| full sequence analysis and characterization of the south korean norovirus gii-4 variant cuk-3. | abstract: | 2011 | 21489302 |
| genetic diversity and emergence of norovirus gii/4-2006b in japan during 2006-2007. | noroviruses (nov) are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. this study investigated the prevalence of nov infections in infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in japan from july 2006 to june 2007. | 2011 | 21500726 |
| detection and genetic characterization of norovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in japan, 2007-2009. | noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in children and adults. the aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in japan. | 2011 | 21500729 |
| detection and molecular characterisation of rotavirus and norovirus infections in jordanian children with acute gastroenteritis. | rotavirus and norovirus are globally important causes of paediatric gastroenteritis, but no studies of viral genotypes have been reported from jordan. we undertook a molecular epidemiological study in children hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis in jordan between january 2006 and december 2007. among 368 children, rotavirus and norovirus infections were detected in 49.5% and 11.4% of children, respectively. rotavirus genotypes p[8],g1 (56%), p[4],g2 (14%) and p[8],g9 (13%) were most commonly ... | 2011 | 21503643 |
| large gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus gii in são paulo, brazil, summer 2010. | | 2011 | 21537761 |
| release of infectious human enteric viruses by full-scale wastewater utilities. | in the united states, infectious human enteric viruses are introduced daily into the environment through the discharge of treated water and the digested sludge (biosolids). in this study, a total of 30 wastewater and 6 biosolids samples were analyzed over five months (may-september 2008-2009) from five full-scale wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) in michigan using real-time pcr and cell culture assays. samples were collected from four different locations at each wwtp (influent, pre-disinfectio ... | 2011 | 21570703 |
| first description of gastroenteritis viruses in lebanese children: a pilot study. | human enteric viruses are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children. the role of rotaviruses, adenoviruses, human caliciviruses and astroviruses in the development of severe acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization of infants and young children in north lebanon was investigated. stool specimens collected between april and may 2010 from 79 lebanese infants and children hospitalized for severe acute gastroenteritis, were screened for enteric viruses by immunoassays a ... | 2011 | 21663874 |
| swimmer risk of gastrointestinal illness from exposure to tropical coastal waters impacted by terrestrial dry-weather runoff. | this study used molecular methods to measure concentrations of four enteric viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus gi, and norovirus gii) and fecal source tracking markers (human, ruminant, and pig bacteroidales) in land-based runoff from 22 tropical streams on o'ahu, hawai'i. each stream was sampled twice in the morning and afternoon during dry weather. viruses and human bacteroidales were widespread in the streams. watershed septic tank densities were positively associated with higher occ ... | 2011 | 21780808 |
| evaluation and verification of the seeplex(r) diarrhea-v ace assay for the simultaneous detection of adenovirus, rotavirus and norovirus genogroups i and ii in clinical stool specimens. | acute viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that can be caused by several different viruses. here we describe the evaluation and verification of seeplex® diarrhea-v ace (seeplex® dv), a novel commercial multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay that detects 5 diarrheal pathogens including adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus genogroup i (gi) and gii and astrovirus. we describe a retrospective study of 200 clinical specimens of which 177 were stool specimens ... | 2011 | 21775550 |
| excess mortality following community-onset norovirus enteritis in the elderly. | norovirus has been associated with excess deaths. a retrospective study of mortality following norovirus enteritis (nve) was undertaken. all hospitalized adult patients with a stool sample positive for norovirus genogroup ii on polymerase chain reaction, treated at sahlgrenska university hospital, gothenburg, sweden between august 2008 and june 2009, were included as cases (n=598, aged 18-101 years). matched controls without enteritis (n=1196) were selected for comparison. medical records were r ... | 2011 | 21764172 |
| in vitro whole-virus binding of a norovirus genogroup ii genotype 4 strain to cells of the lamina propria and brunner's glands in the human duodenum. | human norovirus (hnov) remains refractory to propagation in cell culture systems. we believe that knowing the exact cell type that hnov targets will provide important insights into culturing the virus. by the use of an in vitro whole-virus binding assay, the hnov genogroup ii genotype 4 sakai variant was found to bind predominantly to cells of the lamina propria and brunner's glands, but not to those of the luminal epithelial surface, of human duodenum tissue. our findings, together with accumul ... | 2011 | 21680503 |
| structural analysis of histo-blood group antigen binding specificity in a norovirus gii.4 epidemic variant: implications for epochal evolution. | susceptibility to norovirus (nov), a major pathogen of epidemic gastroenteritis, is associated with histo-blood group antigens (hbgas), which are also cell attachment factors for this virus. gii.4 nov strains are predominantly associated with worldwide nov epidemics with a periodic emergence of new variants. the sequence variations in the surface-exposed p domain of the capsid protein resulting in differential hbga binding patterns and antigenicity are suggested to drive gii.4 epochal evolution. ... | 2011 | 21715503 |
| Noroviruses as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in Finland, 2009-2010. | Abstract Noroviruses are, after rotaviruses, the second most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. In a prospective study conducted in 2009-2010 at the Tampere University Hospital, 195 stool specimens were collected from cases of acute gastroenteritis in children and examined for noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses, using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Noroviruses were found in 49 (25%) of the cases and sapoviruses in 12 (6%). The norovirus g ... | 2011 | 21696253 |
| molecular characterization of a new intergenotype norovirus gii recombinant. | human noroviruses (novs) of the caliciviridae family are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. the nov genus is genetically diverse and recombination of viral rna is known to depend upon various immunological and intracellular constraints that may allow the emergence of viable recombinants. in the present study, we report the development of a broadly reactive rt-pcr assay, which allowed the characterization of strain a6 at molecular level, established its genetic relationship at the sub-gen ... | 2011 | 22173981 |
| applications of pcr (real-time and masstag) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of respiratory infections and diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during exercise balikatan 2009, philippines. | laboratory-based surveillance for diarrheal and respiratory illness was conducted at the 2009 republic of the philippines-united states balikatan exercise to determine the presence of specific pathogens endemic in the locations where the military exercises were conducted. ten stool and 6 respiratory specimens were obtained from individuals meeting case definitions for diarrhea or respiratory illness. stool specimens were frozen in dry ice and remotely tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ... | 2011 | 22128641 |
| Monoclonal Antibody-Based Antigenic Mapping of Norovirus GII.4-2002. | Noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans, and GII.4 strains cause ~80% of the overall disease burden. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) suggest that antigenic variation maintains GII.4 persistence in the face of herd immunity, as the emergence of new pandemic strains is accompanied by newly evolved neutralization epitopes. To potentially identify specific blockade epitopes that are likely neutralizing and evolving bet ... | 2012 | 22090098 |
| Recombinant norovirus GII.g/GII.12 gastroenteritis in children. | Recombinant GII.g/GII.12 norovirus (NoV) strains emerged in 2008 in Australia and subsequently have been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. In the winter season 2009-2010 GII.12 strains caused 16% of the NoV outbreaks in the United States. During 2009-2010 we also identified GII.g/GII.12 strains during surveillance of sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Italian children. Severity scores were calculated for the GII.g/GII.12 NoV infections using the Vesikari scale and in two out ... | 2012 | 22067516 |
| A comparison of immunogenicity of norovirus GII-4 virus-like particles and P-particles. | Norovirus (NoV) -derived virus-like particles (VLPs) resemble empty shells of the virus and NoV P-particles contain only protruding domains of the NoV capsid. Both NoV-derived subviral particles show similar functionality and antigenicity in vitro and are considered to be potential vaccine candidates against NoV gastroenteritis. BALB/c mice were immunized with baculovirus-produced GII-4 VLPs or the corresponding Escherichia coli-produced P-particles by the intramuscular or intradermal route and ... | 2012 | 22044070 |
| genetic mapping of a highly variable norovirus gii.4 blockade epitope: potential role in escape from human herd immunity. | noroviruses account for 96% of viral gastroenteritis cases worldwide, with gii.4 strains responsible >80% of norovirus outbreaks. histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) are norovirus binding ligands, and antigenic and preferential hbga binding profiles vary over time as new gii.4 strains emerge. the capsid p2 subdomain facilitates hbga binding, contains neutralizing antibody epitopes, and likely evolves in response to herd immunity. to identify amino acids regulating hbga binding and antigenic diffe ... | 2012 | 22090110 |
| transmission of norovirus among nba players and staff, winter 2010-2011. | in december 2010, 24 players and staff members from 13 national basketball association teams were affected with gastroenteritis symptoms. four of 5 stool specimens from ill players and staff tested positive for norovirus genogroup ii. we document evidence of transmission both within teams and, potentially, between teams in 2 instances. | 2011 | 22042874 |
| structural basis for norovirus inhibition and fucose mimicry by citrate. | human noroviruses bind with their capsid-protruding domains to histo-blood-group antigens (hbgas), an interaction thought to direct their entry into cells. although human noroviruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, development of antivirals has been lacking, mainly because human noroviruses cannot be cultivated. here we use x-ray crystallography and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (std nmr) to analyze the interaction of citrate with genogroup ii (gii) ... | 2012 | 22031945 |
| Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with sporadic gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela. | The epidemiology and clinical symptoms in infants and young children with acute sporadic viral gastroenteritis due to viral etiologies other than rotaviruses have not been studied thoroughly in developing countries. Fecal specimens from 480 children <5 years of age who were admitted to a large children's hospital in the city of Valencia, Venezuela, with acute diarrhea during January to December 2003 were collected and screened by ELISA and RT-PCR for rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, ... | 2011 | 21915873 |
| Covariation of Major and Minor Viral Capsid Proteins in Norovirus Genogroup II Genotype 4 Strains. | We report sequence hypervariability in the viral protein 1 (VP1) interaction domain of VP2 in the norovirus (NoV) genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) lineage on 3 levels: (i) the global evolution of pandemic/epidemic strains from the mid-1970s through post-2006, (ii) the local emergence of an epidemic strain, and (iii) an immunocompromised patient chronically shedding NoV. When a quantitative yeast two-hybrid assay was used, VP2 was found to interact with VP1 in a time-ordered, strain-dependent mann ... | 2012 | 22072750 |
| virucidal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour disinfection. | viral contamination of surfaces is thought to be important in transmission. chemical disinfection can be an effective means of intervention, but little is known about the virucidal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour (hpv) against enteric and respiratory viruses. | 2011 | 22153909 |
| enteric viral pathogens in children with inflammatory bowel disease. | the causes of exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are unknown. the presence of rna of an enterovirus, norovirus gi, norovirus gii, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus was sought in stool samples of 50 children (median age 12.9 years) undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopies for ibd or its exclusion (crohn's disease n = 18, ulcerative colitis n = 13, indeterminate colitis n = 2, non-ibd n = 17). viral rna was found in three fecal samples (norovirus gii n = 2, sapovirus n = 1), all i ... | 2012 | 22170557 |
| a gastroenteritis outbreak caused by noroviruses in greece. | in june 2006, an outbreak alert regarding cases of acute gastroenteritis in a region in north eastern greece (population 100,882 inhabitants), triggered investigations to guide control measures. the outbreak started the first days of june, and peaked in july. a descriptive epidemiological study, a virological characterization of the viral agent identified from cases as well as a phylogenetic analysis was performed. from june 5 to september 3, 2006 (weeks 23-44), 1,640 cases of gastroenteritis (4 ... | 2011 | 21909318 |
| [molecular characteristics of noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in huzhou]. | to study the molecular characteristics of noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in huzhou. | 2011 | 22734229 |
| [detection and typing of caliciviruses from patients with acute diarrhea in hangzhou area, 2009 - 2010]. | to investigate the molecular-epidemiologic characteristics and genotypes of human calicivirus (hucvs) in acute diarrhea patients in hangzhou from 2009 to 2010. | 2011 | 22333088 |
| occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three european countries. | in this study, the prevalence of different enteric viruses in commercial mussels was evaluated at the retail level in three european countries (finland, greece and spain). a total of 153 mussel samples from different origins were analysed for human norovirus (nov) genogroups i and ii, hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). human adenovirus (hadv) was also tested as an indicator of human faecal contamination. a full set of controls (such as sample process control, internal amplifica ... | 2012 | 23412813 |
| genotyping of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalised children: first report of norovirus gii.21 in brazil. | this retrospective study (april-september 2003) was designed to investigate the roles of the main viruses responsible for cases of acute infantile gastroenteritis in hospitalised children up to two years of age. the viruses were identified in 64.7% (88/136) of the cases and the detection rates of rotavirus a (rva), norovirus (nov) and astrovirus were 41.9% (57/136), 30.3% (24/79) and 12.7% (7/55), respectively. rva and nov were detected in 20 of the 24 reported nosocomial infection cases. this s ... | 2012 | 23295760 |
| comparison of filters for concentrating microbial indicators and pathogens in lake water samples. | bacterial indicators are used to indicate increased health risk from pathogens and to make beach closure and advisory decisions; however, beaches are seldom monitored for the pathogens themselves. studies of sources and types of pathogens at beaches are needed to improve estimates of swimming-associated health risks. it would be advantageous and cost-effective, especially for studies conducted on a regional scale, to use a method that can simultaneously filter and concentrate all classes of path ... | 2012 | 23263948 |
| prevalence of norovirus infection in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, tehran, iran, 2008-2009. | noroviruses are one of important agents that cause acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. these viruses are belonging to caliciviridae family and are genetically diverse. to date, there is no valuable data about prevalence of norovirus infection and the dominant genogroup/genotype among iranian population. the objective of this study was to determine the frequency of norovirus infection in iranian patients with gastroenteritis referred to three hospitals of tehran and to specify the dominant gen ... | 2011 | 23412762 |
| a laboratory-developed taqman array card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. | the taqman array card (tac) system is a 384-well singleplex real-time pcr format that has been used to detect multiple infection targets. here we developed an enteric taqman array card to detect 19 enteropathogens, including viruses (adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus gii, rotavirus, and sapovirus), bacteria (campylobacter jejuni/c. coli, clostridium difficile, salmonella, vibrio cholerae, diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains including enteroaggregative e. coli [eaec], enterotoxigenic e. coli [ ... | 2013 | 23175269 |
| real-time pcr threshold cycle cutoffs help to identify agents causing acute childhood diarrhea in zanzibar. | molecular assays might improve the identification of causes of acute diarrheal disease but might lead to more frequent detection of asymptomatic infections. in the present study, real-time pcr targeting 14 pathogens was applied to rectal swabs from 330 children aged 2 to 59 months in zanzibar, including 165 patients with acute diarrhea and 165 asymptomatic control subjects. at least one pathogen was detected for 94% of the patients and 84% of the controls, with higher rates among patients for no ... | 2014 | 24403298 |
| aetiology of diarrhoeal disease and evaluation of viral-bacterial coinfection in children under 5 years old in china: a matched case-control study. | globally, diarrhoeal diseases are the second leading cause of death among children under 5 years old. few case-control studies on the aetiology of diarrhoea have been conducted in china. a case-control study on 922 children under 5 years old who presented with diarrhoea and individually matched controls was conducted in china between may 2011 and january 2013. quantitative pcr was used to analyze stool samples for 10 diarrhoeal pathogens. potential enteric pathogens were detected in 377 (81.8%) ... | 2016 | 26724990 |
| immunogenetic mechanisms driving norovirus gii.4 antigenic variation. | noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide with gii.4 strains accounting for 80% of infections. the major capsid protein of gii.4 strains is evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic strains with altered antigenic potentials. to test if antigenic drift may contribute to gii.4 persistence, human memory b cells were immortalized and the resulting human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) characterized for reactivity to a panel of time-ordered gii.4 virus-like particles (v ... | 2012 | 22615565 |
| detection of diarrheal viruses circulating in adult patients in thailand. | a total of 332 fecal specimens collected during january-december 2008 from adult patients with diarrhea were screened for group a and c rotaviruses, noroviruses gi and gii, sapovirus, aichi virus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus by rt-multiplex pcr. the detection rate for diarrheal viruses was 4.2 %. adenovirus and enterovirus were equally detected as the most predominant viruses, with prevalence of 1.2 %, followed by aichi virus (0.9 %) and norovirus gii (0.6 %). mixe ... | 2014 | 25078389 |
| a wide variety of diarrhea viruses circulating in pediatric patients in thailand. | viral gastroenteritis has been recognized as one of the most common illnesses that affects infants and young children all over the world. a wide variety of viruses associated with the disease are continually being reported. to investigate the epidemiological situation of diarrhea virus infection in chiang mai, thailand, surveillance was conducted during january to december 2007. | 2012 | 22372354 |
| alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, salmonella enterica, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment. | the suitability of traditional microbial indicators (i.e., escherichia coli and enterococci) has been challenged due to the lack of correlation with pathogens and evidence of possible regrowth in the natural environment. in this study, the relationships between alternative microbial indicators of potential human fecal contamination (bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses [hpyvs], and f+ and somatic coliphages) and pathogens (salmonella spp., pseudomonas ae ... | 2015 | 25416765 |
| a probe-free four-tube real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve enteric viruses and bacteria. | we aim to develop a multiplex real-time pcr assay to detect the most common pathogens causing community outbreaks of diarrhea. | 2015 | 26342434 |
| first detection of chicken anemia virus and norovirus genogroup ii in stool of children with acute gastroenteritis in taiwan. | to date, there has been no report of co-infection of chicken anemia virus (cav) with enteric virus in patients with acute gastroenteritis (age). cav has been recently detected in various types of human samples including stool, indicating pathogenicity in gastrointestinal tract. examination by pcr-based methods of cav and norovivus genogroup ii (nv gii) in stool of 110 children with age at a hospital in taiwan revealed for the first time of co-infection in two cases. this is the first description ... | 2016 | 27405124 |
| using multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children. | to detect the etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (age) in children using broad molecular-based techniques, and compare clinical presentations among etiologies. | 2016 | 27329497 |
| co-infection with coxsackievirus a5 and norovirus gii.4 could have been the trigger of the first episode of severe acute encephalopathy in a six-year-old child with the intermittent form of maple syrup urine disease (msud). | in this case study, a co-infection with coxsackievirus a5 (family picornaviridae) and norovirus gii.4 (family caliciviridae) was detected by rt-pcr in a faecal sample from a six-year-old girl with symptoms of severe acute encephalopathy subsequently diagnosed as the intermittent form of maple syrup urine disease (msud). the two co-infecting viruses, which had been detected previously, appeared to have triggered the underlying metabolic disorder. here, we describe the genotyping of the viruses, a ... | 2017 | 28243803 |
| diarrheagenic pathogens in adults attending a hospital in singapore. | singapore's diarrhoeal notification system is based on specific pathogens. official data may thus be skewed towards notifiable diseases. limited information is available on the profiles of aetiological agents responsible for acute gastroenteritis (age) cases, especially among the adult population. to understand the frequency and distribution of potential causative agents of diarrheal disease in singapore, we screened adults' stool samples collected from a large public hospital. | 2016 | 26822615 |
| detection and characterization of potentially zoonotic viruses in faeces of pigs at slaughter in germany. | pigs can harbour a variety of viruses in their gastrointestinal tract. some of them are closely related to human viruses and are therefore suspected to have a zoonotic potential. only little is known about the presence of those viruses in pigs at slaughter. however, by contamination of meat with zoonotic viruses during the slaughtering process, food-borne transmission to humans may be possible. here we analyzed 120 faecal samples of pigs at slaughter from 3 different geographical regions of germ ... | 2014 | 24247020 |
| municipal wastewater treatment plants as pathogen removal systems and as a contamination source of noroviruses and enterococcus faecalis. | municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). this study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary wastewater treatment plants in northwestern ireland (plants a-d) and observed the seasonal and spatial var ... | 2012 | 22960482 |
| a bivalent virus-like particle based vaccine induces a balanced antibody response against both enterovirus 71 and norovirus in mice. | noroviruses are the main cause of severe viral gastroenteritis, which results in estimated 200,000 deaths each year, primarily in children in the developing world. genogroup ii.4 (gii.4) strains are responsible for the majority of norovirus outbreaks. enterovirus 71 (ev71), the leading causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease, has recently been prevalent in asia-pacific regions, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in young children. however, no vaccine is commercially availab ... | 2015 | 26424606 |
| development of a novel method for simultaneous concentration of viruses and protozoa from a single water sample. | a novel method, electronegative membrane-vortex (emv) method, was developed for simultaneous concentration of viruses and protozoa from a single water sample. viruses and protozoa in a water sample were mixed with a cation solution and adsorbed on an electronegative membrane. concentrated virus and protozoa samples were obtained as supernatant and pellet fractions, respectively, by vigorous vortex mixing of the membrane and centrifugation of the eluted material. the highest recovery efficiencies ... | 2012 | 22465102 |
| decay of sewage-sourced microbial source tracking markers and fecal indicator bacteria in marine waters. | the decay of sewage-sourced enterococci, escherichia coli, three human-associated microbial source tracking (mst) markers, salmonella, campylobacter, and norovirus gii was measured in situ in coastal, marine waters. experiments examined the effects of sunlight intensity and season on decay. seawater was seeded with untreated sewage, placed into permeable dialysis bags, and deployed in the coastal ocean near the water surface, and at 18 cm, and 99 cm depths, to vary solar intensity, during winter ... | 2017 | 27855952 |
| a large common-source outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in a hotel in singapore, 2012. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected 453 attendees (attack rate 28·5%) of six separate events held at a hotel in singapore. active case detection, case-control studies, hygiene inspections and microbial analysis of food, environmental and stool samples were conducted to determine the aetiology of the outbreak and the modes of transmission. the only commonality was the food, crockery and cutlery provided and/or handled by the hotel's chinese banquet kitchen. stool specimens from 34 cases and 1 ... | 2017 | 27788694 |
| pathogenic enteric viruses and microbial indicators during secondary treatment of municipal wastewater. | pathogenic enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, with diverse symptoms. raw and partially treated wastewaters are major sources of environmental contamination with enteric viruses. we monitored a municipal secondary wastewater treatment plant (new orleans, la) on a monthly basis for norovirus (nov) gi and gii and enterovirus serotypes using multiplex reverse transcription-quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) and microbial indicators of fecal contamination using standard ... | 2015 | 26162869 |
| quantification of human norovirus gii on hands of mothers with children under the age of five years in bagamoyo, tanzania. | human noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and one of the leading causes of viral diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years. hands have been shown to play an important role in norovirus transmission. norovirus outbreaks tend to exhibit strong seasonality, most often occurring during cold, dry months, but recently have also been documented during hot, dry winter months in the southern hemisphere. other research suggests that rainfall is an important factor ... | 2015 | 26149861 |
| generation and characterization of nucleic acid aptamers targeting the capsid p domain of a human norovirus gii.4 strain. | human noroviruses (nov) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. significant antigenic diversity of nov strains has limited the availability of broadly reactive ligands for design of detection assays. the purpose of this work was to produce and characterize single stranded (ss)dna aptamers with binding specificity to human nov using an easily produced nov target-the p domain protein. aptamer selection was done using selex (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enr ... | 2015 | 26080079 |
| surveillance of enteric viruses and microbial indicators in the eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and harvest waters along louisiana gulf coast. | noroviruses are the most common causative agent of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and are responsible for major foodborne illnesses in the united states. filter-feeding molluscan shellfish exposed to sewage-contaminated waters bioaccumulate viruses, and if consumed raw, transmit the viruses to humans and cause illness. we investigated the occurrence of norovirus gi and gii and microbial indicators of fecal contamination in the eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) and water from commercial h ... | 2015 | 25899121 |
| production, characterization and immunogenicity of p particles derived from norovirus gii.4 genotype 2004 variant. | norovirus (nov) is the main cause of nonbacterial infectious gastroenteritis. due to the difficulty of culturing the virus, research on vaccine against nov is focused on virus-like particles (vlps). on the other hand, the p particles assembled from the p domains of nov capsid protein become a promising vaccine candidate. gii.4 is the most prevalent genotype of nov. while the immunogenicity of p particles derived from the gii.4 1996 variant has been investigated, the research on p particles of mo ... | 2015 | 25790049 |
| a survey of australian oysters for the presence of human noroviruses. | impending international policies for norovirus in oysters and the lack of australian data suggested there was a need to undertake a national survey of norovirus in oysters. two geographically distinct oyster-growing areas from each of three australian states were sampled on 4 occasions during 2010 and 2011. the sites selected were considered by state shellfish authorities to be the most compromised with respect to the potential for human faecal contamination as identified by shoreline surveys. t ... | 2014 | 25084672 |
| real-time pcr identification of agents causing diarrhea in rwandan children less than 5 years of age. | knowledge about causes of acute diarrhea among children in developing countries is insufficient. molecular methods might improve diagnostics of infectious gastroenteritis, but due to the high sensitivity, findings may be difficult to interpret. | 2014 | 25037040 |
| assessment of microbiological contamination of fresh, minimally processed, and ready-to-eat lettuces (lactuca sativa), rio de janeiro state, brazil. | this study aimed to assess the microbiological contamination of lettuces commercialized in rio de janeiro, brazil, in order to investigate detection of norovirus genogroup ii (nov gii), salmonella spp., total and fecal coliforms, such as escherichia coli. for nov detection samples were processed using the adsorption-elution concentration method associated to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). a total of 90 samples of lettuce including 30 whole fresh lettuces, 30 minimally p ... | 2014 | 24761806 |
| microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using fe(3+) and al(3+) coagulants and paa disinfectant. | wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. the aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) using pix (fecl3) or pax (alcl3) coagulants and peracetic acid ( ... | 2013 | 24334832 |
| quantification of human norovirus gii, human adenovirus, and fecal indicator organisms in wastewater used for irrigation in accra, ghana. | quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) is frequently used to estimate health risks associated with wastewater irrigation and requires pathogen concentration estimates as inputs. however, human pathogens, such as viruses, are rarely quantified in water samples, and simple relationships between fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen concentrations are used instead. to provide data that can be used to refine qmra models of wastewater-fed agriculture in accra, stream, drain, and waste stabiliz ... | 2013 | 23981876 |
| escherichia coli, salmonella spp., hepatitis a virus and norovirus in bivalve molluscs in southern italy. | european legislation has fixed microbiological, chemical and biotoxicological limits for shellfish but no limits for viruses. in the present study we report the results of an investigation on salmonella spp., escherichia coli, hepatitis a virus (hav) and norovirus (nov) contamination in 59 bivalve shellfish collected during the years 2011-2012 in southern italy. all the samples of mytilus galloprovincialis and of solen marginatus were negative for hav whereas 6.8% of them were positive for norov ... | 2013 | 23564588 |
| comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and uv disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters. | log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (mbr) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (may-oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. in total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-mbr, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (uv or chlorine ... | 2012 | 22682268 |
| fecal contamination and diarrheal pathogens on surfaces and in soils among tanzanian households with and without improved sanitation. | little is known about the extent or pattern of environmental fecal contamination among households using low-cost, on-site sanitation facilities, or what role environmental contamination plays in the transmission of diarrheal disease. a microbial survey of fecal contamination and selected diarrheal pathogens in soil (n = 200), surface (n = 120), and produce samples (n = 24) was conducted in peri-urban bagamoyo, tanzania, among 20 households using private pit latrines. all samples were analyzed fo ... | 2012 | 22545817 |
| concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination. | the concentrations of escherichia coli, f-specific rna bacteriophage (frna bacteriophage), and norovirus genogroup i (nov gi) and norovirus genogroup ii (nov gii) in wastewater were monitored weekly over a 1-year period at a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) providing secondary wastewater treatment. a total of 49 samples of influent wastewater and wastewater that had been treated by primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes (primary and secondary treated wastewater) were analyzed. usi ... | 2012 | 22367079 |
| assessment and evaluation of an integrated hybrid anaerobic-aerobic sewage treatment system for the removal of enteric viruses. | the capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup i (ggi), norovirus genogroup ii (ggii), hepatitis e virus (hev), and adenovirus was studied. this pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb), biological aerated filter (baf), and inclined plate settler (ips). both the uasb and baf are packed with a non-woven po ... | 2017 | 28197973 |
| prevalence of foodborne viruses in mussels in southern italy. | in this study, the prevalence of various enteric viruses in mytilus galloprovincialis (mediterranean mussel) belonging to class a and class b mollusc-harvesting areas in the campania region in southern italy was evaluated. one hundred and eight mussels were analysed using real-time reverse transcription pcr during a 2-year collection period (2014-2015) to detect the following viruses: human norovirus (genogroups i and ii), rotavirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, aichivirus, hepatitis a virus and hepat ... | 2017 | 28054332 |
| virological quality of irrigation water in leafy green vegetables and berry fruits production chains. | this study condenses data acquired during investigations of the virological quality of irrigation water used in production of fresh produce. one hundred and eight samples of irrigation water were collected from five berry fruit farms in finland (1), the czech republic (1), serbia (2), and poland (1), and sixty-one samples were collected from three leafy green vegetable farms in poland, serbia, and greece. samples were analyzed for index viruses of human or animal fecal contamination (human and p ... | 2017 | 27709435 |
| evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a mediterranean river catchment: implications for water pollution management. | conventional wastewater treatment does not completely remove and/or inactive viruses; consequently, viruses excreted by the population can be detected in the environment. this study was undertaken to investigate the distribution and seasonality of human viruses and faecal indicator bacteria (fib) in a river catchment located in a typical mediterranean climate region and to discuss future trends in relation to climate change. sample matrices included river water, untreated and treated wastewater ... | 2015 | 26046988 |
| presence of pathogenic enteric viruses in illegally imported meat and meat products to eu by international air travelers. | one hundred twenty two meat samples confiscated from passengers on flights from non-european countries at the international airport of bilbao (spain) were tested for the presence of the main foodborne viral pathogens (human noroviruses genogroups i and ii, hepatitis a and e viruses) during 2012 and 2013. a sample process control virus, murine norovirus, was used to evaluate the correct performance of the method. overall, 67 samples were positive for at least one enteric viruses, 65 being positiv ... | 2015 | 25951793 |
| high occurrence of hepatitis e virus in samples from wastewater treatment plants in switzerland and comparison with other enteric viruses. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for many enterically transmitted viral hepatitides around the world. it is currently one of the waterborne diseases of global concern. in industrialized countries, hev appears to be more common than previously thought, even if it is rarely virulent. in switzerland, seroprevalence studies revealed that hev is endemic, but no information was available on its environmental spread. the aim of this study was to investigate -using qpcr- the occurrence and concent ... | 2013 | 23866141 |
| detection of enteric viruses in activated sludge by feasible concentration methods. | human enteric viruses are responsible to cause several diseases, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis, and can be present in high amounts in sewage sludge. this study compared virus recovery efficiency of two feasible concentration methods used for detecting human adenovirus (hadv), rotavirus species a (rv-a), norovirus genogroup ii (nov gii) and hepatitis a virus (hav) in sewage sludge from an activated sludge process. twelve sewage sludge samples were collected bi-monthly from january to ju ... | 2014 | 24948954 |
| simultaneous detection of waterborne viruses by multiplex real-time pcr. | norovirus, rotavirus group a, the hepatitis a virus, and coxsackievirus are all common causes of gastroenteritis. conventional diagnoses of these causative agents are based on antigen detection and electron microscopy. to improve the diagnostic potential for viral gastroenteritis, internally controlled multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods have been recently developed. in this study, individual real-time pcrs were developed and optimized for specific detections of norovirus ... | 2013 | 24037661 |
| the efficiency of concentration methods used to detect enteric viruses in anaerobically digested sludge. | the presence of enteric viruses in biosolids can be underestimated due to the inefficient methods (mainly molecular methods) used to recover the viruses from these matrices. therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the different methods used to recover adenoviruses (adv), rotavirus species a (rva), norovirus genogroup ii (nov gii) and the hepatitis a virus (hav) from biosolid samples at a large urban wastewater treatment plant in brazil after they had been treated by mesophilic anaerobi ... | 2013 | 23440119 |
| epidemiology of gastroenteritis viruses in japan: prevalence, seasonality, and outbreak. | acute gastroenteritis has been recognized as one of the most common diseases in humans and continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. several groups of viruses have been reported as the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis, including rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, human astrovirus, adenovirus, and an increasing number of others which have been reported more recently. the epidemiology, prevalence, seasonality, and outbreaks of these viruses have been reviewed in a number of s ... | 2016 | 26387663 |
| molecular epidemiologic trends of diarrhea-causing virus infection from clinical specimens in cheonan, korea, in 2010-2012. | the enteric viruses have high health significance in humans, ranging from poliomyelitis, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis to innocuous infections, and the human enteric viral infection is the one of the most common diseases during early childhood. this study was conducted from july 2010 to october 2012. | 2014 | 24375926 |
| assessment of burden of virus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in rio de janeiro, brazil. | sewage discharge is considered to be the main source of virus contamination in aquatic environments. there is no correlation between the presence of viruses and the presence of fecal coliforms in water; therefore virological markers are needed when monitoring contamination. this study investigates dna and rna virus concentrations in wastewater and evaluates a potential virus marker of human contamination. influent and effluent samples were collected twice a month throughout a 1-year period. viru ... | 2013 | 23428554 |
| prevalence of viruses in stool of premature neonates at a neonatal intensive care unit. | premature neonates represent a population highly vulnerable to infection. this study aims to profile viral colonisation of gut and the associated clinical manifestations among premature neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) in australia. | 2013 | 23432694 |
| the recombinant origin of emerging human norovirus gii.4/2008: intra-genotypic exchange of the capsid p2 domain. | gii.4 noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. a new variant of gii.4, the 2008 variant, has recently increased its prevalence on a global scale. a previous study of this variant in japan suggested that it might be of recombinant origin, with a breakpoint at the orf1-orf2 junction. here, examination of the evolutionary origin of the 2008 variant based on a larger sample of worldwide gii.4 norovirus sequences revealed a more complex pattern of recombination between the 20 ... | 2012 | 22238233 |
| virus recovering from strawberries: evaluation of a skimmed milk organic flocculation method for assessment of microbiological contamination. | skimmed milk organic flocculation method was adapted, optimized and compared with polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and filtration methods for recovering viruses from a strawberry matrix. spiking experiments with norovirus genogroup ii genotype 4 (nov gii.4) and murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) demonstrated that the organic flocculation method associated with a glycine elution buffer, filter bag and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab) showed a recovery percentage of 2.5 and 32 times higher tha ... | 2016 | 26476572 |
| test and validation of methods to sample and detect human virus from environmental surfaces using norovirus as a model virus. | viruses cause a major proportion of human infections, especially gastroenteritis and respiratory infections in children and adults. indirect transmission between humans via environmental surfaces may play a role in infections, but methods to investigate this have been sparse. | 2016 | 26905662 |
| environmental surveillance of norovirus genogroups i and ii for sensitive detection of epidemic variants. | sewage samples have been investigated to study the level of noroviruses concentration in sewage or the genotypes of noroviruses circulating in human populations. however, the statistical relationship between the concentration of the virus and the number of infected individuals, and the clinical importance of genotypes or strains detected in sewage are unclear. in this study, we carried out both environmental and clinical surveillance of noroviruses for three years: 2013-2016. we performed cross- ... | 2017 | 28213546 |
| clinical and epidemiological characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children in lebanon. | to assess the burden of norovirus (nov) and to determine the diversity of circulating strains among hospitalized children in lebanon. | 2016 | 28082807 |
| removal of human pathogenic viruses in a down-flow hanging sponge (dhs) reactor treating municipal wastewater and health risks associated with utilization of the effluent for agricultural irrigation. | a down-flow hanging sponge (dhs) reactor has been developed as a cost-effective wastewater treatment system that is adaptable to local conditions in low-income countries. a pilot-scale dhs reactor previously demonstrated stable reduction efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (cod) and ammonium nitrogen over a year at ambient temperature, but the pathogen reduction efficiency of the dhs reactor has yet to be investigated. in the present study, the reduction efficiency of a pilot-scale dhs react ... | 2017 | 28038763 |
| assessing membrane fouling and the performance of pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (mbr) to treat real municipal wastewater during winter season in nordic regions. | in this study, the performance of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (mbr) to treat real municipal wastewater was assessed at low temperatures (7 to 20°c) in nordic regions. first, the effect of low temperatures on membrane fouling was evaluated by monitoring trans-membrane pressure. a significant membrane fouling was observed when the sludge temperature inside the mbr unit was below 10°c with a 75% permeability drop, thus indicating high deterioration of the membrane performance at low temperatu ... | 2017 | 27913026 |
| contamination by norovirus and adenovirus on environmental surfaces and in hands of conscripts in two finnish garrisons. | this study investigated the presence of norovirus and adenovirus, especially enteric adenovirus, on the environmental surfaces (n = 481) and military conscripts' hands (n = 109) in two finnish garrisons (a and b) in 2013 and 2014. a questionnaire study was conducted to reveal possible correlations between viral findings on the conscripts' hands and their acute gastroenteritis symptoms. in addition to the swab samples, 14 fecal samples were obtained for viral analysis. in total, norovirus was pre ... | 2017 | 27696180 |
| norovirus gastroenteritis in a birth cohort in southern india. | noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis but little is known about disease and re-infection rates in community settings in asia. | 2016 | 27284939 |
| risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: review. | inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. international and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. the objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal ef ... | 2016 | 26985655 |
| prevalence and molecular genotyping of noroviruses in market oysters, mussels, and cockles in bangkok, thailand. | noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. this study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (saccostrea forskali), cockles (anadara nodifera), and mussels (perna viridis). the virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. rt-nested pcr was able to detect known norovirus gii.4 of 8.8 × ... | 2016 | 26872638 |
| evaluation of a new environmental sampling protocol for detection of human norovirus on inanimate surfaces. | inanimate surfaces are regarded as key vehicles for the spread of human norovirus during outbreaks. iso method 15216 involves the use of cotton swabs for environmental sampling from food surfaces and fomites for the detection of norovirus genogroup i (gi) and gii. we evaluated the effects of the virus drying time (1, 8, 24, or 48 h), swab material (cotton, polyester, rayon, macrofoam, or an antistatic wipe), surface (stainless steel or a toilet seat), and area of the swabbed surface (25.8 cm(2) ... | 2015 | 26116675 |
| multiple enteropathogenic viruses in a gastroenteritis outbreak in a military exercise of the portuguese army. | gastroenteritis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the military populations and can diminish operational effectiveness and impede force readiness. | 2015 | 26071340 |
| viral gastroenteritis in children in colorado 2006-2009. | acute gastroenteritis accounts for a significant burden of medically attended illness in children under the age of five. for this study, four multiplex reverse transcription pcr assays were used to determine the incidence of adenovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, norovirus gi and gii, rotavirus, and sapovirus in stool samples submitted for viral electron microscopy (em) to the children's hospital colorado. of 1105 stool samples available, viral rna/dna was detected in 247 (26.2%) of 941 pediatric ... | 2015 | 25776578 |
| emergence of norovirus gi.2 outbreaks in military camps in singapore. | simultaneous acute gastroenteritis (age) outbreaks occurred at two military camps. this study details the epidemiological findings, explores possible origins, and discusses preventive measures. | 2015 | 25529556 |
| a one year study on the concentrations of norovirus and enteric adenoviruses in wastewater and a surface drinking water source in norway. | enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. in order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes i and ii (gi and gii) impacting a drinking source in norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between january 2011 and april 2012. samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene g ... | 2014 | 25086639 |
| development of a luminex assay for the simultaneous detection of human enteric viruses in sewage and river water. | real time pcr (qpcr) is increasingly being used for viral detection in aquatic environments because it enables high specificity and sensitivity of detection. however, the limited number of fluorescent reporter dyes restricts its multiplex application. in this study, a multiplex luminex assay was established for the simultaneous detection of human adenovirus (hadv), human polyomavirus (hpyv), enterovirus (ev), rotavirus (rov), norovirus gi (novgi) and norovirus gii (novgii). different river water ... | 2014 | 24747587 |
| etiological study of enteric viruses and the genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus in children with diarrhea in chongqing, china. | enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those <5 years old. identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common enteric viruses in children <5 years old presented with diarrhea to the children's hospital of chongqing medical university. | 2013 | 24004442 |
| molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in new zealand from 2002-2009. | noroviruses are the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, including new zealand. new zealand has a population of 4.4 million, which allows for centralized outbreak surveillance and a norovirus reference laboratory, which facilitates efficient diagnosis, surveillance, and tracking of norovirus outbreaks. norovirus outbreak strains are identified, sequenced, and compared with international reference strains. between january 2002 and december 2009, 1,206 labo ... | 2012 | 22825824 |
| evaluation of the ridaquick norovirus immunochromatographic test kit. | norovirus infections occur frequently and are widespread throughout the us population causing greater than half of all foodborne gastroenteritis cases. a rapid norovirus assay would be a useful clinical tool for identification of this common virus in gastroenteritis patient samples, thereby identifying outbreaks and facilitating rapid implementation of control measures. | 2012 | 22226980 |
| evolutionary constraints on the norovirus pandemic variant gii.4_2006b over the five-year persistence in japan. | norovirus gii.4 is a major cause of global outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and has evolved by antigenic changes under the constantly changing human herd immunity. major shift in the pandemic gii.4 strain periodically occurs concomitant with changes in the antigenic capsid protein vp1. however, how the newly emerged strain evolves after the onset of pandemic remains unclear. to address this issue, we examined molecular evolution of a pandemic lineage, termed the gii.4_2006b, by usin ... | 2017 | 28348551 |
| emergence of norovirus gii.2 and its novel recombination during the gastroenteritis outbreak in japanese children in mid-2016. | in mid-2016, norovirus gii.2 emerged as a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreak in japan with overall detection rate of 56.3% of norovirus cases. the differences in orf1 and orf2 of some norovirus gii were observed. inter-subtype recombinants gii.pe/gii.2, gii.p16/gii.2 and gii.p17/gii.2 were detected. three amino acid substitutions were noted at p2 antigenic site of gii.p16/gii.2 recombinants. furthermore, this study revealed that the current immunochromatographic kit available in japan could ... | 2017 | 28336428 |
| detection of norovirus gii.17 kawasaki 2014 in shellfish, marine water and underwater sewage discharges in italy. | norovirus (nov) is a major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and the variants of genotype gii.4 are currently the predominant human strains. recently, a novel variant of nov gii.17 (gii.p17_gii.17 nov), termed kawasaki 2014, has been reported as the cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in asia, replacing the pandemic strain gii.4 sydney 2012. the gii.17 kawasaki 2014 variant has also been reported sporadically in patients with gastroenteritis outside of asia, including italy. ... | 2017 | 28258477 |