Publications

identification and molecular characterization of 18 paramyxoviruses isolated from snakes.	viral agents from 18 different snake species (families colubridae, viperidae, and crotalidae) showing respiratory symptoms and neuronal disease were identified as paramyxoviruses by typical cytopathogenic effect (cpe), electron microscopy, and hemagglutination inhibition. detailed molecular characterization of the viruses was performed by partial l- and f-gene-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing, nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment, and phylo ...	2001	11597749
functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of nipah virus.	nipah virus (nv) and hendra virus (hv) are recently emergent, related viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. the goal of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and functional properties of the fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins of nv. vaccination of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvvs) expressing either the f (rvv/nv-f) or g (rvv/nv-g) proteins of nv induced neutralizing antibody responses to nv, with higher titers produced after vaccination with rv ...	2002	12036330
membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ...	2002	12388678
hendra virus v protein inhibits interferon signaling by preventing stat1 and stat2 nuclear accumulation.	the v protein of the recently emerged paramyxovirus, nipah virus, has been shown to inhibit interferon (ifn) signal transduction through cytoplasmic sequestration of cellular stat1 and stat2 in high-molecular-weight complexes. here we demonstrate that the closely related hendra virus v protein also inhibits cellular responses to ifn through binding and cytoplasmic sequestration of both stat1 and stat2, but not stat3. these findings demonstrate a v protein-mediated ifn signal evasion mechanism th ...	2003	14557668
insurance and epidemics: sars, west nile virus and nipah virus.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) reminds us that sudden disease emergence is a permanent part of our world--and should be anticipated in our planning. historically the emergence of new diseases has had little or no impact beyond a small, localized cluster of infections. however, given just the right conditions, a highly virulent pathogen can suddenly spread across time and space with massive consequences, as has occurred on several occasions in human history. in the wake of the sars outb ...	2003	14971089
full-length genome sequence of mossman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from rodents in australia.	mossman virus (mov) was isolated on two occasions from wild rats trapped in queensland, australia, during the early 1970s. together with nariva virus and j-virus mov belongs to a group of novel paramyxoviruses isolated from rodents during the last 40 years, none of which had been characterized at the molecular level until now. cdna subtraction strategies used to isolate virus-specific cdna derived from both mov-infected cells and crude mov pellets were pivotal steps in rapid characterization of ...	2003	14698671
a golden hamster model for human acute nipah virus infection.	a predominantly pig-to-human zoonotic infection caused by the novel nipah virus emerged recently to cause severe morbidity and mortality in both animals and man. human autopsy studies showed the pathogenesis to be related to systemic vasculitis that led to widespread thrombotic occlusion and microinfarction in most major organs especially in the central nervous system. there was also evidence of extravascular parenchymal infection, particularly near damaged vessels (wong kt, shieh wj, kumar s, n ...	2003	14578210
late clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up of nipah virus infection.	the nipah virus is a newly identified paramyxovirus responsible for an outbreak of fatal encephalitis in malaysia and singapore. this paper reports the follow up clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 affected subjects. of 13 patients with encephalitis, one died, one was lost to follow up, and seven recovered. among the four remaining patients, one had residual sixth nerve palsy, another suffered from severe clinical depression, and a third patient had evidence of retinal artery ...	2003	12486285
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig.	eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to nipah virus (nv) were produced against formalin-inactivated nv antigens. they reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. they were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. these mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of nv infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of nv.	2004	14960818
nipah virus.		2004	15038065
emerging infectious diseases. nipah virus (or a cousin) strikes again.		2004	14976284
basis for fusion inhibition by peptides: analysis of the heptad repeat regions of the fusion proteins from nipah and hendra viruses, newly emergent zoonotic paramyxoviruses.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel zoonotic members of the paramyxoviridae family and are the prototypes for a newly designated genus, genus henipavirus. recent studies have shown that paramyxovirus might adopt a similar mechanism of virus fusion-entry. under this mechanism, the two highly conserved heptad repeat (hr) regions, hr1 and hr2, in the fusion (f) protein, seem to show characteristic structure in the fusion core: the formation of a 6-helix coiled-coil bundle. the three ...	2004	14975752
mapping of domains responsible for nucleocapsid protein-phosphoprotein interaction of henipaviruses.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are members of a new genus, henipavirus, in the family paramyxoviridae. each virus encodes a phosphoprotein (p) that is significantly larger than its counterparts in other known paramyxoviruses. the interaction of this unusually large p with its nucleocapsid protein (n) was investigated in this study by using recombinant full-length and truncated proteins expressed in bacteria and a modified protein-blotting protein-overlay assay. results from our group d ...	2004	15166452
nipah virus outbreak(s) in bangladesh, january-april 2004.		2004	15132054
fatal fruit bat virus sparks epidemics in southern asia.		2004	15129247
henipaviruses: recent observations on regulation of transcription and the nature of the cell receptor.	hendra virus (henv) and nipah virus (nipv) are classified in the new genus henipavirus, within the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. the genetic and biological characteristics that differentiate henipaviruses from other members of the subfamily are summarized. although they do not display neuraminidase and hemagglutination activities and in that regard resemble viruses in the genus morbillivirus, several recent observations highlight similarities between henipaviruses and respir ...	2004	15119767
identification of the nuclear export signal and stat-binding domains of the nipah virus v protein reveals mechanisms underlying interferon evasion.	the v proteins of nipah virus and hendra virus have been demonstrated to bind to cellular stat1 and stat2 proteins to form high-molecular-weight complexes that inhibit interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral transcription by preventing stat nuclear accumulation. analysis of the nipah virus v protein has revealed a region between amino acids 174 and 192 that functions as a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal (nes). this peptide is sufficient to complement an export-defective human immunodeficiency vi ...	2004	15113915
solubility, immunogenicity and physical properties of the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus produced in escherichia coli.	the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) can be produced in three escherichia coli strains [top10, bl21(de3) and sg935] under the control of trc promoter. however, most of the product existed in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. there was no improvement in the solubility of the product when this protein was placed under the control of t7 promoter. however, the solubility of the n protein was significantly improved by lowering the growth temperature of e. coli bl21(de3) cell cultur ...	2004	15042656
nipah virus: vaccination and passive protection studies in a hamster model.	nipah virus, a member of the paramyxovirus family, was first isolated and identified in 1999 when the virus crossed the species barrier from fruit bats to pigs and then infected humans, inducing an encephalitis with up to 40% mortality. at present there is no prophylaxis for nipah virus. we investigated the possibility of vaccination and passive transfer of antibodies as interventions against this disease. we show that both of the nipah virus glycoproteins (g and f) when expressed as vaccinia vi ...	2004	14694115
emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats.	three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ...	2004	15119765
novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (chiroptera)--host management strategies.	several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus pteropus (sub-order megachiroptera) in australia and southeast asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. these viruses include hendra virus and nipah virus (genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae) and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae). broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural ...	2004	15119766
host evasion by emerging paramyxoviruses: hendra virus and nipah virus v proteins inhibit interferon signaling.	interferon (ifn) can activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins to establish a cellular antiviral response and inhibit virus replication. many viruses have evolved strategies to inhibit this antiviral mechanism, but paramyxoviruses are unique in their abilities to directly target the ifn-responsive stat proteins. hendra virus and nipah virus (henipaviruses) are recently emerged paramyxoviruses that are the causative agents of fatal disease outbreaks in australia an ...	2004	15279700
specific detection of nipah virus using real-time rt-pcr (taqman).	nipah and hendra viruses belong to the novel henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family. its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. in this study, taqman rt-pcr of the nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that nipah virus rna in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapi ...	2004	15288966
in silico identification of a putative new paramyxovirus related to the henipavirus genus.	a database search for genes encoding paramyxoviral proteins revealed sequences that were designated as human but presented strong evidence of being of viral origin. the two cdna-derived sequences designated angrem104 and angrem52 were originally described as human gene products that were upregulated by angiotensin ii in primary mesangial kidney cells. however, their high degree of sequence relatedness to known viral proteins suggests that they represent the p/c/v, m, and f genes of a putative ne ...	2004	15527844
[nipah virus infections].		2004	15624469
isolation and molecular identification of nipah virus from pigs.	nipah viruses from pigs from a malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. at least two different nipah virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. the findings highlight the possibility that the malaysia outbreaks had two origins of nipah virus infections.	2004	15663869
[nipah virus infection].	nipah virus (niv), emerged in peninsular malaysia, caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans and respiratory diseases in pigs between 1998 and 1999. by may of 1999, the death of 105 humans and the culling of about 1.1 million pigs were reported. fruitbats of pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. the epidemiological studies suggested that niv was introduced into pig farms by fruitbats, and was than transmitted to humans (mainly pig farmers) and other a ...	2004	15745162
nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, bangladesh.	we retrospectively investigated two outbreaks of encephalitis in meherpur and naogaon, bangladesh, which occurred in 2001 and 2003. we collected serum samples from persons who were ill, their household contacts, randomly selected residents, hospital workers, and various animals. cases were classified as laboratory confirmed or probable. we identified 13 cases (4 confirmed, 9 probable) in meherpur; 7 were in persons in two households. patients were more likely than nonpatients to have close conta ...	2004	15663842
reactivity of anti-nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infections.	the immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infection, respectively. either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. four clones showed positive reaction to both nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue ...	2004	15528861
a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of antibodies to nipah virus.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) based solid-phase blocking elisa was developed for detection of antibodies to nipah virus. the elisa was designed to detect remaining antigens on the plate with anti-nipah mab conjugate after the reaction with sample serum, and enabled simple procedure, detection of neutralizing antibody to nipah virus, and application of samples from different animal species. forty of 200 swine reference sera examined were positive by the elisa, of which thirty seven were found posit ...	2004	15381364
nipah's return. the lethal "flying fox" virus may spread between people.		2004	15376742
ribavirin therapy for nipah virus infection.		2004	15331756
monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical diagnosis of malaysian nipah virus infection in pigs.	formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of three malaysian farm pigs naturally infected with nipah virus were used to investigate the value of anti-nipah virus mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and rabbit polyclonal antibody for immunohistochemical diagnosis. mabs 11f6 and 12a5 gave intense immunolabelling in lung tissue that had been fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for about 4 years, whereas the reactivity of mabs 13a5 and 18c4 and polyclonal antibody was reduced significantly by ...	2004	15276859
the clinical presentation and outcomes of children infected with newly identified respiratory tract viruses.	numerous emerging respiratory tract viruses have been identified as significant causes of acute upper and lower respiratory tract illness in children. human metapneumovirus is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 in the netherlands, with a seasonal occurrence and spectrum of clinical illness most similar to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus. several new members of the corona-virus family have been identified, including the truly novel agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome and ot ...	2005	16102649
[diagnostic tests: nipah virus (niv)].		2005	16111263
rna synthesis during infection by hendra virus: an examination by quantitative real-time pcr of rna accumulation, the effect of ribavirin and the attenuation of transcription.	hendra virus is one of two virus species within the newly-formed genus henipavirus, subfamily paramxyovirinae. it is a designated select agent with potential biosecurity threat to both human and animal health. quantitative real-time pcr was used to measure viral rna synthesis in vero cells infected by hendra virus, and to examine the inhibitory effect of ribavirin. it was also used to determine the points of attenuation during transcription of the six viral genes n, p, m, f, g and l by targeting ...	2005	15526144
purification of the extra-cellular domain of nipah virus glycoprotein produced in escherichia coli and possible application in diagnosis.	the glycoprotein (g) of nipah virus (niv) is important for virus infectivity and induction of the protective immunity. in this study, the extra-cellular domain of niv g protein was fused with hexahistidine residues at its n-terminal end and expressed in escherichia coli. the expression under transcriptional regulation of t7 promoter yielded insoluble protein aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. the inclusion bodies were solubilized with 8 m urea and the protein was purified to homogeneity ...	2005	15707682
[emerging respiratory infections caused by pneumotropic viruses].		2005	15915382
hendra and nipah viruses: new zoonotically-acquired human pathogens.	some of the key features of hendra and nipah viruses are summarized in table 1. the appearance of these new viruses over the last 10 years emphasizes a number of issues. (1) epidemics of human infectious diseases can occur unexpectedly and with high impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. (2) we do not know what epidemiologic factors conspire to allow these viruses to stray out of their bat reservoirs into the two different intermediate hosts (horses and pigs) and then into humans. (3) we do ...	2005	15763222
receptor binding, fusion inhibition, and induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies by a soluble g glycoprotein of hendra virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae, which are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. previously, we reported on hev- and niv-mediated fusion activities and detailed their host-cell tropism characteristics. these studies al ...	2005	15890907
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
the ecology of emerging neurotropic viruses.	the authors review common themes in the ecology of emerging viruses that cause neurological disease. three issues emerge. first, 49% of emerging viruses are characterized by encephalitis or serious neurological clinical symptoms. second, all of these viruses are driven to emerge by ecological, environmental, or human demographic changes, some of which are poorly understood. finally, the control of these viruses would be enhanced by collaborative multidisciplinary research into these drivers of e ...	2005	16287685
hendra and nipah viruses: pathogenesis and therapeutics.	within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human ...	2005	16375714
[nipah virus--another product from the asian "virus factory"].		2005	15892474
meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious disease outbreaks: an agenda for research.	challenges arising from epidemic infectious disease outbreaks can be more effectively met if traditional public health is enhanced by sociology. the focus is normally on biomedical aspects, the surveillance and sentinel systems for infectious diseases, and what needs to be done to bring outbreaks under control quickly. social factors associated with infectious disease outbreaks are often neglected and the aftermath is ignored. these factors can affect outbreak severity, its rate and extent of sp ...	2005	15906881
cathepsin l is involved in proteolytic processing of the hendra virus fusion protein.	proteolytic processing of paramyxovirus fusion (f) proteins is essential for the generation of a mature and fusogenic form of the f protein. although many paramyxovirus f proteins are proteolytically processed by the cellular protease furin at a multibasic cleavage motif, cleavage of the newly emerged hendra virus f protein occurs by a previously unidentified cellular protease following a single lysine at residue 109. we demonstrate here that the cellular protease cathepsin l is involved in conv ...	2005	16188974
bats are natural reservoirs of sars-like coronaviruses.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in 2002 to 2003 in southern china. the origin of its etiological agent, the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), remains elusive. here we report that species of bats are a natural host of coronaviruses closely related to those responsible for the sars outbreak. these viruses, termed sars-like coronaviruses (sl-covs), display greater genetic variation than sars-cov isolated from humans or from civets. the human and civet isolates of sars-cov nestle phyloge ...	2005	16195424
nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans.	nipah virus is a recently emergent paramyxovirus that is capable of causing severe disease in both humans and animals. the first outbreak of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore in 1999 and, more recently, outbreaks were detected in bangladesh. in humans, nipah virus causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate. the reservoir for nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with infected bats or by contact with an ...	2005	16287690
purification and characterization of nipah virus nucleocapsid protein produced in insect cells.	the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) is a major constituent of the viral proteins which play a role in encapsidation, regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. to investigate the use of a fusion system to aid the purification of the recombinant n protein for structural studies and potential use as a diagnostic reagent, the niv n gene was cloned into the pfastbacht vector and the his-tagged fusion protein was expressed in sf9 insect cells by recombinant baculo ...	2005	16000431
inhibition of henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the nipah virus fusion glycoprotein.	the recent emergence of four new members of the paramyxovirus family has heightened the awareness of and re-energized research on new and emerging diseases. in particular, the high mortality and person to person transmission associated with the most recent nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of hendra virus, has confirmed the importance of developing effective therapeutic interventions. we have previously shown that peptides corresponding to the c-terminal heptad repea ...	2005	16026621
invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus.	nipah virus, a newly emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus, infects a number of species. human infections were linked to direct contact with pigs, specifically with their body fluids. clinical signs in human cases indicated primarily involvement of the central nervous system, while in pigs the respiratory system was considered the primary virus target, with only rare involvement of the central nervous system. eleven 5-week-old piglets were infected intranasally, orally, and ocularly with 2.5 x 10(5) pf ...	2005	15919907
hendra virus under the microscope.		2005	15971804
novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.	galectin-1 (gal-1), an endogenous lectin secreted by a variety of cell types, has pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, including regulation of lymphocyte survival and cytokine secretion in autoimmune, transplant disease, and parasitic infection models. however, the role of gal-1 in viral infections is unknown. nipah virus (niv) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe, often fatal, febrile encephalitis. the primary targets of niv are endothelial cells. niv infection of endothelial cells res ...	2005	15972675
nipah virus in lyle's flying foxes, cambodia.	we conducted a survey in cambodia in 2000 on henipavirus infection among several bat species, including flying foxes, and persons exposed to these animals. among 1,072 bat serum samples tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies reactive to nipah virus (niv) antigen were detected only in pteropus lylei species; cynopterus sphinx, hipposideros larvatus, scotophilus kuhlii, chaerephon plicata, taphozous melanopogon, and t. theobaldi species were negative. seroneutralization applied on ...	2005	16022778
nipah virus: an emerging paramyxovirus.		2005	16140219
location of, immunogenicity of and relationships between neutralization epitopes on the attachment protein (g) of hendra virus.	epitopes involved in a protective immune response to hendra virus (hev) (henipavirus, paramxyoviridae) were investigated by generating five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the virus attachment protein (g) of hev (hev g) and sequencing of the g gene of groups of neutralization-escape variants selected with each mab. amino acid substitutions occurred at eight distinct sites on hev g. relationships between these sites were investigated in binding and neutralization assays using heterol ...	2005	16186240
ephrin-b2 ligand is a functional receptor for hendra virus and nipah virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. they infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for hev and niv and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human ...	2005	15998730
genetic characterization of nipah virus, bangladesh, 2004.	until 2004, identification of nipah virus (nv)-like outbreaks in bangladesh was based on serology. we describe the genetic characterization of a new strain of nv isolated during outbreaks in bangladesh (nv-b) in 2004, which confirms that nv was the etiologic agent responsible for these outbreaks.	2005	16318702
[nipah virus infections].	nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that was first recognized in 1999 as the causative agent of outbreaks of human encephalitis in malaysia and singapore, in association with severe respiratory and neurological disease in pigs. since then, outbreaks of niv encephalitis have also occurred in bangladesh during 2001-2004, but without an association to infected swine or other animals. although niv infections typically result in acute encephalitis with high mortality, other clinical manifes ...	2005	16363687
bat nipah virus, thailand.	surveillance for nipah virus (nv) was conducted in thailand's bat population. immunoglobulin g antibodies to nv were detected with enzyme immunoassay in 82 of 1,304 bats. nv rna was found in bat saliva and urine. these data suggest the persistence of nv infection in thai bats.	2005	16485487
nipah virus strain variation.		2005	16485499
hendra virus infection in a veterinarian.	a veterinarian became infected with hendra virus (hev) after managing a terminally ill horse and performing a limited autopsy with inadequate precautions. although she was initially only mildly ill, serological tests suggested latent hev infection. nevertheless, she remains well 2 years after her initial illness. recently emerged zoonotic viruses, such as hev, necessitate appropriate working procedures and personal protective equipment in veterinary practice.	2006	17115969
feline model of acute nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are paramyxoviruses capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. case reports from outbreaks and previous challenge experiments have suggested that cats were highly susceptible to niv infection, responding with a severe respiratory disease and systemic infection. here we have assessed the cat as a model of experimental niv infection and use it in the evaluation of a subunit vaccine comprised o ...	2006	17005664
efficacy of dna immunization with f and g protein genes of nipah virus.	we investigated the antibody response of dna immunization with two mammalian codon optimized envelope glycoprotein genes, f and g, of nipah virus in a mouse model. the results indicated that g gene immunization elicited more significant specific serum igg response and neutralization antibody response than f gene did, suggesting that the g gene dna immunization is a potential vaccine strategy against nipah virus.	2006	17135518
foodborne transmission of nipah virus, bangladesh.	we investigated an outbreak of encephalitis in tangail district, bangladesh. we defined case-patients as persons from the outbreak area in whom fever developed with new onset of seizures or altered mental status from december 15, 2004, through january 31, 2005. twelve persons met the definition; 11 (92%) died. serum specimens were available from 3; 2 had immunoglobulin m antibodies against nipah virus by capture enzyme immunoassay. we enrolled 11 case-patients and 33 neighborhood controls in a c ...	2006	17326940
potent neutralization of hendra and nipah viruses by human monoclonal antibodies.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae. each has a broad species tropism and can cause disease with high mortality in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins (envs). seven fabs, m101 to -7, were selected for their significant binding to a soluble form of hendra g (sg) which w ...	2006	16378991
wildlife, environment and (re)-emerging zoonoses, with special reference to sylvatic tick-borne zoonoses in north-western italy.	over the last century, changes in land-use, modification of agriculture-livestock production systems, disruption of wildlife habitats, increase of human activities, higher frequency of international and intercontinental travels, wider circulation of animals and animal products have contributed to alter the distribution, presence and density of hosts and vectors. as a result, the number of emerging and reemerging diseases, including zoonoses, have greatly increased. some infectious pathogens, ori ...	2006	17361062
antibody prophylaxis and therapy against nipah virus infection in hamsters.	nipah virus (niv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes a zoonotic infection in which the reservoir, the fruit bat, may pass the infection to pigs and eventually to humans. in humans, the infection leads to encephalitis with >40 to 70% mortality. we have previously shown that polyclonal antibody directed to either one of two glycoproteins, g (attachment protein) or f (fusion protein), can protect hamsters from a lethal infection. in the present study, we have developed monoclonal antib ...	2006	16439553
developments towards effective treatments for nipah and hendra virus infection.	hendra and nipah virus are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the subfamily paramyxovirinae and are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. in particular, the high mortality and person-to-person transmission associated with the most recent nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of hendra virus, has confirmed the importance and necessity of developing effective therapeutic interventions. much r ...	2006	16441208
two key residues in ephrinb3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for nipah virus.	ephrinb2 was recently discovered as a functional receptor for nipah virus (niv), a lethal emerging paramyxovirus. ephrins constitute a class of homologous ligands for the eph class of receptor tyrosine kinases and exhibit overlapping expression patterns. thus, we examined whether other ephrins might serve as alternative receptors for niv. here, we show that of all known ephrins (ephrina1-a5 and ephrinb1-b3), only the soluble fc-fusion proteins of ephrinb3, in addition to ephrinb2, bound to solub ...	2006	16477309
drinking bat blood may be hazardous to your health.		2006	16779764
nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, siliguri, india.	during january and february 2001, an outbreak of febrile illness associated with altered sensorium was observed in siliguri, west bengal, india. laboratory investigations at the time of the outbreak did not identify an infectious agent. because siliguri is in close proximity to bangladesh, where outbreaks of nipah virus (niv) infection were recently described, clinical material obtained during the siliguri outbreak was retrospectively analyzed for evidence of niv infection. niv-specific immunogl ...	2006	16494748
n-glycans on nipah virus fusion protein protect against neutralization but reduce membrane fusion and viral entry.	nipah virus (niv) is a deadly emerging paramyxovirus. the niv attachment (niv-g) and fusion (niv-f) envelope glycoproteins mediate both syncytium formation and viral entry. specific n-glycans on paramyxovirus fusion proteins are generally required for proper conformational integrity and biological function. however, removal of individual n-glycans on niv-f had little negative effect on processing or fusogenicity and has even resulted in slightly increased fusogenicity. here, we report that in bo ...	2006	16641279
a comparative indirect elisa for the detection of henipavirus antibodies based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli.	the indirect elisa is a simple and useful method for detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in animal sera. however, non-specific or background binding is often a problem, especially when recombinant proteins from escherichia coli are used. in this study, a comparative indirect elisa in which the total reactivity and the background binding were determined simultaneously on the same elisa plate was reported. the background was determined by incubation of the test sera with excess free antigen ...	2006	16769130
nipah/hendra virus outbreak in siliguri, west bengal, india in 2001.	the viral encephalitides caused by animal or human viruses are characterized by sudden outbreaks of neurological disease in both tropical and temperate regions. an outbreak of acute encephalitis occurred in siliguri (west bengal) town of india between january 31 and february 23, 2001. this outbreak was investigated by a team of scientists from four major institutions, and the findings are presented here.	2006	16783047
immunomodulatory properties of morbillivirus nucleoproteins.	morbillivirus infections have been known for a long time to be associated with an acute immunosuppression in their natural hosts. here, we show that recombinant morbillivirus nucleoproteins from canine distemper virus, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus, and rinderpest virus bind b-lymphocytes from dogs, goats, and cattle, respectively, similarly to measles virus nucleoprotein in humans. the use of surface plasmon resonance imaging allowed the real time detection of differential interactions betwe ...	2006	16817775
nipah virus: impact, origins, and causes of emergence.	nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. the natural reservoir for nipah virus and related members of the genus henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus pteropus. nipah virus emerged in ...	2006	16448602
going to bat.		2006	16502604
recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge.	nipah virus (niv), of the family paramyxoviridae, was isolated in 1999 in malaysia from a human fatality in an outbreak of severe human encephalitis, when human infections were linked to transmission of the virus from pigs. consequently, a swine vaccine able to abolish virus shedding is of veterinary and human health interest. canarypox virus-based vaccine vectors carrying the gene for niv glycoprotein (alvac-g) or the fusion protein (alvac-f) were used to intramuscularly immunize four pigs per ...	2006	16873250
serodiagnosis using recombinant nipah virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli.	nipah virus nucleocapsid (niv-n) protein was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by histidine tag-based affinity chromatography. an indirect immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for human and swine sera and an igm capture elisa for human sera were established using the recombinant niv-n protein as an antigen. one hundred thirty-three suspected patient sera and 16 swine sera were used to evaluate the newly established elisa systems in comparison with the cdc ina ...	2006	16954238
distribution of viral antigens and development of lesions in chicken embryos inoculated with nipah virus.	an isolate of nipah virus was injected into fertile eggs via the allantoic cavity or yolk sac. allantoic inoculation resulted in considerable pathological variation and only partial mortality. dead embryos showed severe necrosis in the brain and congestion in the kidney and the subcutis of limbs. in contrast, yolk sac inoculation led to uniform infection and mortality, the dead embryos exhibiting the same lesions as those described above but without the subcutaneous congestion. histological lesi ...	2006	16956618
feral cats and risk for nipah virus transmission.		2006	16848051
establishment of a nipah virus rescue system.	nipah virus (niv), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. fruit bats, living in vast areas extending from india to the western pacific, were identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. however, the mechanisms that resulted in severe pathogenicity in humans (up to 70% mortality) and that enabled crossing the species barrier were not known. in this study, we established a system tha ...	2006	17053073
henipavirus in pteropus vampyrus bats, indonesia.		2006	16715584
hendra and nipah viruses: different and dangerous.	hendra virus and nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these features led to their classification into the new genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathogens. t ...	2006	16357858
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated nipah virus.	nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (bei). the inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. the gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly nipah matrix (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins was used for immunizing balb/c mice to generate hybridomas. screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five ...	2006	16226320
radiology of biological weapons--old and the new?		2007	17174174
quantitative analysis of nipah virus proteins released as virus-like particles reveals central role for the matrix protein.	nipah virus (niv) is an emerging paramyxovirus distinguished by its ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. together with hendra virus (hev), they comprise the genus henipavirus in the paramyxoviridae family. niv and hev are also restricted to biosafety level-4 containment and this has hampered progress towards examining details of their replication and morphogenesis. here, we have established recombinant expression systems to study niv particle assembly and budding throug ...	2007	17204159
bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans.	amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are rna viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. the prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and henipavirus. the transmission of nipah, hendra and perhaps sars coronavirus and ebola virus to humans may involve intermediate amplification hosts such as pigs, horses, civets and primates, respectively. understanding of the natural reservoir or introductory ho ...	2007	17042030
emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer.	the role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly emergent viruses such as nipah virus, hendra virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. this article expands on recent findings about bats and viruses and their relevance to human infections. it briefly reviews the history of chiropteran viruses and discusses their emergence in the context of geography, phylogeny ...	2007	17278066
neutralization assays for differential henipavirus serology using bio-plex protein array systems.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are related emerging paramyxoviruses classified in the genus henipavirus. both cause fatal disease in animals and humans and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. here we detail two new multiplexed microsphere assays, one for antibody detection and differentiation and another designed as a surrogate for virus neutralization. both assays utilize recombinant soluble attachment glycoproteins (sg) whereas the latter incorporates the cellular receptor ...	2007	17292974
expression of truncated phosphoproteins of nipah virus and hendra virus in escherichia coli for the differentiation of henipavirus infections.	the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae compromises two newly identified dangerous pathogens, nipah virus and hendra virus. phosphoprotein of the two viruses is one of the major immunodominant antigens and the most divergent protein in the viral genomes. we have now expressed two pairs of truncated phosphoproteins of the two viruses in escherichia coli in a soluble form using a vector tailored from pet32a. the truncated recombinant phosphoproteins were purified with his-tag affinity ...	2007	17322967
hendra virus infection in a veterinarian.		2007	17371223
proceedings of a meeting entitled emerging viral infectious diseases, april 4-5, 2005, hanoi, vietnam.		2007	17470907
[expression of nipah virus structural proteins f1 and g and preparation of hyperimmune antisera against two proteins].	the fusion protein (f) and attachment glycoprotein (g) of nipah virus (niv) are important for the virus to infect cells and induce protective immunity. in this study, the niv f1 and g gene fragments without the sequences of signal peptide and transmembrane domain were amplified by pcr, then cloned into e. coli expression vector pgex-6p-1 and modified baculovirus vector, respectively. after induction by iptg, niv f1 and g proteins were efficiently expressed in e. coli when analyzed by sds-page, b ...	2007	17672307
experimental nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (pteropus poliocephalus).	seventeen grey-headed fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated subcutaneously with an isolate of nipah virus derived from a fatally infected human. a control group of eight guinea-pigs was inoculated intraperitoneally with the same isolate in order to confirm virulence. three of eight infected guinea-pigs developed clinical signs 7-9 days post-inoculation. infected fruit bats developed a subclinical infection characterized by the transient presence of virus within selected viscera, ep ...	2007	17498518
generation of henipavirus nucleocapsid proteins in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.	hendra and nipah viruses are newly emerged, zoonotic viruses and their genomes have nucleotide and predicted amino acid homologies placing them in the family paramyxoviridae. currently these viruses are classified in the new genus henipavirus, within the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. the genes encoding hev and niv nucleocapsid proteins were cloned into the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector pfgg3 under control of gal7 promoter. a high level of expression of the ...	2007	17123657
inhibition of henipavirus infection by nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-b2 or ephrin-b3.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are newly identified members of the family paramyxoviridae and have been classified in the new genus henipavirus based on unique genetic characteristics distinct from other paramyxoviruses. transgenic cell lines were generated that expressed either the attachment protein (g) or the fusion protein (f) of niv. functional expression of niv f and g was verified by complementation with the corresponding glycoprotein, which resulted in the development of syncyt ...	2007	17251577
surface density of the hendra g protein modulates hendra f protein-promoted membrane fusion: role for hendra g protein trafficking and degradation.	hendra virus, like most paramyxoviruses, requires both a fusion (f) and attachment (g) protein for promotion of cell-cell fusion. recent studies determined that hendra f is proteolytically processed by the cellular protease cathepsin l after endocytosis. this unique cathepsin l processing results in a small percentage of hendra f on the cell surface. to determine how the surface densities of the two hendra glycoproteins affect fusion promotion, we performed experiments that varied the levels of ...	2007	17328935
henipavirus and tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, madagascar.	specimens were obtained from the 3 malagasy fruit bats, pteropus rufus, eidolon dupreanum, and rousettus madagascariensis. antibodies against nipah, hendra, and tioman viruses were detected by immunoassay in 23 and by serum neutralization tests in 3 of 427 serum samples, which suggests that related viruses have circulated in madagascar.	2007	17370536