| performance of broiler chicks fed on alkali-treated neem (azadirachta indica) kernel cake as a protein supplement. | 1. an experiment was conducted to evaluate growth and nutrient efficiency of broiler chicks from 3 to 42 d fed on diets containing alkali-treated neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) kernel cake (nkc) as a protein supplement in place of peanut meal (pnm). 2. nkc was treated with sodium hydroxide at 10 (ankc 1) or 20 g (ankc 2)/kg and incorporated into the test diets at 135 or 300 g/kg to replace 50 (low-l) or 100 (high-h)% of the pnm protein of the reference diet. 3. despite comparable retentions o ... | 1996 | 8894225 |
| use of neem oil as a mosquito repellent in tribal villages of mandla district, madhya pradesh. | a field study was carried out to evaluate the mosquito repellent action of neem (azadirachta indica) oil in tribal forested villages of district mandla. various concentrations of neem oil mixed in coconut oil (1-4%) were applied to the exposed body parts of human volunteers. results revealed 81-91% protection during 12 h period of observation from the bites of anopheline mosquitoes. neem oil is an indigenous product and a practical solution to curtail mosquito nuisance. | 1995 | 8936291 |
| use of neem cream as a mosquito repellent in tribal areas of central india. | | 1996 | 8952174 |
| mechanism of action of nim-76: a novel vaginal contraceptive from neem oil. | the present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of spermicidal action of nim-76, a fraction isolated from neem oil. the spermicidal activity of nim-76 was confirmed using a fluorescent staining technique. nim-76 was found to affect the motility of the sperm in a dose-dependent manner. supplementation of pentoxifylline, which is known to enhance the motility of the sperm, could not prevent the spermicidal action of nim-76. there was a gradual leakage of cytosolic ldh from the sperm in ... | 1996 | 8968666 |
| preliminary evaluation of safety aspects of neem oil in kerosene lamp. | kerosene lamps containing one per cent neem oil were used for mosquito repellent action in a village near delhi. the safety aspects of this personal protection method developed by malaria research centre were evaluated by animal studies and clinical examination of population before and after exposure. single application of neem oil (1%) did not produce skin irritation in rabbits and adverse effect on guinea pigs after exposure to aerosol. clinical examination of 156 adults and 110 children did n ... | 1996 | 9014397 |
| effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicide on the pineapple fruit-rotting fungus, ceratocystis paradoxa. | antifungal activities of extracts of sixteen plants were tested against ceratocystis paradoxa which causes soft rot of pineapples. xanthium strumarium was the most effective followed by allium sativum. the effectiveness of various extracts against c. paradoxa was in the decreasing order of meriandra bengalensis, mentha piperita, curcuma longa, phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, toona ciliata, vitex negundo, azadirachta indica, eupatorium birmanicum, ocimum sanctum and leucas aspera. extracts of cassia ... | 1996 | 9022263 |
| immunomodulatory effects of nim-76, a volatile fraction from neem oil. | the immunomodulatory properties of nim-76 have been described in this paper. pre-treatment of rats with a single i.p. injection of nim-76 resulted in an increase in polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes with a concomitant decrease in lymphocyte counts. the immunomodulatory activity of nim-76 was found to be concentration-dependent. at 120 mg/kg body weight, there was an enhanced macrophage activity and lymphocyte proliferation response, while the humoral component of immunity was unaffected. at hig ... | 1997 | 9032626 |
| effect of azadirachta indica leaves on testis and its recovery in albino rats. | histological and biochemical changes in the testis of rats treated with the leaf powder of a. indica are reported. the pattern of recovery is also studied at 8, 16 and 24 day after withdrawal of the treatment. in the treated rats, a general reduction in the diameters of seminiferous tubule, nuclei of the germinal elements and a mass atrophy of the spermatogenic elements has been observed. the leydig cells are found to be atrophic. biochemically, a decrease in the protein content and the activity ... | 1996 | 9055629 |
| effect of azadirachta indica hydroalcoholic leaf extract on the cardiovascular system. | 1. the effect of azadirachta indica hydroalcoholic leaf extract on the cardiovascular system was studied. 2. the leaf extract was found to reduce a dose-dependent hypotensive effect without altering the amplitude or rate of respiration. 3. in isolated frog heart, there was no noticeable change in amplitude of contraction or rate of the heart at lower doses of leaf extract. however, at higher doses, there was temporary cardiac arrest in diastole. 4. the results are discussed. | 1997 | 9068989 |
| plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health. | neem (azadirachta indica) seed and leaf extracts have spermicidal, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. they are also immunomodulators that induce primarily a th1 type response. these properties are being exploited to develop two different useful methods of fertility control. neem extracts given orally at early post-implantation stage terminate pregnancy in rodents and primates. treatment has no residual permanent effect and fertility is regained in subsequent cycles. the mecha ... | 1997 | 9107574 |
| effects of the neem tree compounds azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin, and 6-desacetylnimbin on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. | the effects of azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin, and 6-desacetylnimbin on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (e-20-m) activity were examined in three insect species. homogenates of wandering stage third instar larvae of drosophila melanogaster, or abdomens from adult female aedes aegypti, or fat body or midgut from fifth instar larvae of manduca sexta were incubated with radiolabeled ecdysone and increasing concentrations (from 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-3) m) of the four compounds isolated from seed kernels of ... | 1997 | 9131784 |
| antimalarial activity of tropical meliaceae extracts and gedunin derivatives. | extracts of 22 species of meliaceae were examined for antimalarial activity using in vitro tests with two clones of plasmodium falciparum, one sensitive to chloroquine (w2) and one chloroquine-resistant (d6). twelve extracts were found to have activity, including extracts of cedrela odorata wood and azadirachta indica leaves, which contained the limonoid gedunin. these extracts were more effective against the w2 clone than the d6 clone, suggesting there is no cross-resistance to chloroquine. ged ... | 1997 | 9134742 |
| induced termination of pregnancy by purified extracts of azadirachta indica (neem): mechanisms involved. | to develop a self-administered, orally delivered method for abrogation of early pregnancy. | 1997 | 9228306 |
| an extracellular phosphatase from aspergillus fumigatus. | a potential producer of extracellular phosphatase has been isolated and identified as a. fumigatus. the fungal phosphatase is active in ph range 5 to 8 and its temperature optimum is 65 degrees c. the mineralisation of organic phosphates present in neem cake and press mud by this enzyme has been demonstrated. | 1996 | 9246922 |
| effects of stress on gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) activity in lymphoid system of rats: modulation by drugs. | effects of stress and its modulation by adaptogens were evaluated on gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) activity in different tissues of the lymphoid system in rats. restrain stress (rsx5) suppressed the ggt activity in different tissues of lymphoid system viz. the lymphocyte, the spleen, the thymus and the macrophage, and the maximum effect was seen in the spleen. chlordiazepoxide, a prototype anti-stress agent, which did not alter ggt activity per se, reversed the effect of rs on this enzyme ... | 1997 | 9332165 |
| tests of vaginal microbicides in the mouse genital herpes model. | microbicide candidates were selected that have demonstrated activity against sperm or sexually transmitted disease pathogens in vitro, and the efficacy of these agents for preventing vaginal transmission of genital herpes infection was evaluated in the progestin-treated mouse. each agent was delivered to the vaginas of mice approximately 20 sec prior to delivering a highly infectious herpes simplex virus-2 inoculum. the following agents provided significant protection: anti-hsv monoclonal antibo ... | 1997 | 9437563 |
| antibacterial activity of east african medicinal plants. | in an ethnopharmacological survey, extracts of the six east african medicinal plants entada abyssinica (stem bark), terminalia spinosa (young branches), harrisonia abyssinica (roots), ximenia caffra (roots), azadirachta indica (stem bark and leaves), and spilanthes mauritiana (roots and flowers) were tested against 105 strains of bacteria from seven genera (staphylococcus, enterococcus, pseudomonas, escherichia, klebsiella, salmonella, mycobacterium). the minimum inhibitory concentration reached ... | 1998 | 9533435 |
| effects of azadirachtin on ctenocephalides felis in the dog and the cat. | azadirachtin-containing neem seed extract is a powerful insect growth regulator, a feeding deterrent and repellent with low toxicity. unfortunately, azadirachtin degrades rapidly in light, excessive heat or alkalinity. evaluations of azadirachtin on ectoparasites on animals have been scarce. the purpose of this work was to describe the effects of normal and potentiated azadirachtin on ctenocephalides felis in the dog or cat. groups of kennelled greyhounds and domestic cats infested with c. felis ... | 1998 | 9561713 |
| immunocontraceptive activity guided fractionation and characterization of active constituents of neem (azadirachta indica) seed extracts. | a novel approach for immunocontraception by intervention of local cell mediated immunity in the reproductive system by using single intrauterine application of neem oil has been described earlier. the reversible block in fertility was reported to last for 107-180 days in female wistar rats (upadhyay et al., 1990. antifertility effects of neem oil by single intrauterine administration: a novel method of contraception. proceedings of the royal society of london b 242, 175-180) and 7-11 months in m ... | 1998 | 9613837 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in trinidad and tobago. | ethnoveterinary research was conducted in trinidad and tobago in 1995, in order to document existing ethnoveterinary practices. this paper describes 20 medicinal plants used to treat ruminants. the main plants used were azadirachta indica and curcuma longa. medicinal plants were used predominantly for endoparasites, internal and external injuries and pregnancy-related conditions. a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. this documentation cou ... | 1998 | 9658442 |
| the effect of subacute administration of a neem pesticide on rat metabolic enzymes. | acute toxicity of a neem pesticide (vepacide-tech) was studied in male wistar rats by oral (single) intubation for 7 days. vepacide was found to be moderately toxic to rat based on ld50 value. subacute toxicity of vepacide-tech was also studied in male rats by oral (multiple) intubation of low (80 mg kg-1 day-1), medium (160 mg kg-1 day-1) and high dose (320 mg kg-1 day-1) for 90 days. high dose caused a significant decrease in cytochrome p-450 (cyt. p-450) concentration at 45 and 90 days and th ... | 1998 | 9674151 |
| effects of neem flowers, thai and chinese bitter gourd fruits and sweet basil leaves on hepatic monooxygenases and glutathione s-transferase activities, and in vitro metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens in rats. | the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding of four vegetables commonly consumed in thailand, namely, flowers of the neem tree (azadirachta indica var. siamensis), fruits of thai and the chinese bitter gourd (momordica charantia linn.) and leaves of sweet basil (ocimum basilicum linn) on the levels of phase i enzymes, which include cytochrome p450 (p450), aniline hydroxylase (anh) and aminopyrine-n-demethylase (amd) as well as the capacity to activate the mutagenicities ... | 1998 | 9674955 |
| antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic potentials of some thai vegetables. | fifteen kinds of commonly consumed thai vegetables were sequentially extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol, and then tested for antimutagenic activities against direct-acting (af-2 and nan3) and indirect-acting (afb1 and b(a)p) mutagens using ames' salmonella mutagenicity test with salmonella typhimurium ta100 as tester strain. it was found that only the methanol extract of neem leaves contain weak antimutagen inhibiting the mutagenicities of both direct-acting mutagens. interestingly, ... | 1998 | 9675301 |
| in vitro evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against pestalotiopsis mangiferae. | a serious leaf-spot disease of mangifera indica was noted during the last 10 years in satpura plateau of india. on the basis of characteristic symptoms and cultural characters, the pathogen was identified as pestalotiopsis mangiferae which is hitherto not reported from satpura plateau of india. screening of 17-medicinal plants against the test pathogen revealed 14 antimycotic whereas 3-plants, viz., argemone mexicana, caesalpinia bonducella, and casia fistula acclerated the growth of the pathoge ... | 1996 | 9676046 |
| inhibition of the growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of drug-sensitive and resistant strains of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum by neem (azadirachta indica) fractions. | neem (azadirachta indica) has been shown to possess anti-malarial activity. in this study we systematically evaluated extracts of neem seeds and purified fractions further enriched in polar or non-polar constituents for their effect on in vitro growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. use of synchronized stages of parasites suggested trophozoites/schizonts as the susceptible target stages to various neem extracts. in addition, all t ... | 1998 | 9687079 |
| in vitro antiplasmodial activity of stem and root extracts of nauclea latifolia s.m. (rubiaceae). | aqueous extracts from nauclea latifolia s.m. (rubiaceae), a plant commonly used in ivory coast by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria, were tested on two strains of plasmodium faliparum: fcb1-colombia (chloroquine-resistant) and a nigerian strain (chloroquine-sensitive). the extracts were obtained from stems and roots of the plant in two forms, infusion and decoction, both methods used by most traditional healers. the in vitro activity of n. latifolia extracts on p. falciparum was a ... | 1998 | 9705007 |
| possible biochemical mode of anti-inflammatory action of azadirachta indica a. juss. in rats. | the water soluble part of alcoholic extract of a. indica leaves at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o., exerted significant antiinflammatory activity in cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats. the extract also inhibited significantly the biochemical parameters (viz. dna, rna, lipid peroxide, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) studied in cotton pellet exudate. | 1998 | 9717455 |
| the toxicity of margosan-o, a product of neem seeds, to selected target and nontarget aquatic invertebrates | margosan-o, an insecticide formulated from extracts of neem tree (azadirachta indica) seed kernels, besides being toxic, also has feeding, oviposition-deterring, and growth-inhibitory effects on insects. this product, registered in the united states for ornamental plants, has been proposed for food crop use. however, little information exists on its effects on aquatic organisms. this study investigated toxicity of margosan-o to the mosquito culex spp., a possible target species, and to nontarget ... | 1998 | 9732473 |
| neem (azadirachta indica) kernel meal in the diet of white leghorn layers. | 1. neem kernel meal (nkm) was incorporated into a standard layer diet at 0, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg, replacing parts of the soyabean meal and deoiled rice bran. each diet was offered to 18 white leghorn layers (25 weeks, 50% egg production) in individual cages for a period of 12 weeks. 2. results indicated significantly lower food intakes (p < 0.01), rates of egg production and egg weights in birds fed on the diets with nkm at 150 and 200 g/kg. fertility and hatchability were also adversely affect ... | 1998 | 9925318 |
| immunopotentiating effects of azadirachta indica (neem) dry leaves powder in broilers, naturally infected with ibd virus. | effects of feeding of powdered dry leaves of a. indica (ai) were investigated on humoral and cell mediated immune responses, in a flock of broilers which had survived an outbreak of infectious bursal disease (ibd). ai (2 g/kg) treatment significantly enhanced the antibody titres against new castle disease virus (ncdv) antigen and also potentiated the inflammatory reactions to 1. chloro-2,4-di- nitro benzene (dncb) inskin contact test. the results indicate that ai could be beneficial in immunosup ... | 1998 | 10085786 |
| prolonged murine genotoxic effects of crude extracted from neem. | oral administration of a crude ethanol extract of the leaves of neem (azadirachta indica a juss) to adult swiss albino mice for 7 days at 5 mg, 10 mg or 20 mg/10 g bw/day significantly increased the incidence of structural and mitosis disruptive changes in metaphase chromosomes of bone marrow cells on days 8, 15 and 35th of observation. it is proposed that one or other of the many constituents of the extract, along with genera free radicals, interfered with dna to yield chromosome strand breakag ... | 1999 | 10189960 |
| effects of azadirachta indica leaves on the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate in albino rats. | oral administration of 20, 40, 60, mg of dry azadirachta indica leaf powder for 24 days resulted in decrease in the weights of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate, reduction in epithelial height, nuclear diameter and the secretory material in the lumen. biochemically, there was a decrease in total protein, acid phosphatase activities. seminal vesicles and ventral prostate being androgen dependent, the regressive changes histologically as well as biochemically, suggests the antiandrogenic prope ... | 1997 | 10232767 |
| antiplasmodial activity of selected sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on maytenus senegalensis (lam.) exell. | the antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts related to four families was tested on chloroquine sensitive strain 3d7 and chloroquine resistant strain dd2 of plasmodium falciparum. the methanolic extract of harrisonia abyssinica (simaroubaceae) inhibited dd2 with ic50 value of 4.7 microg/ml, while in 3d7, the ic50 value was 10 microg/ml. most of the plants from the family meliaceae showed highly potent antiplasmodial activity against the two tested strains. khaya senegalensis, azadirachta indica ... | 1999 | 10363837 |
| effect of an aqueous extract of azadirachta indica on the immune response in mice. | because of the very wide spectrum of infectious and non-infectious diseases for which preparations from azadirachta indica are said to be efficacious, it was suspected that a general immunopotentiating ability could be part of the mechanisms by which it ameliorates so many disease conditions. using the haemolytic plaque technique, an aqueous extract of azadirachta indica stem bark was shown to enhance the immune response of balb/c mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo. | 1999 | 10396765 |
| performance of broiler chicks fed on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (azadirachta indica) kernel cake. | 1. the performance, nutrient utilisation, blood profile, carcase composition, gross pathology and sensory evaluation of meat from broiler chicks fed from 3 to 42 d on diets containing urea ammoniated neem (azadirachta indica, a.juss) kernel cake (nkc) as a protein supplement to replace peanut meal (pnm), were evaluated. nkc was ammoniated with urea at 15 (uankc 1) or 25 g (uankc 2)/kg and incorporated into the test diets to replace either half (134.5 g/kg (l-uankc 1) and 127.5 g/kg (l-uankc 2), ... | 1999 | 10405039 |
| activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. | botanical insecticides are relatively safe and degradable, and are readily available sources of biopesticides. the most prominent phytochemical pesticides in recent years are those derived from neem trees, which have been studied extensively in the fields of entomology and phytochemistry, and have uses for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. the neem products have been obtained from several species of neem trees in the family meliaceae. six species in this family have been the subject of botanical ... | 1999 | 10412110 |
| treatment of psoroptic mange with reference to epidemiology and history. | treatment methods in the last century involved the use of substances such as sulphur, mercury, hellebore, arsenic, nicotine and others, applied in various ways. the advent of dips in 1843 signalled an advance. however, the biology of the mite, psoroptes ovis, the epidemiology of sheep scab and the lack of persistence of the acaricides necessitated repeated laborious treatments to ensure success. in 1947 this changed with the use of organo chlorines (ocs) which had up to 3 months residual activit ... | 1999 | 10423001 |
| morphological and oil content variation in seeds of azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem) from northern and western provenances of india. | seed morphology (seed length and 20 seed weight) and oil content was studied in azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem) of five provenances of northern and western india. trees with wide ranges of girths were considered for study. maximum average oil content was observed in trees from hisar provenance. seed oil content in most of the provenances was not consistently and significantly correlated with morphological parameters of seeds. age of the tree had no significant effect on the oil yield. | 1998 | 10426116 |
| toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on culex pipiens larvae (diptera: culicidae). | the toxic and/or development retarding effects on culex pipiens mosquito larvae by methanol and ether extracts of azadirachta indica, rhazya stricta and syzygium aromaticum were investigated separately. all were found to show biological activity, however, the methanol extracts showed the most profound effects. r. stricta showed marked acute (2 d) and chronic (10 d) toxic effects, having an lc(50) and 95% cl of 251(209-326) and 140(110-178); 467(416-699) and 211(198-421) ppm, for the methanol and ... | 1999 | 10441777 |
| sub-chronic effect of neem based pesticide (vepacide) on acetylcholinesterase and atpases in rat. | acetylcholinesterases (ache), na(+)-k+, mg2+ and ca(2+)-atpases were monitored in rat brain when treated orally with 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg of vepacide, an active ingredient from neem seed oil, daily for 90 days. brain ache, na(+)-k+ and ca(2+)-atpases were inhibited whereas mg(2+)-atpase levels were enhanced in both the sexes after 45 and 90 days of treatment. the relative sensitivities of these atpases to vepacide indicated that ca(2+)-atpase being more sensitive than na(+)-k(+)-atpase in both ... | 1999 | 10466107 |
| toxicity of neem seed oil (azadiracta indica) against the larvae of amblyomma variegatum a three-host tick in cattle. | the in vitro toxicity of neem seed oil (azadiracta indica, family: meliaceae, 'dogon yaro' in hausa -language) was tested against the larvae of a three-host tick, amblyomma variegatum (family: ixodidae or hard tick) parasitic to cattle commonly found in nigeria. undiluted neem oil (100% concentration) was found to kill all (100% mortality) the larvae after 48 h. the toxicity was concentration and time dependent. | 1999 | 10479769 |
| isolation of antioxidant principle from azadirachta seed kernels: determination of its role on plant lipoxygenases. | an antioxidant principle was isolated from azadirachta indica seed using high pressure liquid chromatography with a hydrophobic reverse-phase chromatography column. the eluted molecule had lambdamax at 224 and 272 nm and was a potent inhibitor of plant lipoxygenases. in in vivo studies of horsegram during germination, low levels of lipoxygenase activity and lipid peroxides were found upon treatment with the azadirachta extract. the antioxidant property of azadirachta indica has not been previous ... | 1998 | 10520761 |
| chemistry of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss.). | | 1999 | 10592761 |
| early post implantation contraceptive effects of a purified fraction of neem (azadirachta indica) seeds, given orally in rats: possible mechanisms involved. | neem seed and leaf extracts have immunomodulators that induce cellular immune reactions. these aspects of neem were exploited in earlier studies, where the oral administration of the neem seed extracts in rodents and primates could completely abrogate pregnancy at an early post implantation stage. complete restoration of fertility was observed in the animals treated in the subsequent cycles. for the purpose of using neem as a long term contraceptive, an activity guided fractionation, followed by ... | 1999 | 10617063 |
| a comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. | a comparison of blood sugar lowering activity of four important medicinal plants (azadirachta indica, gymnema sylvestre, catharanthus roseus and ocimum sanctum) were carried out against normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models. the plant extracts decreased the blood sugar level in varying degrees. blood sugar lowering unit (blu) of activity of each leaf extract and tolbutamide was calculated by ed50 values. statistical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) variation among the tre ... | 1999 | 10617074 |
| possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of azadirachta indica leaf extract: part v. | effect of azadirachta indica leaf extract on serotonin inhibition in glucose mediated insulin release in rat pancreas was studied in vitro to elucidate the possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of a. indica leaf extract. a. indica leaf extract blocks significantly (p < 0.05) the inhibitory effect of serotonin on insulin secretion mediated by glucose. | 1999 | 10617075 |
| effect of different combinations of mgk-264 or piperonyl butoxide with plant-derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. | effect of sublethal treatment (20% and 60% of lc(50)/24 h) of plant-derived molluscicides, viz. polianthes tuberosa, trachyspermum ammi, allium sativum powder; azadirachta indica oil; oleoresin of zingiber officinale; and their active molluscicidal component in combination (1:5) with mgk-264 or piperonyl butoxide on the reproduction of snail lymnaea acuminata have been studied. it was observed that the combination of plant derived molluscicide and their active molluscicidal components, viz. tigo ... | 2000 | 10629280 |
| modulatory effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. | the effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during administration of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), a carcinogenic nitrosamine were evaluated in male wistar rats. extracts of garlic and neem leaf were administered orally for five consecutive days before intraperitoneal injection of mnng. enhanced lipid peroxidation in the stomach, liver and circulation of mnng-treated rats was accompanied by a significant decrease in glutathione (gsh) a ... | 2000 | 10686579 |
| how safe is neem extract with respect to thyroid function in male mice? | in this investigation we attempted to find out the hitherto unstudied adverse effects of neem (azardirachta indica) leaf extract on the thyroid function of male mice. neem leaf extract was orally administered in two different doses (40 mg and 100 mg kg(-1)day(-1)for 20 days). the extract exhibited differential effects. while the higher dose decreased serum tri-iodothyonine (t(3)) and increased serum thyroxine (t(4)) concentrations, no significant alterations of levels were observed in the lower ... | 2000 | 10704265 |
| studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. | resistance of sarcoptes scabiei to various topical therapies has been described, but clinical assessment of treatment failure is problematic and in-vitro assays are generally not available. we describe a simple in-vitro analysis used to evaluate the relative efficacy of a range of topical, oral, and herbal treatments available in australia for the treatment of scabies. s. scabiei var. hominis mites were collected from skin scrapings obtained from 7 crusted scabies patients over a period of 2 yea ... | 2000 | 10748911 |
| neem (azadirachta indica) extract as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogenic bacteria. | aquaneem, an emulsified product prepared from the neem (a. indica) kernel was tested against four pathogenic bacteria of fish (i.e. aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas fluorescens, escherichia coli and myxobacteria spp.) to test its efficacy as an antibacterial agent. growth inhibitory property of the product at 10, 15 and 20 ppm has been noticed and recorded. the percentage reduction of bacterial cell population was noted to be maximum on 9th day at 20 ppm concentration (i.e. 70.14%, 74.15% and 6 ... | 1999 | 10783742 |
| toxicity of a neem (azadirachta indica) insecticide to certain aquatic organisms. | neem based insecticides are likely to show a large increase in use in the near future. in the present work, the toxicity of a neem insecticide, neem-azal-t/s, was tested against the mosquito larvae, as well as against certain non target organisms occurring in a polluted pond and a shallow stream, located in a cultivated area in giza, egypt. samples of water containing the experimental animals were collected from this area, and toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory by exposing them to a ... | 2000 | 10786033 |
| 'in vitro' antiviral activity of neem (azadirachta indica. a. juss) leaf extract against group b coxsackieviruses. | the antiviral and virucidal effect of methanolic extract fraction of leaves of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) (ncl-11) was studied regarding its activity and possible mechanism of action against coxsackie b group of viruses. ncl-11 inhibited plaque formation in 6 antigenic types of coxsackie virus b at a concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml at 96 hrs. 'in vitro'. additionally virus inactivation, yield reduction and effect of time of addition assays suggested that ncl-11 was most effective agai ... | 1999 | 10810594 |
| medicinal plants used for dogs in trinidad and tobago. | this paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in trinidad and tobago. in 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (rra) technique. semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agri ... | 2000 | 10821961 |
| comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae), their mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascophaera apis. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (apis mellifera l.) pests. neem pesticides inhibited the growth of paenibacillus larvae (ash, priest & collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of ascophaera apis (olive & spiltoir). azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against p. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. neem-aza, however, ... | 2000 | 10826163 |
| antifungal activity of some tetranortriterpenoids. | natural tetranortriterpenoids such as cedrelone from toona ciliata, azadiradione from azadirachta indica, limonin, limonol and nomilinic acid from citrus medica, along with some cedrelone derivatives were tested for their antifungal activity against puccinia arachidis, a groundnut rust pathogen. results show that cedrelone was the most effective in reducing rust pustule emergence. replacement of functional groups or modification of the a or the b ring in cedrelone reduced the effectiveness indic ... | 2000 | 10844171 |
| garlic and neem leaf extracts enhance hepatic glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes during n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in rats. | the protective effect of garlic (allium sativum l.) and neem leaf (azadirachta indica a. juss.) was investigated on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in male wistar rats. enhanced lipid peroxidation in the liver of tumour-bearing animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) and ... | 2000 | 10861977 |
| the antimicrobial effects of extracts of azadirachta indica (neem) and salvadora persica (arak) chewing sticks. | chewing sticks (miswak) is most commonly used int he middle east and indian subcontinent salvadora persica (arak) and azadirachta indica (neem) are commonly used as oral hygiene tools in different parts of the world, several studies have demonstrated the anti-plaque anticarious and antibacterial effect of these sticks. the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of neem and arak chewing stick's aqueous extracts at various concentrations. the microbial inhibit ... | 1999 | 10865390 |
| effect of azadirachta indica leaves on rat spermatozoa. | histochemical studies and sem observations on the morphological changes in the head of the spermatozoa in general, and the acrosome in particular, in a. indica treated rats are reported. in the treated rats change in the shape and size of the sperm head, with a dorso-ventral constriction of the middle region of the sperm head i.e., between the anterior and posterior regions was observed. it was rather difficult to differentiate the outer acrosomal and outer plasma membranes. a decrease in the pe ... | 1999 | 10865894 |
| field evaluation of neem and canola oil for the selective control of the honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae). | neem oil, neem extract (neem-aza), and canola oil were evaluated for the management of the honey bee mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (oudemans) and acarapis woodi (rennie) in field experiments. spraying neem oil on bees was more effective at controlling v. jacobsoni than feeding oil in a sucrose-based matrix (patty), feeding neem-aza in syrup, or spraying canola oil. neem oil sprays also protected susceptible bees from a. woodi infestation. only neem oil provided v. jacobsoni control comparable ... | 2000 | 10902299 |
| effects of biorational pesticides on four coccinellid species (coleoptera: coccinellidae) having potential as biological control agents in interiorscapes. | the direct toxicity of insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, azatin, an extract from the neem tree containing azadiractin, and botainigard, a commercial formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana, was assessed on adults of four species of coccinellids--hippodamia convergens (guérin-ménéville), coleomegilla maculata (degeer), harmonia axyridis pallas, and cryptolaemus montrouzieri mulsant. all biorationals caused less mortality than a conventional pesticide, carbaryl (sevin). h ... | 2000 | 10902323 |
| effect of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf aqueous extract on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. | the effect of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica (a. indica) was evaluated in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. liver necrosis was produced by administering single dose of paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.). the liver damage was evidenced by elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine aminotransferase (alt), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-gt) and by histopathological observations of liver sections. aqueous a. indica leaf extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) significan ... | 2000 | 10919097 |
| a study of hypoglycaemic effects of azadirachta indica (neem) in normaland alloxan diabetic rabbits. | hypoglycaemic effect was observed with azadirachta indica when given as a leaf extract and seed oil, in normal as well as diabetic rabbits. the effect, however, was more pronounced in diabetic animals in which administration for 4 weeks after alloxan induced diabetes, significantly reduced blood glucose levels. hypoglycaemic effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide. pretreatment with a. indica leaf extract or seed oil administration, started 2 weeks prior to alloxan, partially prevented th ... | 2000 | 10919098 |
| field evaluation of herbal mosquito repellents. | repellent properties of zanthoxylum armatum dc. syn. z. alatum roxb. (timur), curcuma aromatica (jungli haldi) and azadirachta indica (neem) oils were evaluated against mosquitoes in mustard (brassica sp.) and coconut (cocos sp.) oil base and compared with synthetic repellent. dimethyl phthalate (dmp) as standard. timur and jungli haldi afforded better protection in the both the base at all the concentrations. tepellents in mustard oil gave longer protection time than those in coconut oil. at 0. ... | 1999 | 10937301 |
| anti-microbial activity of a new vaginal contraceptive nim-76 from neem oil (azadirachta indica). | efficacy of nim-76, a spermicidal fraction from neem oil, was investigated for its antimicrobial action against certain bacteria, fungi and polio virus as compared to whole neem oil. the nim-76 preparation showed stronger anti-microbial activity than the whole neem oil. it inhibited growth of various pathogens tested including escherichia coli and kleibsiella pneumoniae which were not affected by the whole neem oil. nim-76 also exhibited antifungal activity against candida albicans and antiviral ... | 2000 | 10940573 |
| the toxicity of a neem insecticide to populations of culicidae and other aquatic invertebrates as assessed in in situ microcosms. | microcosm trials were conducted with the botanical insecticide margosan-o(r) to assess the potential hazards of the product to aquatic organisms. laboratory chronic bioassays with water from the treated microcosms were conducted to provide an estimate of the residual effect of margosan-o. results from chronic tests showed margosan-o toxicity to be greater in the laboratory exposures than in situ with culicidae larvae exposed to the same concentrations. residue analyses of the active ingredient, ... | 2000 | 10948283 |
| effect of emulsion size and shelf life of azadirachtin a on the bioefficacy of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) emulsifiable concentrates. | in a study of 33 recipes of neem oil based emulsifiable concentrates, the specific surface area of the emulsions and cream plus oil layer separation in emulsions at 24 h revealed a correlation of -0.6874 between them and correlations of -0.8940 and 0.6972, respectively, with bioefficacy (lc(50)) against the 3-day-old second-instar larvae of the bihar hairy caterpillar, spilosoma obliqua walker. nearly 96-99% of azadirachtin a in emulsifiable concentrates (aza-a content = 617.93-1149.65 ppm) degr ... | 2000 | 10956167 |
| effect of single and binary combinations of plant-derived molluscicides on reproduction and survival of the snail achatina fulica. | the effects of sublethal treatments (20% and 60% of lc(50)/24 h) with plant-derived molluscicides on the reproduction of the giant african snail achatina fulica were studied. azadirachta indica oil, cedrus deodara oil, allium sativum bulb powder, and nerium indicum bark powder singly and binary combinations on reproduction and survival of a. fulica were investigated. repeated treatment occurred on day 0, day 15, and day 30. these plant-derived molluscicides significantly reduced fecundity, egg v ... | 2000 | 11031309 |
| a study of cutaneous myiasis in sri lanka. | cutaneous myiasis (cm) due to diptera fly larvae shows different patterns in different regions. many modalities of treatment have been described. the objectives of our study were to identify the species causing cm in sri lanka, the common sites of infestation, and the contributory factors, and to assess some treatment modalities, in particular mineral turpentine and certain herbal preparations. | 2000 | 11044194 |
| post harvest physiconutritional changes in kagzi limes (citrus aurantifolia swingle) treated with selected oil emulsions and diphenyl. | influence of oil emulsions and diphenyl on post-harvest physiconutritional changes in kagzi limes (citrus aurantifolia) was studied. during twelve days of storage, physiological loss in weight (plw) and rotting were at a minimum in fruits treated with neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) oil plus diphenyl; juice content was at a maximum in mustard oil + diphenyl treated fruits. with the advancement of storage period, total soluble solids were increased while ascorbic acid and acidity of fruits dec ... | 2000 | 11086872 |
| variations in fatty acid composition of neem seeds collected from the rajasthan state of india. | neem (azadirachta indica) is a multipurpose tree native to the indian subcontinent and south-east asian countries. products derived from neem have been used for centuries, particularly in india, for medicinal and pest-management purposes. azadirachtin and neem oil are the two major commercially important products derived from the tree. the oil contains palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in good proportion. although there is growing demand for quality planting material for plantation of ... | 2000 | 11171243 |
| evaluation of the in-vitro pediculicidal action of four known insecticides and three medicinal plant extracts. | human lice is an increasing community health problem worldwide. this is particularly true among school children who spend most of their daytime in crowded areas. four commercially known insecticides and three medicinal plant extracts were studied to evaluate their pediculicidal activities in-vitro. the best result with insecticides was achieved with malathion (lt5o 10.396 and slope function 1.183). the best result with medicinal plant extracts was achieved with neem oil (a. indica) (lt5o 85.27 a ... | 2000 | 11198367 |
| a preliminary field study on repellency of neem oil against anopheles dirus (diptera:culicidae) in assam. | | 2000 | 11198400 |
| cytotoxicity of azadirachtin a in human glioblastoma cell lines. | the neem toxin azadirachtin a exhibits selective toxicity on insects. despite its well-proven efficacy, the mode of action of this toxin remains obscure. the toxicity on vertebrate cells compared to insect cells is also not well characterized. we have cultivated six human glioblastoma cell lines g-28, g-112, g-60 (tp53 mutant) and g-44, g-62, g-120 (tp53 wild-type) in the presence of 28 microm of azadirachtin. this toxin concentration was chosen because it represents the 25 to 50% lethal dose in ... | 2001 | 11228099 |
| azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: subchronic toxicity assessment in rats. | azadirachtin, a biopesticide obtained from neem, was subjected to subchronic toxicological testing to document its safety for use as a pesticide. azadirachtin technical 12% orally administered to male and female rats at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day for 90 days did not produce any signs of toxicity, mortality, changes in tissue weight, pathology and serum and blood parameters. it can be suggested that azadirachtin at the highest dose tested is well tolerated by rats of both sexes. the hi ... | 2001 | 11313114 |
| effects of neem seed derivatives on behavioral and physiological responses of the cosmopolites sordidus (coleoptera: curculionidae). | both in a choice and multi-choice laboratory tests, fewer adults of the banana root borer, cosmopolites sordidus (germar), settled under the corms of the susceptible banana "nakyetengu" treated with 5% aqueous extract of neem seed powder or cake or 2.5 and 5% emulsified neem oil than on water-treated corms. feeding damage by larvae on banana pseudostem discs treated with 5% extract of powdered neem seed, kernel, or cake, or 5% emulsified neem oil was significantly less than on untreated discs. t ... | 2001 | 11332838 |
| pb, zn, and cu levels in tree barks as indicator of atmospheric pollution. | barks of seven species of trees were sampled at 32 locations having different pollution levels in abeokuta, nigeria. the concentrations of pb, zn, and cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. the pb and zn contents, 1.9-159.8 and 16.5-659.1 micrograms g-1, dry weight respectively, correlate with traffic volume, indicating pollution from anthropogenic sources. the results obtained for cu, 4.2-20.7 micrograms g-1, dry weight, though lower, were still significant but did not show any c ... | 2000 | 11345732 |
| immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtin in oreochromis mossambicus (peters). | the effect of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid derived from azadirachta indica on the immune response was studied in the freshwater teleost, o. mossambicus. bovine serum albumin (bsa) and sheep erythrocytes (srbc) were used as antigens to evoke immune response. the immune responses in fish were measured by quantifying antibodies produced and counting the peripheral blood leucocytes in control and experimental fish. in general, azadirachtin significantly enhanced the antibody response and leucocyte c ... | 2000 | 11395951 |
| axenic germination of scutellospora erythropa and scutellospora nigra in in vitro conditions. | spores of scutellospora erythropa and scu. nigra isolated from neem rhizosphere soils from coastal regions of chennai were tested for axenic germination in in vitro conditions. they showed positive results in media of different composition using root exudates, soil extract, thiamine hcl and inositol. the combined medium increased the spore germination in scu. erythropa and in scu. nigra over water agar control. the germ tube often grew up to 3.8 cm on combined media but no vegetative spores and ... | 2000 | 11395963 |
| sperm parameters changes induced by azadirachta indica in albino rats. | azadirachta indica treatment for 48 days in albino rats resulted in a decrease in the total sperm count, sperm motility, and forward velocity. the percentage of abnormal sperm increased and the fructose content of caudal semen of the epididymis decreased. the observations suggest that these effects are probably due to an androgen deficiency, caused by the anti-androgenic property of the leaves of a. indica, thereby affecting the physiological maturation of sperm. | 2001 | 11414509 |
| effects of vepacide (azadirachta indica) on aspartate and alanine aminotransferase profiles in a subchronic study with rats. | the aim of this study was to ascertain the long-term effects of vepacide, a neem-based pesticide on biochemical profiles. albino wistar rats were treated orally with 80 (low), 160 (medium) and 320 mg/kg (high) doses of vepacide in coconut oil for 90 days. control rats received the same volume of the vehicle. vepacide caused increase of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in serum, kidney and lung, and these enzymes decreased in liver in both male and female rats when measured after 45 and 90 ... | 2001 | 11476156 |
| molluscicidal activity of lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary combinations with other plant derived molluscicides. | molluscicidal activity of leaf, bark and seed of lawsonia inermis against lymnaea acuminata and indoplanorbis exustus was studied. highest toxicity was observed in the seed of lawsonia inermis. toxicity of binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations of the essential oil of cedar (cedrus deodara roxh) and neem (azadirachta indica a. juss), powder from bulb of garlic (allium sativum linn), and oleoresin extracted from rhizome of ginger (zingiber officinale rosc) with lawsonia inermis and embeli ... | 2001 | 11495286 |
| determination of azadirachtin in agricultural matrixes and commercial formulations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for azadirachtin (aza), a biopesticide from the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss). the immunogen was synthesized by epoxidation using the furan ring in the aza molecule. rabbits were immunized with either bovine serum albumin (bsa)-azadirachtin or ovalbumin (oa)-azadirachtin conjugate. evaluation of the antisera by antibody capture assay showed that the antibody titer of antisera raised against oa-aza was 1:30,000. an indirect compe ... | 2001 | 11501897 |
| spermicidal & contraceptive properties of praneem polyherbal pessary. | though a number of barrier methods and potent spermicides are available, most of these have nonoxynol-9 (n-9) as the active ingredient which is observed to cause inflammation and genital ulceration on repeated use. the present study was undertaken to develop a safe spermicide with conjoint microbicidal properties. | 2001 | 11558322 |
| effect of azadirachta indica extract on plasma lipid levels in human malaria. | plasma lipid levels (cholesterol, hdl-cholesterol, ldl-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol) were estimated in patients with different antimalarial drugs. the lipid levels especially cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol were found to be lower (p > 0.01) during therapy when compared to the control group (non-malaria patients), while triacylglycerol and hdl-cholesterol levels were higher (p < 0.01) in the malaria patients than the control group. | 2001 | 11680094 |
| inhibitory potential of neem (azadirachta indica juss) leaves on dengue virus type-2 replication. | in the present study we report in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potential of crude aqueous extract of neem leaves and pure neem compound (azadirachtin) on the replication of dengue virus type-2. in vitro antiviral activity of aqueous neem leaves extract assessed in c(6/36) (cloned cells of larvae of aedes albopictus) cells employing virus inhibition assay showed inhibition in dose dependent manner. the aqueous extract of neem leaves at its maximum non-toxic concentration of 1.897 mg/ml completely ... | 2002 | 11801392 |
| radiosensitizing effects of neem (azadirachta indica) oil. | radiosensitization by neem oil was studied using balbc/3t3 cells and scid cells. neem oil enhanced the radiosensitivity of the cells when applied both during and after x-irradiation under aerobic conditions. neem oil completely inhibited the repair of sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage repair in balbc/3t3 cells. the cytofluorimeter data show that neem oil treatment before and after x-irradiation reduced the g(2) + m phase, thus inhibiting the expression of the radiation induced arres ... | 2002 | 11807971 |
| the effect of indigenous neem azadirachta indica [correction of (adirachta indica)] mouth wash on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth. | neem is one of the most widely researched tropical tree, with almost all it's parts being put for a variety of uses. in the present study, the antibacterial effect of neem mouthwash against salivary levels of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus has been tested over a period of 2 months. also it's effect in reversing incipient carious lesions was assessed. while streptococcus mutans was inhibited by neem mouthwashes, with or without alcohol as well as chlorhexidine, lactobacillus growth was in ... | 2001 | 11808064 |
| control of aedes breeding using bactoculicide and neem oil combination in evaporation coolers. | | 2000 | 11820084 |
| ldh profiles of male and female rats treated with vepacide. | in the present study we investigated the effect of vepacide, a neem-based compound, on the biochemical target enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) in different tissues of male and female albino wistar rats treated orally with 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg (low, medium and high doses, respectively) for a period of 90 days. prolonged administration of vepacide caused a significant increase of ldh activity in serum and lung tissues and a decrease in liver and kidney in both male and female rats when measured ... | 2002 | 11933112 |
| spice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi. | the effect of nine different oils was evaluated on the growth of aspergillus parasiticus and fusarium moniliforme. the experimental design to examine the inhibition of mycotoxins involved the incorporation of each of seven oils into broth and patty cultures. the fungal mycotoxin was identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. clove oil (eugenol) was the most inhibitory to the growth of a. parasiticus and f. moniliforme, followed by cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), oregano (thymol and carvaco ... | 2002 | 11952220 |
| in vitro evaluation on inhibitory nature of some neem formulations against plant pathogenic fungi. | different neem formulations derived from the neem tree (azadirachta indica) have been found to be potential fungicides against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi. some neem formulations viz. achook (0.15% ec), bioneem (0.03% ec), nimbecidine (0.03% ec) and neemark (0.03% ec) were examined against some plant pathogenic fungi such as (fusarium oxysporum, alternaria solani, curvularia lunata, helminthosporium sp. and sclerotium rolfsii). among these achook (0.15% ec) was found to be more ac ... | 1999 | 12024976 |
| evaluation of cc2 as a decontaminant in various hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations against sulphur mustard. | to evaluate cc2 (n, n'-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) in various hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphur mustard (sm). | 2002 | 12046545 |
| field evaluation of three plant-based insect repellents against malaria vectors in vaca diez province, the bolivian amazon. | the efficacy of repellents against anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in bolivia, was evaluated. this mosquito has a peak in biting activity early in the evening. three natural repellents (1 eucalyptus based, 1 neem based, and 1 containing several repellent essential oils) were tested in comparison with 15% deet in human landing catches in bolivia. the eucalyptus-based repellent containing 30% p-menthane-diol applied at a dose similar to those used in practice gave 96.89% protection for ... | 2002 | 12083351 |
| effects of neem leaf extract on production of aflatoxins and activities of fatty acid synthetase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione s-transferase in aspergillus parasiticus. | the relationship between the activities of 3 cytosolic enzymes with aflatoxin biosynthesis in aspergillus parasiticus cultured under different conditions has been investigated in order to find out the role of each enzyme in aflatoxin biosynthesis. basically the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh) was higher in non-toxigenic strains as compared to its counterpart toxigenic fungi (p < 0.05). in contrast, the activities of fatty acid synthase (fas) as well as glutathione s-transferase (gst) ... | 2002 | 12086104 |
| decolorization of synthetic textile dyes by lignin peroxidase of phanerochaete chrysosporium. | neem hull waste (containing a high amount of lignin and other phenolic compounds) was used for lignin peroxidase production by phanerochaete chrysosporum under solid-state fermentation conditions. maximum decolorization achieved by partially purified lignin peroxidase was 80% for porocion brilliant blue hgr, 83 for ranocid fast blue, 70 for acid red 119 and 61 for navidol fast black msrl. the effects of different concentrations of veratryl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, enzyme and dye on the effici ... | 2002 | 12094739 |
| ritual hot baths (wankan-jego) in zaria, nigeria. | among the hausa-fulani women of zaria, nigeria, "cold" or "sanyi" is thought to be a common cause of illnesses, and especially edema (swelling) during pregnancy. the traditional treatment for these illnesses is a hot bath. the new mother or mother-to-be sleeps in an overheated room and must take baths in very hot water, called "wankan- jego," to keep out the cold. the birth attendant uses a bundle of leafy twigs from tamarind or neem trees to splash hot water over the women's body. this spla ... | 1990 | 12157981 |
| in vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of albizia gummifera, aspilia mossambicensis, melia azedarach and azadirachta indica against plasmodium falciparum. | since chemotherapy is presently the primary strategy of malaria control in the world, and some malaria parasites are developing resistance to the commonly used antimalarial drugs, new antimalarial compounds are required. therefore, it is important to test antimalarial activities of medicinal plant extracts which most herbalists claim to cure malaria. we evaluated the antimalarial activities of extracts of albizia gummiffera, aspilia mossambicensis, melia azedar and azadirahchta indica against la ... | 1995 | 12160442 |
| antimutagenicity of some edible thai plants, and a bioactive carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, isolated from micromelum minutum. | the antimutagenic activity against trp-p-1 of methanolic extracts of 118 samples (108 species) of edible thai plants was examined by the ames test. the activity was evaluated by the amount of plant extracts which suppressed 90% of the mutagenesis (ed90). five plants, micromelum minutum, oroxylum indicum, cuscuta chinensis, azadirachta indica, and litsea petiolata, exhibited significant activity with antimutagenic ed90 values lower than 5 microl/plate (0.1 mg of dry plant material equivalent). th ... | 2002 | 12166962 |
| traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. | ethnobotanical survey in 2 communities in western kenya revealed that the most commonly known repellent plants were ocimum americanum l. (64.1%), lantana camara l. (17.9%), tagetes minuta l. (11.3%) and azadirachta indica a. juss (8.7%) on rusinga island, and hyptis suaveolens poit. (49.2%), l. camara (30.9%) and o. basilicum l. (30.4%) in rambira. direct burning of plants is the most common method of application for o. americanum (68.8%), l. camara (100%) and o. basilicum (58.8%). placing branc ... | 2002 | 12174767 |