| molecular characterization of novel reassortant h6n2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in eastern china, in 2014. | during the surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in live poultry markets in eastern china, in 2014, seven h6n2 aivs were isolated from poultry. phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains received their genes from h6, h3, and h9 aivs of poultry in china. these strains were found to demonstrate moderate pathogenicity in mice, and were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. considering that novel reassorted h6n2 viruses were isolated from poultry in this study, it is pos ... | 2015 | 26341862 |
| seropositivity for avian influenza h6 virus among humans, china. | | 2015 | 26079934 |
| phylogenetic and pathogenic analysis of a novel h6n2 avian influenza virus isolated from a green peafowl in a wildlife park. | h6 subtype avian influenza virus, which has been circulating among different species, causes considerable concern for both veterinary medicine and public health. we isolated a strain of h6n2 avian influenza virus from healthy green peafowl (pavo muticus) in qinghuangdao wildlife park in hebei province, china, in 2012. a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolated h6n2 strain had the same gene constellation as southern china strains, which were predominantly isolated from waterfowl distribu ... | 2014 | 25619010 |
| potency of an inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from a/duck/hong kong/960/1980 (h6n2) against a challenge with a/duck/vietnam/oie-0033/2012 (h6n2) in mice. | h6 influenza viruses are prevalent in domestic and wild birds in eurasian countries and have been isolated from pigs and a human. to prepare for an influenza pandemic, we have established an influenza virus library consisting of more than 1,300 influenza virus strains, including 144 combinations of 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes. h6 viruses in the library were classified into early, group ii, group iii, and w312 sublineages and the north america lineage on the basis of their phylo ... | 2014 | 24824346 |
| variation in the responses of wild species of duck, gull, and wader to inoculation with a wild-bird-origin h6n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | there is poor understanding of host responses to avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in wild birds, with most experimental studies using captive-bred birds and highly pathogenic aivs that have an early endpoint. the objective of this study was to experimentally assess antibody responses and patterns of viral excretion in wild birds challenged with a low pathogenicity aiv. ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres), silver gulls (chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), and wandering whistling ducks (dendr ... | 2013 | 24283122 |
| surveillance for eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in alaska, spring and summer 2015. | eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) were first detected in north america in wild, captive, and domestic birds during november-december 2014. detections of hp viruses in wild birds in the contiguous united states and southern canadian provinces continued into winter and spring of 2015 raising concerns that migratory birds could potentially disperse viruses to more northerly breeding areas where they could be maintained to eventually s ... | 2016 | 27036114 |
| evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype h6n2 influenza. | the evolutionary dynamics of chicken-origin h6n2 viruses isolated in south africa between 2002 and 2013 were investigated. sub-lineages i and ii continued to co-circulate under vaccination pressure, but sub-lineage i, from which the inactivated vaccine was derived, displayed a markedly higher mutation rate and a three-fold increase in the emergence of potential antigenic sites on the globular head of ha compared to sub-lineage ii. immunological pressure culminated in a critical phenotypic change ... | 2016 | 27619928 |
| competition between influenza a virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck. | our overall hypothesis is that host population immunity directed at multiple antigens will influence the prevalence, diversity and evolution of influenza a virus (iav) in avian populations where the vast subtype diversity is maintained. to investigate how initial infection influences the outcome of later infections with homologous or heterologous iav subtypes and how viruses interact through host immune responses, we carried out experimental infections in mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). mall ... | 2017 | 28640898 |
| transmission of h6n2 wild bird-origin influenza a virus among multiple bird species in a stacked-cage setting. | live bird markets are common in certain regions of the u.s. and in other regions of the world. we experimentally tested the ability of a wild bird influenza a virus to transmit from index animals to naïve animals at varying animal densities in stacked cages in a simulated live bird market. two and six mallards, five and twelve quail, and six and nine pheasants were used in the low-density and high-density stacks of cages, respectively. transmission did not occur in the high-density stack of cage ... | 2017 | 28508987 |
| digital genotyping of avian influenza viruses of h7 subtype detected in central europe in 2007-2011. | the objective of our study was to provide a genotype analysis of h7n7 and h7n9 influenza a viruses (iav) and infer their relationships to co-circulating non-h7 iav genomes. the h7n7 strains were collected in central europe (hungary-1, czech republic-1, slovenia-1 and poland-4) and the h7n9 in the czech republic and spain between 2007 and 2011. hand in hand with this effort, a novel iav genotype visualization approach called digital genotyping was developed. this approach relies on phylogenetic d ... | 2012 | 22342598 |
| antiviral activity of formyl peptide receptor 2 antagonists against influenza viruses. | influenza viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens worldwide, causing both epidemic and pandemic infections. the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fpr2 antagonists pbp10 and boc2 on influenza virus replication. we determined that these molecules exhibit antiviral effects against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, h6n2) and b viruses. fpr2 antagonists used in combination with oseltamivir showed additive antiviral effects. mechanistically, the antiviral effect of pbp10 and bo ... | 2017 | 28483551 |
| emergence of novel reassortant h6n2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in india. | the recent reports of human infection due to h6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv), which are prevalent in terrestrial poultry, indicate evolution of the virus to a possible pandemic strain. here, we report antigenic and genetic characterization of two h6n2 viruses isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in kerala and assam, india during 2014 and 2015, respectively. hemagglutination inhibition assay revealed antigenic divergence between the two isolates, which was corroborated by amin ... | 2018 | 29530659 |
| genetic characterization of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated on the izumi plain in japan: possible association of dynamic movements of wild birds with aiv evolution. | the izumi plain in kagoshima prefecture, japan, is an overwintering site of endangered cranes (hooded cranes and white-naped cranes) and of many other migratory birds (including wild ducks) that are considered carriers of avian influenza viruses (aivs). to assess the risks of a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the crane populations, we tested various environmental samples for aivs in this area. in the 2014-2015 winter season, we isolated one aiv of the h6n2 subtype from the cranes' ... | 2018 | 29299682 |