| immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species. | tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ... | 2015 | 26313460 |
| incrimination of phlebotomus kandelakii and phlebotomus balcanicus as vectors of leishmania infantum in tbilisi, georgia. | a survey of potential vector sand flies was conducted in the neighboring suburban communities of vake and mtatsminda districts in an active focus of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in tbilisi, georgia. using light and sticky-paper traps, 1,266 male and 1,179 female sand flies were collected during 2006-2008. five phlebotomus species of three subgenera were collected: phlebotomus balcanicus theodor and phlebotomus halepensis theodor of the subgenus adlerius; phlebotomus kandelakii shchurenkova and ph ... | 2012 | 22509422 |
| proceedings of the ix international symposium on phlebotomine sandflies (isops ix), reims, france, june 28th-july 1st, 2016. | | 2016 | 27677701 |
| limits of a rapid identification of common mediterranean sandflies using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. | a total of 131 phlebotomine algerian sandflies have been processed in the present study. they belong to the species phlebotomus bergeroti, phlebotomus alexandri, phlebotomus sergenti, phlebotomus chabaudi, phlebotomus riouxi, phlebotomus perniciosus, phlebotomus longicuspis, phlebotomus perfiliewi, phlebotomus ariasi, phlebotomus chadlii, sergentomyia fallax, sergentomyia minuta, sergentomyia antennata, sergentomyia schwetzi, sergentomyia clydei, sergentomyia christophersi and grassomyia dreyfus ... | 2014 | 24936911 |
| phlebotomus (legeromyia) multihamatus subg. nov., sp. nov. from gabon (diptera: psychodidae). | during a research project aimed at the study of the culicinae fauna of gabon and carried out in the national park of la lopé, we captured an unknown sandfly male specimen (genus phlebotomus) by cdc miniature light trap belonging to a new species for science. furthermore, the originality of his genitalia does not allow us to include this species in one of the existing subgenus, thus in this paper we propose the creation of a new subgenus, as phlebotomus (legeromyia) multihamatus sp. nov., subg. n ... | 0 | 24141965 |
| epidemiological study on sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, bushehr city, southwestern iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most important health problem in the city of bushehr, southwestern iran. the objective of the study was to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in the city during 2010-2011. sand flies were collected monthly from outdoors and indoors by sticky traps at four selected districts of the city. they were also dissected and examined by nested-pcr for identification of the parasite during august-september of 2011. a total of 1234 adult sand flies were collected ... | 2015 | 25699245 |
| ecology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sinai: linking parasites, vectors and hosts. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a neglected clinical form of public health importance that is quite prevalent in the northern and eastern parts of egypt. a comprehensive study over seven years (january 2005-december 2011) was conducted to track cl transmission with respect to both sandfly vectors and animal reservoirs. the study identified six sandfly species collected from different districts in north sinai: phlebotomus papatasi, phlebotomus kazeruni, phlebotomus sergenti, phlebotomus alexandri ... | 2014 | 24821060 |
| monthly activity of phlebotominae sand flies in sistan-baluchistan province, southeast iran. | the monthly activity of sand flies, which are vectors of leishmaniasis, was studied from may to october 1997 in three regions (plains, mountainous, coastal) of the sistan-bluchistan province using sticky paper traps. in each village, three houses were selected. 30 sticky traps were installed indoors (bedroom, guestroom, toilet, bathroom) and 30 were installed outdoors (rodent burrows, wall cracks). in total, 8,558 and 1,596 sand fly specimens were collected and identified from outdoors and indoo ... | 0 | 24784790 |
| distribution, fauna and seasonal variation of sandflies, simultaneous detection of nuclear internal transcribed spacer ribosomal dna gene of leishmania major in rhombomys opimus and phlebotomus papatasi, in natanz district in central part of iran. | zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) due to leishmania major is increasing in many parts of iran. this disease originally is a disease found in gerbils. leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandflies that live and breed in gerbil burrows. nested pcr amplified leishmania its1-5.8s rrna gene in both main reservoir host "rhombomys opimus" and in the "phlebotomus papatasi" main vector of zcl, in iran. population differentiation and seasonal variation of sandflies were analyzed at a microgeograp ... | 0 | 22801285 |
| sand-fly saliva-leishmania-man: the trigger trio. | leishmaniases are worldwide diseases transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand-fly. sand-fly biting and parasite inoculation are accompanied by the injection of salivary molecules, whose immunomodulatory properties are actively being studied. this mini review focuses on how the interactions between sand-fly saliva and the immune system may shape the outcome of infection, given its immunomodulatory properties, in experimental models and in the endemic area. additionally, ... | 2013 | 24312093 |
| a preliminary study on the insect fauna of al-baha province, saudi arabia, with descriptions of two new species. | a preliminary study was carried out on the insect fauna of al-baha province, south-western part of saudi arabia. a total number of 582 species and subspecies (few identified only to the genus level) belonging to 129 families and representing 17 orders were recorded. two of these species are described as new, namely: monomorium sarawatensis sharaf & aldawood, sp. n. [formicidae, hymenoptera] and anthrax alruqibi el-hawagry sp. n. [bombyliidae, diptera]. another eight species are recorded for the ... | 2013 | 23794807 |
| maldi-tof ms as an innovative tool for detection of plasmodium parasites in anopheles mosquitoes. | malaria is still a major public health issue worldwide, and one of the best approaches to fight the disease remains vector control. the current methods for mosquito identification include morphological methods that are generally time-consuming and require expertise, and molecular methods that require laboratory facilities with relatively expensive running costs. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) technology, routinely used for bacterial id ... | 2017 | 28049524 |
| molecular detection of leishmania dna and identification of blood meals in wild caught phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) from southern portugal. | zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum which is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies (diptera, psychodidae) is endemic in the mediterranean basin. the main objectives of this study were to (i) detect leishmania dna and (ii) identify blood meal sources in wild caught female sand flies in the zoonotic leishmaniasis region of algarve, portugal/southwestern europe. | 2015 | 25889732 |
| field evaluation of two different treatment approaches and their ability to control fleas and prevent canine leishmaniosis in a highly endemic area. | this study investigated the efficacy of two collars for the treatment and prevention of flea infestations. additionally the effect of these collars on the incidence of leishmania infantum infection as compared with a group of vaccinated dogs was evaluated. a total of 224 young dogs from private animal shelters were enrolled in april/may into four groups: g1, 55 dogs treated with 10% imidacloprid + 4.5% flumethrin collar (seresto, bayer animal health); g2, 60 dogs treated with 4% deltamethrin col ... | 2016 | 27632527 |
| lipophosphoglycans from leishmania amazonensis strains display immunomodulatory properties via tlr4 and do not affect sand fly infection. | the immunomodulatory properties of lipophosphoglycans (lpg) from new world species of leishmania have been assessed in leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis, the causative agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. this glycoconjugate is highly polymorphic among species with variation in sugars that branch off the conserved gal(β1,4)man(α1)-po4 backbone of repeat units. here, the immunomodulatory activity of lpgs from leishmania amazonensis, the causative agent of di ... | 2016 | 27508930 |
| spatial patterns and secular trends in human leishmaniasis incidence in morocco between 2003 and 2013. | few studies on spatial patterns or secular trends in human leishmanias have been conducted in morocco. this study aimed to examine spatial patterns and trends associated with the human leishmaniasis incidence rate (hlir) at the province/prefecture level between 2003 and 2013 in morocco. | 2016 | 27164836 |
| species composition of sand flies and bionomics of phlebotomus papatasi and p. sergenti (diptera: psychodidae) in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic foci, morocco. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in morocco. leishmania major and l. tropica are the main culprits identified in all endemic foci across the country. these two etiological agents are transmitted by phlebotomus papatasi and p. sergenti, the two most prevalent sand fly species in morocco. previous studies reflected gaps of knowledge regarding the environmental fingerprints that affect the distribution of these two potential vectors across morocco. | 2016 | 26830689 |
| kinetics of anti-phlebotomus perniciosus saliva antibodies in experimentally bitten mice and rabbits. | sand flies are hematophagous arthropods that act as vectors of leishmania parasites. when hosts are bitten they develop cellular and humoral responses against sand fly saliva. a positive correlation has been observed between the number of bites and antibody levels indicating that anti-saliva antibody response can be used as marker of exposure to sand flies. little is known about kinetics of antibodies against phlebotomus perniciosus salivary gland homogenate (sgh) or recombinant salivary protein ... | 2015 | 26569103 |
| toscana virus isolated from sandflies, morocco. | to investigate the transmission of phleboviruses, a total of 7,057 sandflies were collected in well-known foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis and were identified to species level according to morphological characters.collected sandflies were tested by nested pcr for the presence of phleboviruses and subsequently by viral isolation on vero cells. the corresponding products were sequenced. toscana virus was isolated, for the first time, from 5 pools of sandflies.hence, toscana virus should be consider ... | 2015 | 25886511 |
| leishmaniasis in central morocco: seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly in aichoun locality, from sefrou province. | cutaneous leishmaniases (cl) are endemic in morocco. they are common in the human population in different localities such as aichoun in sefrou province, morocco. this study was carried out in aichoun locality from april to october 2012 in order to study the spatiotemporal trends of the main leishmania phlebotomine vectors in this focus. overall, 1171 sand flies, belonging to four species, were collected by sticky traps. phlebotomus sergenti was the predominant species (78.4%) followed by ph. per ... | 2015 | 25741448 |
| phlebovirus and leishmania detection in sandflies from eastern thrace and northern cyprus. | phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of several pathogens with significant impact for public health. this study was conducted to investigate and characterize phlebovirus and leishmania infections in vector sandflies collected in the eastern thrace region in turkey and northern cyprus, where previous data indicate activity of these agents. | 2014 | 25499083 |
| persistence of phlebotomine leishmania vectors in urban sites of catania (sicily, italy). | pioneering research on "mediterranean kala-azar" carried out by adler and theodor early in the past century (~1930s) had identified catania city (sicily) as a major focus of the disease nowadays known as zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl). despite the fact that disease in both humans and dogs has continued to be highly prevalent in the catania province up to the present times, research on leishmania vectors in this urban focus dates back to that distant period. this study aimed to evaluate the ... | 2014 | 25487039 |
| morphological keys for the identification of italian phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). | phlebotomine sand flies are small blood-feeding insects of great medical and veterinary significance. their identification relies basically on the microscopic examination of key morphological characters. therefore, identification keys are fundamental to any researcher dealing with these insects. the italian fauna of phlebotomine sand flies consists of eight species (phlebotomus perniciosus, phlebotomus perfiliewi, phlebotomus ariasi, phlebotomus neglectus, phlebotomus papatasi, phlebotomus masci ... | 2014 | 25323537 |
| efficacy of a slow-release imidacloprid (10%)/flumethrin (4.5%) collar for the prevention of canine leishmaniosis. | the efficacy of a slow-release insecticidal and repellent collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin (seresto, bayer animal health) in preventing leishmania infantum infection was evaluated in a large population of dogs living in a hyper-endemic area of sicily (italy). | 2014 | 25023573 |
| identification of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. | phlebotomine sand flies are incriminated in the transmission of several human and veterinary pathogens. to elucidate their role as vectors, proper species identification is crucial. since traditional morphological determination is based on minute and often dubious characteristics on their head and genitalia, which require certain expertise and may be damaged in the field-collected material, there is a demand for rapid, simple and cost-effective molecular approaches. | 2014 | 24423215 |
| recombinant antigens from phlebotomus perniciosus saliva as markers of canine exposure to visceral leishmaniases vector. | phlebotomus perniciosus is the main vector in the western mediterranean area of the protozoan parasite leishmania infantum, the causative agent of canine and human visceral leishmaniases. infected dogs serve as a reservoir of the disease, and therefore measuring the exposure of dogs to sand fly bites is important for estimating the risk of l. infantum transmission. in bitten hosts, sand fly saliva elicits a specific antibody response that reflects the intensity of sand fly exposure. as screening ... | 2014 | 24392167 |
| molecular and immunogenic properties of apyrase sp01b and d7-related sp04 recombinant salivary proteins of phlebotomus perniciosus from madrid, spain. | sand fly salivary proteins are on the spotlight to become vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis and to markers of exposure to sand fly bites due to the host immune responses they elicit. working with the whole salivary homogenate entails serious drawbacks such as the need for maintaining sand fly colonies and the laborious task of glands dissection. in order to overcome these difficulties, producing recombinant proteins of different vectors has become a major task. in this study, a cdna libra ... | 2013 | 24171166 |
| leishmania infection and host-blood feeding preferences of phlebotomine sandflies and canine leishmaniasis in an endemic european area, the algarve region in portugal. | the algarve region (ar) in southern portugal, which is an international tourist destination, has been considered an endemic region of zoonotic leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum since the 1980s. in the present study, phlebotomine and canine surveys were conducted to identify sandfly blood meal sources and to update the occurrence of leishmania infection in vectors and dogs. four sandfly species were captured: phlebotomus perniciosus, phlebotomus ariasi, phlebotomus sergenti and sergento ... | 0 | 23827997 |
| seroepidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in évora (southern portugal): 20-year trends. | canine leishmaniosis (canl) is an endemic zoonosis in the southern regions of europe. this paper reports the trend in canl seroprevalence in the municipality of évora (southern portugal), where the disease is endemic, over a period of 20 years. the work comprises three different studies that were conducted in the years of 1990 (n = 3,614), 1999 (n = 3,563) and 2010 (n = 1,485 dogs). blood samples were collected during the anti-rabies vaccination campaigns. anti-leishmania antibodies were detecte ... | 2013 | 23587181 |
| updating the salivary gland transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi (tunisian strain): the search for sand fly-secreted immunogenic proteins for humans. | sand fly saliva plays an important role in both blood feeding and outcome of leishmania infection. a cellular immune response against a phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein was shown to protect rodents against leishmania major infection. in humans, p. papatasi salivary proteins induce a systemic cellular immune response as well as a specific antisaliva humoral immune response, making these salivary proteins attractive targets as markers of exposure for this leishmania vector. surprisingly, the ... | 2012 | 23139741 |
| salivary gland transcriptomes and proteomes of phlebotomus tobbi and phlebotomus sergenti, vectors of leishmaniasis. | phlebotomus tobbi is a vector of leishmania infantum, and p. sergenti is a vector of leishmania tropica. le. infantum and le. tropica typically cause visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, but le. infantum strains transmitted by p. tobbi can cause cutaneous disease. to better understand the components and possible implications of sand fly saliva in leishmaniasis, the transcriptomes of the salivary glands (sgs) of these two sand fly species were sequenced, characterized and compared. | 2012 | 22629480 |
| the role of leishmania proteophosphoglycans in sand fly transmission and infection of the mammalian host. | leishmania are transmitted by the bite of their sand fly vector and this has a significant influence on the virulence of the resulting infection. from our studies into the interaction between parasite, vector, and host we have uncovered an important missing ingredient during leishmania transmission. leishmania actively adapt their sand fly hosts into efficient vectors by secreting promastigote secretory gel (psg), a proteophosphoglycan (ppg)-rich, mucin-like gel which accumulates in sand fly gut ... | 2012 | 22754550 |
| faunal distribution and seasonal bio-ecology of naturally infected sand flies in a new endemic zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of southern iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major health problem in iran in spite of implementation of control program. this infectious disease caused morbidity in less than 27000 people in 2010. this study was set to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in fasa district, fars province, southern iran during 2011-2012. | 2016 | 28032108 |
| molecular diversity between salivary proteins from new world and old world sand flies with emphasis on bichromomyia olmeca, the sand fly vector of leishmania mexicana in mesoamerica. | sand fly saliva has been shown to have proteins with potent biological activities, salivary proteins that can be used as biomarkers of vector exposure, and salivary proteins that are candidate vaccines against different forms of leishmaniasis. sand fly salivary gland transcriptomic approach has contributed significantly to the identification and characterization of many of these salivary proteins from important leishmania vectors; however, sand fly vectors in some regions of the world are still ... | 2016 | 27409591 |
| recent advances in phlebotomine sand fly research related to leishmaniasis control. | phlebotomine sand flies are the subject of much research because of the role of their females as the only proven natural vectors of leishmania species, the parasitic protozoans that are the causative agents of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. activity in this field was highlighted by the eighth international symposium on phlebotomine sand flies (isops) held in september 2014, which prompted this review focusing on vector control. topics reviewed include: taxonomy and phylogenetics, ... | 2015 | 25885217 |
| genetic dynamics in the sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes: evidence for vector adaptation at the border of iran with iraq. | our investigation uses nucleotide variations of the genera phlebotomus and sergentomyia using the ef-1α and cyt b genotype regions to describe the sand fly fauna and genetic aspects collected at war-torn sites of the khuzestan boundary between iraq and iran. | 2016 | 27260204 |
| a comparison between the effects of glucantime, topical trichloroacetic acid 50% plus glucantime, and fractional carbon dioxide laser plus glucantime on cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. | background. cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in iran. pentavalent antimonial drugs have been the first line of therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis for many years. however, the cure rate of these agents is still not favorable. this study was carried out to compare the efficacies of intralesional glucantime with topical trichloroacetic acid 50% (tca 50%) + glucantime and fractional carbon dioxide laser + glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. methods. a total of 90 pat ... | 2016 | 27148363 |
| identification of algerian field-caught phlebotomine sand fly vectors by maldi-tof ms. | phlebotomine sand flies are known to transmit leishmania parasites, bacteria and viruses that affect humans and animals in many countries worldwide. precise sand fly identification is essential to prevent phlebotomine-borne diseases. over the past two decades, progress in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has emerged as an accurate tool for arthropod identification. the objective of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of m ... | 2016 | 26771833 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in the central provinces of hama and edlib in syria: vector identification and parasite typing. | cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by sand fly bites. this disease is highly prevalent in syria where leishmania major and leishmania tropica are the known aetiological agents. in 2011, more than 58,000 cases were reported in the country by the ministry of health. the central region of the country harbors 20 % of the reported cases. however, the epidemiology of the disease in this area is not well understood. an epidemiological survey was conducted in 2010 to identity the circulati ... | 2015 | 26459055 |
| isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of adana virus, a novel phlebovirus belonging to the salehabad virus complex, in turkey. | a new phlebovirus, adana virus, was isolated from a pool of phlebotomus spp. (diptera; psychodidae) in the province of adana, in the mediterranean region of turkey. genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences indicated that adana virus belongs to the salehabad virus species of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. adana virus is the third virus of the salehabad virus species for which the complete sequence has been determined. to understand the epidemiology of adan ... | 2015 | 25653443 |
| severity of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is influenced by previous exposure to sandfly bites in saudi arabia. | the sandfly phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of leishmania major, the main causative agent of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in saudi arabia. sandflies inject saliva while feeding and the salivary protein ppsp32 was previously shown to be a biomarker for bite exposure. here we used recombinant ppsp32 to evaluate human exposure to ph. papatasi bites, and study the association between antibody response to saliva and cl in endemic areas in saudi arabia. | 2015 | 25646796 |
| identification of leishmania species by kinetoplast dna-polymerase chain reaction for the first time in khaf district, khorasan-e-razavi province, iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is an endemic parasitic skin disease in many parts of iran including khorasan province. both clinical forms of the disease, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) are present in this province. however, leishmaniasis molecular map is determined in four cities of khorasan, but several foci still are remained unknown. | 0 | 25709953 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania major and leishmania tropica in morocco: comparative epidemioclinical aspects of 268 cases]. | | 2014 | 25810796 |
| entomological study of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) in asalouyeh, the heartland of an iranian petrochemical industry. | to investigate the fauna and seasonal activity of different species of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) in asalouyeh, the heartland of an iranian petrochemical industry, southern iran, as a oil rich district. sand flies are the vectors of at least three different kinds of disease, the most important of which is leishmaniasis, and it is a major public health problem in iran with increased annual occurrence of clinical episodes. | 0 | 25183089 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in north africa: a review. | in north african countries, cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission has been increasing since the 1980s, with a significant increase in the incidence of cases and a spread of the geographical distribution. the disease currently represents a major public health problem with a productivity gap and an impediment for development, which results in dramatic socioeconomic and psycho-sanitary impacts. the incidence is more than thousands of cases every year in algeria, libya, morocco, and tunisia. in egypt ... | 2014 | 24626301 |
| field evaluation of alphacypermethrin in indoor residual spraying for leishmaniasis control in an endemic area, northern morocco. | in morocco, the main strategies of leishmaniasis vector control are based on environmental modifications. use of local residual indoor spraying with synthetic pyrethroids is often envisaged. the need to evaluate this control method is essential. the current study was conducted to determine the efficacy of an alphacypermethrin irs program against leishmaniasis vectors in an endemic area in the north of morocco. | 2013 | 24330760 |
| a newly emerged cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in northern israel and two new reservoir hosts of leishmania major. | in 2006/7, 18 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) were reported for the first time from sde eliyahu (pop. 650), a village in the beit she'an valley of israel. between 2007-2011, a further 88 cl cases were diagnosed bringing the total to 106 (16.3% of the population of sde eliyahu). the majority of cases resided in the south-western part of the village along the perimeter fence. the causative parasite was identified as leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor, 1914 (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae ... | 2013 | 23437408 |
| the development of leishmania turanica in sand flies and competition with l. major. | in central asian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases, mixed infections of leishmania turanica and l. major have been found in a reservoir host (the great gerbil, rhombomys opimus) as well as in the sand fly vector phlebotomus papatasi, but hybrids between these two leishmania species have never been reported. in addition, the role of sand fly species other than p. papatasi in l. turanica circulation is not clear. | 2012 | 23031344 |
| natural infection of north african gundi (ctenodactylus gundi) by leishmania tropica in the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, southeast tunisia. | north african gundis (ctenodactylus gundi) were trapped in the leishmania (l.) tropica focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, situated in southeast tunisia and evaluated for leishmania infection by real-time kinetoplast dna polymerase chain reaction (pcr). species identification was performed by internal transcribed spacer one (its1)-pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis of the 7sl rna gene. real-time pcr on blood was positive in 6 of 13 (46.2% ... | 0 | 22665601 |
| insecticide susceptibility status of phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) sergenti and phlebotomus (phlebotomus) papatasi in endemic foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in morocco. | in morocco, cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by phlebotomus sergenti and ph. papatasi. vector control is mainly based on environmental management but indoor residual spraying with synthetic pyrethroids is applied in many foci of leishmania tropica. however, the levels and distribution of sandfly susceptibility to insecticides currently used has not been studied yet. hence, this study was undertaken to establish the susceptibility status of ph. sergenti and ph. papatasi to lambdacyhalothrin ... | 2012 | 22429776 |
| neglected tropical diseases of the middle east and north africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. | the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) are highly endemic but patchily distributed among the 20 countries and almost 400 million people of the middle east and north africa (mena) region, and disproportionately affect an estimated 65 million people living on less than us$2 per day. egypt has the largest number of people living in poverty of any mena nation, while yemen has the highest prevalence of people living in poverty. these two nations stand out for having suffered the highest rates of many ... | 2012 | 22389729 |
| sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major has become a hot topic in iran. the objective of this study was to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in the study area. | 2010 | 22808384 |
| risk mapping and situational analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of central iran: a gis-based survey. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is among the top 10 infectious disease priorities in the world, and the leading cause of morbidity in iran. the present study was conducted to assess the risk of cl, and to determine some epidemiological features of the disease in endemic areas of qom province in central iran during 2009 to 2013. | 2016 | 27574805 |
| distribution and dispersal of phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) in a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, the northern negev, israel. | zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis has long been endemic in israel. in recent years reported incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis increased and endemic transmission is being observed in a growing number of communities in regions previously considered free of the disease. here we report the results of an intensive sand fly study carried out in a new endemic focus of leishmania major. the main objective was to establish a method and to generate a data set to determine the exposure risk, sand fly pop ... | 2016 | 27427959 |
| molecular diagnosis and identification of leishmania species in jordan from saved dry samples. | diagnosis of the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in jordan relies on patient clinical presentation and microscopic identification. studies toward improved identification of the causative leishmania species, especially in regions where multiple species exist, and the introduction of these techniques into medical diagnosis is paramount. this study looked at the current epidemiology of cl in jordan. clinically diagnosed 41 patients with cl were tested for the presence of leishmania parasite us ... | 2016 | 27403435 |
| molecular detection and identification of leishmania infection in naturally infected sand flies in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern morocco. | cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by various species of the flagellate protozoan leishmania. during the past 20 years, cutaneous leishmaniasis has emerged as a major public health threat in morocco. the main objective of this study was to study the occurrence of leishmania infection in vectors and to identify sand fly blood meal sources in an endemic locality of cutaneous leishmaniasis within sefrou province, where the vectors of leishmaniasis were still unknown. | 2014 | 24990497 |
| effectiveness and cost of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying for the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a cluster-randomized control trial in morocco. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) remains an important public health problem in morocco. a cluster-randomized trial was conducted with the following three study arms: 1) long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) plus standard of care environmental management (soc-em), 2) indoor residual spraying (irs) with α-cypermethrin plus soc-em, and 3) soc-em alone. incidence of new cl cases by passive and active case detection, sandfly abundance, and cost and cost-effectiveness was compared between study ar ... | 2016 | 26811431 |
| phlebotomus sergenti in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in azilal province (high atlas, morocco): molecular detection and genotyping of leishmania tropica, and feeding behavior. | phlebotomus (paraphlebotomus) sergenti is at least one of the confirmed vectors for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania tropica and distributed widely in morocco. this form of leishmaniasis is considered largely as anthroponotic, although dogs were found infected with leishmania tropica, suggestive of zoonosis in some rural areas. | 2015 | 25826399 |
| the development of psychodiella sergenti (apicomplexa: eugregarinorida) in phlebotomus sergenti (diptera: psychodidae). | psychodiella sergenti is a recently described specific pathogen of the sand fly phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of leishmania tropica. the aim of this study was to examine the life cycle of ps. sergenti in various developmental stages of the sand fly host. the microscopical methods used include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy of native preparations and histological sections stained with periodic acid-schiff reaction. psychodiella sergenti ... | 2012 | 22313575 |
| new epidemiological aspects of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in taza, morocco. | leishmaniasis is considered among the main endemic diseases in morocco. however, further knowledge about epidemiological aspects of this disease is needed in several provinces to plan control and preventive strategies to tackle the disease. the present study aims to determine the epidemiological aspect of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in taza province from 2007-2014 and to identify the circulating species in this province. | 2016 | 27899126 |
| its2-rdna sequence variation of phlebotomus sergenti s.l. (dip: psychodidae) populations in iran. | phlebotomus sergenti s.l. is considered the most likely vector of leishmania tropica in iran. although two morphotypes- p. sergenti sergenti (a) and p. sergenti similis (b)-have been formally described, further morphological and a molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (mtdna-coi) gene revealed inconsistencies and suggests that the variation between the morphotypes is intraspecific and the morphotypes might be identical species. | 2016 | 28032098 |
| sensitivity analysis and optimal control of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmania. | this paper is focused on the transmission dynamics and optimal control of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmania. the threshold condition r0 for initial transmission of infection is obtained by next generation method. biological sense of the threshold condition is investigated and discussed in detail. the sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number is presented and the most sensitive parameters are high lighted. on the basis of sensitivity analysis, some control strategies are introduced in the ... | 2016 | 27505634 |
| old world cutaneous leishmaniasis and refugee crises in the middle east and north africa. | | 2016 | 27227772 |
| comparison of leishmania killicki (syn. l. tropica) and leishmania tropica population structure in maghreb by microsatellite typing. | leishmania (l.) killicki (syn. l. tropica), which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in maghreb, was recently described in this region and identified as a subpopulation of l. tropica. the present genetic analysis was conducted to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of l. killicki (syn. l. tropica) and its transmission dynamics. to better understand the evolution of this parasite, its population structure was then compared with that of l. tropica populations from morocco. in total 198 samples in ... | 2015 | 26645812 |
| the development of leishmania tropica in sand flies (diptera: psychodidae): a comparison of colonies differing in geographical origin and a gregarine coinfection. | phlebotomus sergenti parrot, 1917 is the main vector of leishmania tropica; however, its broad geographical range and molecular heterogeneity suggest possible variability in vector competence. we infected laboratory-reared p. sergenti originating from turkey and israel to compare their susceptibility to l. tropica. in both tested groups, heavy late-stage infections with the presence of metacyclic forms and colonization of the stomodeal valve were observed. the similar development of leishmania i ... | 2015 | 26336272 |
| epidemiological changes in leishmaniasis in spain according to hospitalization-based records, 1997-2011: raising awareness towards leishmaniasis in non-hiv patients. | in spain, leishmania infantum is endemic, human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occurring both in the peninsula, as well as in the balearic islands. we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of leishmaniasis patients and the changes in the disease evolution after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in 1997. in this descriptive study, we used spanish centralized hospital discharge database for the hospitalized leishmaniasis cases between 1997 and 2011. we included in the ... | 2015 | 25756785 |
| a comprehensive review of cutaneous leishmaniasis in kerman province, southeastern iran-narrative review article. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) remains a serious public health concern in kerman province, eastern iran. this study was aimed to conduct a comprehensive review and highlights various aspects of cl in the province of kerman. | 0 | 25905072 |
| the severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after the earthquake in bam, southeastern iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a major disease with significant public health concerns in iran. the objective of this study was to compare the severity of cl among the patients before and after the earthquake in the city and suburbs of bam, southeastern iran. this study was carried out as a descriptive-analytical manner by house-to-house visits in 2010 in bam, southeastern kerman province of iran, where a massive earthquake has recently occurred. overall, 1,481 individuals were selected as a cl ... | 2014 | 26688645 |
| epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in georgia. | this study investigated the transmission and prevalence of leishmania parasite infection of humans in two foci of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in georgia, the well known focus in tbilisi in the east, and in kutaisi, a new focus in the west of the country. the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was investigated in order to understand the zoonotic transmission. blood samples of 1575 dogs (stray and pet) and 77 wild canids were tested for vl by kalazar detect rk39 rapid diagnostic tests. three d ... | 2014 | 24603768 |
| rapid healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis by high-frequency electrocauterization and hydrogel wound care with or without dac n-055: a randomized controlled phase iia trial in kabul. | anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) due to leishmania (l.) tropica infection is a chronic, frequently disfiguring skin disease with limited therapeutic options. in endemic countries healing of ulcerative lesions is often delayed by bacterial and/or fungal infections. here, we studied a novel therapeutic concept to prevent superinfections, accelerate wound closure, and improve the cosmetic outcome of acl. | 2014 | 24551257 |
| development of assays using hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase gene sequences that distinguish strains of leishmania tropica from different zymodemes and microsatellite clusters and their application to palestinian foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | palestinian strains of l.tropica characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) fall into two zymodemes, either mon-137 or mon-307. | 2013 | 24086789 |
| molecular epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the focus of bushehr city, southwestern iran. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) represents the most frequent vector borne parasitoses in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological features of cl including human infection and the reservoir host in the city of bushehr, bushehr province, iran during 2010-2011. | 2013 | 24409436 |
| detection and molecular typing of leishmania tropica from phlebotomus sergenti and lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an emerging focus of morocco. | cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus leishmania. in morocco, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania tropica is considered as a public health problem, but its epidemiology has not been fully elucidated. the main objective of this study was to detect leishmania infection in the vector, phlebotomus sergenti and in human skin samples, in the el hanchane locality, an emerging focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central morocco. | 2013 | 23890256 |
| the emergence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis following the earthquake in southern villages of bam district, southeastern iran, 2010. | the objective of this study was to assess the epidemiological characteristics of a new emerging focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in southern villages of bam district, southeastern iran, 2010. | 2013 | 23785690 |
| breeding sites of phlebotomus sergenti, the sand fly vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the judean desert. | phlebotomine sand flies transmit leishmania, phlebo-viruses and bartonella to humans. a prominent gap in our knowledge of sand fly biology remains the ecology of their immature stages. sand flies, unlike mosquitoes do not breed in water and only small numbers of larvae have been recovered from diverse habitats that provide stable temperatures, high humidity and decaying organic matter. we describe studies designed to identify and characterize sand fly breeding habitats in a judean desert focus o ... | 2012 | 22802981 |
| genetics of host response to leishmania tropica in mice - different control of skin pathology, chemokine reaction, and invasion into spleen and liver. | leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of genus leishmania. the frequent involvement of leishmania tropica in human leishmaniasis has been recognized only recently. similarly as l. major, l. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, but can also visceralize and cause systemic illness. the relationship between the host genotype and disease manifestations is poorly understood because there were no suitable animal models. | 2012 | 22679519 |
| identification of the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in chichaoua province, morocco. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in morocco is caused by three species, leishmania major, l. tropica and l. infantum. cl has been known in chichaoua province since 2000. using dna extracted from microscopic slides and parasite cultures, collected in the years 2006 and 2009, we identified for the first time l. tropica as the causative agent of cl in this region. species identification was achieved by performing the its1-pcr-rflp approach. by using this method it was possible to identify parasites in ... | 0 | 22314244 |
| risk factors for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis at the household level in kabul, afghanistan. | kabul, afghanistan, is the largest focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in the world. acl is a protozoan disease transmitted to humans by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. although not fatal, acl can lead to considerable stigmatization of affected populations. | 2010 | 20351787 |
| differential ecological traits of two phlebotomus sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern europe and their epidemiological implications. | the introduction of leishmaniasis in a new area requires a well-established population of the sandfly vector species of the parasite. no autochthonous cases of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis have been detected in southwestern europe, and leishmania infantum is the only causative agent of leishmaniasis in this area. phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of leishmania tropica, is commonly found in the iberian peninsula at sufficient densities to be able to act as a vector. it is characteris ... | 2016 | 26921209 |
| effect of night time-intervals, height of traps and lunar phases on sand fly collection in a highly endemic area for canine leishmaniasis. | the activity of phlebotomine sand flies was monitored in a sub-urban area of sicily in order to acquire data on seasonality and to elucidate the effect of the night time-intervals, height of traps from ground and lunar phases on the abundance of the capture. the study was conducted in the farm of the university of messina (italy). light traps were placed as in the following: biweekly, from dusk to dawn, and from may to november; for three consecutive nights from 18:00 to 6:00, with the net bag b ... | 2014 | 24561074 |
| remote sensing, land cover changes, and vector-borne diseases: use of high spatial resolution satellite imagery to map the risk of occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in ghardaïa, algeria. | ghardaïa, central algeria, experienced a major outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in 2005. two leishmania species occur in this region: leishmania major (mon-25) and leishmania killicki (mon-301). the two species are transmitted respectively by the sandflies phlebotomus papatasi and phlebotomus sergenti and probably involve rodent reservoirs with different ecologies, suggesting distinct epidemiological patterns and distribution areas. the aims of this study were to establish risk maps for ... | 2014 | 25305006 |
| molecular characterization of sandflies and leishmania detection in main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in abarkouh district of yazd province, iran. | to assess molecular characterization, distribution, seasonal activities of sandfly species and leishmania parasites infecting them for this zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus. | 2013 | 23870468 |
| molecular characterization of leishmania infection in sand flies from al-madinah al-munawarah province, western saudi arabia. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is caused by various species of the genus leishmania. the disease is considered a major health problem in different areas of saudi arabia including al-madinah al-munawarah province. we aimed to identify leishmania species isolated from sand fly vectors by molecular analysis. sand fly sampling was carried out from may 2010 to october 2010 in province of al-madinah al-munawarah from four different localities. female sand flies collected were subjected to dna extraction ... | 2013 | 23474205 |
| first molecular detection of leishmania major within naturally infected phlebotomus salehi from a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern iran. | human cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a major notifiable public health problem in many parts of iran. it is often caused by the zooflagellate parasite leishmania major which is mainly transmitted by the bites of female phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genus phlebotomus (diptera: psychodidae). the annual incidence of cl in fars province, southern iran, was about 108-144 in 2007. the leishmanial infections of wild sandflies that may act as vectors were thus investigated at an endemic focus ... | 2012 | 22543597 |
| environmental factors underlying spatial patterns of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) associated with leishmaniasis in southern sinai, egypt. | although leishmania major is endemic in parts of the sinai of egypt, the ecology and distribution of leishmania sand fly vectors in southern sinai has not been well characterized. accordingly, additional sand fly samples were obtained at 41 sites in the southern sinai region during 1996-1997, and analyzed to improve the characterization of risk of sand fly-borne pathogens. using a geographic information system (gis), species-specific spatial distributions that might suggest zoonotic cutaneous le ... | 2012 | 22410540 |
| twenty-four new human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania killicki in metlaoui, southwestern tunisia: probable role of phlebotomus sergenti in the transmission. | metlaoui district in the south-west of tunisia is a classical focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) due to leishmania major. since 2005, a single case of cl due to l. killicki has been reported. we report twenty four human cases due to this parasite, affecting men and women from 2 to 70 years old. leishmania killicki have been typed using molecular techniques: polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and gene sequencing. four strains from patien ... | 2012 | 22306359 |
| phylogenetic structure of leishmania tropica in the new endemic focus birjand in east iran in comparison to other iranian endemic regions. | iran has been identified being among the countries with the highest number of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) cases. south khorasan province in east iran is an emerging focus of cl. species identification of sixty clinical samples by its1 pcr-rflp presented evidence for the dominance of leishmania tropica (90%) in this region. analysis of the its1 sequence of 19 l. tropica isolates revealed seven closely related sequence types. in addition, its1 sequences available in genbank from other iranian reg ... | 2016 | 26899681 |
| natural leishmania infection of phlebotomus sergenti (diptera: phlebotominae) in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in şanlıurfa, turkey. | sand flies (diptera: phlebotominae) were surveyed for leishmania in various villages of şanlıurfa in southeast turkey. a total of 474 sand flies were collected by cdc light traps. phlebotomus sergenti parrot (49.6%) and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) (48.1%) were the most abundant species, followed by phlebotomus alexandri sinton (1.05%), phlebotomus perfiliewi parrot (0.4%), phlebotomus (adlerius) sp. (0.2%) and sergentomyia theodori parrot (0.4%). 196 female sand flies were grouped in 34 pools ... | 2015 | 25997884 |
| phlebotomus sergenti a common vector of leishmania tropica and toscana virus in morocco. | an entomological study using cdc miniature light-traps was performed in el hanchane locality, where cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) was emerging during the summer of 2011. the aim of this study is to identify the vectors of leishmania and of phleboviruses. | 2014 | 24947214 |
| molecular identification of bloodmeals from sand flies and mosquitoes collected in israel. | in israel, sand flies are the vectors of leishmania ross and mosquitoes are the vectors of west nile virus. in the judean desert and tiberias, the sand fly phlebotomus sergenti parrot is the vector of leishmania tropica (wright) and the rock hyrax (procavia capensis pallas) is considered the main reservoir animal. the main vectors of west nile virus are culex pipiens l. and culex perexiguus theobald. bloodmeals of engorged field-caught female sand flies and mosquitoes are an important source for ... | 2014 | 24897862 |
| first report on natural leishmania infection of phlebotomus sergenti due leishmania tropica by high resolution melting curve method in south-eastern iran. | to identify the leishmania species in infected sand flies by real-time pcr coupled with hrm analysis. | 2014 | 24461520 |
| predicting the risk of an endemic focus of leishmania tropica becoming established in south-western europe through the presence of its main vector, phlebotomus sergenti parrot, 1917. | the aim of the study was the construction of risk maps for exposure to phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of leishmania tropica, with a view to identifying hot spots for the potential establishment of this parasite in the southwest of europe. data were collected on the presence/absence of this vector and the ecological and climatic characteristics of 662 sampling sites located in the southeast, centre and northeast of the iberian peninsula (south-western europe). the environmental factors ass ... | 2013 | 23965821 |
| effect of large-scale installation of deltamethrin-impregnated screens and curtains in bam, a major focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran. | installation of deltamethrin-impregnated screens and curtains was assessed as a preventive measure against transmission of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) by phlebotomus sergenti in bam, a well-known focus of acl in iran with a population of nearly 100,000. | 2013 | 23740241 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniases in jenin district, palestine, including characterisation of the causative agents in clinical samples. | during 2002-2009, 466 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) were reported from jenin district, palestine, affecting both genders. the average annual incidence was 23 cases per 100000 inhabitants, increasing with age in children. most cases presented a single lesion, generally on the face. diagnosis and species identification was done by applying internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) rflp analysis to 47 isolates, of which 44 (93.6%) were leishmania tropica and 3 (6.4%) were l. major. rflp analysis ... | 2012 | 22832019 |
| evaluation of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in kabul, afghanistan: a randomized controlled trial. | anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a common cause of ulcerative lesions and disfiguring scarring among children in afghanistan. most lesions occur on the face and are commonly caused by the trypanosome protozoan parasite leishmania tropica, transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly (phlebotomus sergenti). this study compared the effectiveness of a single localized treatment with thermotherapy to 5 days of intralesional administration of glucantime for the treatment of cl. three h ... | 2012 | 22479925 |
| molecular evidence indicates that phlebotomus major sensu lato (diptera: psychodidae) is the vector species of the recently-identified sandfly fever sicilian virus variant: sandfly fever turkey virus. | sandfly fever turkey virus (sftv) is a recently-discovered sandfly fever sicilian virus (sfsv) variant (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus), characterized during retrospective evaluation of febrile disease outbreaks in turkey. in addition to causing sandfly fever, sftv was observed to induce elevation of liver enzymes, and to cause thrombocytopenia in affected individuals. this study was conducted to identify vectors for phleboviruses including sftv in ankara province, turkey, where evidence ... | 2012 | 22651385 |
| [additional evidence for the species composition of mosquitoes (diptera, psichodidae, phlebotominae) in the visceral leishmaniasis foci of uzbekistan]. | the species composition of mosquitoes was studied in the foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the navoiy and samarkand provinces of uzbekistan. the human settlements where these observations were made were located at 1000-1200 m above sea level. seven species: phlebotomus sergenti, p. caucasicus, p. longiductus, p. papatasi, p. alexandri, sergetomyia sumbarica, and s. grecovi were found. the predominant species was p. sergenti; p. longiductus was a vector for visceral leishmaniasis, which was prese ... | 2015 | 25812413 |
| phlebotomine sand fly survey in the focus of leishmaniasis in madrid, spain (2012-2014): seasonal dynamics, leishmania infantum infection rates and blood meal preferences. | an unusual increase of human leishmaniasis cases due to leishmania infantum is occurring in an urban area of southwestern madrid, spain, since 2010. entomological surveys have shown that phlebotomus perniciosus is the only potential vector. direct xenodiagnosis in hares (lepus granatensis) and rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) collected in the focus area proved that they can transmit parasites to colonized p. perniciosus. isolates were characterized as l. infantum. the aim of the present work was ... | 2017 | 28764772 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in saudi arabia: a comprehensive overview. | despite the great efforts by health authorities in kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) continues to be a major public health problem in the country. many risk factors make ksa prone to outbreaks and epidemics; among these, rapid urbanization and the huge population movement are the most important. the disease is endemic in many parts of ksa, with the majority of cases concentrated in six regions, including al-qaseem, riyadh, al-hassa, aseer, ha'il, and al-madinah. leishma ... | 2017 | 28806141 |
| first report on natural infection of phlebotomus sergenti with leishmania tropica in a classical focus of leishmania major in tunisia. | in tunisia, chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania tropica is an important health problem. its spreading has not been fully elucidated. information on sandfly vectors, as well as their associated leishmania species, is of paramount importance since vector dispersion is one of the major factors responsible for pathogen dissemination. ninety-seven unfed females belonging to the genera sergentomyia and phlebotomus were collected between june and august 2015 using sticky paper traps. poly ... | 2017 | 28719307 |