus in the united states. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a mosquito-borne virus in the family bunyaviridiae that has spread throughout continental africa to madagascar and the arabian peninsula. the establishment of rvfv in north america would have serious consequences for human and animal health in addition to a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. published and unpublished data on rvfv vector competence, vertebrate host competence, and mosquito feeding patterns from the united states were combined ... | 2014 | 25211133 |
| insect-specific viruses detected in laboratory mosquito colonies and their potential implications for experiments evaluating arbovirus vector competence. | recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the detection and characterization of insect-specific viruses in field-collected mosquitoes. evidence suggests that these viruses are ubiquitous in nature and that many are maintained by vertical transmission in mosquito populations. some studies suggest that the presence of insect-specific viruses may inhibit replication of a super-infecting arbovirus, thus altering vector competence of the mosquito host. accordingly, we screened our laboratory mo ... | 2014 | 25510714 |
| malaria mosquito control using edible fish in western kenya: preliminary findings of a controlled study. | biological control methods are once again being given much research focus for malaria vector control. this is largely due to the emerging threat of strong resistance to pesticides. larvivorous fish have been used for over 100 years in mosquito control and many species have proved effective. in the western kenyan highlands the larvivorous fish oreochromis niloticus l. (perciformes: cichlidae) (formerly tilapia nilotica) is commonly farmed and eaten but has not been previously tested in the field ... | 2007 | 17688686 |
| molecular identification of saint louis encephalitis virus genotype iv in colombia. | saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) is a member of the japanese-encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus flavivirus. slev is broadly distributed in the americas and the caribbean islands, where it is usually transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus culex and primarily to birds and mammalian-hosts. humans are occasionally infected by the virus and are dead-end hosts. slev causes encephalitis in temperate regions, while in tropical regions of the americas, several human cases and a wide biologi ... | 2015 | 26313538 |
| host-seeking activity and avian host preferences of mosquitoes associated with west nile virus transmission in the northeastern u.s.a. | mosquito host-seeking activity was studied using a custom-designed trap to explore: (1) at which time interval of the night adult mosquito abatement would be most effective, and (2) if there exists an avian-specific host-seeking preference. overnight trials using traps baited with dry ice showed that aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) was most active at dusk and was then captured throughout the night. in contrast, culex spp. (cx. pipiens (linnaeus) and cx. restuans (theobald) delayed most activity ... | 2010 | 20618650 |
| vertical transmission of zika virus in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. in this study, designed to test whether zika virus (zikv) could be vertically transmitted, female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus were injected with zikv, and their f1 adult progeny were tested for zikv ... | 2016 | 27573623 |
| a mark-release-recapture experiment with anopheles sinensis in the northern part of gyeonggi-do, korea. | in order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in paju city, located in the northern part of gyeonggi-do, republic of korea, during the period of 7th to 28th september 1998. unfed females an. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites i ... | 0 | 12325443 |
| research contributing to improvements in controlling florida's mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. | research on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases has contributed to improvements in providing effective, efficient, and environmentally proper mosquito control. florida has benefitted from several research accomplishments that have increased the state's mosquito control capabilities. research with florida's mosquitoes has resulted in the development of ecologically sound management of mosquito impoundments on florida's east coast. this strategy, called rotational impoundment management (rim), ... | 2016 | 27690112 |
| analysis of post-blood meal flight distances in mosquitoes utilizing zoo animal blood meals. | we assessed the post-blood meal flight distance of four mosquito species in a unique environment using blood meal analysis. mosquitoes were trapped at the rio grande zoo in albuquerque, nm, and the blood source of blood-engorged mosquitoes was identified. the distance from the enclosure of the animal serving as a blood source to the trap site was then determined. we found that mosquitoes captured at the zoo flew no more than 170 m with an average distance of 106.7 m after taking a blood meal. th ... | 0 | 22548540 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype id veev strains appear to alter their serotype to iab or ic, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated vee emergence via mutations in the e2 enve ... | 2004 | 14651460 |
| what is the risk for exposure to vector-borne pathogens in united states national parks? | united states national parks attract > 275 million visitors annually and collectively present risk of exposure for staff and visitors to a wide range of arthropod vector species (most notably fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks) and their associated bacterial, protozoan, or viral pathogens. we assessed the current state of knowledge for risk of exposure to vector-borne pathogens in national parks through a review of relevant literature, including internal national park service documents and organismal ... | 2013 | 23540107 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmission and effect on pathogenesis. | quantifying the dose of an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes is essential for designing pathogenesis studies simulating natural infection of vertebrates. titration of saliva collected in vitro from infected mosquitoes may not accurately estimate titers transmitted during blood feeding, and infection by needle injection may affect vertebrate pathogenesis. we compared the amount of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus collected from the saliva of aedes taeniorhynchus to the amount injected into ... | 2006 | 16965696 |
| north american wetlands and mosquito control. | wetlands are valuable habitats that provide important social, economic, and ecological services such as flood control, water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, and primary/secondary production export to terrestrial and aquatic food chains. there is disagreement about the need for mosquito control in wetlands and about the techniques utilized for mosquito abatement and their impacts upon wetlands ecosystems. mosquito control in wetlands is a complex issue influenced by ... | 2012 | 23222252 |
| modeling dynamics of culex pipiens complex populations and assessing abatement strategies for west nile virus. | the primary mosquito species associated with underground stormwater systems in the united states are the culex pipiens complex species. this group represents important vectors of west nile virus (wnv) throughout regions of the continental u.s. in this study, we designed a mathematical model and compared it with surveillance data for the cx. pipiens complex collected in beaufort county, south carolina. based on the best fit of the model to the data, we estimated parameters associated with the eff ... | 2014 | 25268229 |
| passive prophylaxis with permethrin-treated tents reduces mosquito bites among north american summer campers. | over 2 million adolescents participate in summer-camp experiences, placing themselves at risk for mosquito-borne illness. insect repellent is recommended but often not used. it is unknown whether permethrin treatment of a location, such as a campsite, provides passive prophylaxis reducing mosquito bites among all persons in the immediate vicinity. | 0 | 15813141 |
| has rift valley fever virus evolved with increasing severity in human populations in east africa? | rift valley fever (rvf) outbreaks have occurred across eastern africa from 1912 to 2010 approximately every 4-15 years, most of which have not been accompanied by significant epidemics in human populations. however, human epidemics during rvf outbreaks in eastern africa have involved 478 deaths in 1998, 1107 reported cases with 350 deaths from 2006 to 2007 and 1174 cases with 241 deaths in 2008. we review the history of rvf outbreaks in eastern africa to identify the epidemiological factors that ... | 2016 | 27329846 |
| population genetic structure of aedes polynesiensis in the society islands of french polynesia: implications for control using a wolbachia-based autocidal strategy. | aedes polynesiensis is the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti in the south pacific and an important vector of dengue virus. an improved understanding of the mosquito population genetics is needed for insight into the population dynamics and dispersal, which can aid in understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and control of the vector. in light of the potential release of a wolbachia infected strain for vector control, our objectives were to investigate the microgeographical and ... | 2012 | 22531297 |
| diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the pacific coast of mexico. | the abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the pacific coast of mexico. diversity was estimated using the shannon index (h'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. | 2014 | 24450800 |
| mosquito vectors of west nile virus during an epizootic outbreak in puerto rico. | the purpose of this investigation was to identify the mosquito (diptera: culicidae) vectors of west nile virus (wnv; family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) during an epizootic wnv outbreak in eastern puerto rico in 2007. in june 2006, 12 sentinel chicken pens with five chickens per pen were deployed in six types of habitats: herbaceous wetlands, mangrove forests, deciduous forests, evergreen forests, rural areas, and urban areas. once wnv seroconversion in chickens was detected in june 2007, we ... | 2010 | 21175071 |
| implications of plasmodium parasite infected mosquitoes on an insular avifauna: the case of socorro island, méxico. | avian malaria (plasmodium spp.) has been implicated in the decline of avian populations in the hawaiian islands and it is generally agreed that geographically isolated and immunologically naïve bird populations are particularly vulnerable to the pathogenic effects of invasive malaria parasites. in order to assess the potential disease risk of malaria to the avifauna of socorro island, méxico, we surveyed for plasmodium isolates from 1,300 resident field-caught mosquitoes. most of them were ident ... | 2011 | 21635660 |
| human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. | dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (dirofilaria immitis and d. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. at the same time, both d. immitis and d. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hos ... | 0 | 22763636 |
| temperature effects on the dynamics of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) populations in the laboratory. | we investigated how constant temperatures of 22, 24, and 26 degrees c experienced across the full life cycle affected the dynamics of caged populations of aedes albopictus (skuse). all cages were equipped with plastic beakers that served as sites for oviposition and larval development. we measured the per capita daily mortality and emergence rates of the adults and size of adult females, and estimated the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and asymptotic density (k) for each caged population. popula ... | 0 | 11476335 |
| co-occurrence patterns of the dengue vector aedes aegypti and aedes mediovitattus, a dengue competent mosquito in puerto rico. | aedes aegypti is implicated in dengue transmission in tropical and subtropical urban areas around the world. ae. aegypti populations are controlled through integrative vector management. however, the efficacy of vector control may be undermined by the presence of alternative, competent species. in puerto rico, a native mosquito, ae. mediovittatus, is a competent dengue vector in laboratory settings and spatially overlaps with ae. aegypti. it has been proposed that ae. mediovittatus may act as a ... | 2011 | 21989642 |
| vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in europe. | presently, 45% of the total human population of europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (vbh) causing diseases. a plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. although canine dirofilarioses by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of vbh spreading into non-endemic areas, another e ... | 2013 | 23324440 |
| mosquito oviposition behavior and vector control. | the burden of gene transfer from one mosquito generation to the next falls on the female and her eggs. the selection of an oviposition site that guarantees egg and larval survival is a critical step in the reproductive process. the dangers associated with ephemeral aquatic habitats, lengthy droughts, freezing winters, and the absence of larval nutrition makes careful oviposition site selection by a female mosquito extremely important. mosquito species exhibit a remarkable diversity of ovipositio ... | 2016 | 27869724 |
| mosquito-host interactions during and after an outbreak of equine viral encephalitis in eastern panama. | mosquito blood meals provide information about the feeding habits and host preference of potential arthropod-borne disease vectors. although mosquito-borne diseases are ubiquitous in the neotropics, few studies in this region have assessed patterns of mosquito-host interactions, especially during actual disease outbreaks. based on collections made during and after an outbreak of equine viral encephalitis, we identified the source of 338 blood meals from 10 species of mosquitoes from aruza abajo, ... | 2013 | 24339965 |
| dose-response tests and semi-field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxyfen granules (sumilarv®0.5g) for the control of the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae sensu lato. | recently research has shown that larviciding can be an effective tool for integrated malaria vector control. nevertheless, the uptake of this intervention has been hampered by the need to re-apply larvicides frequently. there is a need to explore persistent, environmentally friendly larvicides for malaria vector control to reduce intervention efforts and costs by reducing the frequency of application. in this study, the efficacy of a 0.5% pyriproxyfen granule (surmilarv®0.5g, sumitomo chemicals) ... | 2013 | 23497149 |
| transmission of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis by aedes taeniorhynchus. | | 1937 | 17732932 |
| ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone activates egg maturation in the mosquito georgecraigius atropalpus after adult eclosion or a blood meal. | the rockpool mosquito, georgecraigius atropalpus, is a facultatively autogenous species that produces its first egg clutch without a blood meal shortly after emergence. several days after depositing this clutch, females must take a blood meal to produce a second egg clutch. decapitation of females shortly after emergence or blood ingestion prevents egg maturation. here, we report that a single injected dose of the neuropeptide ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (oeh) fully restored egg maturation i ... | 2012 | 22811249 |
| male aedes aegypti mosquitoes use jh iii transferred during copulation to influence previtellogenic ovary physiology and affect the reproductive output of female mosquitoes. | the effect of male accessory gland substances on female reproductive physiology has been previously described as "activating" egg development. however, no mechanism has been described that can explain how male mosquitoes are able to influence egg development in female mosquitoes. to investigate how male mosquitoes are able to influence ovarian physiology and reproductive output we explored three main questions: (1) do mating and male accessory gland substances affect ovarian physiology and alter ... | 2014 | 24657670 |
| larval anopheline mosquito recta exhibit a dramatic change in localization patterns of ion transport proteins in response to shifting salinity: a comparison between anopheline and culicine larvae. | mosquito larvae live in dynamic aqueous environments, which can fluctuate drastically in salinity due to environmental events such as rainfall and evaporation. larval survival depends upon the ability to regulate hemolymph osmolarity by absorbing and excreting ions. a major organ involved in ion regulation is the rectum, the last region for modification of the primary urine before excretion. the ultrastructure and function of culicine larval recta have been studied extensively; however, very lit ... | 0 | 18805805 |
| candidate vectors and rodent hosts of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chiapas, 2006-2007. | enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) has been known to occur in mexico since the 1960s. the first natural equine epizootic was recognized in chiapas in 1993 and since then, numerous studies have characterized the etiologic strains, including reverse genetic studies that incriminated a specific mutation that enhanced infection of epizootic mosquito vectors. the aim of this study was to determine the mosquito and rodent species involved in enzootic maintenance of subtype ie veev in ... | 2011 | 22144461 |
| West Nile virus genetic diversity is maintained during transmission by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | Due to error-prone replication, RNA viruses exist within hosts as a heterogeneous population of non-identical, but related viral variants. These populations may undergo bottlenecks during transmission that stochastically reduce variability leading to fitness declines. Such bottlenecks have been documented for several single-host RNA viruses, but their role in the population biology of obligate two-host viruses such as arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in vivo is unclear, but of central impor ... | 2011 | 21935412 |
| in-depth study of mollivirus sibericum, a new 30,000-y-old giant virus infecting acanthamoeba. | acanthamoeba species are infected by the largest known dna viruses. these include icosahedral mimiviruses, amphora-shaped pandoraviruses, and pithovirus sibericum, the latter one isolated from 30,000-y-old permafrost. mollivirus sibericum, a fourth type of giant virus, was isolated from the same permafrost sample. its approximately spherical virion (0.6-µm diameter) encloses a 651-kb gc-rich genome encoding 523 proteins of which 64% are orfans; 16% have their closest homolog in pandoraviruses an ... | 2015 | 26351664 |
| evaluation of the efficacy, potential for vector transmission, and duration of immunity of mp-12, an attenuated rift valley fever virus vaccine candidate, in sheep. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) causes serious disease in ruminants and humans in africa. in north america, there are susceptible ruminant hosts and competent mosquito vectors, yet there are no fully licensed animal vaccines for this arthropod-borne virus, should it be introduced. studies in sheep and cattle have found the attenuated strain of rvfv, mp-12, to be both safe and efficacious based on early testing, and a 2-year conditional license for use in u.s. livestock has been issued. the purpos ... | 2015 | 26041042 |
| risk factors associated with rift valley fever epidemics in south africa in 2008-11. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a zoonotic and vector-borne disease, mainly present in africa, which represents a threat to human health, animal health and production. south africa has experienced three major rvf epidemics (1950-51, 1973-75 and 2008-11). due to data scarcity, no previous study has quantified risk factors associated with rvf epidemics in animals in south africa. using the 2008-11 epidemic datasets, a retrospective longitudinal study was conducted to identify and quantify spatial and t ... | 2015 | 25804974 |
| evans blue as a simple method to discriminate mosquitoes' feeding choice on small laboratory animals. | temperature, humidity, vision, and particularly odor, are external cues that play essential roles to mosquito blood feeding and oviposition. entomological and behavioral studies employ well-established methods to evaluate mosquito attraction or repellency and to identify the source of the blood meal. despite the efficacy of such methods, the costs involved in the production or acquisition of all parts, components and the chemical reagents involved are unaffordable for most researchers from poor ... | 2014 | 25333369 |
| effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. | we assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. a large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees (apis mellifera) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), lumbricidae (earthworms), apoidae sens ... | 2014 | 25223353 |
| neurophysiological and behavioral responses of gypsy moth larvae to insect repellents: deet, ir3535, and picaridin. | the interactions between insect repellents and the olfactory system have been widely studied, however relatively little is known about the effects of repellents on the gustatory system of insects. in this study, we show that the gustatory receptor neuron (grn) located in the medial styloconic sensilla on the maxillary palps of gypsy moth larvae, and known to be sensitive to feeding deterrents, also responds to the insect repellents deet, ir3535, and picaridin. these repellents did not elicit res ... | 2014 | 24955823 |
| interaction of light regimes and circadian clocks modulate timing of pre-adult developmental events in drosophila. | circadian clocks have been postulated to regulate development time in several species of insects including fruit flies drosophila melanogaster. previously we have reported that selection for faster pre-adult development reduces development time (by ~19 h or ~11%) and clock period (by ~0.5 h), suggesting a role of circadian clocks in the regulation of development time in d. melanogaster. we reasoned that these faster developing flies could serve as a model to study stage-specific interaction of c ... | 2014 | 24885932 |
| an insight into the sialome of the frog biting fly, corethrella appendiculata. | the nematocera infraorder culicomorpha is believed to have descended from bloodfeeding ancestors over 200 million years ago, generating bloodfeeding and non-bloodfeeding flies in two superfamilies, the culicoidea-containing the mosquitoes, the frog-feeding midges, the chaoboridae, and the dixidae-and the chironomoidea-containing the black flies, the ceratopogonids, the chironomidae, and the thaumaleidae. blood feeding requires many adaptations, including development of a sophisticated salivary p ... | 2013 | 24514880 |
| giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms archaea, bacteria and eukarya. | the discovery of giant viruses with genome and physical size comparable to cellular organisms, remnants of protein translation machinery and virus-specific parasites (virophages) have raised intriguing questions about their origin. evidence advocates for their inclusion into global phylogenomic studies and their consideration as a distinct and ancient form of life. | 2012 | 22920653 |
| twenty-four years in the mud: what have we learned about the natural history and ecology of the mangrove rivulus, kryptolebias marmoratus? | although first described in 1880, kryptolebias marmoratus avoided scientific scrutiny until 1961, when it was identified as the only known selfing hermaphroditic vertebrate. the subsequent intense interest in this fish as a laboratory animal, continuing to this day, might explain the paucity of wild collections, but our collective knowledge now suggests that the inherent difficulty of wild collection is more a matter of "looking in all the wrong places." long thought to be rare in the mangroves, ... | 2012 | 22576816 |
| morphological variants of aedes aegypti collected from the leeward island of antigua. | nineteen aedes aegypti larvae were collected in rural antigua, west indies, from an 18-liter plastic bucket. the location was in a rural area at the northern end of antigua bordering the coast of dickenson bay and approximately 50 m south of halcyon cove beach (17 degrees 09'42.54"n, 61 degrees 50'44.50"w; elevation 16 m). atypical morphology was noted in larvae and 3 reared adult females. fourth instars showed a reduction in length of the lateral hair on the saddle (seta 1-x) with measurements ... | 0 | 22017096 |
| serologic evidence of widespread everglades virus activity in dogs, florida. | everglades virus (evev), an alphavirus in the venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, circulates among rodents and vector mosquitoes in florida and occasionally infects humans. it causes febrile disease, sometimes accompanied by neurologic manifestations. although previous surveys showed high seroprevalence in humans, evev infections may be underdiagnosed because the disease is not severe enough to warrant a clinic visit or the undifferentiated presentations complicate diagnosis. documented evev ... | 2006 | 17326938 |
| the giant cafeteria roenbergensis virus that infects a widespread marine phagocytic protist is a new member of the fourth domain of life. | a recent work has provided strong arguments in favor of a fourth domain of life composed of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldvs). this hypothesis was supported by phylogenetic and phyletic analyses based on a common set of proteins conserved in eukarya, archaea, bacteria, and viruses, and implicated in the functions of information storage and processing. recently, the genome of a new ncldv, cafeteria roenbergensis virus (crov), was released. the present work aimed to determine if crov s ... | 2011 | 21559486 |
| transcellular and paracellular pathways of transepithelial fluid secretion in malpighian (renal) tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | isolated malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito secrete nacl and kcl from the peritubular bath to the tubule lumen via active transport of na(+) and k(+) by principal cells. lumen-positive transepithelial voltages are the result. the counter-ion cl(-) follows passively by electrodiffusion through the paracellular pathway. water follows by osmosis, but specific routes for water across the epithelium are unknown. remarkably, the transepithelial secretion of nacl, kcl and water is driven b ... | 2010 | 20946239 |