Publications

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[a critical study of the helminth parasites of the okapi]. 195024537439
[anatomicopathological examination of the okapi, "bambe"; liver modifications due to helminthiasis]. 195024537437
[the eye of the okapi]. 195024537436
[the cerebral indeces of the okapi]. 195024537435
[the okapi as a problem of zoological garden biology]. 195024537434
on a new species of trichuris from okapi. 195514398471
[plants on which the okapi (okapia johnstoni sclat.) feeds]. 195613372400
[observations on okapia johnstoni]. 195613372399
[on information on monodontella giraffae yorke and maplestone 1926 (nematoda,ancylostomatidae), a parasite of the biliary tract of giraffes and okapis (mammalia, giraffidae). 2. description of the ova, larvae and adults]. 196314047086
aspergillosis and mucormycosis in an okapi. a clinical-pathological conference held in the university of bristol on 10th march 1964. 196414280284
[results of fecal examinations in okapis]. 196414221619
microbiological investigations into the deaths of two young okapis (okapia johnstoni sclater). 19674962431
[development and morphology of the brain of giraffidae (okapi and giraffe)]. 19684974924
[the chromosomes of okapia johnstoni (sclater, 1901)]. 19695407707
cowpox in okapis okapia johnstoni at rotterdam zoo. 19715100382
seventy years okapi. okapi johnstoni (sclater, 1901). 19744440605
[further studies on the sinus coronarius cordis, vena cordis media and arcus aortae as well as on the ductus (lig.) botalli in various mammalian hearts].this study supplements earlier works on the topography of the mammalian heart. the material comprises the hearts of 25 species, 12 of which have not been examined previously. the general morphology of the hearts is briefly dealt with. v. cava cranialis sinistra is preserved in phascolomys and macropus. it is presumably present in all ruminantia, where it has been reduced to the sinus coronarius cordis in perissodactyla. a particular emphasis is laid on the fact that the paired a. carotides and a ...1975808440
a method for serological differentation of closely related poxviruses.a two-step gel precipitation reaction with antiserum to vaccinia virus, based on sequential addition of two test viruses was elaborated for differentiation of closely related orthopoxviruses. the appearance of an additional precipitation line indicated differences in the antigenic structure of the viruses compared. differences in the antigenic structure of vaccinia, variola and monkey pox viruses as well as the antigenic identity with cow pox virus of poxviruses isolated from carnivora, elephant ...197661718
carbohydrate in pancreatic ribonucleases.a survey of the presence and compositions of carbohydrate chains attached to pancreatic ribonucleases is given. carbohydrate chains may occur at asparagine residues in asn-x-ser/thr sequences at four exposed sites of the molecule (positions 21, 34, 62 and 76). these sites form part of highly variant sequences in pancreatic ribonucleases with the consequence that the enzymes from very closely related species may differ in the presence or absence of carbohydrate. in a number of ribonucleases asn-x ...19761261555
outbreak of pox disease among carnivora (felidae) and edentata.an outbreak of pox disease in carnivora of the family felidae occurred in the moscow zoo. two forms of the disease were found: (1) fatal, fulminant pulmonary without skin lesions and (2) dermal with rash. the severity of the dermal form varied from subclinical to lethal. the pulmonary form was characterized by pneumonia and exudative pleuritis, and large concentrations of virus were observed in the lungs and exudate. in addition to carnivora of the family felidae, two giant anteaters had a sever ...1977191538
anaesthesia in okapis. 1978755378
international okapi symposium, antwerp, 25-27 august 1977. 1978755377
analysis of the urine of the okapi (okapia johnstoni).the urine of six adult and two juvenile okapis housed in the royal rotterdam zoological and botanical gardens were analysed qualitatively for the presence of protein, glucose, bilirubin, nitrite, blood and ketones and the ph was measured. quantitative analyses were undertaken for osmolality, urea, creatinine and glucose. the results of the analyses were generally unremarkable with the exceptions of ph, glucose and in some cases the urea/creatinine ratios. however, with the exception of the gluco ...19807258039
kidney of a juvenile okapi, okapia johnstoni.the kidney of the okapi is of the medullary crest type and is divided transversely into six lobes by encroachments of cortex into medulla. these lobes are demarcated externally by furrows. the collecting ducts open at the apex of the truncated medullary crest. the pelvis part of the kidney, or pars pelvina renis, is the entire inner medulla and is the only part exposed to the pelvic urine. the pelvis has 10 interlobar vascular eminences and extends peripherally along-side the interlobar vessels ...19817270469
rotavirus-like infection associated with diarrhea in okapi. 19862851576
comparative analysis of the genomes of orthopoxviruses isolated from elephant, rhinoceros, and okapi by restriction enzymes. brief report.orthopoxviruses from different zoo-kept mammalian species including elephas maximus (8 isolates), ceratotherium simum (1 isolate), and okapia johnstoni (2 isolates) were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis of the viral genome. the four enzymes bamhi, mlui, ncoi, and sali were found to be optimal for strain differentiation.19863954598
on the chromosomes of the okapi. okapia johnstoni.the cytogenetic study of the okapi shows 2n = 46 and 2n = 45 respectively. the reduction form 46 to 45 is the result of a robertsonian translocation between autosome 8 and 21. x-chromosomes in the female are identified applying brdu-dye technique.19863495224
implications of the placental structure compatibility for interspecies embryo transfer.comparative histological features of the chorionic villi in placental cotyledons of the common eland (taurotragus oryx ) and bongo (boocercus euryceros ) antelopes and okapi (okapia johnstoni ) and giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis ) were examined. the chorionic villi in both antelope species showed only moderate branching and/or surface corrugation and their cross-sections were polygonal to oval. the close similarity in the structure of cotyledons has been apparently a contributing factor for suc ...198716726356
genomic characterization of a poxvirus isolated from a child.a poxvirus was isolated from a six-year-old girl. the comparative analyses of the genome of this isolate (h-cp-lsax) which were carried out using the restriction endonucleases bamhi, hindiii, kpni, mlui, ncoi, saci, and smai revealed that this isolate is a member of the genus orthopoxvirus. since the girl had never been vaccinated against smallpox, and had close contact to domestic animals, including cats, rabbits and guinea pigs, the genome of h-cp-lsax virus was genetically analysed in compari ...19873614092
assignment of the human prosaposin gene (psap) to 10q22.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. giraffidae, okapi (okapiajohnstoni), and giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis): evidence for ancestral telomeres at the okapi polymorphic rob (4;26) fusion site.the human prosaposin gene (psap) was previously localized to 10q21-->q22 by isotopic in situ hybridization using a human prosaposin cdna as a probe. the present study, using fluorescence in situ hybridization with a mouse genomic prosaposin fragment as probe, confirms the localization of psap and precisely maps it to band 10q22.1.19968641138
differences in the distribution and nature of the interstitial telomeric (ttaggg)n sequences in the chromosomes of the giraffidae, okapai (okapia johnstoni), and giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis): evidence for ancestral telomeres at the okapi polymorphic rob(5;26) fusion site.intrachromosomal telomeric sequences (ttaggg)n were analyzed in the two members of the family giraffidae, the giraffe and the okapi. the giraffe has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 30, whereas the okapi chromosome number varies from 2n = 46 to 2n = 45 and 2n = 44 due to a "recent" robertsonian fusion event. the interstitial telomeres that we detected in these species are of two types: (1) in the okapi, a long interstitial telomeric element is present at the fusion site of the rob(4;26). the ...19968641137
noninvasive reproductive monitoring in the okapi (okapia johnstoni).fecal progestagen analysis in okapis (okapia johnstoni) was used for diagnosis of pregnancy and reproductive disorders, including a comparison of urinary and fecal progestagen analysis and endocrine data on the postpartum period. data were generated on reliability of fecal progestagen analysis in early pregnancy diagnosis, and case reports were compiled involving single animals with missing luteal activity, abortion after twin pregnancy, and abortions due to deficient placental progestagen produ ...199910749434
new light shed on the enigmatic eosinophil granulocyte; a versatile cell of the immune system.eosinophils normally constitute only a few per cent of circulating leukocytes, though they are more numerous in tissues vulnerable to attack by environmental microorganisms. eosinophils can kill invasive parasites, but they also have immunoregulatory functions and may be involved in, for example, the connective tissue remodeling that occurs in conjunction with inflammation. although their effects may be beneficial to the host, for instance in the event of helminthic infestation, they may also ca ...199930720250
a survey assessment of variables related to stereotypy in captive giraffe and okapi.stereotypic behavior has been investigated in a wide variety of animals, but little published information is available on this problem in captive exotic ungulates. a survey was used to gather information on the prevalence of stereotypic behavior in giraffe and okapi and to identify variables associated with these behaviors. of the 71 institutions that received a survey, 69.0% responded. data were reported for 257 individuals, including 214 giraffe (representing five subspecies) and 29 okapi. of ...200111376840
chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy in six okapis (okapia johnstoni).renal tubular atrophy with conical and medullary interstitial fibrosis with severe thickening of the basement membranes of atrophic tubules was found in six okapis (okapia johnstoni). focal glomerular atrophy, probably secondary to ischemic collapse of the glomerular capillary tuft, was also observed. although the etiologies and pathogeneses of these nephropathies are unclear, primary damage of the tubular epithelium appears to be the most likely cause, and toxicity from ingested plant material, ...200112785701
redescriptions of haemonchus mitchelli and haemonchus okapiae (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) and description of a unique synlophe for the haemonchinae.in the course of a revision of haemonchus cobb, 1898 (nematoda), commonly referred to as large stomach worms, significant new morphological information was discovered that allows the recognition of 2 species believed for more than 50 yr to be synonymous. both species, haemonchus mitchelli le roux, 1929, from the eland taurotragus oryx and other african ruminants and h. okapiae van den berghe, 1937, from the okapi okapia johnstoni, have a synlophe of 42 ridges, but the synlophe of h. mitchelli is ...200212435136
molecular and morphological phylogenies of ruminantia and the alternative position of the moschidae.the ruminants constitute the largest group of ungulates, with >190 species, and its distribution is widespread throughout all continents except australia and antarctica. six families are traditionally recognized within the suborder ruminantia: antilocapridae (pronghorns), bovidae (cattle, sheep, and antelopes), cervidae (deer), giraffidae (giraffes and okapis), moschidae (musk deer), and tragulidae (chevrotains). the interrelationships of the families have been an area of controversy among morph ...200312746147
a novel giraffidae-specific interspersed repeat with a microsatellite, originally found in an intron of a ruminant paralogous p97bcnt gene.the ruminant-specific p97bcnt gene (bcntp97) is a paralogous gene that includes a region derived from a retrotransposable element 1 (rte-1). the region comprises an exon (rte-1 exon) encoding 325 amino acids in the middle of the p97bcnt protein. to understand how the bcntp97 paralog evolved, we examined its organization in several ruminants. we found a 700-base pair (bp) insert in the 5' intron of the rte-1 exon in giraffe bcntp97. this insert is missing in the corresponding regions of bovine an ...200415475170
a 12-month survey of the gastro-intestinal helminths of antelopes, gazelles and giraffids kept at two zoos in belgium.faecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastro-intestinal (gi) nematodes of 107 zoo ruminants were monitored at fortnightly intervals for 1 year. the ruminants in this study were kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites of the royal zoological society of antwerp, the antwerp zoo and the animal park planckendael. artiodactylids involved were arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx), scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), bongos (tragelaphus euryceros isaaci), sitatungas (trage ...200415710531
stable isotope ecology in the ituri forest.the ituri forest, democratic republic of congo (formerly zaire) is an example of a closed canopy forest showing extreme depletion in (13)c. delta(13)c values for plants from the canopy top, from gaps in the canopy, and from the subcanopy average -29.0+/-1.7 per thousand, -30.4+/-0.9 per thousand, and -34.0+/-1.5 per thousand, respectively. the delta(13)c of forest mammals show these differences, with the subcanopy browsers (okapi, dwarf antelope) having delta(13)c values for tooth enamel much mo ...200414530961
fluid and particle retention in captive okapi (okapia johnstoni).retention time of food in the digestive tract is among the key variables that describe the digestive strategy of a herbivore. mean retention time (mrt) was measured on 4 captive specimens of the okapi, a strictly browsing ruminant. retention time was quantified on different diets, using co-edta (fluid phase) and cr-mordanted fibres (1-2 mm) (particle phase) as pulse-fed markers. average food intake was 55-65 g dm/(kg bw0.75*d). fecal excretion of the markers was quantified over 10 days. differen ...200515936703
theragenomic knowledge management for individualised safety of drugs, chemicals, pollutants and dietary ingredients.severe adverse drug reactions (adrs) are a major problem in drug development and clinical practice and the most common cause of market withdrawals of drugs. individualised drug safety aims at the prospective identification of single patients who carry genetic predispositions for the development of serious or fatal adrs under drug treatment. for a comprehensive individualised drug safety evaluation a clearly structured organisation, linkage and representation of diverse and heterogeneous, yet rel ...200516863460
morphological evidence of marine adaptations in human kidneys.amongst primates, kidneys normally exhibiting lobulated, multipyramidal, medullas is a unique attribute of the human species. although, kidneys naturally multipyramidal in their medullary morphology are rare in terrestrial mammals, kidneys with lobulated medullas do occur in: elephants, bears, rhinoceroses, bison, cattle, pigs, and the okapi. however, kidneys characterized with multipyramidal medullas are common in aquatic mammals and are nearly universal in marine mammals. to avoid the deleteri ...200616263222
effects of osmopriming on seed germination of canola (brassica napus l.) under salinity stress.canola has good yield and performance in weak and saline soils that other oil crops can not be cultivated in them. performance and production of this crop can be improved by increasing the vigor of its seeds. priming is one of the techniques for enhancing seed vigor under stress condition. pretreatment of seeds in osmotic solutions is called osmopriming, which is used to increase the seed moisture content and speed of germination. in this study, seeds of three varieties of canola (slm046, okapi ...200617390787
glucosuria in captive okapi (okapia johnstoni).eighteen of 38 captive okapi housed in the united states were found glucosuric by dipstick analysis. to confirm these findings, urine glucose concentrations of captive okapi from one collection (n = 10) were analyzed by two methods: urine dipstick analysis and quantitative analysis. seven of these urine samples were positive for glucose by dipstick, with comparable glucose measurements by quantitative analysis. for a presumed normal control, okapi (n = 10) held in captivity within their native h ...200617315431
investigation of seed vigor and germination of canola cultivars under less irrigation in padding stage and after it.the laboratory experiment was a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications during 2005. factors included two irrigation levels (normal irrigation (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from class a pan) and less irrigation in padding stage and after it) and six winter cultivars (licord, okapi, orient, slmo64, zarfam and opera). the seeds used in this experiment produced under less irrigation (moderate drought stress) and they were three months in storage. the seed vigo ...200719090192
excretion patterns of fecal progestagens, androgen and estrogens during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum in okapi (okapia johnstoni).the aim of the present study was to establish a simple method to monitor ovarian activity and non-invasively diagnose pregnancy in okapi (okapia johnstoni). the feces of a female okapi were collected daily or every 3 days for 28 months. steroids in lyophilized feces were extracted with 80% methanol, and the fecal levels of immunoreactive progestagens (progesterone and pregnanediol-glucuronide), androgen (testosterone), and estrogens (estradiol-17beta and estrone) were determined by enzyme immuno ...200717043387
critical period of weed control in winter canola (brassica napus l.) in a semi-arid region.in order to determine the critical period of weed control in winter canola (brassica napus l. cv. okapi) an experiment was carried out at research field of tarbiat modarres university, tehran, iran on 2004-2005 growing season. fourteen experimental treatments which divided into two sets were arranged in randomized complete blocks design with four replications. in the first set, the crop was kept weed-free from emergence time to two-leaf stage (v2), four-leaf stage (v4), six-leaf stage (v6), eigh ...200818819576
urinary corticosteroid excretion patterns in the okapi (okapia johnstoni).stress is known to alter a variety of biological processes, including behavior and reproduction. it is therefore important to understand the stress levels of animals in captivity, especially those for whom captive breeding is a priority, such as the okapi. levels of stress hormones can be measured from samples collected noninvasively, such as urine or feces, which are preferable with nondomestic species for whom drawing blood might in itself be a considerable stressor. to understand the excretio ...200819360632
investigation of aural bacterial and fungal flora following otitis in captive okapi (okapia johnstoni).ten cases of otitis in nine captive okapi were observed at a captive zoological institution. duration of clinical signs ranged from 3 days to 7 months. two individuals each had a recurrence. a variety of fungi and bacteria were isolated from the aural canals of healthy okapi and their environments. numerous different bacterial and fungal pathogens were cultured. surveys investigating the occurrence of ear disease and related environmental factors from 15 other institutions that house okapi revea ...200818336426
cross-species chromosome painting in cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages.recent molecular and morphological studies place artiodactyla and cetacea into the order cetartiodactyla. within the cetartiodactyla such families as bovidae, cervidae, and suidae are well studied by comparative chromosome painting, but many taxa that are crucial for understanding cetartiodactyl phylogeny remain poorly studied. here we present the genome-wide comparative maps of five cetartiodactyl species obtained by chromosome painting with human and dromedary paint probes from four taxa: ceta ...200919350402
monodontella giraffae infection in wild-caught southern giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis giraffa).postmortem examination of seven wild-caught southern giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) from namibia demonstrated focal discoloration, biliary thickening, and peribiliary fibrosis affecting mainly the left liver lobe. the giraffes were infected with monodontella giraffae, previously associated with lethal infections in captive okapis (okapia johnstoni) and giraffes. contrary to this, all seven giraffes investigated in the present study were clinically healthy. based on these findings, it ...200919901403
bottom-up effect of different host plants on plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae): a life-table study on canola.the effects of 10 commercial canola, brassica napus l., cultivars widely grown in iran--'slm(046),' 'opera,' 'okapi,' 'rgs(003),' 'modena,' 'sarigol,' 'zarfam,' 'licord,' 'hayula(420),' and 'talaye'--on the demographic parameters of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera-plutellidae), were determined. the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 25 +/- 1 degrees c, 65 +/- 2% rh, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d) h. the comparison of intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)) ...201021309221
on the query reformulation technique for effective medline document retrieval.improving the retrieval accuracy of medline documents is still a challenging issue due to low retrieval precision. focusing on a query expansion technique based on pseudo-relevance feedback (prf), this paper addresses the problem by systematically examining the effects of expansion term selection and adjustment of the term weights of the expanded query using a set of medline test documents called ohsumed. implementing a baseline information retrieval system based on the okapi bm25 retrieval mode ...201020394839
a long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases.in order to investigate differences in the relative maximum longevity and other life history parameter between ruminant species, we collated data on mean body mass, maximum longevity, gestation period and newborn mass in wild ruminant and camelid species. among ruminants, giraffids (giraffe giraffa camelopardalis and okapi okapia johnstoni) have particularly high longevities, long gestation periods, and low intrauterine growth rates. a particularly high absolute and relative longevity is also ac ...201122045457
Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo--the case of the Okapi Reserve.Human conflict generally has substantial negative impacts on wildlife and conservation. The recent civil war (1995-2006) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resulted in a significant loss of wildlife, including elephants, due to institutional collapse, lawlessness and unbridled exploitation of natural resources such as minerals, wood, ivory and bushmeat. We used data from distance sampling surveys conducted before and after the war in a protected forest, the Okapi Faunal Reserve, to docume ...201122096529
repeated anaesthesia in an okapi (okapia johnstoni). 201222716085
evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) using demographic parameters.the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is one of the most important pests on a wide range of crops worldwide. the antibiotic resistance of 10 canola cultivars ('sarigol', 'hayula420', 'opera', 'okapi', 'modena', 'rgs003', 'zarfam', 'licord', 'talaye', and 'slm046') to h. arimgera was evaluated using demographic parameters including life table, reproduction, development, and adult longevity. larval period ranged from 18.8 to 16.1 d on hayula420 and rgs003, res ...201223356084
changes in the milk composition of okapi (okapia johnstoni) during the first 6 months of lactation.we collected 17 milk samples at 1 day to 6 months post partum from one captive okapi (okapia johnstoni). milks were examined for nutrient composition, including water, fat, crude protein, carbohydrates, ash and five minerals. the average values of the concentrations were 79.2 ± 3.0% sd water, 8.5 ± 3.4% fat, 7.5 ± 1.1% crude protein, 3.6 ± 0.6% carbohydrate, 1.2 ± 0.1% ash, 263.7 ± 47.3 mg/100 g calcium, 183.0 ± 40.0 mg/100 g phosphorus, 95.2 ± 17.6 mg/100 g sodium, 74.4 ± 34.3 mg/100 g potassiu ...201222515695
analysis of glycosuria in okapi (okapia johnstoni): examination of urinary n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase.we analyzed the urinary excretion of glucose and n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (nag) in six okapis (okapia johnstoni) in captivity to investigate the cause of their urinary sugar excretion. the urinary glucose-positive okapi had significantly higher urinary nag indices than the urinary glucose-negative okapi. there was also a positive correlation between urinary glucose levels and urinary nag indices. these results suggest that the proximal tubular function of the glycosuric okapi may have been o ...201424841561
the spectral transmission of ocular media suggests ultraviolet sensitivity is widespread among mammals.although ultraviolet (uv) sensitivity is widespread among animals it is considered rare in mammals, being restricted to the few species that have a visual pigment maximally sensitive (λmax) below 400 nm. however, even animals without such a pigment will be uv-sensitive if they have ocular media that transmit these wavelengths, as all visual pigments absorb significant amounts of uv if the energy level is sufficient. although it is known that lenses of diurnal sciurid rodents, tree shrews and pri ...201424552839
mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between angolan and south african giraffe along a cryptic rift valley.the current taxonomy of the african giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) is primarily based on pelage pattern and geographic distribution, and nine subspecies are currently recognized. although genetic studies have been conducted, their resolution is low, mainly due to limited sampling. detailed knowledge about the genetic variation and phylogeography of the south african giraffe (g. c. giraffa) and the angolan giraffe (g. c. angolensis) is lacking. we investigate genetic variation among giraffe mat ...201425927851
distinct and diverse: range-wide phylogeography reveals ancient lineages and high genetic variation in the endangered okapi (okapia johnstoni).the okapi is an endangered, evolutionarily distinctive even-toed ungulate classified within the giraffidae family that is endemic to the democratic republic of congo. the okapi is currently under major anthropogenic threat, yet to date nothing is known about its genetic structure and evolutionary history, information important for conservation management given the species' current plight. the distribution of the okapi, being confined to the congo basin and yet spanning the congo river, also make ...201425007188
long-term assessment of glucosuria in captive okapi (okapia johnstoni) after a dietary change.glucosuria in okapis (okapia johnstoni) was first documented in 1980, yet the etiology remains unclear. in august 2006, an attempt to lower glucosuria in captive okapi by diet modification (omitting all fruit and adding unmolassed beet pulp) was started at the antwerp zoo. to study the possible relationship between glucosuria and diet, stress, and/or pregnancy, four okapis were monitored over a period of 4.5 yr. one animal, born in 2006, became glucosuric near the age of three. three okapis were ...201425314831
the binucleate cell of okapi and giraffe placenta shows distinctive glycosylation compared with other ruminants: a lectin histochemical study.the placenta of ruminants contains characteristic binucleate cells (bnc) with a highly conserved glycan structure which evolved early in ruminant phylogenesis. giraffe and okapi placentae also contain these cells and it is not known whether they have a similar glycan array. we have used lectin histochemistry to examine the glycosylation of these cells in these species and compare them with bovine bnc which have a typical ruminant glycan composition. two placentae, mid and near term, from giraffe ...201525527317
immunocytochemistry of the placentas of giraffe (giraffa cameleopardalis giraffa) and okapi (okapi johnstoni): comparison with other ruminants.the trophoblast binucleate cell [bnc] is central to the structure and function of all ruminant placentas so far investigated. the giraffidae are considered to form a separate family within the ruminant suborder.201525465705
seasonal acclimatization determined by non-invasive measurements of coat insulation.seasonal acclimatization in terrestrial mammals in the northern hemisphere involves changes in coat insulation. it is more economical to provide increased insulation than increased heat production for protection against the cold. this study was done to test a technique for the non-invasive measurement of mammal coat insulation and to measure coat insulation over several seasons on captive exotics. the working hypothesis was that species that have no coat or have a coat that does not change seaso ...201526087320
diagnosis and medical and surgical management of chronic infectious fibrinous pleuritis in an okapi (okapia johnstoni).a 10-yr-old female okapi (okapia johnstoni) at the san diego zoo safari park was evaluated for intermittent malaise, inappetence, occasional cough, abdominal splinting, and licking at both flanks. physical examination revealed tachypnea, tachycardia, and fluid sounds on thoracic auscultation. transthoracic ultrasound showed multiple uniform, anechoic filled structures in the right and left pleural space. surgical exploration of the thoracic cavity revealed bilateral, mature, fibrous, compartment ...201526056911
the cervical anatomy of samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid.giraffidae are represented by many extinct species. the only two extant taxa possess diametrically contrasting cervical morphology, as the okapi is short-necked and the giraffe is exceptionally long-necked. samotherium major, known from the late miocene of samos in greece and other eurasian localities, is a key extinct giraffid; it possesses cervical vertebrae that are intermediate in the evolutionary elongation of the neck. we describe detailed anatomical features of the cervicals of s. major, ...201526716010
the cervical osteology of okapia johnstoni and giraffa camelopardalis.giraffidae is the only family of ruminants that is represented by two extant species; okapia johnstoni and giraffa camelopardalis. of these taxa, o. johnstoni represents a typical short-necked ungulate, and g. camelopardalis exemplifies the most extreme cervical elongation seen in any ruminant. we utilize these two species to provide a comprehensive anatomic description of the cervical vertebrae. in addition, we compare the serial morphologic characteristics of the okapi and giraffe cervical ver ...201526302156
fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the giraffa camelopardalis neck.several evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain the adaptation of the long giraffe neck; however, few studies examine the fossil cervical vertebrae. we incorporate extinct giraffids, and the okapi and giraffe cervical vertebral specimens in a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy and elongation of the neck. we establish and evaluate 20 character states that relate to general, cranial and caudal vertebral lengthening, and calculate a length-to-width ratio to measure the relative slend ...201526587249
a multi-institutional assessment of factors influencing locomotion and pacing in captive okapis (okapia johnstoni).the okapi (okapia johnstoni), native to the democratic republic of congo, is a large, solitary, and diurnal forest-dwelling ungulate highly sensitive to captive conditions. the captive population demonstrates persistent health problems, reproductive abnormalities, and several potentially abnormal repetitive behaviors. this study reports on locomotion and pacing in adult male and female okapis. commonly, data on repetitive behavior have been derived from surveys. although insightful, the results ...201526440496
a study on the specifications of cold pressed colza oil.cold pressed oil extraction is the preferred method for seeds with high contents of oil, such as colza. generally speaking, expeller pressing is less complex, more cost efficient and safer than solvent extraction. moreover, cold pressed oils retain their natural properties better. cold pressed colza oil has been found to have numerous health benefits. this was an original and unique study conducted as part of the research for the international codex standard for cold pressed fats and oils, and a ...201526043928
on reconstructing giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the siwalik hills, india.giraffa sivalensis occurred during the plio-pleistocene period and probably represents the terminal species of the genus in southern asia. the holotype is an almost perfectly preserved cervical vertebra of disputed anatomical location. although there is also uncertainty regarding this animal's size, other specimens that have been assigned to this species include fragments of two humeri, a radius, metacarpi and teeth. here we estimate neck length, leg length and body mass using interspecific and, ...201526290791
astragalar morphology of selected giraffidae.the artiodactyl astragalus has been modified to exhibit two trochleae, creating a double pullied structure allowing for significant dorso-plantar motion, and limited mediolateral motion. the astragalus structure is partly influenced by environmental substrates, and correspondingly, morphometric studies can yield paleohabitat information. the present study establishes terminology and describes detailed morphological features on giraffid astragali. each giraffid astragalus exhibits a unique combin ...201627028515
giraffe stature and neck elongation: vigilance as an evolutionary mechanism.giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), with their long neck and legs, are unique amongst mammals. how these features evolved is a matter of conjecture. the two leading ideas are the high browse and the sexual-selection hypotheses. while both explain many of the characteristics and the behaviour of giraffe, neither is fully supported by the available evidence. the extended viewing horizon afforded by increased height and a need to maintain horizon vigilance, as a mechanism favouring the evolution of i ...201627626454
giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology.the origins of giraffe's imposing stature and associated cardiovascular adaptations are unknown. okapi, which lacks these unique features, is giraffe's closest relative and provides a useful comparison, to identify genetic variation underlying giraffe's long neck and cardiovascular system. the genomes of giraffe and okapi were sequenced, and through comparative analyses genes and pathways were identified that exhibit unique genetic changes and likely contribute to giraffe's unique features. some ...201627187213
quantitative macroscopic anatomy of the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) digestive tract.quantitative data on digestive anatomy of the world's largest ruminant, the giraffe, are scarce. data were collected from a total of 25 wild-caught and 13 zoo-housed giraffes. anatomical measures were quantified by dimension, area or weight and analysed by allometric regression. the majority of measures scaled positively and isometrically to body mass. giraffes had lower tissue weight of all stomach compartments and longer large intestinal length than cattle. when compared to other ruminants, th ...201627593556
diversity of the subspecies bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.strains of bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis are well-known health-promoting probiotics used commercially. b. animalis subsp. lactis has been isolated from different sources, and little is known about animal isolates of this taxon. the aim of this study was to examine the genotypic and phenotypic diversity between b. animalis subsp. lactis strains different animal hosts including cameroon sheep, barbary sheep, okapi, mouflon, german shepard) and to compare to bb12, food isolates and the col ...201728108391
evolution of toll-like receptors in the context of terrestrial ungulates and cetaceans diversification.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are the frontline actors in the innate immune response to various pathogens and are expected to be targets of natural selection in species adapted to habitats with contrasting pathogen burdens. the recent publication of genome sequences of giraffe and okapi together afforded the opportunity to examine the evolution of selected tlrs in broad range of terrestrial ungulates and cetaceans during their complex habitat diversification. through direct sequence comparisons and ...201728209121
glycosylation and immunocytochemistry of binucleate cells in pronghorn (antilocapra americana, antilocapridae) show features of both giraffidae and bovidae.although the pronghorn (antilocapra americana) resembles an antelope, its nearest relatives are the giraffe and okapi. in this study we have examined the placentae of 6 pronghorns using lectin- and immunocytochemistry to identify giraffid and bovid features. binucleate cells (bnc) of the placenta exhibited features intermediate between those of the giraffe and bovine; dolichos biflorus agglutinin binding - strong in the bovine bnc and absent in the giraffe - was evident in only a subpopulation o ...201728864014
evolutionary analysis of vision genes identifies potential drivers of visual differences between giraffe and okapi.the capacity of visually oriented species to perceive and respond to visual signal is integral to their evolutionary success. giraffes are closely related to okapi, but the two species have broad range of phenotypic differences including their visual capacities. vision studies rank giraffe's visual acuity higher than all other artiodactyls despite sharing similar vision ecological determinants with many of them. the extent to which the giraffe's unique visual capacity and its difference with oka ...201728396824
congestive heart failure associated with pregnancy in okapi (okapia johnstoni).acute signs associated with cardiovascular disease occurred in three pregnant okapi ( okapia johnstoni ) during early to midgestation and progressed to congestive heart failure. congestive heart failure was diagnosed antemortem using echocardiography and plasma cardiac troponin levels. clinical signs included decreased activity, hyporexia, tachypnea, dyspnea, flared nostrils, and productive coughing with copious amounts of foamy nasal discharge. parenteral and oral treatment with furosemide, ena ...201728363066
[clinical presentation of cowpox virus infection in south american camelids - a review].cowpox virus (cpxv) infection is a reportable and potentially zoonotic disease that occurs sporadically in a variety of animals. during the past six decades, cpxv infection has been extensively researched and described in both domestic (cat, dog, horse, cattle) and zoo animals (e. g. elephant, rhinoceros, okapi). of note, a review of the literature produced only three reports of cpxv in individual or small groups of south american camelids. the goal of this review was to describe the current kno ...201829536472
detection and characterization of okapi (okapia johnstoni)-specific papillomavirus type 1 (ojpv1).papillomavirus-specific dna was detected in skin lesions collected from an okapi (okapia johnstoni) in the zoo basel. according to the nucleotide sequence analysis, the virus belongs to the genus deltapapillomavirus. based on bioinformatics analysis, we propose to designate the newly identified virus as okapia johnstoni papillomavirus type 1 (ojpv1). ojpv1 is genetically most closely related to a recently described giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) -specific papillomavirus (gcpv1). of note, the p ...201830173736
heterosexual oral and anal sex in kinshasa (d.r.congo): data from okapi prospective cohort.sexually transmitted infections can be spread through oral and anal heterosexual sex. there are few data on these practices in sub-saharan africa. we analyzed the prevalence of heterosexual oral and anal sex among hiv voluntary counseling and testing (vct) attendees in kinshasa and the associated sociodemographics, perceptions and behavioral factors.201930650137
hidden species diversity in marcusenius moorii (teleostei: mormyridae) from the congo basin.new collections from the yangambi biosphere reserve (ybr) and okapi wildlife reserve (owr) revealed the presence of two groups of specimens similar to, but different from marcusenius moorii. to study both these groups, an integrated morphological and genetic (mtdna, cytb) approach was used. this study revealed that one of the two groups is conspecific with marcusenius lambouri, a junior synonym of m. moorii, which is herein revalidated, with m. moorii longulus as its junior synonym. marcusenius ...202031820447
the genome of the endangered dryas monkey provides new insights into the evolutionary history of the vervets.genomic data can be a powerful tool for inferring ecology, behavior, and conservation needs of highly elusive species, particularly, when other sources of information are hard to come by. here, we focus on the dryas monkey (cercopithecus dryas), an endangered primate endemic to the congo basin with cryptic behavior and possibly <250 remaining adult individuals. using whole-genome sequencing data, we show that the dryas monkey represents a sister lineage to the vervets (chlorocebus sp.) and has d ...202031529046
studies on trueperella pyogenes isolated from an okapi (okapia johnstoni) and a royal python (python regius).the present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically two trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from an okapi (okapia johnstoni) and a royal python (python regius).202032795301
dual triggered correspondence topic (dtct) model for mesh annotation.accurate medical subject headings (mesh) annotation is an important issue for researchers in terms of effective information retrieval and knowledge discovery in the biomedical literature. we have developed a powerful dual triggered correspondence topic(dtct) model for mesh annotated articles. in our model, two types of data are assumed to be generated by the same latent topic factors and words in abstracts and titles serve as descriptions of the other type, mesh terms. our model allows the gener ...202032790634
design, implementation and evaluation of an emotional education program: effects on academic performance.background: in recent decades, the amount of research on social and emotional learning programs in schools has increased significantly, showing a great number of positive student outcomes, including greater ability to perceive, understand and manage emotions, better attitudes about self and others, less aggressive and/or disruptive behavior, higher levels of psychological well-being and improvement in academic performance among others. the purpose of this research was the design and implementati ...202032547459
comparative study of the eyelids and orbital glands morphology in the okapi (okapia johnstoni, giraffidae), père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus, cervidae) and the philippine mouse-deer (tragulus nigricans, tragulidae).the accessory organs of the eye represent part of the protective system of the eyeball. in the present study, an examination of the accessory organs of the eye of three species of captive ruminants was performed using light microscopy. in the okapi, the superficial gland of the third eyelid and lacrimal gland were complex branched multilobar tubular glands formed by mucous units with tubular secretory portions and no plasma cells. the deep gland of the third eyelid was absent in the okapi and pr ...202031271442
growth-promoting bacteria and natural regulators mitigate salt toxicity and improve rapeseed plant performance.salinity is a major environmental stress that limits plant production and portraits a critical challenge to food security in the world. in this research, the impacts of plant growth-promoting bacteria (pseudomonas rs-198 and azospirillum brasilense rs-sp7) and foliar application of plant hormones (salicylic acid 1 mm and jasmonic acid 0.5 mm) on alleviating the harmful effects of salt stress in rapeseed plants (brassica napus cv. okapi) were examined under greenhouse condition. salt stress dimin ...202032100101
repeated use of a thiafentanil-based anesthesia protocol in an okapi (okapia johnstoni).seven anesthesia events were performed over 6 wk on a 1.5-yr-old female okapi (okapia johnstoni) being managed for a fetlock injury. a combination of butorphanol (b) (median; range) (0.045; 0.031-0.046 mg/kg), medetomidine (m) (0.037; 0.031-0.037 mg/kg), ketamine (k) (0.553; 0.536-1.071 mg/kg), and thiafentanil (t) (0.0045; 0.0040-0.0046 mg/kg) was administered in a padded stall. one dart containing all drugs was used for the first two anesthesias. subsequently, bm was administered 10 min prior ...202031926534
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