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[isolation of the influenza virus variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) in quebec in 1973]. 19751131778
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza. viii. genetic and biological characterization of ts mutants of influenza virus a (h3n2) and their assignment to complementation groups. 19751154652
induction of interferon in man by vaccines.the purpose of this study was to extend the spectrum of vaccines with interferon-inducing potential in man. the vaccines selected for study were the commercially available attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (sabin strain) and the new live attenuated influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) vaccine ("alice" strain). five subjects, two of whom had low or undetectable polio type 2 neutralizing antibody levels were given the type 2 vaccine (10-4.7 tcid50) in the standard manner orally. even though the ...19751170566
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. vi. transfer of ts lesions from the asian subtype of influenza a virus (h2n2) to the hong kong subtype (h3n2). 19751171555
alterations to influenza virus hemagglutinin cytoplasmic tail modulate virus infectivity.the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) contains a cytoplasmic domain that consists of 10 to 11 amino acids, of which five residues have sequence identity for 10 of 13 ha subtypes. to investigate properties of these conserved residues, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was performed, using an ha cdna of influenza virus a/udorn/72 (h3n2) to substitute the conserved cysteine residues with other residues, to delete the three c-terminal conserved residues, or to remove the entire cytoplasmic domai ...19921309913
new live attenuated influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) vaccine (alice): reactogenicity,, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy.the alice strain of influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) live attenuated vaccine, when given by the intranasal route to 133 volunteers, was relatively nonreactogenic; only 12% of the vaccinees had upper respiratory tract symptoms after immunization. seroconversion in 87.2% of subjects whose titers of humoral hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before immunization were less than 1:8 demonstrated the immunogenicity of the vaccine. the overall seroconversion rate was 66.1% (geometric mean titer of hem ...19751202110
oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 2. protective efficacy during a type a(h3n2) epidemic.151 subjects, orally immunized with live attenuated influenza virus of the institute for viral preparations of moscow (bivalent a(h3n2) england 72 and b vaccine) and 66 non vaccinated cohabitants were studied during an epidemic caused by strains similar to a/port chalmers/73. 5 cases of disease were virologically or serologically ascertained among the vaccinated (morbidity 3.3%) and 8 among the non-immunized cohabitants (12.1%). the difference turned out statistically significant. by comparing t ...19751203088
[tolerance and immunogenicity of an attenuated live influenza virus vaccine in man (author's transl)].the attenuated influenza-a-virus strain "alice" (h3n2) - a recombination from a2/england/72 and a/pr8 mount sinai/34 - was given intransally in drops (10(7,2) id50 per dose), twice seven days apart. in a similar fashion, 25 healthy persons received placebos. local antibodies were determined before and three weeks after the first vaccination from nasal irrigation fluid. the fluid was concentrated and adjusted to an iga amount of 50 mg/l. blood samples were obtained at similar intervals. systemic ...19751204500
comparative efficacy of neuraminidase-specific and conventional influenza virus vaccines in induction of antibody to neuraminidase in humans.groups of college students received either conventional a/england/42/72 (h3n2) vaccine (x-37), an antigenic hybrid (heq1n2) vaccine (x-38) containing the same neuraminidase (and thus effectively neuraminidase-monospecific), or a placebo injection. the vaccines contained 798 and 643 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose, respectively, and equivalent immunogenic units of n2 as defined in antigenic extinction tests in rabbits. all subjects had antibody to n2 before immunization, and mean initial ...1976789791
replication of influenza virus in organ cultures of human and simian urogenital tissues and human foetal tissues.a survey of human adult tissues in organ cultures showed that influenza viruses (a/moscow/1019/65 (h2n2) or a recombinant virus virulent for man (pr/8-a/england/939/69 clone 7a(h3n2)) could infect uterus, bladder and conjunctiva but not oesophagus under the conditions employed; simian bladder and uterus were also susceptible. these results were similar to those already described for corresponding ferret tissues. organ cultures of human foetal nasal mucosa, trachea, oesophagus, small and large in ...1975809051
safety and antigenicity of influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1 (e) (h3n2).influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1 [e] (h3n2) vaccine was administered intranasally to 18 seronegative children 14 to 32 months of age. fourteen children, 78%, shed influenza a/hong kong virus for a mean of eight days following vaccination. sixteen children, 89%, experienced a fourfold or greater rise in hemagglutination-inhibition antibody. some children appeared to experience a febrile reaction to the vaccine although interpretation of this data was complicated by intercurrent illness. these findin ...1975810557
antigenic variant of swine influenza virus causing proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in pigs.a new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in quebec. pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. at necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. histopathologic f ...19921333815
[preparative isolation of a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin].hemagglutinin of a/hong kong/1/68 virus was isolated by electrophoresis in acetate-cellulose of a recombinant 12/13 (h3n1) strain destroyed by sodium dodecyl sulphate. electron microscope examinations were carried out and molecular weights of hemagglutinin polypeptides were determined. a monospecific serum containing no antibody to neuraminidase was prepared.19751220249
occurrence of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in the budapest zoo. 19751231556
infection of dogs and cats with the hong kong influenza a (h3n2) virus during an epidemic period in hungary. 19751231557
demonstration of antibodies to both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of h3n2 influenza a virus in domestic dogs.serologic evidence of infection with human (h3n2) influenza viruses of 6 of 79 dogs sampled in new york city in march-april 1973 was obtained through the use of four different methods for measurement of anti-hemagglutination and anti-neuraminidase antibody.19751235862
attenuated influenza virus in normal adults: role of pulmonary function studies in vaccine trials.a live attenuated virus, influenza a/hong kong/68(h3n2)-ts-1[e], was administered to 10 normal volunteers. infection resulted in minor upper respiratory tract symptoms in one volunteer. an isolate from one volunteer contained a presumed revertant wild-type virus, but no clinical significance could be ascribed to this infection. since infection with natural influenza a virus adversely affects airway dynamics, serial tests of pulmonary function were performed, including measurements of forced expi ...19761245763
reactions and serologic responses in young children and infants after administration of inactivated monovalent influenza a vaccine.infants, two years of age and under, received zonally purified whole-virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) influenza vaccine. febrile responses, including one febrile convulsion, were observed in nine of 13 (69%). there was a fourfold rise in serum-neutralizing antibody in nine of 11 (82%) of those lacking initial antibody titers. purity of the vaccine was documented by electron microscopy, absence of egg protein, and very low levels of endotoxin (0.048mug/dose). it is concluded that the toxicity of vaccine ...19761245938
pulmonary mechanics after uncomplicated influenza a infection.pulmonary mechanics were evaluated in 13 nonsmoking adults with acute, uncomplicated influenza a/port chalmers/73(h3n2) virus infection. subjects had no evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement on physical examination. viral and/or scrologic evidence of influenza infection was established for all subjects. physiologic measurements included forced expiratory rates by spirometry and total pulmonary resistance (rt) measured at 3, 5, 7, and 9 cycles per sec by the oscillometric technique. sub ...19761247227
kinetics of reactions of antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies with h2n2 and h3n2 influenza virus strains and description of a modification of the photometric acu method for titration of antineuraminidase antibodies.the isotherms describing the reactions of selected h2n2 and h3n2 virus strains with antihemagglutinin (ah) and antineuraminidase (an) antibodies were established by use of a photometric hemagglutination inhibition test [antibody concentration unit (acu) method]. it was found that the an antibody isotherms had significantly higher values of the constant 1/n than did the ah antibody isotherms. this finding confirms for further virus strains the conclusion that the photometric acu method can discri ...19761259594
antigenicity of licensed whole virion and subvirion influenza vaccines in "high risk" persons.the frequency and magnitude of serum antibody response to type a and b influenza virus induced by whole virion and subvirion vaccines were essentially comparable. immunization was followed in vaccinated individuals by an antihemagglutinin antibody response to the common antigenic determinant shared by the type a h3n2 viruses. relatively few individuals developed antibody to the type-specific determinant.19761265060
the behaviour in ferrets of two closely related clones of influenza virus of differing virulence for man.clones 7a and 64d of the recombinant influenza virus a/pr/8/34-a/england/939/69(h3n2) which are of different virulence for man as judged by clinical score (7a more virulent than 64d) showed similar differences in ferrets. with intranasal inoculation the approximate 50% minimal infectious doses of both clones were similar (between 10(0) and 10(2) eid(50)) as were their titres in nasal washes 24 h after inoculation and the histologically evident damage they caused in the nasal turbinates. however, ...19761268040
aerosol vaccination of mice with a live, temperature- sensitive recombinant influenza virus.mice were vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) or with small-particle aerosols (spa; 2 mum) or large-particle aerosols (lpa; 8 mum) of an attenuated, temperature-sensitive, recombinant a influenza (h3n2) virus, ts-1 (e). serum virus-neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were detected for all vaccinated mice by 28 days. bronchoalveolar wash fluids had increased levels of immunoglobulin (igg, iga) only in the i.n. -vaccinated mice. hemagglutination and virus-neutralizing antibodies wer ...19761270134
increased influenza a virus sialidase activity with n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid-containing substrates resulting from influenza c virus o-acetylesterase action.influenza virus type c (johannesburg/1/66) was used as a source for the enzyme o-acetylesterase (ec 3.1.1.53) with several natural sialoglycoconjugates as substrates. the resulting products were immediately employed as substrates using influenza virus type a [(singapore/6/86) (h1n1) or shanghai/11/87 (h3n2)] as a source for sialidase (neuraminidase, ec 3.2.1.18). a significant increase in the percentage of sialic acid released was found when the o-acetyl group was cleaved by o-acetylesterase act ...19921413991
three strains of influenza a virus (h3n2): interferon sensitivity in vitro and interferon production in volunteers.three antigenic variants of the h3n2 subtype of wild-type influenza a virus (representing the years 1968, 1972, and 1974) were examined for their sensitivity to interferon and for their ability to induce local respiratory tract interferon in volunteers. in addition, the time of appearance of symptoms in infected volunteers was correlated with the patterns of virus shedding and interferon production. the sensitivity to interferon and the ability to stimulate nasopharyngeal interferon were similar ...19761270590
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza a virus: response of children to the influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1(e) (h3n2) and influenza a/udorn/72-ts-1(e) (h3n2) candidate vaccine viruses and significance of immunity to neuraminidase antigen.one of two slightly different influenza a/ts-1[e] recombinant candidate live vaccines was given intranasally to each of 23 young children. twelve of 15 children who had no serum hi antibody but who did have serum anab at the time of administration became infected and 1 had mild rhinitis. all eight who lacked both types of antibody became infected and they shed virus in higher titer and for longer than the former group; five had rhinorrhea and five had mild fever. these findings suggest that seru ...19761272630
[the determination of the genotype of natural reassortant influenza a viruses according to the core protein genes by the methods of competitive dot hybridization and sequencing].simultaneous circulation of different subtypes of influenza a viruses provides conditions for reassortant strains formation. a comparative investigation of genome of 47 influenza a virus strains (h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2) was carried out by competitive dot hybridization technique and sequence analysis of some of cdna-copies of the virus genes. all the genes of 43 strains encoding nonglycolysed proteins corresponded to the serum subtype of surface glycoproteins. the reassortant pattern of genome for ...19921290222
serum hi antibody and protection against influenza: a follow-up survey at community level of three epidemics caused by different h3n2-variants.serial blood specimens from rh-negative pregnant women sent to laboratory for rh antibody testing were stored and used for influenza investigations. the study period covered three epidemics, each caused by a different variant of influenza a (h3n2) virus. the relationship between pre-epidemic haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibody level against the epidemic virus and serological evidence of infection was analysed. titre associated with protection was very similar in the three epidemics. in 19 ...19751165150
[influenza surveillance].from 1982 to june 1990, seven influenza a (h3n2) epidemics and four influenza a (h1n1) epidemics occurred in shanghai, and several new variants of influenza virus were isolated. during that period, influenza a (h3n2) and influenza a (h1n1) appeared alternatively while each lasted for one to two years. the epidemic peak of influenza usually was seen from july to august and late winter to early spring. the subtype which appears in july and august usually starting in late winter and early spring in ...19921303322
[epidemiological and virological research on influenza and viral respiratory infections in the southeastern region of romania in the cold season of 1991-1992].investigations pointed out the high level of respiratory diseases and pneumonias in children, especially in the youngest ones (0-1 year-old) during all the surveyed period. an influenza outbreak during the second half of february was registered in the infantile population--school and low-age children--which gave most of the cases. serology and isolations incriminated an influenza virus related to the a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain. isolations worked out after the influenza epidemics pointed out ...19921308431
variation in seropositivity for some respiratory disease agents in finishing pigs: epidemiological studies on some health parameters and farm and management conditions in the herds.the relationship between the extent of seropositivity for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app.) serotype 2 and porcine influenza (pi) viruses serotype h1n1 and h3n2 in pigs on the one hand and the health status of the pigs and some farm and management conditions in the herds on the other hand was studied in 45 pig finishing herds, all members of one integration group. the health status was assessed by the extent of clinical signs, the use of veterinary drugs and ...19921315466
clinical and serologic effects of alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus vaccine in an adult population.alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus was evaluated in prison volunteers. by random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received alice strain vaccine (as) intranasally and 97 received placebo. the vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. the number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. seventy-five per cent of vaccines with initial hai titers less than or equal to 1:8 had 4 fold ...19751214706
phase 1 clinical tests of influenza mdp-virosome vaccine (kd-5382).mdp-virosome vaccine, which contains haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) antigens isolated from influenza virus combined with 6-o-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine) (b30-mdp) and cholesterol was tested, in comparison with a currently used ha vaccine, for immunogenicity and adverse reactions on 77 adult male volunteers. the volunteers were divided into eight groups, and each individual was injected subcutaneously once, or twice at a 4 week interval, in the ...19921523876
influenza a viruses: epidemiologic study in fatteners in spain (1987-89).2,979 sera were collected from slaughtered swine in two geographic areas of spain from 1987 to 1989. they were tested for antibodies against an h1n1- and h3n2-influenza virus by haemagglutination-inhibition tests (hi). the percentage of positive sera was higher in area i (78%-69.2%) than in area ii (63.1%-60.4%) for both viruses respectively. the coexistence of high titres to both h1n1- and h3n2-influenza virus became apparent in cold months simultaneously in each area, although influenza viruse ...19921320310
pathogenicity of concurrent infection of pigs with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine influenza virus.combinations of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) and either of two swine influenza viruses (h1n1 or h3n2) were administered intranasally and by aerosol to six- to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs. the clinical responses, gross respiratory lesions and growth performances of these pigs were studied and compared with those of single (prcv, h1n1 or h3n2) and mock-infected animals. prcv infection caused fever, growth retardation and lung lesions, but no respiratory symptoms. infection ...19921334565
do antigenic drift residues in influenza hemagglutinins of the h3 subtype qualify as contact sites for mhc class ii interaction?we have previously reported that a majority of hemagglutinin-specific and class ii (ak or ad)-restricted t cell clones, elicited by natural infection with x31 virus (h3n2 subtype), focus on regions of the ha1 subunit that have featured in antigenic drift and exhibit extensive diversity in their ability to discriminate between variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in these sites. the structural basis for the loss of recognition of a major antigenic site, ha1 120-139, was investigated by ( ...19921358189
antigenic and molecular analysis of influenza a(h3n2) virus strains isolated in 1985 in open and closed communities of northern germany.antigenic and molecular analyses of influenza a(h3n2) virus strains isolated in 1985 during outbreaks in open and closed communities of north germany were carried out. the data obtained have shown that 11 strains isolated in a closed orphanage were antigenically similar to each other. the electrophoretic mobilities of either ha, np, m1 and ns1 polypeptides or of double stranded rna segments were indistinguishable. analysis of viruses isolated at the same time from open communities has revealed t ...19921359765
virus-specific immune response in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus.the time course of primary humoral immune response in nfs/n mice infected with the adapted influenza virus a/aichi 2/68(h3n2) was followed by determination of the different class immunoglobulins in lungs, lung washings, and in blood serum. the quantity of antibody-producing cells (apc) was estimated by local haemolysis in gel. the presence of antibodies in serum and lavage fluid was tested by the methods of radial haemolysis and radial immunodiffusion. it was shown that the local immune response ...19921359766
influenza a virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins containing epitopes from different subtypes.influenza virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins were constructed by using a ribonucleoprotein transfection method. transfectants w(h1)-h2 and w(h1)-h3 contained a/wsn/33(h1n1) (wsn) hemagglutinins in which the six-amino-acid loop (contained in antigenic site b) was replaced by the corresponding structures of influenza viruses a/japan/57(h2n2) and a/hong kong/8/68(h3n2) (hk), respectively. serological analysis indicated that the w(h1)-h3 transfectant virus reacted with antibodies again ...19921370088
influenza viruses differ in recognition of 4-o-acetyl substitution of sialic acid receptor determinant.equine alpha 2-macroglobulin (em), known to contain both neu5ac and neu4,5ac2 sialic acid residues, was treated with vibrio cholerae sialidase for the selective removal of neu5ac and was compared with the untreated em for its binding by a panel of influenza viruses. type a h3n2 virus strains having leu in position 226 of their hemagglutinin (ha) changed the affinity for sialidase-treated em only slightly, if at all, indicative of their ability to bind the 4-o-ac-substituted neu5ac receptor deter ...19921374985
influenza virus infection elicits class ii major histocompatibility complex-restricted t cells specific for an epitope identified in the ns1 non-structural protein.a t cell epitope of the influenza virus ns1 molecule was identified and shown to be a determinant used in class ii major histocompatibility complex-restricted t cell responses to infectious virus. an i-ed-restricted balb/c mouse t hybridoma clone recognizing influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8; subtype h1n1) but not a/udorn/72 (subtype h3n2) secreted lymphokines in response to purified recombinant ns1 or fusion proteins containing amino acids 1 to 81 or 1 to 42 of ns1. as expected for recogn ...19921376767
update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1992.during the 1991-92 influenza season, influenza activity was reported at moderate levels in many parts of the world. influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and influenza b viruses have continued to circulate worldwide. from october 1991 through february 1992, when influenza viruses circulated widely in the northern hemisphere, epidemic levels of activity were most commonly associated with the h3n2 subtype of influenza a (1). this report summarizes worldwide influenza activity reported from march through sep ...19921383682
[a case of invasive broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis associated with influenza a (h3n2) infection].a 49-year-old man with high alcohol consumption was admitted with fever, cough and progressive dyspnea after a one week history of influenza-like symptoms. chest x-ray film on admission showed diffuse peribronchial shadows and patchy infiltration in the right lower lung field. chest x-ray film the following day and chest ct film on the 4th day of admission showed multiple nodular shadows and cavity formation. at bronchoscopy the bronchial surface was covered by white plaque, and asp. fumigatus w ...19921405113
[preparative isolation of basic structural proteins of the influenza virus].the schemes for preparative electrophoretic isolation and purification of major proteins from influenza virus are described. the viral envelope protein, hemagglutinin, two of its subunits, internal m and np proteins of influenza viruses a/fpv/rostock (h7n1), a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and x-31 (h3n2) were obtained in preparative amounts and characterized by amino acid and n-terminus analyses.19921406760
a strategy for making synthetic peptide vaccines.we have determined the h-2 class ii allele-specific amino acid motif of the agretope (the site of contact between the peptide antigen and the major histocompatibility complex) for a synthetic peptide composed of residues 43-58 of pigeon cytochrome c (p43-58). residues 46 and 54 functioned as the agretope, and residues 50 and 52 functioned as the epitope (the site for contact between the peptide antigen and the t-cell antigen receptor). in general, agretopes and epitopes function independently. t ...19921409595
nucleotide sequence changes in the polymerase basic protein 2 gene of temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza a virus.influenza a viruses bearing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations are restricted in replication in the respiratory tract of animals and humans and are therefore attenuated. nucleotide sequences were determined for the rna segment coding for the polymerase basic protein 2 (pb2) from a panel of 12 influenza a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) ts viruses, previously characterized to have a ts mutation in the pb2 gene. each of the viruses with a ts mutation in the pb2 gene had a single amino acid change located at ...19921413525
[the antigenic characteristics of the influenza virus subpopulations isolated from a single patient].examinations by hi and eia of influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates of 1985-1990 showed the strains derived from nasopharyngeal washings from patients to present very frequently as phenotypic mixtures of stable virus variants. immunological analysis with monospecific antibody to hemagglutinin antigenic sites revealed a wide spectrum of antigenic activity based on the degree of relationship with viruses of previous years. by means of the immune pressing with antibody of different specificity the isol ...19921413713
the attenuation phenotype conferred by the m gene of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted virus (h2n2) on the a/korea/82 (h3n2) reassortant virus results from a gene constellation effect.a single gene reassortant (sgr) virus that derived its m gene from the attenuated influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) donor virus and the remaining genes from the a/korea/82 (h3n2) wild type (wt) virus (designated a/korea/82 ca m-sgr) was previously shown to be attenuated in mice, hamsters, ferrets, and humans. the attenuation (att) phenotype of this sgr virus could result directly from an altered function of the mutant m gene product of the a/ann arbor/6/60 ca virus, which differs from ...19921413993
influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization for pneumonia in the elderly.during the winter of 1989-1990, influenza type a(h3n2) circulated widely, causing excess morbidity and mortality nationwide. from november through april, 1989-1990, hospitalized cases of pneumonia and influenza occurring among noninstitutionalized individuals 65 or more years of age were identified by 20 acute care hospitals in southern lower michigan. these cases were group matched on age, sex, race, and zip code to randomly sampled, community-based controls from a comprehensive listing of medi ...19921415151
[microsomal hydroxylating system of the mouse liver in toxic forms of influenza infection].the paper presents the experimental model of toxic influenza infection induced by a/victory/35/72 (h3n2) strain adapted to cba mice. the virus toxicosis was shown by means of esr technique to be accompanied by a decrease of both the content of the active form of cytochrome p-450 and the activity of p-nitroanisole o-demethylase. in microsomes there was activation of lipid peroxidation (lp) and an increase of microviscosity of lipid matrix. lp activation in microsomes was not accompanied by the ch ...19921421306
[seroconversion after vaccine with trivalent influenza vaccine during the epidemic season 1990/1 in poland].vaccination was performed by influenza virus vaccine, trivalent type a and b. we vaccinated about 50,000 persons in poland in different groups of age. hi and ni tests were used for testing antibody level for a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/shanghai/16/89 (h3n2) and b/yamagata/16/89. the rise of antibody level was statistically significant.19921296247
[the laboratory epidemiological study of the joint circulation of the influenza virus a subtypes a/h1n1/ and a/h3n2/ in bulgaria].the national influenza center of bulgaria made the epidemiological analysis of the spread of influenza virus, type a, for the period of 11 years on the basis of mass laboratory investigations. subtype a (h1n1) was found to be the main factor of epidemics in 1978 and 1982, while the epidemics of 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988 were mainly caused by subtype a (h3n2). the data of laboratory and epidemiological studies indicated that after 20-year absence influenza virus a, subtype a (h1n1), w ...19921301658
[the correction of the functional activity of alveolar macrophages in inducing a primary immune response in influenza].the functional activity of alveolar macrophages obtained from mice, both healthy and infected with influenza virus a/aichi 2/68 (h3n2), as manifested by their capacity to initiate the development of primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide after the transfer of these macrophages to intact syngeneic recipients was studied. the capacity of alveolar macrophages to perform antigen-presenting functions in the induction of humoral immune response was sho ...19921496877
influenza vaccine strain selection: equivalence of two antigenically distinct haemagglutinin variants of 1989 h3n2 influenza a virus in protection of mice.precise antigenic analysis with haemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) tests of 1989 h3n2 influenza a viruses with polyclonal ferret, rabbit and mouse antisera has shown, first, significant differences among 1989 wild-type isolates, second, antigenic differences between two high-yield vaccine candidate reassortant viruses, third, significant antigenic differences of one reassortant (x-105) from the wild-type virus (a/guangdong a/39) from which it was derived, and fourth, dependence of antigenic characte ...19921502837
influenza virus a infection induces interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells.to determine the role of the airway epithelial cell in mediating virus-induced inflammation, we infected primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells with human influenza type a/port chalmers/72 (h3n2). after two days, the medium was collected for measurement of the chemotactic cytokine interleukin-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the rna was extracted from the cells for analysis of interleukin-8 mrna by northern blot analysis. interleukin-8 production was more than doubled by viral ...19921516705
protective efficacy of combined live intranasal and inactivated influenza a virus vaccines in the elderly.to evaluate the efficacy of adding intranasal live attenuated cold-adapted influenza a vaccine to inactivated influenza vaccine to prevent influenza a in elderly residents of long-term-care institutions.19921530193
analyzing the distribution of cells expressing mrna for t cell receptor gamma and delta chains in a virus-induced inflammatory process.acute inflammatory processes are extremely complex, containing sets of activated cells that may be difficult to categorize. the interface between two methodologies for characterizing the involvement of gamma delta t cells, in situ hybridization to detect t cell receptor (tcr) mrna and flow cytometric analysis of surface tcr expression, is utilized here to study the pneumonia caused by intranasal (i.n.) infection of mice with influenza a viruses. substantial numbers of cells expressing mrna for t ...19921535834
superior cross-protective effect of nasal vaccination to subcutaneous inoculation with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine.intranasal (i.n.) vs. subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of influenza hemagglutinin (ha) vaccine was systematically compared in balb/c mice. mice were immunized with different vaccines, together with cholera toxin b subunit as an adjuvant, and 4 weeks later were challenged with either a small (2 microliters) or a large (20 microliters) volume of mouse-adapted a/guizhou-x (h3n2) virus, each of which gave virgin mice either a nasal or a lung predominant infection. both i.n. and s.c. inoculations o ...19921537382
human influenza a (h1n2) viruses isolated from china.reassortant influenza a viruses bearing h1 haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase were isolated from humans in china between december 1988 and march 1989. as primary isolation of influenza a (h1n2) viruses from humans had not been reported previously, it was of interest to determine the genetic origin of these virus isolates. the haemagglutinins of the h1n2 viruses were antigenically and genetically related to those of h1 viruses isolated world-wide since 1986, and the neuraminidases of these virus ...19921538194
use of single-gene reassortant viruses to study the role of avian influenza a virus genes in attenuation of wild-type human influenza a virus for squirrel monkeys and adult human volunteers.the transfer of six internal rna segments from the avian influenza a/mallard/new york/6750/78 (h2n2) virus reproducibly attenuates human influenza a viruses for squirrel monkeys and adult humans. to identify the avian influenza a virus genes that specify the attenuation and host range restriction of avian-human (ah) influenza a reassortant viruses (referred to as ah reassortants), we isolated six single-gene reassortant viruses (sgrs), each having a single internal rna segment of the influenza a ...19921551982
immunization of infants and young children with live attenuated trivalent cold-recombinant influenza a h1n1, h3n2, and b vaccine.seventeen triply seronegative infants and young children, and 15 infants and young children seropositive to all three influenza virus strains were vaccinated intranasally with 10(5) tcid50 of each of three (h1n1, h3n2, and b) live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine strains. seventeen controls were given placebo. vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccine was not associated with adverse reactions in triply seronegative or seropositive children. overall, 12 (71%), 13 (76%), and 13 (76%) ...19921552202
comparison of different approaches to measuring influenza a virus-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in the presence of serum inhibitors.the a/los angeles/2/87 (h3n2) (a/la/2/87) virus is sensitive to inhibitors of hemagglutination present in certain human sera. it was found that the effect of these inhibitors could be removed by treating sera with high-concentration receptor-destroying enzyme or trypsin-periodate or by using inhibitor-resistant viruses in the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) test. inhibitor-resistant viruses were not effective for detecting rises in antibody titers in the sera of volunteers infected with the a/ ...19921572989
an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a well immunized nursing home population.to describe the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of influenza a that occurred in a skilled nursing home although over 90 percent of the resident population had previously received influenza vaccine.19921587976
amino acid sequence identity between the ha1 of influenza a (h3n2) viruses grown in mammalian and primary chick kidney cells.primary isolation of type a influenza (h3n2) virus in mammalian madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells results in a virus with haemagglutinin (ha) identical to that of the virus replicating in the infected individual, whereas similar isolation of virus in the embryonated egg results in the selection of variants with amino acid substitutions in the globular head region of the ha molecule. to determine whether other mammalian and avian host cells routinely used in laboratory isolation of influenza ...19921588320
[isolation of influenza virus "a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2)" from liquor cerebrospinalis of patients with cns involvement (author's transl)].liquor cerebrospinalis of eight patients with central nervous symptoms were tested for influenza virus during the influenza virus epidemic 1971/72. in three of these cases influenza virus (a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) was isolated from spinal fluid in the embryonated hen egg. these patients showed after influenza like prodromi meningo-encephalitis, encephalitis or paranoid psychosis. possible pathomechanisms are discussed.19751214696
[on the antigenicity of influenza virus aluminum oxide adjuvant vaccine "alorbat" in man (author's transl)].the antihemagglutinin (ah) and antineuraminidase (an) antibody response in 35 humans to a single vaccination with the aluminum oxide adsorbed influenza virus vaccine "alorbat" was investigated. the vaccine contained the strains a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), a/hong kong/107/71 (h3n2), a/england/42/72 (h3n2) and b/iowa/1/69. the rates of significant ah antibody titer increase ranged from 51 percent (against a/hong kong/68), 69 (against a/hong kong/71), 63 (against a/england/72) to 83 percent (against b ...19751179878
antibody responses of swine to type a influenza viruses in the most recent several years.a serological survey was conducted on 4,080 swine sera collected for the years 1985-90. the swine sera positive to a/new jersey/8/76 (swine type h1n1) strain were observed in annual (10-20%) and monthly (20-40%) incidences during the observation period except for occasional months. antibodies to recent human h1n1 viruses in swine were recognized in relation to the human h1n1 influenza epidemics. antibody responses of swine to human h3n2 strains appeared irrespective of human epidemics with the v ...19921318751
anti-influenza virus effect of some propolis constituents and their analogues (esters of substituted cinnamic acids).the antiviral activity of six synthetic substances, esters of substituted cinnamic acids, identical with or analogous to some of the constituents of the et2o fraction of propolis was studied in vitro. one of them, isopentyl ferulate, inhibited significantly the infectious activity of influenza virus a/hong kong (h3n2) in vitro and the production of hemagglutinins in ovo. by the use of diverse experimental patterns, it was found that the maximal inhibition of viral reproduction was observed when ...19921593279
emergence and transmission of influenza a viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant viruses have been recovered from approximately 30% of patients treated for acute h3n2 subtype influenza and less often from their close contacts receiving drug prophylaxis. the limited data suggest that resistant viruses can emerge rapidly during drug therapy, as early as 2-3 days into treatment. these viruses retain their resistance phenotype during multiple passages in the laboratory and appear to be genetically stable in this regard. studies in families a ...19921600749
[the strain-specific diagnosis of influenza by using lanthanide immunofluorescence analysis based on monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of the influenza a virus].nine monoclonal antibodies (mca) to hemagglutinin of influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus and 5 mca to influenza a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) virus were generated and characterized. the mca were used for the development of diagnostic test systems on the basis of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. the same mca were used as primary and detecting antibodies in the test system specific for ha of the h1 serosubtype, whereas in the test system specific for influenza a serosubtype h3 virus mca of different ...19911724583
two distinct serum mannose-binding lectins function as beta inhibitors of influenza virus: identification of bovine serum beta inhibitor as conglutinin.normal bovine and mouse sera contain a component, termed beta inhibitor, that inhibits the infectivity and hemagglutinating activity of influenza a viruses of the h1 and h3 subtypes. we have previously shown these beta inhibitors to be mannose-binding lectins that apparently act by binding to carbohydrate on the viral hemagglutinin, blocking access of the receptor-binding site to receptors on host cells (e. m. anders, c. a. hartley, and d. c. jackson, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 87:4485-4489, 199 ...19921602549
origin and evolutionary characteristics of antigenic reassortant influenza a (h1n2) viruses isolated from man in china.during the 1988/1989 influenza season, five antigenic reassortant influenza a (h1n2) viruses not previously isolated from man were isolated in hebei province, people's republic of china. all isolates contained haemagglutinins (has) and neuraminidases (nas) which were antigenically similar to those of the recent russian (h1n1) and hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses, respectively. the results of antigenic and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the genes encoding the polymerase, nucleopro ...19921607856
impact of influenza virus infection as a cause of pediatric hospitalization.from winter 1989 to spring 1990, a severe epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses developed in japan. during the epidemic (december 1989 to february 1990), 244 children were admitted to the pediatric ward of nippon kokan hospital: 53 (21.7%) were hospitalized with influenza virus infection, 22 (9.0%) with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and 17 (7.0%) with respiratory syncytial virus infection. among those with influenza, 24 had type a and 29 had type b. most were young healthy children wi ...19921730904
pandemic influenza: a zoonosis?in the last two decades, influenza a viruses have been found to occur throughout the animal kingdom, mainly in birds, notably aquatic ones, in which infection is largely intestinal, waterborne, and asymptomatic. the domestic duck of southern china, raised in countless numbers all year round mainly as an adjunct to rice farming, is the principal host of influenza a viruses. studies based on hong kong h3n2 viruses from southern china suggest that pandemic strains originate from the domestic duck t ...19921609163
host dependence of naturally occurring temperature-sensitive influenza a viruses and location of their genetic lesions.naturally occurring temperature-sensitive (ts) strains have been found in large number in human influenza a viruses of all subtypes (j. virol. 41 (1982) 353). further studies have demonstrated that the ts phenotype of these viruses is host-dependent in that they are highly ts in chick embryos and chick embryonic cells, but are ts+ in mdck cells. previous studies have located by complementation tests the ts lesion of two h3n2 viruses (hk/8/68 and ningxia/01/72, also known as xia-ts) on the np gen ...19921626417
rapid diagnosis of influenza a. comparison with elisa immunocapture and culture.the directigen flu-a is an enzyme immunoassay for detecting in 15 min the influenza a nucleoproteinic antigen directly from specimens after passive adsorption on a cellulose membrane. the test was assessed using 160 frozen (-20 degrees c) specimens collected during the 1988-1989 a/h1n1 influenza epidemic and the 1989-1990 a/h3n2 epidemic. compared to the elisa immunocapture test, the sensitivity of the commercial test was 87.8% and the specificity was 97.6%. when compared to isolation of viruses ...19921634600
type-specific identification of influenza viruses a, b and c by the polymerase chain reaction.the aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of influenza a, b, and c rna genomes. three primer sets were selected from conserved regions of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins and were tested on 61 influenza a (22 h1n1, 9 h2n2, and 30 h3n2), 11 influenza b, and three influenza c isolates. specific amplified products were obtained with all these strains after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. the specificity of the reaction was increase ...19921430057
liposomes enhance the immunogenicity of reconstituted influenza virus a/pr/8 envelopes and the formation of protective antibody by influenza virus a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) surface antigen.reconstituted influenza virus (a/pr/8 strain) envelopes (rive) and influenza virus (a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) strain) surface antigens were entrapped in dehydration-rehydration vesicles (drv liposomes) composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (pc) or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (dspc drv) and equimolar (32 mumol) cholesterol. entrapment values for rive were 31.2 (pc) and 29.4% (dspc drv) of the material used. corresponding entrapment values for the a/sichuan/87 strain antigens were 40.7 and 39.3%. balb/ ...19921441730
influenza virus rna in the lung and lymphoid tissue of immunologically intact and cd4-depleted mice.the distribution and clearance of viral rna (vrna) and mrna has been analysed for the acute and recovery stages of the pneumonia induced by intranasal infection of c57bl/6j mice with h3n2 influenza a viruses. amplification of viral genomic material by the polymerase chain reaction showed that the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was eliminated from the lungs of immunologically intact mice by day 14 post-infection, whereas in vitro depletion of the cd4+ t cells delayed clearance by at most 4 da ...19911677414
cellular events in the lymph node and lung of mice with influenza. consequences of depleting cd4+ t cells.the cellularity of the mediastinal lymph nodes of mice infected intranasally with a high dose of an h3n2 influenza a virus increases massively within 5 days. all classes of lymphocytes are involved. a similar, but much smaller, expansion in cell numbers occurs after exposure to a comparable dilution of normal chick allantoic fluid. in the control group, this increase in lymph node size is totally prevented by the in vivo depletion of cd4+ t cells whereas there is only a 50% reduction in the viru ...19901692070
single amino acid residues in a synthetic peptide of influenza haemagglutinin, ha 1 177-199, distinguish i-ad- and i-ed-restricted t-cell epitopes.a majority of iad-restricted, cd4+ t-cell clones, derived from balb/c mice infected with x31 (h3n2) influenza virus and specific for the ha 1 subunit of the viral haemagglutinin (ha), has previously been shown to recognize the synthetic peptide ha 1 177-199, corresponding to the primary amino acid sequence of a major antibody binding site. here it is demonstrated that both i-ad- and i-ed-restricted t-cell clones recognize ha 1 177-199, and that inter- and intra-allelic differences in iad-restric ...19901693908
[the ts phenotype of reisolates from children inoculated with live cold-adapted influenza vaccine type a].using mutants of fowl plague virus (frv) which have single temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in some genes, an analysis was carried out on reisolates from children of 3-6 years, vaccinated with a monovaccine from recombinant strains of influenza type a virus. the recombinants were obtained by crossing of current epidemic strains of subtypes a (hini) and a (h3n2) with the cold-adapted (xa) ts-donor of attenuation a/leningrad/134/47/57 (h2n2) from which they, as a rule, inherited 5 ts-mutations ...19901697128
[various approaches to designing the functionally active determinants as illustrated by the influenza virus a(h3n2) hemagglutinin].hexapeptide lys-gly-pro-asp-ser-gly analogous to the immunodominant fragment 141-146 of the epitope a of the influenza virus a(h3n2) hemagglutinin is synthesized. conjugated with thyroglobulin and hemocyanine, the hexapeptide induced formation of highly specific antibodies with heterolytic properties in cba mice. antihexapeptide antibodies interact not only with the homologous antigen but also with hemagglutinin and influenza virus. choice of the hexapeptide sequence is discussed.19901700716
distinct glycoprotein inhibitors of influenza a virus in different animal sera.normal horse and guinea pig sera contain the glycoprotein inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin, which inhibits the infectivity and hemagglutinating activity of influenza a viruses of the h2 and h3 subtypes. in the current study, the presence of inhibitors of influenza a virus in pig and rabbit sera was investigated. variants of influenza virus type a/los angeles/2/87(h3n2) that were resistant to horse, pig, or rabbit serum were isolated. analysis of the variant viruses with anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mo ...19911702161
conservation of epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies against the separated subunits of influenza hemagglutinin among type a viruses of the same and different subtypes.monoclonal antibodies raised against the separated hemagglutinin subunits (ha1 and ha2) of influenza a/vic/3/75 (h3n2) virus were tested against a large panel of human and avian strains. the epitopes recognized by most antibodies were conserved among subtype h3 viruses, but reactivity of some antibodies with members of other subtypes was also observed. particularly, the h4 virus reacted with most antibodies directed against the ha2 subunit. these results are discussed in terms of sequence simila ...19911705790
[differences in the structure of the hemagglutinin gene in variants of the influenza a (h3n2) virus, differing in immunogenic activity]. 19901706067
[comparative study of parenteral and oral immunization against influenza in a large clinical trial. 2. results of immunologic studies].in a multicentric trial 350 persons (19-24 years) were immunized with influenza vaccines containing the following virus antigens: a/singapore/6/86, (h1n1); a/mississippi/1/85, (h3n2); b/ann arbor/1/86. 174 received an i.m. injection of 0.5 ml "influmun" vaccine from ssw dresden/gdr. 176 persons were immunized twice within 60 days with enteric-wated capsules each containing approximately 60 micrograms hemagglutinin of all three virus strains. the volunteers were clinically observed in an interval ...19901706903
inhibition of influenza a virus hemagglutinin and induction of interferon by synthetic sialylated glycoconjugates.multivalent forms of neoglycoproteins and polyacrylamides containing sialic acid were prepared and shown to be potent inhibitors of influenza a virus (h3n2) hemagglutinin with chick red blood cells. the synthetic sialylated glycoconjugates, although they were neuraminidase substrates, did not suppress viral neuraminidase and did not reduce infectivities in chick embryos. the copolyacrylamide conjugate containing a spacer group of approximately 11 a (1 a = 0.1 nm) between the polymer backbone and ...19911711409
[the heterogeneity of an influenza virus a population due to differences at individual hemagglutinin h3 sites].using monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein of various influenza virus strains, the populations of long-passaged strain a/hong kong/1/68 and of recently isolated strain a/sparrow/ukraine/83 belonging to the h3n2 serovariant were shown to have subpopulations of virions differing in the structure of antigenic sites of hemagglutinin and in nucleoprotein domain which correlated with the degree of electrostatic interaction of virions with an ion-exchanger. the results of the study ...19911715627
studies on the adaptation of influenza virus replicated at low temperature. iii. biochemical studies.five strains of influenza viruses a(h3n2) replicated at low temperature passaged in cotton rats were reisolated. the properties of these strains replicated at low temperature were compared before and after passage in susceptible animals to check the stability of some its markers. at the same time original viruses replicated at 37 degrees c--which are different in epidemiological potency--were compared. the following parameters being tested: na activity, ha titers, heat inactivation na and ha, mi ...19901715640
use of monoclonal anti-haemagglutinin antibodies for the "in vitro" selection of a sequential influenza virus antigenic variant.a sequential antigenic variant of the a/texas/77 (h3n2) influenza virus was obtained in vitro using a monoclonal antibody against the haemagglutinin (ha) of the antigenic variant v18 previously selected in vitro from the parental texas virus. the sequential antigenic variant, designated dv1, the v18 antigenic variant and the parental a/texas/77 viruses were used to evaluate the frequency of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies in human sera in single radial haemolysis assays. twenty six of 100 childre ...19911717311
[new sites in the hemagglutinin composition of epidemic variants of the influenza virus a (h3n2) from 1989-1990].immunological analysis of the antigenic structure of hemagglutinin of newly isolated variants of influenza (h3n2) virus carried out using monoclonal and monospecific antibodies to individual antigenic sites of hemagglutinin showed the 1989-1990 isolates to be markedly different in their antigenic properties from the variants isolated in previous years. sites with new antigenic properties were determined in hemagglutinin of the isolates. wide variability was found in the region of three immunodom ...19911725076
in situ detection of autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cells induced by influenza virus infection.in situ immunocytochemical-staining methods combined with computer-aided image analysis were employed to examine autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cell expansion in vivo. autoanti-idiotype antibody-forming cells were demonstrated in the spleens of c57bl/6j (b6) strain mice intranasally infected with the influenza virus a/hong kong/168/(h3n2)[r] x-31. autoanti-idiotype b cells were detected and elevated in spleen tissues after secondary influenza infections compared to normal b6 mice, and were s ...19921728964
effect of rimantadine on the immune response to influenza a infections.the effects of rimantadine on lymphocyte responses to mitogens con-a and pha, natural killer cell activity, and the development of serum and local antibodies were studied during an epidemic outbreak of influenza a (h3n2). twenty-three families consisting of 38 adults and 46 children had a member who developed a flu-like illness and were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rimantadine either as treatment or post exposure prophylaxis. nasal washings for virus isolation and igg and iga determin ...19911885945
a novel particulate influenza vaccine induces long-term and broad-based immunity in mice after oral immunization.the immunogenicity of a novel particulate oral influenza vaccine was examined in terms of antibody response and protection in mice. oral immunization with chicken erythrocytes (crbc) adsorbed with gamma-irradiated influenza a virus induced high levels of immunoglobulin g antibodies and protection in the lung compared with gamma-irradiated virus administered alone or crbc. immunoglobulin a antibodies were the predominant antibodies in nasal washings, and their presence did not correlate with prot ...19921731094
rapid detection of type a influenza viruses with monoclonal antibodies to the m protein (m1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the m protein (m1) were used in the development of direct detection systems for type a influenza viruses in clinical specimens. optimal detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was achieved when mabs were used as capture antibodies and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used as sandwich antibodies. detection by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay required amplification of the virus. direct detection in clinical specimens (nasopharyngeal aspirates) was ac ...19911774253
[a comparative study of the inoculation properties of live recombinant and inactivated influenza vaccines made from strain a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2) in 8- to 15-year-old children].this study was carried out to compare reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines prepared from influenza a/philippines/2/82-like virus strains. schoolchildren of a boarding school of moscow were randomly divided into three groups: (1) vaccinated with a live attenuated vaccine, (2) vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine, and (3) given placebo. both vaccines were well tolerated by the children, with practically no severe general or loc ...19911803766
cross-protection against influenza virus infection afforded by trivalent inactivated vaccines inoculated intranasally with cholera toxin b subunit.cross-protection against influenza virus infection was examined in mice, immunized intranasally with a nasal site-restricted volume of inactivated vaccines together with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) as an adjuvant. the mice were challenged with either a small or a large volume of mouse-adapted virus suspension, each of which gave virgin mice either a predominant upper or lower respiratory tract infection. a single dose of a monovalent influenza a h3n2 virus vaccine with ctb provided complete cr ...19921634780
influenza--united states, 1989-90 and 1990-91 seasons.during the 1989-90 influenza season, 98% of all influenza viruses isolated in the united states and reported to cdc were influenza a. almost all those that were antigenically characterized were similar to influenza a/shanghai/11/87(h3n2), a component of the 1989-90 influenza vaccine. regional and widespread influenza activity began to be reported in late december 1989, peaked in mid-january 1990, and declined rapidly through early april 1990. most of the outbreaks reported to cdc were among nurs ...19921635548
the iga and subclass igg responses and protection in mice immunised with influenza antigens administered as iscoms, with fca, alh or as infectious virus.comparative studies on the local iga, and circulating igg subclass antibody responses of mice to a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2) influenza virus surface antigens administered with different carrier or delivery systems by the parenteral route, were carried out. the results obtained were compared with the responses observed following live influenza virus infection, and the protection afforded to these animals by these various preparations determined. infection with live virus elicited early and high levels ...19921642561
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