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emergence in ontario, canada, of multiresistant salmonella typhi from south asia. 19921352584
report from an international symposium on typhoid fever. 19921358084
mono- and bi-phasic salmonella typhi: genetic homogeneity and distinguishing characteristics.several lines of evidence indicate a relatively low genetic heterogeneity in the natural salmonella typhi population. however, some s. typhi isolates found in indonesia express, instead of the usual flic-d flagellin gene, a different flagellar gene flic-j. in addition, indonesian strains may have a second flagellar antigen flic-z66. we have previously suggested, on the basis of the flagellar antigen constitution, that s. typhi evolved in an isolated human population in indonesia. in order to tes ...19921360138
[conjugate vaccines against bacterial infections: typhoid fever].capsular polysaccharides have been studied as possible vaccines against infectious diseases. however, they are capable to induce only short-run protection because of their t-independent properties and they would not be protective against infection in high-risk populations. the alternative to face this problem is to develop methods to join covalently the polysaccharide and proteins to both increase the immunogenicity of and to confer the property of t-dependence to this antigen. in order to obtai ...19921377407
suppression of c3h/hej cell activation by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin.earlier studies in our laboratory showed that the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella typhi, which fails to activate b lymphocytes of c3h/hej mice, can suppress proliferation and polyclonal antibody synthesis by these cells when they are stimulated by polyclonal activators. in order to determine what stage of the cell cycle was blocked, resting b cells from c3h/hej spleens were activated by using different mitogens in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of lps and analyzed by flow cytom ...19921379986
multi-drug-resistant salmonella typhi--a need for therapeutic reappraisal.enteric fever caused by salmonella typhi resistant to all the standard first-line antibiotics is emerging as a major problem in developing countries. fifteen such culture-proven cases were treated with ceftriaxone (6), cefotaxime (5) or ciprofloxacin (4). the earliest defervescence occurred with ceftriaxone (mean 3.3 days). clinical cures were obtained with all three drugs with only one child having a relapse. ciprofloxacin, by virtue of its cost and an oral route of administration, is the ideal ...19921381886
protection of mice against salmonella typhimurium with an o-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine.serious infections with salmonellae remain a threat in many human populations. despite extensive study of salmonella infections in animals and clinical experience with killed cellular vaccines, there are no vaccines against serotypes other than salmonella typhi licensed for human use. serum antibodies to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of salmonellae protect mice against invasive infection. in order to render it immunogenic, we have conjugated the o-sp of salmonella typhimurium to carrier p ...19921383154
cholera as a model for research on mucosal immunity and development of oral vaccines.during the past year, the extensive investigational use of a recently developed oral vaccine against cholera has led to significant advances in our understanding of both immunity to cholera and related diarrhoeal diseases, and the mucosal immune response in general after oral immunization. the oral cholera vaccine has been shown to protect, through its cholera toxin b subunit component, against travellers' diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. the elaboration of sensitive new tec ...19921388838
the role of induction of nitric oxide synthesis in the altered responses of jugular veins from endotoxaemic rabbits.1. endotoxaemia is characterized by hypotension, peripheral vasodilatation and a reduced response to vasoconstrictors. clinical studies have indicated that venodilatation contributes to the haemodynamic changes, although there is no direct evidence for abnormal venous reactivity. in the present study, the role of nitric oxide (no) in modifying the responses of rabbit isolated jugular veins was examined in vitro, 4 h after intravenous injection of endotoxin. 2. treatment with endotoxin reduced th ...19921393271
retrospective study to determine the diagnostic value of the widal test in a non-endemic country.the purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of the widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. data were obtained by retrospective analysis of 311 widal requests covering a six-year period. nine cases of typhoid infection were diagnosed culturally. of these, only three patients had samples for serological examination, all giving indicative titres. of the 274 evaluated sera, 26 showed significant agglutinating titres; 23 of them were false positive. these results show that routine ...19921396731
typhoid vi: a less reactogenic vaccine.a typhoid vaccine derived from the purified vi capsular polysaccharide (cps) antigen of salmonella typhi was compared with a heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine in 637 healthy male volunteers. the individuals were placed in three groups: group 1 received two doses of heat-killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine, at an interval of 28 days; group 2 received a single dose of typhoid vi cps vaccine followed after 28 days by water for injection; and group 3 received water for injection on the first occa ...19921397669
occurrence of multi-drug resistant salmonella typhi in calcutta.blood and faecal samples were collected from 122 hospitalised patients of calcútta clinically suspected to have enteric fever, for isolation of s. typhi. it was isolated from 34.4, 4.9 and 4.1 per cent patients by blood culture, stool culture and by both respectively. the in vitro drug susceptibility testing showed that all the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, but were uniformly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and furazolidone. ...19921398805
multidrug resistant salmonella typhi in delhi.in 1990, we isolated 158 strains of salmonella typhi from blood cultures of patients suffering from typhoid fever. seventy nine (50%) of these isolates were found to be simultaneously resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. these strains were also resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline, but sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin and cephalexin. the minimum inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol and trimethoprim for a representative number of these strains were found to b ...19921398852
specific lung mucosal and systemic immune responses after oral immunization of mice with salmonella typhimurium aroa, salmonella typhi ty21a, and invasive escherichia coli expressing recombinant pertussis toxin s1 subunit.pertussis toxin (pt) is considered an essential protective component for incorporation into new generation vaccines against bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. traditionally, antipertussis vaccination has employed an intramuscular route. an alternative to this approach is to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses by oral immunization with live vaccine carrier strains of salmonella spp. or escherichia coli. recombinant s1 subunit of pertussis toxin was expressed ...19921398937
diagnosis of typhoid fever by detection of salmonella typhi antigen in urine.a monoclonal antibody specific for group d salmonella antigen 9 was used in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detecting the antigen in urine specimens collected from patients with clinical typhoid fever in jakarta, indonesia. the elisa had a sensitivity of 95% in identifying patients in whom salmonella typhi was isolated from hemocultures, 73% in patients in whom s. typhi was isolated from stool specimens, and 40% in patients in whom the organism was isolated from bone ma ...19921401030
evaluation of modified passive haemagglutination assay for vi antibody estimation in salmonella typhi infections.a simple passive haemmagglutination assay (pha) was developed to detect vi antibodies, to improve the diagnosis of typhoid fever by small laboratories. the vi capsular antigen of salmonella typhi was extracted by alternate alcohol and acetone precipitation. formalin fixed, sheep red blood cells treated with chromium chloride were sensitised with this vi antigen and antibodies detected and measured by pha. the test had a sensitivity of 83.3% among 30 cases of typhoid fever confirmed by culture. t ...19921401194
typhoid fever and nephrotic syndrome--an unusual association.we report a case of nephrotic syndrome seen in a 9-year-old boy having a significant temporal relationship with culture proven multidrug resistant salmonella typhi infection. such an association is quite unusual and probably has not been reported before.19921404563
pancreatic abscess due to salmonella typhi.isolated involvement of the pancreas in salmonella typhi bacteraemia is rare. a case of pancreatic abscess due to s. typhi is reported which was managed conservatively.19921409199
[study and preparation of vi-pha reagent and its application for detection of salmonella typhi carriers].purified s. typhi vi antigen is sensitized with equal volume of tannic acid treated formalational sheep erythrocytes (srbc) at a final concentration of 1 microgram/ml. the vi-passive hemagglutination assay (vi-pha) diagnostic reagent is developed to detect vi antibodies to s. typhi for the detection of chronic carriers after typhoid fever and the screening s. typhi healthy carriers from food-handlers, which is characterized with high sensitivity, strong specificity and good stability. this vi-ph ...19921413737
susceptibilities of ampicillin-resistant strains of salmonella other than s. typhi to 10 antimicrobial agents.ampicillin-resistant strains of salmonella other than s. typhi constitute a health problem. we tested the antimicrobial susceptibilities to 10 antibiotics of 57 of these strains isolated in a 30-month period. the rates of resistance were as follows: chloramphenicol, 40.3%; tetracycline, 33.3%; gentamicin, 5.3%; co-trimoxazole, 5.3%; nalidixic acid, 1.8%; and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, and ciprofloxacin, 0%. in our experience, there are alternative antibiotic ...19921416869
[immunomodulating action of heteropolysaccharides isolated from camomile flowers].administration of heteropolysaccharides from the camomile flower clusters to rats which failed to perform a physical load (swimming) resulted in stimulation of development of the immune response to srbcs. however, it did not influence development of the immune response to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the rats. a short-term exposure of the swimming animals to high doses of the heteropolysaccharides increased development of the immune response induced by their lipopolysaccharide. a long-term ...19921417336
crystalline lactulose in the therapy of hepatic cirrhosis. evaluation of clinical and immunological parameters. preliminary results.crystalline lactulose (laevolac cristalli, cas 4618-18-2), a pure form of the disaccharide widely employed in the therapy of complications of liver cirrhosis, was administered, after a pharmacological wash-out of 10 days and following a randomized design, to 10 cirrhotic patients for 30 days at the dosage of 60 g/d, while another 10 subjects with similar characteristics received no treatment. besides the parameters usually monitored for the evaluation of liver function and state of hepatic encep ...19921418064
mechanism of the protective immunity against murine typhoid: persistence of salmonella l forms in the liver after immunization with live-cell vaccines.live-cell vaccines of salmonella typhimurium, either a sub-lethal dose of a wild-type (strain lt2) or a high dose of its two-heptose rd1 mutant (strain sl1004), induced acquired resistance to murine typhoid, which remained 180 days after immunization. growth of s. typhimurium as a bacillary form ceased between days 30 and 60 of immunization, but l forms of this bacterium colonized the liver (the mean number of l forms in the liver: 600 l-forming units) even at 180 days post-immunization. in cont ...19921419117
acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by salmonella typhi in a 6-year-old child.a rare case of acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by salmonella typhi in a 6-year-old child is presented. the clinical signs were fulminant, with diffuse peritonitis being suspected. cholecystostomy and i.v. ceftriaxone proved efficacious and the girl was discharged in less than two weeks. the appropriate literature is reviewed.19921420077
an evaluation of the sat in the diagnosis of typhoid.salmonella typhi o and h antibody titres were determined by the standard agglutination test (sat) in 85 patients with bacteriologically proven typhoid, 102 patients with non-typhoidal febrile illnesses (control group 1), and 170 healthy subjects (control group 2). an o antibody titre of 1/120 occurred in 93% of patients with typhoid fever (7% false negatives), and in 17% and 12% control groups 1 and 2 respectively. an h antibody titre of 1/120 was found only in 64% of patients with typhoid (fals ...19921423751
acalculous acute cholecystitis due to salmonella typhi. 19921425079
specificity of monoclonal antibodies binding to the polysaccharide antigens (vi, o9) of salmonella typhi.a panel of monoclonal antibodies were generated against the surface polysaccharide antigens of the cell envelope of salmonella typhi. four clones (igm) were specific for the capsular vi polysaccharide, and one clone (igg3) reacted selectively with the s. typhi lipopolysaccharide in enzyme immunoassay. on the basis of their reactivity pattern and binding affinity, maty-v7 (igm) and maty-o9 (igg3) antibodies were selected for further characterization of their antigenic specificity. in an inhibitio ...19921426999
salmonella typhi meningitis with facial nerve palsy. 19921428142
salmonella typhi meningitis. 19921428144
chloramphenicol resistant s. typhi. 19921428156
isolation of a multiresistant strain of salmonella typhi in italy. 19921428187
inhibition of the salmonella typhi oral vaccine strain, ty21a, by mefloquine and chloroquine. 19921431270
[treatment of typhoid fever with tosufloxacin]. 19921431392
development of trimethoprim-resistance in salmonella typhi during therapy.a typhoid patient was infected with a fully-sensitive, plasmidless strain of salmonella typhi which acquired resistance to kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim during cotrimoxazole therapy. the resistant post-treatment strain harboured 4 plasmids of 62, 4.1, 3.8 and 3.0 md in size. kanamycin-, sulfamethoxazole- and trimethoprim-resistance were borne on a transferable 62 md plasmid which was compatible with groups fi, fime, fii, fiv, h1, h2, b, i1, i2, j, k, m, n, t, x, w and p. sulfameth ...19921437292
an outbreak of typhoid due to multidrug resistant salmonella typhi in pondicherry.an outbreak of typhoid due to multi-drug resistant salmonella typhi is reported from pondicherry, india. while the average prevalence of drug resistant strains in 1980-1988 had been 11.7%, it increased to 52% in 1989-1990. the majority of strains (80.8%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin; 40% were resistant to co-trimoxazole. minimum inhibitory concentrations to 8 antibiotics for 17 representative strains were more than 10-fold greater than those of 13 ...19921440790
multiresistant salmonella typhi infection in cairo. 19921440797
multi-resistant typhoid fever in nepal. 19921440889
[the late appearance of diagnostic titers of specific antibodies in patients with typhoid fever]. 19921441396
effects of sample processing on the measurement of specific intestinal iga immune responses.the effects of techniques commonly used in the collection and processing of human intestinal fluid on the specific secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) response following oral immunization with the live typhoid vaccine salmonella typhi ty21a were examined. it was observed that the failure to adjust specific intestinal anti-typhoid lipopolysaccharide iga antibody titres for total secretory iga resulted in a false-negative detection rate of 19.8% and a false-positive detection rate of 7.4%. furthermo ...19921441735
chloramphenicol resistant salmonella typhi: the cause of recent out-break of enteric fever in calcutta.fifty one strains of salmonella typhi were isolated during the recent outbreak of enteric fever in and around calcutta. forty strains were multidrug resistant including chloramphenicol. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of chloramphenicol was between 200 mcg per ml and 500 mcg per ml. all these strains were sensitive to cephalexine, gentamicin, furazolidine and ciproflexacin. widal test was done in all the cases but the result was inconclusive.19921452239
chloramphenicol vs ciprofloxacin in enteric fever. 19921452543
an outbreak of multidrug resistant typhoid fever in nagpur. 19921452574
drug resistant typhoid fever (drt) 19921452575
effects of antimalarial chemoprophylactic agents on the viability of the ty21a typhoid vaccine strain. 19921457647
experimental study on intradermal antitetanus antityphoid immunization.a new type of concentrated unadsorbed tetanus vaccine was administered in animals by intradermal route, associated or not with typhoid vaccine. the results of the laboratory tests demonstrated that this vaccine is innocuous and produces minimal reactions. a single doses of tetanus vaccine inoculated in guinea pig or rabbit resulted in a relevant titer which increased when the typhoid vaccine was associated. also, in such immunized guinea pigs, a remarkable resistance to tetanic toxin was achieve ...19921457823
bacterial lipopolysaccharide mediates the loss of cd4 from the surface of purified peripheral blood monocytes.in this study we have looked at the effect of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on the surface antigen expression of cultured monocytes. monocytes were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and cultured in the presence or absence of lps. the cultured cells were then stained with anti-mo3, anti-il-2r and anti-cd4 moabs. we have shown that freshly isolated monocytes are il-2r- and mo3-negative and express cd4 in low density. after overnight culture, without lps, the expression of these su ...19921458690
lytic effect of bacillus subtilis elastase on gram-positive and negative bacteria.elastase of b. subtilis 6a caused lysis of freshly grown cells of gram-negative (proteus vulgaris, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi and pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive (b. subtilis) bacteria. heat killed and lyophilised gram-positive and negative bacteria showed higher sensitivity to elastase. both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were lysed maximally by elastase at ph 8.0. at this ph, activity of elastase was maximum in tris-hcl and glycine-naoh buffers followed by tris- ...19921459614
acute glomerulonephritis in multi-drug resistant salmonella typhi infection. 19921459701
the relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of salmonella infections.the relationship between size of the infecting dose and severity of the resulting disease has been investigated for salmonella infections by reanalysis of data within epidemics for 32 outbreaks, and comparing data between outbreaks for 68 typhoid epidemics and 49 food-poisoning outbreaks due to salmonellas. attack rate, incubation period, amount of infected food consumed and type of vehicle are used as proxy measures of infecting dose, while case fatality rates for typhoid and case hospitalizati ...19921468522
a 7-day course of ciprofloxacin for enteric fever.a prospective, open and non-randomised clinical trial using a 7-day short course of oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily was conducted on 25 adult patients with bacteraemic enteric fever. twenty-four patients (96%) were cured and there was one treatment failure. two patients with typhoid fever relapsed 6 weeks after finishing treatment. defervescence of fever was rapid (median: 4 days) and the duration of hospitalisation was short (median: 8 days). both factors resulted in patient satisfaction. ...19921474262
evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of typhoid fever. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration.typhoid fever is an acute febrile illness caused by salmonella typhi. the evidence of blood-borne infection required for study entry includes clinical signs and symptoms plus confirmation of the presence of s. typhi in blood or other tissues or body fluids. the preferred study design is prospective and randomized with an active concurrent control. it is preferred that the investigator or an evaluator be blinded to therapy. in general, treatment should be administered for 2 weeks until it is demo ...19921477235
diagnosis of typhoid fever by two serologic methods. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antilipopolysaccharide of salmonella typhi antibodies and widal test.serum samples from 85 patients with proven typhoid fever, 11 patients with p-typhoidal fever, 101 patients with febrile non-typhoidal, and 130 healthy subjects were tested for immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, and igm antilipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella typhi antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and widal test. the levels of all three classes of immunoglobulin anti-lps of s. typhi were higher in typhoid patients than in healthy or febrile nontyphoidal groups; we selected var ...19921478046
[the vital activities of enterobacteria in an aqueous medium in the absence of sources of organic nutrition].heterotrophic bacteria were found to be capable of proliferation in physiological saline and distilled water. in 1988-1989 experimental studies were made with a view to establish the role of the gaseous phase of atmospheric air and the products of the autolysis of dead bacteria as the sources of organic nutrition. the studies revealed that the complete removal of atmospheric air from vials with bacterial suspension completely stopped the stimulation of reproduction. in vials with a higher concen ...19921481596
[the safety of a new chemical typhoid preparation containing a complex of vi and k antigens in tests of its acute and chronic toxicity].acute and chronic toxicity of a new chemical typhoid preparation containing the complex of surface vi- and k-antigens has been studied. the study has revealed that the preparation, when introduced subcutaneously and intravenously in immunizing doses in a single injection or in multiple injections, produces no toxic effect on the organs and tissues of experimental animals. in experiments of chronic toxicity the microscopic study has shown pronounced hyperplasia of the lymphoid system with enhance ...19921481607
neuropsychiatric manifestations of typhoid fever.various neuropsychiatric syndromes in typhoid fever were seen in nine patients of multiple drug resistant (both in vitro and in vivo) salmonella typhi infection of a total of 270 suspected cases in the last two years. all but one patient received oral norfloxacin (400 mg 12 hourly) for two weeks with complete recovery, while the other patient died. bacteremia and toxemia seem to be the only common factor responsible for neuropsychiatric complications.19921483995
[postendocarditis aneurysm of the right sinus of valsalva: its echographic diagnosis with preoperative angiographic confirmation].the sinus of valsalva aneurysm is a rare complication of bacterial endocarditis in infancy and childhood. this report describes a young man with congenital aortic stenosis and bacterial endocarditis caused by salmonella typhi. bacterial endocarditis in this young man was complicated by the development of an aneurysm of the right sinus of valsalva and a severe aortic regurgitation. two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography proved useful for the initial diagnosis and serial follow-up of this un ...19921486577
[multi-resistant strains of salmonella typhi in spain].most salmonella typhi isolated in spain are susceptible to antibiotics commonly used in its treatment as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. three multiresistant strains have been isolated from different patients the last two years. two phage type m1, biotype xylose tetrationate + strains were isolated from blood of two patients in bembibre (león). one phage type e1a biotype xylose + tetrationate reductase + strain was isolated from blood and faeces of one patient in barcelona. all st ...19921489795
aztreonam compared to chloramphenicol in the treatment of enteric fevers.fifty-seven patients, twenty-six males and thirty-one females, aged 6 to 50 years (mean 12.6 years) with proven salmonella typhi or s. paratyphi a septicaemia, were treated in an open randomized parallel study with either aztreonam or chloramphenicol. aztreonam was given intramuscularly at a level of 50 to 80 mg/kg body weight per dose every 8 h for 7 days to thirty patients. chloramphenicol was given orally in a dose of 50 to 70 mg/kg body weight every 6 h for 12 days to twenty-seven patients. ...19921490435
randomized prospective study comparing two dosage regimens of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of typhoid fever.sixty-two patients with blood culture-proven typhoid fever were randomly assigned to receive either 500 or 750 mg of ciprofloxacin orally, twice daily for 7 days or for two days following defervescence, whichever was greater. thirty-four and 28 patients received 500 mg and 750 mg respectively. strains of salmonella typhi resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were isolated from the blood of 27 patients (43.5%). no resistance to ciprofloxacin was encountered. both regimens we ...19921493986
[bacteremia caused by non-typhoid salmonellas during an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the african adult].infection caused by non-typhous salmonellae during the course of hiv infection is known since 1983. the authors report on 103 bacteremiae of this type found in one year. diagnosis has been based on hemocultures. 86 patients out of 103 were hiv+. all of them were febrile. 67 suffered from digestive disorders, 33 with diarrhoea. splenomegalia was noted in 16 cases and consciousness troubles in 13 cases. at the admission, 8 complications were observed. other infections were associated in 86 cases p ...19921494316
diagnostic value of the widal test for typhoid fever in singapore.a study was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of the widal test in patients with bacteraemic typhoid fever. the widal test was carried out on 25 bacteriologically proven cases of typhoid fever and 50 patients with non-typhoid fever. all the patients with non-typhoid fever had an o agglutinin titre of less than 1:40, while 82% had an h agglutinin titre of less than 1:40. in the patients with typhoid fever, 56% had an o agglutinin titre of greater than or equal to 1:40 and 72% had an h aggl ...19921495127
further consideration of the clonal nature of salmonella typhi: evaluation of molecular and clinical characteristics of strains from indonesia and peru.we examined envelope protein profiles, chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest patterns, and immune responses to envelope proteins for collections of salmonella typhi strains isolated in peru and indonesia. only minor differences in envelope protein patterns were apparent among strains. strains from 7 of 20 indonesian patients had a distinct chromosomal digest pattern compared with patterns of peruvian and other indonesian strains. strains with this pattern carried the gene for the j flagell ...19921500532
[incidence of typhoid fever in our environment. analysis in guipúzcoa].based in 184 cases of typhoid fever bacteriologically demonstrated in the past 14 years (greater than 90% of all cases registered in the whole province), we have observed that, with the exception of some epidemic outbreaks, the disease has been constantly present during all these years, with a higher incidence between august and november. salmonella typhi infected primarily young adults, its distribution being similar to the one among the general population. 49% of cases were males. the estimate ...19921504203
multidrug resistant typhoid fever: therapeutic considerations.forty six blood culture positive cases were studied during the current outbreak of multidrug resistant typhoid fever (mrtf). the present outbreak was caused by e1 phage type and organisms were resistant to all commonly used drugs for the treatment of typhoid fever, viz., chloramphenicol (78%), co-trimoxazole (76%) and ampicillin (68%). treatment failures with chloramphenicol (45.5%) corroborated well with in vitro resistance. no treatment failure was seen with chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone, wh ...19921506095
third generation cephalosporins in multi-drug resistant typhoid fever. 19921506109
influence of pyrogens on the ultrastructure of reticular nuclei and the nucleus magnus of the raphé of the cat medulla oblongata. 19921508332
salmonella typhi cell wall protein showing antigenic similarity to transferrin.antiserum to cell wall proteins of s. typhi showed immunoprecipitin lines of identity with homologous antigen, normal human serum and human transferrin. also, anti-transferrin antibody showed immunoprecipitin band with s. typhi cell wall proteins and agglutinated s. typhi whole cells, but not eschericia coli. it is speculated that transferrin or a transferrin-like protein present in the cell wall may play a role in iron-uptake by s. typhi.19921512033
genetic variation among malaysian isolates of salmonella typhi as detected by ribosomal rna gene restriction patterns.genetic variation among malaysian isolates of salmonella typhi was determined by analysis of ribosomal rna gene restriction patterns. of the 20 isolates analyzed, eight different pattern combinations were detected. the amount of variation observed was also dependent upon the restriction endonuclease used; psti produced more different patterns than did smai. the results suggested that disease activity was due to a number of different clones circulating simultaneously rather than a single strain. ...19921513268
[effects of interferon preparations on the course of salmonella infection (experimental and clinical studies)].the effect of type i interferons on the process of experimental salmonellosis in mice and rabbits, as well as their effect on salmonellosis in patients was studied. it was shown that homologous interferon increased the animal survival rate, activated bactericidal activity of the phagocytic cells and increased elimination of the infectious agents from the host. the complex of the etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment of 32 patients with salmonellosis included human leukocytic interferon, leukinfe ...19921514865
the role of newer antibiotics in gastroenterology.the past decade has seen the introduction of a number of new potent antimicrobial agents, including broad-spectrum beta-lactam compounds such as the ureidopenicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams; combinations of penicillins with inhibitors of beta-lactamase; and the quinolones. most of these agents have excellent activity against enteric gram-negative rods and some are active against anaerobic organisms, the two bacterial groups most likely to be encountered in ...19921516960
common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis.a chronic carrier state of salmonella spp is present in 0.15% of the population, and is believed to be related to the presence of a diseased gallbladder. we present a patient with common bile duct (cbd) stones, whose bile cultures repeatedly indicated salmonella typhi, despite an adequate course of antibiotic treatment. the carrier state was abolished after removal of the cbd stones 4 months later. the chronic carrier state may be related to biofilm formation on the surface of the cbd stones. th ...19921519582
concurrent infection with multiple strains of salmonella typhi. 19921520819
expression of vi antigen in escherichia coli k-12: characterization of viab from citrobacter freundii and identity of viaa with rcsb.the vi antigen in salmonella typhi is stably expressed and may act to protect the strain against the defensive system of the host. citrobacter freundii, not usually a common human pathogen, also expresses the vi antigen but expresses it unstably, exhibiting a reversible transition between the vi+ and vi- states. two widely separated chromosomal regions, viaa and viab, are needed for vi synthesis. escherichia coli k-12 harboring a functional viab plasmid can also express vi antigen, but the clone ...19921522067
experience with vi typhoid capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the u.k.adult volunteers were immunised with a single dose of typhoid vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine. after immunisation, 96% of the 103 subjects seroconverted and 94% had antibody levels above the protective threshold. systemic reactions were uncommon, local reactions were mild and transient.19921522324
crystallization of a type i 3-dehydroquinase from salmonella typhi.crystals have been grown of a type i 3-dehydroquinase from both escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. however, only those from s. typhi diffract to a resolution of 2.3 a on a conventional x-ray source and are suitable for structure determination. the space group has been determined as p2(1)2(1)2 with unit cell dimensions a = 48.01 a, b = 114.29 a, c = 42.87 a. there is one subunit in the asymmetric unit.19921522599
plasmids in salmonella typhi in lima, peru, 1987-1988: epidemiology and lack of association with severity of illness or clinical complications.a prospective study was conducted to better characterize the epidemiology of plasmid-bearing strains of salmonella typhi in an endemic area of lima, peru, and to determine if plasmids were associated with specific manifestations of typhoid fever. of 228 s. typhi isolated from patients at cayetano heredia university hospital in lima during 1987-1988, 76 (33%) contained plasmids. ten different plasmid profiles were identified, with ten distinct plasmids present within these profiles. there was sig ...19921524153
lps activation of bone marrow natural suppressor cells.lipopolysaccharide (lps) from salmonella typhosa was injected into c57b1/6 mice and the effect on bone marrow (bm) natural suppressor (ns) cell activity was examined. it was shown that injection of lps, as low as 0.01 microgram/g body weight, could enhance bm ns activity. the enhanced activity was apparent 24 hr postinjection, and returned to normal by day 5. it was necessary to show that the enhanced suppression displayed characteristics of ns cells. the suppressor cell is thy negative and can ...19921533572
multiresistant salmonella organisms in india. 19921542169
the emergence of multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella typhi in northern natal-kwazulu. 19921542825
endotoxin, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor cause neutrophil-dependent microvascular leakage in postcapillary venules.acute inflammation is characterized mainly by the egress of neutrophils from postcapillary venules and by increased vascular permeability leading to the formation of edema. the microvascular site of increased vascular permeability in local acute inflammatory lesions was investigated after the injection of endotoxin (lps), interleukin-1 (il-1), and tumor necrosis factor (tnf) into the dermis overlying the cremasteric and rectus abdominis muscles of rats. lps caused leakage of colloidal carbon pea ...19921546745
pulmonary manifestations of typhoid fever. two case reports and a review of the literature. 19921555434
[osteomyelitis of the skull as a late complication of a salmonella typhi infection].we present a case with osteomyelitis of the skull caused by salmonella typhi 40 years after infection. determining factors are mentioned.19921563755
indirect measurement of intestinal immune responses to an orally administered attenuated bacterial vaccine.intestinal fluid, saliva, circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl), and serum samples obtained from 81 human adult subjects who had been orally vaccinated with either salmonella typhi ty21a or one of its recombinant derivatives were examined to determine the value of indirect measurements of an antigen-specific intestinal-immunoglobulin a (iga) response. salivary iga failed to provide consistent or correlative responses, and no evidence of a significant relationship was apparent with the i ...19921563793
the vi antigen of salmonella typhi: molecular analysis of the viab locus.strains of salmonella typhi isolated from the blood of patients with typhoid fever invariably express a capsular polysaccharide, termed the vi antigen. vi antigen expression is controlled by two separate chromosomal loci, viaa and viab. the viaa locus is commonly found in enteric bacteria. in contrast, the viab locus appears to be specific to vi-expressing strains of salmonella and citrobacter. here the cloning, expression and analysis of viab determinants from s. typhi ty2 is described. whole-c ...19921564441
comparison of hektoen and salmonella-shigella agar on 6033 stools of human origin submitted for routine isolation of salmonella sp. and shigella sp.from 1989 through 1991, 6033 stool specimens from patients at orleans hospital (france), were cultured for enteric pathogens. hektoen agar (he) was compared with salmonella-shigella agar (ss) after direct streaking and after overnight enrichment in mueller-kauffmann broth. yersinia strains were not computed. seven strains of salmonella serotype typhi were isolated, on both media, and excluded from computations for discussed reasons. out of a total of 9 shigella strains, he isolated 9 and ss isol ...19921570178
safety and immunogenicity of combined rabies and typhoid fever immunization.the prevalence of rabies and typhoid fever in many developing countries poses a serious health hazard to travellers. the development of a combined immunization schedule would be advantageous. a study was performed on 104 adult volunteers using purified vero cell rabies vaccine and typhim vi, a purified capsular polysaccharide, either separately or in combination. no significant difference was observed in immunogenicity or tolerance between the two groups. a 3-year follow-up study is planned.19921574915
[in vivo selection of multiresistant strains of salmonella typhi after amoxicillin treatment]. 19921576200
multidrug-resistant salmonella typhi in haryana in 1989-90.of a total of 730 strains of s. typhi isolated in 1989-90, in the medical college hospital, rohtak (india), 218 isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was up to 3200 micrograms/ml, intermediate for chloramphenicol (200-800 micrograms/ml) and low for tetracycline (50-400 micrograms/ml). a significant observation was prevalence of e1 as the predominant phage type amongst resistant strains ...19921577511
antibiogram, phage types & biotypes of salmonella typhi isolated in nagpur.s. typhi was isolated from 241 patients of pyrexia between july 1990 and march 1991. multiple drug resistance was observed in 220 (91.3%) strains, the commonest pattern of drug resistance being accot (49.4%). predominance of phage type e1 in 196 (81.3%) strains and biotype i in 225 (93.4%) strains was observed. all accot strains belonged to phage type e1 and all strains of phage type e1 belonged to biotype i.19921577512
epidemiology and control of an outbreak of typhoid in a psychiatric institution.an outbreak of typhoid caused by salmonella typhi of the same vi-phage type (d1) and of the same antibiogram was reported in a large psychiatric institution in singapore. a total of 95 (4.8%) of the 1965 inmates were infected, 47 with symptoms and 48 asymptomatic. transmission was through close person-to-person contact and not through contaminated food or water. the source of infection could not be established. the outbreak was brought under control by maintaining a high standard of environmenta ...19921582465
vascular injury by endotoxin: changes in macromolecular transport parameters in rat aortas in vivo.vascular injury can lead to enhanced macromolecular transport into the arterial wall. we previously demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (lps) -induced injury to rat aorta in vivo caused increases in intimal and medial horseradish peroxidase (hrp) accumulation. in the present study, we quantitatively interpret these lps-induced changes in hrp transport parameters. the parameters of interest are the permeability (pl) of the luminal blood-tissue boundary (combination of endothelium and internal el ...19921590461
cholera vaccines.the currently licensed parenteral cholera vaccine has not been a useful public health tool in the control of cholera. building on the knowledge that primary infection offers significant protection against reinfection and that mucosal immunity mediates this protection, several oral cholera vaccines have been developed. these vaccine candidates or future candidates derived using the techniques of molecular biology will no doubt contribute to the control of cholera.19921600389
plasmid mediated multidrug resistance in salmonella typhi.between september 1989 and february 1991, strains of s. typhi showing multiple drug resistance were isolated from blood cultures of patients with typhoid fever. a total of 283 isolates were obtained over a period of 18 months. forty four (11%) of these isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, the first three being drugs currently used in treating typhoid fever. forty of the 44 multi-resistant strains tested showed transfer of resistance 'en block' ...19921601471
multidrug resistant salmonella typhi in calicut, south india.eighty s. typhi strains isolated during the period of one year (july 1989 to june 1990) were tested for susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, kanamycin, cefazolin, furazolidone and ciprofloxacin. determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) by tube dilution method showed that the multiply resistant s. typhi strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin up to a concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml. mic of sulphamethoxazole was found to be 8 ...19921601472
unusual complications in a multidrug resistant salmonella typhi outbreak. 19921601484
multidrug resistant typhoid fever: study of an outbreak in calcutta.of 103 cases of typhoid fever admitted to the pediatric wing of our hospital during the months of august 1989 to april 1990, 82.5% were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxozole. nearly 87% children were in the age group of 3-10 years. fever was present in all and splenomegaly in 90.2% cases. urinary retention during the course of illness was present in 2 cases. the positivity rate of blood culture, bone marrow culture and widal test was 83.7, 100 and 13.5%, respectively. major ...19921601498
[liver abscess caused by salmonella typhi associated with splenic ischemic necrosis and renal vein thrombosis]. 19921602873
chloramphenicol-resistant salmonella typhi from a patient in addis abeba.the clinical history and treatment outcome of a twenty-year old female patient (en) with typhoid fever is presented. laboratory examination showed that the etiological agent was a strain of salmonella typhi which was simultaneously resistant to chloramphenicol (c), streptomycin (s), sulphonamides (su) and tetracycline (t). genetic and molecular analysis of this strain demonstrated that resistance to cssut was encoded in a plasmid which showed a thermosensitive (28 degrees c) transfer to an esche ...19921606945
impairment of immunogenicity of salmonella typhi ty21a due to preexisting cross-reacting intestinal antibodies. 19921607701
clinical acceptability and immunogenicity of cvd 908 salmonella typhi vaccine strain.an attenuated salmonella typhi strain has been sought as an improved oral typhoid vaccine and as a carrier of protective antigens of other pathogens to make hybrid vaccines. ideally, such a strain would be safe and induce protective immune responses after a single oral dose. cvd 908 is a mutant of s. typhi wild-type strain ty2 with recombinant deletions in two genes, aroc and arod. in phase 1 testing to date, this strain has not produced febrile responses or other significant adverse reactions i ...19921609547
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