| evidence for paralichthys olivaceus ifitm1 antiviral effect by impeding viral entry into target cells. | interferon-inducible transmembrane (ifitm) protein family is novel viral restriction factors with representative transmembrane structure. these proteins also exist in fish, however, their roles in the innate immune response remain unknown. here, we report a characterization of teleost ifitm1 from flounder paralichthys olivaceus (poifitm1), which exhibits conserved structure characteristic of the ifitm family but comprises a relatively longer n-terminal region. the expression and promoter activit ... | 2013 | 23850425 |
| characterization of the rana grylio virus 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and its novel role in suppressing virus-induced cytopathic effect. | the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-hsd) isoenzymes play a key role in cellular steroid hormone synthesis. here, a 3beta-hsd gene homolog was cloned from rana grylio virus (rgv), a member of family iridoviridae. rgv 3beta-hsd gene has 1068bp, encoding a 355aa predicted protein. transcription analyses showed that rgv 3beta-hsd gene was transcribed immediate-early during infection from an initiation site 19 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site. confocal microscopy revealed ... | 2006 | 17056005 |
| a conditional lethal mutation in rana grylio virus orf 53r resulted in a marked reduction in virion formation. | rana grylio virus (rgv) is a pathogenic iridovirus that has resulted in high mortality in cultured frog. here, a recombinant rgv (i53r-rgv-lacio) containing the inducible lac repressor/operator system was constructed. i53r-rgv-lacio was a conditional lethal mutant in which the expression of envelope protein 53r was regulated by iptg. i53r-rgv-lacio shared characteristics similar to rgv in the presence of iptg. however, the expression level of 53r, the ability of plaques formation, and the virus ... | 2013 | 23911634 |
| rana grylio virus (rgv) envelope protein 2l: subcellular localization and essential roles in virus infectivity revealed by conditional lethal mutant. | rana grylio virus (rgv) is a pathogenic iridovirus that has resulted in high mortality in cultured frog. here, an envelope protein gene, 2l, was identified from rgv and its possible role in virus infection was investigated. database searches found that rgv 2l had homologues in all sequenced iridoviruses and is a core gene of iridoviruses. western blotting detection of purified rgv virions confirmed that 2l protein was associated with virion membrane. fluorescence localization revealed that 2l pr ... | 2014 | 24356204 |
| [the construction of a novel recombinant virus δ67r-rgv and preliminary analyses the function of the 67r gene]. | the rana grylio virus (rgv) is a member of the genus ranavirus. it belongs to the family iridoviridae, and contains the gene 67r encoding dutpase. in order to investigate the function of 67r in the replication and infection of rgv, we constructed δ67r-rgv, a recombinant virus with deletion of 67r. first, we constructed the plasmid pgl3-67rl-p50-egfp-67rr which carried an enhanced green fluorescence gene (egfp) as a selectable marker. after homologous recombination between pgl3-67rl-p50-eg- fp-67 ... | 2014 | 25562957 |
| rana grylio virus tk and dut gene locus could be simultaneously used for foreign gene expression. | ranaviruses (family iridoviridae, genus ranavirus) have been recognized as emerging infectious pathogens and caused a great loss to the global biodiversity. thymidine kinase (tk) and deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dutpase, dut, encoded by orf 67r) are ubiquitous, existing in iridoviruses and other organisms. previous studies showed that tk and dut could be individually knocked out without impeding viral replication. in this study, we tried to insert two fluorescence genes into the above loci. we s ... | 2016 | 26806670 |
| rana grylio virus (rgv) 50l is associated with viral matrix and exhibited two distribution patterns. | the complete genome of rana grylio virus (rgv) was sequenced and analyzed recently, which revealed that rgv 50 l had homologues in many iridoviruses with different identities; however, the characteristics and functions of 50 l have not been studied yet. | 2012 | 22912781 |
| induction of antimicrobial peptides from rana dybowskii under rana grylio virus stress, and bioactivity analysis. | the skin glands of ranidae are a rich source of antimicrobial peptides. in this study, the genomic rna of rana dybowskii was extracted from its skin while under rana grylio virus stress. five new cdna sequences encoding 5 mature peptides, ranatuerin-2yj (glmdifkvavnkllaagmnkprckaahc), dybowskin-yjb (iiplplgyfakkp), dybowskin-yja (iiplplgyfakkkkkkdpvpldq), temperin-yja (vlplletcsmtcwennqtfgk), and temperin-yjb (vlplvgnllndllgk), were obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction wit ... | 2012 | 22702542 |
| sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of rana grylio virus (rgv). | infection with rana grylio virus (rgv), an iridovirus isolated in china in 1995, resulted in a high mortality rate in frogs. the complete genome sequence of rgv was determined and analyzed. the genomic dna was 105,791 bp long, with 106 open reading frames (orfs). dot plot analysis showed that the gene order of rgv shared colinearity with three completely sequenced ranaviruses. a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on concatenated sequences of iridovirus 26 core-gene-encoded proteins, and the ... | 2012 | 22543635 |
| cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of myd88 in rana dybowskii. | the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is the most common adaptor protein in toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathways and plays an important role in the innate immune system. in this report, we conducted rapid amplification of complementary dna (cdna) ends (race), multiple sequence alignment, conserved domain search, phylogenetic tree construction, and quantitative real-time pcr to obtain and analyze the full-length cdna sequence, the amino acid sequential structures, and the expressio ... | 2016 | 26811029 |
| establishment of three cell lines from chinese giant salamander and their sensitivities to the wild-type and recombinant ranavirus. | known as lethal pathogens, ranaviruses have been identified in diseased fish, amphibians (including chinese giant salamander andrias davidianus, the world's largest amphibian) and reptiles, causing organ necrosis and systemic hemorrhage. here, three chinese giant salamander cell lines, thymus cell line (gstc), spleen cell line (gssc) and kidney cell line (gskc) were initially established. their sensitivities to ranaviruses, wild-type andrias davidianus ranavirus (adrv) and recombinant rana gryli ... | 2015 | 26070783 |
| identification of drei as an antiviral factor regulated by rlr signaling pathway. | retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like receptors (rlrs) had been demonstrated to prime interferon (ifn) response against viral infection via the conserved rlr signaling in fish, and a novel fish-specific gene, the grass carp reovirus (gcrv)-induced gene 2 (gig2), had been suggested to play important role in host antiviral response. | 2012 | 22412872 |
| viral envelope protein 53r gene highly specific silencing and iridovirus resistance in fish cells by amirna. | envelope protein 53r was identified from frog rana grylio virus (rgv), a member of the family iridoviridae, and it plays an important role in the virus assembly. although inhibition of iridovirus major capsid protein (mcp) by small hairpin rnas (shrnas) has been shown to cause resistance to viral infection in vitro, rna interference (rnai) to inhibit aquatic animal virus envelope protein gene product has not been reported. | 2010 | 20428238 |
| development of an ussuri catfish pseudobagrus ussuriensis skin cell line displaying differential cytopathic effects to three aquatic animal viruses. | an ussuri catfish pseudobagrus ussuriensis skin (ucs) cell line was developed and subcultured for more than 60 passages. ucs cells consisted of mostly epithelial-like cells and multiplied well in tc199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 25°c. chromosome analysis revealed that most ucs cells had a normal diploid karyotype with 2n=52. ucs cells showed differential cytopathic effects (cpes) after inoculation of spring viremia of carp virus (svcv, a negative-strand rna virus), grass ... | 2014 | 24794839 |
| identification and characterization of a novel envelope protein in rana grylio virus. | viral envelope proteins have been proposed to play significant roles in virus infection and assembly. in this study, an envelope protein gene, 53r, was cloned and characterized from rana grylio virus (rgv), a member of the family iridoviridae. database searches found its homologues in all sequenced iridoviruses, and sequence alignment revealed several conserved structural features shared by virus capsid or envelope proteins: a myristoylation site, two predicted transmembrane domains and two inva ... | 2008 | 18632957 |
| mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis induced by rana grylio virus infection in fish cells. | a fish cell line, fathead minnow (fhm) cell, was used to investigate the alteration of mitochondrial dynamics and the mechanism of apoptosis under rana grylio virus (rgv) infection. microscopy observations, flow-cytometry analysis and molecular marker detection revealed the apoptotic fate of the rgv-infected cells. some typical apoptotic characteristics, such as chromatin condensation, dna fragmentation and mitochondrial fragmentation, were observed, and significantly morphological changes of mi ... | 2007 | 17551838 |
| the physical movement of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder and bladder compliance in two anurans. | urine movement from the ureters to the bladder was accomplished by a combination of gravity and pressures resulting from lung inflation, buccal pumping, and smooth-muscle contraction. urine movement from the cloaca to the urinary bladder was the result of pressure generated by cloacal smooth-muscle contraction and opposed by urinary bladder pressure, resulting from compliance, lung inflation, and buccal movements. the frequency of cloacal smooth-muscle contraction measured in chaunus marinus (4. ... | 2009 | 19199556 |
| improvement and observation of immunoelectron microscopic method for the localization of frog rana grylio virus (rgv) in infected fish cells. | in this paper, to understand the roles of amorphous structures which were observed within the viromatrix of rana grylio virus (rgv), an improved immunoelectron microscopy (iem) method was developed to detect the localization of rgv in carp epithelipma papulosum cyprinid (epc) cells. infected epc cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde-0.25% glutaraldehyde mixture, dehydrated completely, and embedded in lr white resin. this method allowed good ultrastructural preservation and specific labeling ... | 2007 | 17095234 |
| selected emerging diseases of amphibia. | this review summarizes the most recent updates on emerging infectious diseases of amphibia. a brief summary of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and biosecurity is provided. ambystoma tigrinum virus, common midwife toad virus, frog virus 3, rana grylio virus, rana catesbeiana ranavirus, mahaffey road virus, rana esculenta virus, bohle iridovirus, and tiger frog virus ranaviruses are extensively reviewed. emerging bacterial patho ... | 2013 | 23642863 |
| electron microscopic examination of the viromatrix of rana grylio virus in a fish cell line. | rana grylio virus (rgv), a ranavirus belonging to the family iridoviridae, assembles in the viromatrix which is a factory for viral genome replication and particle assembly. ultrastructural studies of the viromatrix will clarify the pathway of assembly. the viromatrix and quantitative changes in rgv infected epithelipma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells, one of fish cell lines, were studied by electron microscopy. it was shown that viromatrices were adjacent to the nucleus, and the electron density ... | 2006 | 16310866 |
| variation of total mercury concentrations in pig frogs (rana grylio) across the florida everglades, usa. | the pig frog (rana grylio) is an aquatic frog that is an abundant component of the everglades ecosystem. south floridians recreationally and commercially hunt pig frogs in marshes throughout water conservation areas (wca) and big cypress national preserve (bcnp) in south florida. most of these areas are under fish consumption advisories because of high levels of methylmercury present in game fish tissues. it is important to understand how mercury is distributed throughout pig frog populations be ... | 2004 | 15919527 |
| characterization of an iridovirus from the cultured pig frog rana grylio with lethal syndrome. | three virus isolates, rgv-9506, rgv-9807 and rgv-9808, were obtained from cultured pig frogs rana grylio undergoing lethal infections. previously, the first isolate, rgv-9506, was shown to be an iridovirus based on ultrastructural and morphological studies. in the present study, the original isolate, along with 2 recent ones, were more extensively characterized by experimental infection studies, histopathology, electron microscopy, serological reactivity, gel electrophoresis of viral polypeptide ... | 2001 | 11843137 |
| purification and characterization of antimicrobial and vasorelaxant peptides from skin extracts and skin secretions of the north american pig frog rana grylio. | eight peptides with differential growth-inhibitory activity against the gram-positive bacterium staphylococcus aureus, the gram-negative bacterium escherichia coli and the yeast, candida albicans were isolated from an extract of the skin of the north american pig frog rana grylio. the primary structures of these antimicrobial peptides were different from previously characterized antimicrobial peptides from ranid frogs but on the basis of sequence similarities, the peptides may be classified as b ... | 2000 | 10828493 |
| rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells. | in the present study, rana grylio virus (rgv, an iridovirus) thymidine kinase (tk) gene and viral envelope protein 53r gene were chosen as targets for foreign gene insertion. δtk-rgv and δ53r-rgv, two recombinant rgv, expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (egfp) were constructed and analyzed in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (epc) cells. the egfp gene which fused to the virus major capsid protein (mcp) promoter p50 was inserted into tk and 53r gene loci of rgv, respectively. cells infec ... | 2012 | 21889962 |
| rana grylio virus thymidine kinase gene: an early gene of iridovirus encoding for a cytoplasmic protein. | the presence of thymidine kinase (tk) is a feature of many large dna viruses. here, a tk gene homologue was cloned and characterized from rana grylio virus (rgv), a member of family iridoviridae. rgv tk encodes a protein of 195 aa with a predicted molecular mass of 22.1 kda. homologues of the protein were present in all the currently sequenced iridoviruses, and phylogenetic analysis showed that it was much close to cellular tk type 2 (tk2), deoxycytidine kinase (dck) and deoxyguanosine kinase (d ... | 2009 | 19125319 |
| cloning, expression and subcellular distribution of a rana grylio virus late gene encoding erv1 homologue. | an essential for respiration and viability (erv1) homologue, 88r, was cloned and characterized from rana grylio virus (rgv). database searches found its homologues in all sequenced iridoviruses, and sequence alignment revealed a highly conserved motif shared by all erv1 family proteins: cys-x-x-cys. rt-pcr and western blot analysis revealed that 88r begins to transcribe and translate at 6 h postinfection (p.i.) and remains detectable at 48 h p.i. during rgv infection course. furthermore, using d ... | 2009 | 18819018 |
| characterization and virus susceptibility of a skin cell line from red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | a red-spotted grouper epinephelus akaara skin (rgs) cell line was established and characterized. rgs cells had a normal diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48, the morphology of which was fibroblastic-like in 3 days and epithelial-like over 5 after 16 passages. the cells multiplied well in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum at 25°c. susceptibilities of rgs and grass carp ovary (gco) cells to two viruses were tested, and the results showed that the titer ... | 2012 | 22252337 |
| characterization of an early gene encoding for dutpase in rana grylio virus. | dutpase (dut) is a ubiquitous and important enzyme responsible for regulating levels of dutp. here, an iridovirus dut was identified and characterized from rana grylio virus (rgv) which is a pathogen agent in pig frog. the dut encodes a protein of 164aa with a predicted molecular mass of 17.4 kda, and its transcriptional initiation site was determined by 5'race to start from the nucleotide a at 15 nt upstream of the initiation codon atg. sequence comparisons and multiple alignments suggested tha ... | 2007 | 16989917 |
| establishment, characterization, and virus susceptibility of a new marine cell line from red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | a marine fish cell line from the snout of red spotted grouper epinephelus akaara, a protogynous hermaphrodite, was established, characterized, and subcultured with more than 60 passages. the grouper snout cell line (gsc) cells multiplied well in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (dmem) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. the optimal growth temperature was 25 degrees c, and morphologically the cells were fibroblastic. chromosome analysis revealed that the gsc cell line has a normal ... | 2007 | 17342554 |
| herpetofaunal community change in multiple habitats after fifteen years in a southwest florida preserve, usa. | herpetofaunal declines have been documented globally, and southern florida, usa, is an especially vulnerable region because of high impacts from hydrological perturbations and nonindigenous species. to assess the extent of recent change in herpetofauna community composition, we established a baseline inventory during 1995-97 at a managed preserve in a habitat rich area of southwest florida, and repeated our sampling methods fifteen years later (2010-11). nine drift fence arrays were placed in fo ... | 2015 | 26016475 |
| divergent transcriptomic responses underlying the ranaviruses-amphibian interaction processes on interspecies infection of chinese giant salamander. | ranaviruses (family iridoviridae, nucleocytoplasmic large dna viruses) have been reported as promiscuous pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates. rana grylio virus (rgv, a ranavirus), from diseased frog rana grylio with a genome of 105.79 kb and andrias davidianus ranavirus (adrv), from diseased chinese giant salamander (cgs) with a genome of 106.73 kb, contains 99% homologous genes. | 2018 | 29558886 |
| hemoglobin: molecular changes during anuran metamorphosis. | anuran metamorphosis is accompanied by changes in the sedimentation patterns of the lysates of red blood cells of several species. rana grylio and rana catesbeiana tadpoles have hemoglobins that sediment at 4.3s (molecular weight, 68,000) and gradually produce a heavier 7.0s component (estimated molecular weight, 136,000) during metamorphosis to the adult frog. there is extensive change in the amino acid compositions of these hemoglobins; these changes may account for observed changes in electro ... | 1963 | 13993937 |
| the southern bullfrog, rana grylio stejneger. | | 1916 | 17794616 |
| liver fatty acids of rana grylio tadpoles and frogs. | | 1965 | 5841608 |
| extrathyroidal iodide pump in tadpoles (rana grylio). | large amounts of iodide are accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of tadpoles despite the presence of ligatures on the bile duct or esophagus or on both structures. these ligatures exclude the possibility that the iodine-131 tracer reaches the gastrointestinal tract by way of the bile or esophagus. the iodide in the gastrointestinal tract localizes largely in the stomach. the stomach therefore acts as an iodide pump and may be responsible for the maintenance of the iodide levels that are nee ... | 1962 | 17796863 |
| peptidomic analysis of skin secretions from rana heckscheri and rana okaloosae provides insight into phylogenetic relationships among frogs of the aquarana species group. | the members of the aquarana (or rana catesbeiana species group) form a monophyletic group comprising seven species: r. catesbeiana, rana clamitans, rana grylio, rana virgatipes, rana septentrionalis, rana heckscheri and rana okaloosae. previous work has led to structural characterization of the antimicrobial peptides present in electrically-stimulated skin secretions from the first five species listed and this study presents the primary structures of orthologs from the river frog r. heckscheri a ... | 2007 | 17005262 |
| species interactions and the effects of climate variability on a wetland amphibian metacommunity. | disentangling the role that multiple interacting factors have on species responses to shifting climate poses a significant challenge. however, our ability to do so is of utmost importance to predict the effects of climate change on species distributions. we examined how populations of three species of wetland-breeding amphibians, which varied in life history requirements, responded to a six-year period of extremely variable precipitation. this interval was punctuated by both extensive drought an ... | 2017 | 28052496 |
| ranaviruses bind cells from different species through interaction with heparan sulfate. | ranavirus cross-species infections have been documented, but the viral proteins involved in the interaction with cell receptors have not yet been identified. here, viral cell-binding proteins and their cognate cellular receptors were investigated using two ranaviruses, andrias davidianus ranavirus (adrv) and rana grylio virus (rgv), and two different cell lines, chinese giant salamander thymus cells (gstc) and epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (epc) cells. the heparan sulfate (hs) analog heparin in ... | 2019 | 31261956 |
| interaction between two iridovirus core proteins and their effects on ranavirus (rgv) replication in cells from different species. | the two putative proteins rgv-63r and rgv-91r encoded by rana grylio virus (rgv) are dna polymerase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) respectively, and are core proteins of iridoviruses. here, the interaction between rgv-63r and rgv-91r was detected by a yeast two-hybrid (y2h) assay and further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) assays. subsequently, rgv-63r or rgv-91r were expressed alone or co-expressed in two kinds of aquatic animal cells including amphibian chinese giant ... | 2019 | 31060251 |
| development and characterization of a continuous cell line (el) from the liver of european eel anguilla anguilla. | in the present study, a new hepatic tissue-origin cell line from european eel anguilla anguilla has been developed and characterized. this cell line designated el has been maintained in leibovitz l-15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum over 72 months, and subcultured more than 90 times. the el cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblast-like cells, which could survive over 100 days in vitro, and could grow at 15-32°c. the optimum temperature for growth was 27°c. the chromosome analysis ... | 2020 | 31814207 |
| development and characterization of a new cell line derived from european eel anguilla anguilla kidney. | a new cell line derived from the kidney of european eel, anguilla anguilla, has been established and characterized. this cell line, designated as ek (eel kidney), has been maintained in leibovitz's l-15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for over 24 months, and subcultured more than 60 times. this cell line consists predominantly of fibroblast-like cells, and can grow at 15-37°c under an optimum temperature of 26°c. the origin of this cell line was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (p ... | 2019 | 30429125 |
| rana grylio virus 43r encodes an envelope protein involved in virus entry. | rana grylio virus (rgv), a member of genus ranavirus in the family iridoviridae, is a viral pathogen infecting aquatic animal. rgv 43r has homologues only in ranavirus and contains a transmembrane (tm) domain, but its role in rgv infection is unknown. in this study, 43r was determined to be associated with virion membrane. the transcripts encoding 43r and the protein itself appeared late in rgv-infected epc cells and its expression was blocked by viral dna replication inhibitor, indicating that ... | 2018 | 30411182 |