| mortality, fecundity and development among bed bugs (cimex lectularius) exposed to prolonged, intermediate cold stress. | bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) have returned as a nuisance pest worldwide. their ability to withstand different types of environmental stress should be explored in order potentially to increase the efficiency of control methods. | 2017 | 27991708 |
| relatively small quantities of co2, ammonium bicarbonate, and a blend of (e)-2-hexenal plus (e)-2-octenal attract bed bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae). | bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., feed on humans, have increased exponentially in the past two decades in many major cities throughout the world, have caused intense infestations, and have become a significant health concern. improved traps are needed to detect early infestations, to assess control programs, and for control of bed bugs. carbon dioxide released alone or simultaneously with other attractants into three types of traps at the relatively low rate of 1 ml/min caught significantly more b ... | 2017 | 28399295 |
| detection of reduced susceptibility to chlorfenapyr- and bifenthrin-containing products in field populations of the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae). | insecticide resistance is a major impediment for effective control of cimex lectularius l. previous resistance detection studies with bed bugs have focused on certain pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate insecticides. within the pyrethroid class, resistance studies have mostly been limited to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and alpha- and beta-cyfluthrin. the goal of this study was to develop diagnostic concentration bioassays for assessing bed bug suscepti ... | 2017 | 28398497 |
| molecular basis of olfactory chemoreception in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. | as one of the most notorious ectoparasites, bed bugs rely heavily on human or animal blood sources for survival, mating and reproduction. chemoreception, mediated by the odorant receptors on the membrane of olfactory sensory neurons, plays a vital role in their host seeking and risk aversion processes. we investigated the responses of odorant receptors to a large spectrum of semiochemicals, including human odorants and plant-released volatiles and found that strong responses were sparse; aldehyd ... | 2017 | 28383033 |
| bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) detection in low-income, high-rise apartments using four or fewer passive monitors. | bed bug, cimex lectularius l., management in low-income, high-rise housing for the elderly and disabled can be difficult. early detection is key to slowing their spread, and reducing management cost and time needed for control. to determine the minimum number of passive monitors needed to detect low-level bed bug infestations in this environment, we evaluated three monitors placed one, two, or four per apartment in a 3 by 3 experimental design. one sticky monitor, the bedbug detection system, an ... | 2017 | 28369372 |
| a method for evaluating insecticide efficacy against bed bug, cimex lectularius, eggs and first instars. | standard toxicity evaluations of insecticides against insect pests are primarily conducted on adult insects. evaluations are based on a dose-response or concentration-response curve, where mortality increases as the dose or concentration of an insecticide is increased. standard lethal concentration (lc50) and lethal dose (ld50) tests that result in 50% mortality of a test population can be challenging for evaluating toxicity of insecticides against non-adult insect life stages, such as eggs and ... | 2017 | 28362364 |
| differences in climbing ability of cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae). | the climbing abilities of two bed bug species, cimex lectularius l. and cimex hemipterus (f.), were determined by evaluating their escape rates from smooth surface pitfall traps using four commercial bed bug monitors (verifi bed bug detector, climbup insect interceptor, blackout bed bug detector, and sensci volcano bed bug detector). all detectors were used in the absence of lures or attractants. unlike c. lectularius, adult c. hemipterus were able to escape from all traps. on the other hand, no ... | 2017 | 28334370 |
| desiccant dust and the use of co2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? | the common bed bug (cimex lectularius, hemiptera; cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. at present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. we investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with co2 as a bed bug activity stimulant. an initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, ... | 2017 | 28217039 |
| egg hatch rate and nymphal survival of the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) after exposure to insecticide sprays. | few studies have addressed the efficacy of insecticides used against eggs and first-instar nymphs of the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae). insect eggs are often resistant to insecticides; therefore, information on which products are effective is important. we evaluated the efficacy of four commonly used insecticide sprays applied directly to bed bug eggs. we also evaluated the efficacy of these insecticides to first-instar nymphs exposed to residuals resulting from directly s ... | 2016 | 27986941 |
| evidence of tolerance to silica-based desiccant dusts in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | insecticide resistance in bed bugs (cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus) has become widespread, which has necessitated the development of new ipm (integrated pest management) strategies and products for the eradication of infestations. two promising options are the diatomaceous earth and silica gel-based desiccant dusts, both of which induce dehydration and eventual death upon bed bugs exposed to these products. however, the impact of underlying mechanisms that confer resistance to insecticid ... | 2016 | 27941664 |
| autofluorescence lifetime variation in the cuticle of the bedbug cimex lectularius. | the decay time of the fluorescence of excited molecules, called fluorescence lifetime, can provide information about the cuticle composition additionally to widely used spectral characteristics. we compared autofluorescence lifetimes of different cuticle regions in the copulatory organ of females of the bedbug, cimex lectularius. after two-photon excitation at 720 nm, regions recently characterised as being rich in resilin showed a longer bimodal distribution of the mean autofluorescence lifetim ... | 2017 | 27913288 |
| new introductions, spread of existing matrilines, and high rates of pyrethroid resistance result in chronic infestations of bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) in lower-income housing. | infestations of the common bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) have increased substantially in the united states in the past 10-15 years. the housing authority in harrisonburg, virginia, conducts heat-treatments after bed bugs are detected in a lower-income housing complex, by treating each infested unit at 60°c for 4-6 hours. however, a high frequency of recurrent infestations called into question the efficacy of this strategy. genetic analysis using bayesian clustering of polymorphic microsatellite ... | 2016 | 26901153 |
| insecticidal activity of an essential oil of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) on common bed bug cimex lectularius l. and molecular docking of major compounds at the catalytic site of clache1. | emerging resistance to insecticides has influenced pharmaceutical research and the search for alternatives to control the common bed bug cimex lectularius. in this sense, natural products can play a major role. tagetes patula, popularly known as dwarf marigold, is a plant native to north america with biocide potential. the aim of this work was to evaluate the biological activity of t. patula essential oil (eo) against adult common bed bugs via exposure to dry residues by the impregnated paper di ... | 2017 | 27838836 |
| discrimination between lineage-specific shelters by bat- and human-associated bed bugs does not constitute a stable reproductive barrier. | the common bed bug cimex lectularius, has been recently shown to constitute two host races, which are likely in the course of incipient speciation. the human-associated lineage splits from the ancestral bat-associated species deep in the history of modern humans, likely even prior to the neolithic period and establishment of the first permanent human settlements. hybridization experiments between these two lineages show that post-mating reproductive barriers are incomplete due to local variation ... | 2017 | 27830371 |
| cimex lectularius ("bed bugs"): recognition, management, and eradication. | | 2016 | 27811536 |
| vision in the common bed bug cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae): eye morphology and spectral sensitivity. | bed bugs as pests of public health importance recently experienced a resurgence in populations throughout the u.s. and other countries. consequently, recent research efforts have focused on improving understanding of bed bug physiology and behaviour to improve management. while few studies have investigated the visual capabilities of bed bugs, the present study focused specifically on eye morphology and spectral sensitivity. a 3-d imaging technique was used to document bed bug eye morphology fro ... | 2016 | 27670265 |
| comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | the global prevalence of cimex lectularius infestations has challenged current intervention efforts, as pyrethroid resistance has become ubiquitous, availability of labeled insecticides for bed bugs is limited, and non-chemical treatment options, such as heat, are often unaffordable. we evaluated representative insecticides toward the goal of developing a novel, ingestible liquid bait for hematophagous arthropods. | 2017 | 27766740 |
| a linkage map and qtl analysis for pyrethroid resistance in the bed bug cimex lectularius. | the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. in a previously unstudied population, we performed an f2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is ... | 2016 | 27733453 |
| feel the heat: activation, orientation and feeding responses of bed bugs to targets at different temperatures. | host location in bed bugs is poorly understood. of the primary host-associated cues known to attract bed bugs - co2, odors, heat - heat has received little attention as an independent stimulus. we evaluated the effects of target temperatures ranging from 23 to 48°c on bed bug activation, orientation and feeding. activation and orientation responses were assessed using a heated target in a circular arena. all targets heated above ambient temperature activated bed bugs (initiated movement) and eli ... | 2016 | 27688050 |
| the mitogenome of the bed bug cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | we report the extraction of a bed bug mitogenome from high-throughput sequencing projects originally focused on the nuclear genome of cimex lectularius. the assembled mitogenome has a similar at nucleotide composition bias found in other insects. phylogenetic analysis of all protein-coding genes indicates that c. lectularius is clearly a member of a paraphyletic cimicomorpha clade within the order hemiptera. | 2017 | 27617305 |
| investigation of the midgut structure and ultrastructure in cimex lectularius and cimex pipistrelli (hemiptera: cimicidae). | cimicidae are temporary ectoparasites, which means that they cannot obtain food continuously. both cimex species examined here, cimex lectularius (linnaeus 1758) and cimex pipistrelli (jenyns 1839), can feed on a non-natal host, c. lectularius from humans on bats, c. pipistrelli on humans, but never naturally. the midgut of c. lectularius and c. pipistrelli is composed of three distinct regions-the anterior midgut (amg), which has a sack-like shape, the long tube-shaped middle midgut (mmg), and ... | 2017 | 27553718 |
| molecular characterization of wolbachia infection in bed bugs (cimex lectularius) collected from several localities in france. | wolbachia symbionts are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that have been detected in numerous insects including bed bugs. the objective of this study, the first epidemiological study in europe, was to screen wolbachia infection among cimex lectularius collected in the field, using pcr targeting the surface protein gene (wsp), and to compare obtained wolbachia strains with those reported from laboratory colonies of c. lectularius as well as other wolbachia groups. for this purpose, 284 ... | 2016 | 27492563 |
| rapid killing of bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) on surfaces using heat: application to luggage. | the resistance of bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) to chemical insecticides has motivated the development of non-chemical control methods such as heat treatment. however, because bed bugs tend to hide in cracks or crevices, their behavior incidentally generates a thermally insulated microenvironment for themselves. bed bugs located on the outer surface of luggage are less insulated and potentially more vulnerable to brief heat treatment. | 2017 | 27477121 |
| chemically mediated arrestment of the bed bug, cimex lectularius, by volatiles associated with exuviae of conspecifics. | extracts of the exuviae (cast skins) of nymphal bed bugs (cimex lectularius) were analyzed for volatile compounds that might contribute to arrestment of adult bed bugs. four volatile aldehydes, (e)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(e)-2-hexenal, (e)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(e)-2-octenal were consistently detected in the headspace of freshly shed exuviae regardless of the developmental stages from which the exuviae were obtained. quantification of the aldehydes in the solvent extracts of homogenized fresh, 45- or 9 ... | 2016 | 27434044 |
| comparative efficacy of selected dust insecticides for controlling cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., are one of the most difficult urban pests to control. pest management professionals rely heavily on insecticide sprays and dusts to control bed bugs. dust formulations are considered to provide longer residual control than sprays. however, there are no scientific data available on the comparative efficacy of the commonly used insecticide dusts. we evaluated the efficacy of eight insecticide dust products using three exposure methods: 1) brief exposure-bed bugs cro ... | 2016 | 27377377 |
| behavioral effects of sublethal exposure to a combination of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. | bed bugs (cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insect pests with public health relevance. their rapid evolution of resistance to pyrethroids has prompted a shift to combination products that include both a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide. insecticides have both a direct impact on mortality and an indirect effect on behavior. thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of a widely used combination product containing β-cyfluthrin (a pyrethroid) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid), as unexpecte ... | 2017 | 27322625 |
| krüppel homolog 1 and e93 mediate juvenile hormone regulation of metamorphosis in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. | the common bed bug is an obligate hematophagous parasite of humans. we studied the regulation of molting and metamorphosis in bed bugs with a goal to identify key players involved. qrt-pcr studies on the expression of genes known to be involved in molting and metamorphosis showed high levels of krüppel homolog 1 [kr-h1, a transcription factor that plays key roles in juvenile hormone (jh) action] mrna in the penultimate nymphal stage (n4). however, low levels of kr-h1 mrna were detected in the fi ... | 2016 | 27185064 |
| effect of mating status and age on the male mate choice and mating competency in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | we investigated male mate choice and mating competency in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l., using video tracking for 10 min per experiment. in the male mate choice experiment, when a male was placed with two females of different mating status, males preferred to initiate copulation with the virgin female more quickly than with the mated female, and the mean total copulation duration with virgin females (38.0 ± 3.0 s) was significantly longer than with mated females (14.6 ± 3.0 s). when a ... | 2016 | 27126612 |
| behavioral responses of nymph and adult cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae) to colored harborages. | behavioral bioassays were conducted to determine whether bed bug adults and nymphs prefer specific colored harborages. two-choice and seven-choice behavioral color assays indicate that red (28.5%) and black (23.4%) harborages are optimal harborage choices for bed bugs. yellow and green harborages appear to repel bed bugs. harborage color preferences change according to gender, nutritional status, aggregation, and life stage. female bed bugs prefer harborages with shorter wavelengths (lilac-14.5% ... | 2016 | 27113099 |
| the influence of time and distance traveled by bed bugs, cimex lectularius, on permethrin uptake from treated mattress liners. | residual insecticides interrupt the dispersal of bed bugs (cimex lectularius, l.), but one of the issues encountered with residual applications is understanding the uptake of active residues by the insect. this study determined permethrin uptake by bed bugs walking on the activeguard(®) mattress liner product, via a combination of video recording in arenas and gas chromatography analyses. | 2017 | 27098708 |
| toxicity and potential utility of ivermectin and moxidectin as xenointoxicants against the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l. | the recent resurgence of the common bed bug cimex lectularius l. throughout western industrialized nations has been facilitated in part by the insect becoming pesticide-resistant. novel control strategies, including xenointoxication, should be considered to combat c. lectularius. ivermectin, a u.s. food and drug administration (fda)-approved treatment for several human parasites, and the antiparasitic drug moxidectin, currently being explored in human clinical trials, were evaluated for efficacy ... | 2016 | 27090120 |
| condition-dependent ejaculate production affects male mating behavior in the common bedbug cimex lectularius. | food availability in the environment is often low and variable, constraining organisms in their resource allocation to different life-history traits. for example, variation in food availability is likely to induce condition-dependent investment in reproduction. further, diet has been shown to affect ejaculate size, composition and quality. how these effects translate into male reproductive success or change male mating behavior is still largely unknown. here, we concentrated on the effect of mea ... | 2016 | 27066237 |
| reactions and complications to bites. bedbug, cimex lectularius. | | 2016 | 27021001 |
| estimating the critical thermal maximum (ctmax) of bed bugs, cimex lectularius: comparing thermolimit respirometry with traditional visual methods. | evaluating the critical thermal maximum (ctmax) in insects has provided a number of challenges. visual observations of endpoints (onset of spasms, loss of righting response, etc.) can be difficult to measure consistently, especially with smaller insects. to resolve this problem, lighton and turner (2004) developed a new technique: thermolimit respirometry (tlr). tlr combines real time measurements of both metabolism (v·co2) and activity to provide two independent, objective measures of ctmax. ho ... | 2016 | 26970580 |
| efficacy of selected insecticide sprays and aerosols against the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | we evaluated the residual efficacy of four liquid sprays and four ready-to-use aerosols that are commonly used in the u.s. against a field-collected bed bug, cimex lectularius l., strain with moderate resistance level to pyrethroids. the four liquid sprays were: tandem (0.1% thiamethoxam, 0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin), temprid sc (0.05% imidacloprid, 0.025% cyfluthrin), transport ghp (0.05% acetamiprid, 0.06% bifenthrin), and demand cs (0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin). the four aerosols were: alpine (0.5% ... | 2016 | 26840334 |
| high levels of resistance in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae), to neonicotinoid insecticides. | the rapid increase of bed bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of novel control tactics. products combining pyrethroids and neonicotinoids have become very popular for bed bug control in the united states, but there are concerns about evolution of resistance to these compounds. laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of topical applications of four neonicotinoids to a susceptible population and three pyrethroid-resistant populations. activity of esterases, ... | 2016 | 26823499 |
| diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites on backyard chicken flocks in california. | peridomestic ("backyard") chicken flocks are gaining popularity in the developed world (e.g., north america or europe), yet little is known regarding prevalence or severity of their ectoparasites. therefore, five birds on each of 20 properties throughout southern california were surveyed in summer for on-host (permanent) and off-host dwelling (temporary) ectoparasites. only four premises (20%) were entirely free of ectoparasites. in declining order of prevalence (% of premises), permanent ectopa ... | 2016 | 26753948 |
| effects of various interventions, including mass trapping with passive pitfall traps, on low-level bed bug populations in apartments. | two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various interventions on low-level bed bug, cimex lectularius l., populations in occupied apartments. the first experiment was conducted in occupied apartments under three intervention conditions: never treated (group i), recently treated with no further treatment (group ii), and recently treated with continued treatment (group iii). each apartment was monitored with pitfall-style traps (interceptors) installed at beds and upholstered fur ... | 2016 | 26637535 |
| posttreatment feeding affects mortality of bed bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae) exposed to insecticides. | insecticide sprays and dusts are used for controlling bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. in natural environments, bed bugs have daily access to hosts after they are exposed to insecticides. the established laboratory insecticide bioassay protocols do not provide feeding after insecticide treatments, which can result in inflated mortality compared with what would be encountered in the field. we evaluated the effect of posttreatment feeding on mortality of bed bugs treated with different insecticides. ... | 2016 | 26494709 |
| seasons, searches, and intentions: what the internet can tell us about the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) epidemic. | the common bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) is once again prevalent in the united states. we investigated temporal patterns in google search queries for bed bugs and co-occurring terms, and conducted in-person surveys to explore the intentions behind searches that included those terms. searches for "bed bugs" rose steadily through 2011 and then plateaued, suggesting that the epidemic has reached an equilibrium in the united states. however, queries including terms that survey respondents associate ... | 2016 | 26474879 |
| accuracy of trained canines for detecting bed bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae). | detection of low-level bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), infestations is essential for early intervention, confirming eradication of infestations, and reducing the spread of bed bugs. despite the importance of detection, few effective tools and methods exist for detecting low numbers of bed bugs. scent dogs were developed as a tool for detecting bed bugs in recent years. however, there are no data demonstrating the reliability of trained canines under natural field conditions ... | 2014 | 26470083 |
| potential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control. | the bed bug, (cimex lectularius l.), is a difficult pest to control. prevalence of insecticide resistance among bed bug populations and concerns over human-insecticide exposure has stimulated the development of alternative bed bug control materials. many essential oil-based pesticides and detergent insecticides targeting bed bugs have been developed in recent years. we evaluated the efficacy of nine essential oil-based products and two detergents using direct spray and residual contact bioassays ... | 2014 | 26470082 |
| diffusion rates and dispersal patterns of unfed versus recently fed bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.). | bed bug problems have been increasing since the 1980s, and accordingly, there have been intensive efforts to better understand their biology and behavior for control purposes. understanding bed bug diffusion rates and dispersal patterns from one site to another (or lack thereof) is a key component in prevention and control campaigns. this study analyzed diffusion rates and dispersal patterns in a population of bed bugs, recently fed and unfed, in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional settings ... | 2015 | 26466900 |
| effects of starvation and molting on the metabolic rate of the bed bug (cimex lectularius l.). | the bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) is a common hematophagous pest in the urban environment and is capable of surviving extended periods of starvation. however, the relationship between starvation and metabolism in bed bugs is not well understood. to better understand this relationship, we measured the metabolism of all life stages for >900 h after feeding (starvation) using closed-system respirometry. measurements were made around molting for the immature life stages, which occurs only after a b ... | 2015 | 25590593 |
| the influence of roughness and pyrethroid formulations on bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) resting preferences. | two-choice tests were conducted to examine the effect of surface roughness on the resting preference of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., on copper, basswood, and acrylic materials. the influence of pyrethroid formulation applications on resting preferences was also evaluated. bed bugs were given the choice of resting between two sanded halves of each material tested. one half was sanded with a p60 grit sandpaper and the other with a less rough p600 grit sandpaper. a significantly higher proportio ... | 2015 | 26463196 |
| field study of the comparative efficacy of three pyrethroid/neonicotinoid mixture products for the control of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. | three insecticide mixtures that contain two classes of insecticides (pyrethroid and neonicotinoid) were recently developed to control bed bugs. we evaluated three integrated bed bug management strategies in apartments, each using the same non-chemical control methods and one of the three insecticide mixture products: tandem (lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam), temprid sc (beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid), and transport mikron (bifenthrin + acetamiprid). no insecticides were applied in the control ... | 2015 | 26463075 |
| insecticide resistance in eggs and first instars of the bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae). | two strains of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l., eggs and first instars collected from pyrethroid-resistant adults were evaluated for insecticide resistance and compared to a susceptible strain. dose-response bioassays were conducted using two insecticide formulations (temprid: imidacloprid/β-cyfluthrin, and transport: acetamiprid/ bifenthrin). the lethal concentration (lc50) for the two resistant egg strains exposed to imidacloprid/β-cyfluthrin ranged from 3 to 5-fold higher than suscep ... | 2015 | 26463070 |
| mark-release-recapture reveals extensive movement of bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) within and between apartments. | understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. we investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. the distribution of marked and unmarked bed ... | 2015 | 26352145 |
| quantitative sequencing for the determination of kdr-type resistance allele (v419l, l925i, i936f) frequencies in common bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) populations collected from israel. | human bed bug infestations have dramatically increased worldwide since the mid-1990s. a similar phenomenon was also observed in israel since 2005, when infestations were reported from all over the country. two single nucleotide polymorphisms (v419l and l925i) in the bed bug voltage-sensitive sodium channel confer kdr-type resistance to pyrethroids. using quantitative sequencing (qs), the resistance allele frequencies of israeli bed bug populations from across the country were determined. genomic ... | 2015 | 26336243 |
| detection of knockdown resistance mutations in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae), in australia. | pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l., has been reported worldwide. an important resistance mechanism is via knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, notably v419l and l925i. information regarding this kdr-type resistance mechanism is unknown in australia. this study aims to examine the status of kdr mutations in australian c. lectularius strains. | 2015 | 25046700 |
| development of multifunctional metabolic synergists to suppress the evolution of resistance against pyrethroids in insects that blood feed on humans. | pyrethroids are the insecticides of choice when exposure to humans is likely, such as occurs in vector and public-health-related control programs. unfortunately, the pyrethroids share a common resistance mechanism with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), knockdown resistance (kdr), and prior extensive use of ddt has predisposed the pyrethroids to cross-resistance via kdr. given the widespread occurrence of kdr, the use of synergists with pyrethroids is considered to be prudent to guard agains ... | 2015 | 25044360 |
| antennal olfactory sensilla responses to insect chemical repellents in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. | populations of the common bed bug cimex lectularius (hemiptera; cimicidae), a temporary ectoparasite on both humans and animals, have surged in many developed countries. similar to other haematophagous arthropods, c. lectularius relies on its olfactory system to detect semiochemicals in the environment, including both attractants and repellents. to elucidate the olfactory responses of the common bed bug to commonly used insect chemical repellents, particularly haematophagous repellents, we inves ... | 2014 | 24817385 |
| a door-to-door survey of bed bug (cimex lectularius) infestations in row homes in philadelphia, pennsylvania. | we conducted a door-to-door survey in a residential census tract of philadelphia to estimate the prevalence and spatial patterns of recent bed bug infestations. we interviewed 596 residents, of whom 66 (11.1%) reported recent bed bug infestations. we confirmed current infestations in a subset of 15 (68.2%) of 22 inspected households. most residents reported that their infestation began within the past year (2012-2013). we found no correlation between property value and infestation status. spatia ... | 2014 | 24799372 |
| extensive mitochondrial heteroplasmy in natural populations of a resurging human pest, the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae). | homoplasmy, the occurrence of a single mitochondrial dna haplotype within an individual, has been the accepted condition across most organisms in the animal kingdom. in recent years, a number of exceptions to this rule have been reported, largely due to the ease with which single nucleotide polymorphisms can be detected. evidence of heteroplasmy-two or more mitochondrial variants within a single individual-has now been documented in a number of invertebrates; however, when present, heteroplasmy ... | 2015 | 26335484 |
| genetic variability and geographic diversity of the common bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) populations from the midwest using microsatellite markers. | with the recent global resurgence of the bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.), there is a need to better understand its biology, ecology, and ability to establish populations. bed bugs are domestic pests that feed mainly on mammalian blood. although bed bugs have not been implicated as vectors of pathogens, their biting activity inflicts severe insomnia and allergic reactions. moreover, they have recently developed resistance to various insecticides, which requires further molecular research to deter ... | 2015 | 26335463 |
| sublethal effects of activeguard exposure on feeding behavior and fecundity of the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae). | sublethal exposure to pesticides can alter insect behavior with potential for population-level consequences. we investigated sublethal effects of activeguard, a permethrin-impregnated fabric, on feeding behavior and fecundity of bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) from five populations that ranged from susceptible to highly pyrethroid resistant. after exposure to activeguard fabric or untreated fabric for 1 or 10 min, adult virgin female bed bugs were individually observed when offered a blood meal ... | 2015 | 26334815 |
| climbing ability of the common bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae). | little is known about what factors influence the climbing ability of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), in relation to the various surfaces they encounter. we examined how sex, time since last fed, and what surfaces the bed bugs were in contact with affected their climbing performance. the effects of sex and time since fed were tested by counting the number of bed bugs able to climb a 45° slope. the pulling force was recorded using an analytical balance technique that capture ... | 2015 | 26334801 |
| two compounds in bed bug feces are sufficient to elicit off-host aggregation by bed bugs, cimex lectularius. | after feeding, bed bugs aggregate in cracks and crevices near a host. aggregation and arrestment are mediated by tactile and chemical stimuli associated with the bugs' feces and exuviae. volatiles derived from fecally stained filter papers were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (spme) and evaluated using a multichoice behavioral assay to determine their impact on bed bug aggregation. in addition, crude fecal extracts were collected in methanol, analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with e ... | 2017 | 27060680 |
| bed bugs: prevalence in low-income communities, resident's reactions, and implementation of a low-cost inspection protocol. | we examined bed bug prevalence in 2,372 low-income apartments within 43 buildings in four new jersey cities using a combination of resident interviews, brief visual inspections, and monitoring with climbup insect interceptors. infestation rates ranged from 3.8 to 29.5% among the buildings, with an overall infestation rate of 12.3%. within each apartment, the bed area trapped significantly more bed bugs per trap than the sofa (or upholstered chair) area. african american residents had a proportio ... | 2016 | 27049026 |
| larvicidal, insecticidal, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of diospyros kaki (l.) reported from pakistan. | diospyros kaki is cultivated in different agro-ecological zones of pakistan, especially in malakand division. the current study was designed to investigate the hide potential of the vulnerable species of the plant. aqueous extracts of diospyros kaki leaves were screened for larvicidal, insecticidal cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. the extract exhibited moderate to outstanding larvicidal activity (100 to 28%) at 100, 80, 70, 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10% concentrations respectively after 24 hours, ... | 2015 | 26142513 |
| spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs (cimex lectularius) populations in france. | bed bugs (cimex lectularius) are resurgent blood-sucking ectoparasites that are currently increasing at a rapid rate, particularly in industrialized countries, such as france. despite the rapid spread of bed bugs, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the population structure and gene flow among c. lectularius populations in france. to fill this gap, a genetic study was conducted using 183 c. lectularius from 14 populations of bed bugs collected in a hotel and in individual apartments in the f ... | 2015 | 26140960 |
| oral steroids for dermatitis. | contact/allergic dermatitis is frequently treated inappropriately with lower-than-recommended doses or inadequate duration of treatment with oral and intramuscular glucocorticoids. this article highlights a case of dermatitis in a ranger assessment and selection program student who was improperly treated over 2 weeks with oral steroids after being bit by cimex lectularius, commonly known as bed bugs. the article also highlights the pitfalls of improper oral steroid dosing and provides reasoning ... | 2015 | 26125159 |
| insecticide resistance in the bed bug comes with a cost. | adaptation to new environmental stress is often associated with an alteration of one or more life history parameters. insecticide resistant populations of insects often have reduced fitness relative to susceptible populations in insecticide free environments. our previous work showed that three populations of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., evolved significantly increased levels of resistance to one product containing both β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid insecticides with only one generation of se ... | 2015 | 26039510 |
| reproduction barrier between two lineages of bed bug (cimex lectularius) (heteroptera: cimicidae). | populations of bed bugs, cimex lectularius, have increased in recent years spreading into numerous urban areas across the western world and making them an increasingly important pest of the twenty-first century. research into hybridization within and between different lineages of bed bugs can help us to understand processes of micro- and macro-evolution in these ectoparasites and may inform the control of this pest species. hybridization experiments between two host lineages of bed bug (c. lectu ... | 2015 | 25952703 |
| correction: the odorant receptor co-receptor from the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. | | 2015 | 25807294 |
| outbreeding effects in an inbreeding insect, cimex lectularius. | in some species, populations with few founding individuals can be resilient to extreme inbreeding. inbreeding seems to be the norm in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius, a flightless insect that, nevertheless, can reach large deme sizes and persist successfully. however, bed bugs can also be dispersed passively by humans, exposing inbred populations to gene flow from genetically distant populations. the introduction of genetic variation through this outbreeding could lead to increased fitness ... | 2015 | 25691967 |
| increasing bedbug, cimex lectularius, infestations in kuwait. | bedbug, cimex lectularius, human infestations were reported in the state of kuwait in the last 2 years. eleven separate infestations from different localities were received at the veterinary laboratories indicating that bedbug is widespread in the state of kuwait. there was circumstantial evidence to suggest the transfer of bugs with recent immigrants or used furniture. the spread of infestation can be attributed to the increase in migrant labor and their mobility inside the country. the increas ... | 2013 | 24260819 |
| evaluation of a model community-wide bed bug management program in affordable housing. | low-income apartment communities in the united states are suffering from disproportionally high bed bug, cimex lectularius l., infestations owing to lack of effective monitoring and treatment. studies examining the effectiveness of integrated pest management (ipm) for the control of bed bugs in affordable housing have been limited to small subsets of bed-bug-infested apartments, rather than at the apartment community level. we developed, implemented and evaluated a complex-wide ipm program for b ... | 2016 | 25644070 |
| host association drives genetic divergence in the bed bug, cimex lectularius. | genetic differentiation may exist among sympatric populations of a species due to long-term associations with alternative hosts (i.e. host-associated differentiation). while host-associated differentiation has been documented in several phytophagus insects, there are far fewer cases known in animal parasites. the bed bug, cimex lectularius, a wingless insect, represents a potential model organism for elucidating the processes involved in host-associated differentiation in animal parasites with r ... | 2015 | 25611460 |
| dermoscopy is useful for bed bug (cimex lectularius) bites. | | 2016 | 25600584 |
| bed bugs. | the term bed bug is applied to 2 species of genus cimex: lectularius describes the common or temperate bed bug, and hemipterus its tropical cousin. cimex lectularius is aptly named; its genus and species derive from the latin words for bug and bed, respectively. though the tiny pest is receiving increased public attention and scrutiny, the bed bug is hardly a new problem. | 2014 | 25577850 |
| no sex-related differences in mortality in bed bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae) exposed to deltamethrin, and surviving bed bugs can recover. | exposure of a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae) to varying concentrations of deltamethrin for 24 h indicated no significant difference in mortality between males, females, and nymphs at 24 nor at 168 h postexposure when bed bugs were removed to untreated surfaces at 24 h. in addition, many bed bugs classified as morbid or moribund at 24 h and removed to untreated surfaces at this time, recovered by 336 h (2 wk) and were capable of feeding when ... | 2013 | 23786091 |
| bed bugs are back and also arriving is the southernmost record of cimex lectularius (heteroptera: cimicidae) in south america. | the arrival and establishment of the bed bug cimex lectularius l., 1755 in magallanes region (chile) is reported. the present record is the southernmost for this species in america. the circumstances that provided for the species reaching this southern locality are discussed. | 2014 | 25276939 |
| bed bugs reproductive life cycle in the clothes of a patient suffering from alzheimer's disease results in iron deficiency anemia. | we report the case of an 82-year-old patient, hospitalized for malaise. her clothes were infested by numerous insects and the entomological analysis identified them as being cimex lectularius (bed bugs). the history of the patient highlighted severe cognitive impairment. the biological assessment initially showed a profound microcytic, aregenerative, iron deficiency anemia. a vitamin b12 deficiency due to pernicious anemia (positive intrinsic factor antibodies) was also highlighted, but this was ... | 2013 | 23673315 |
| [dermatitis and arthropods (anobium punctatum and cimex lectularius) in summer: three case reports]. | we report three cases of pruritic dermatitis with erythematous maculopapules, having a similar clinical presentation, in summer, and caused by two different arthropods. in wandering diagnosis since sometimes several months, patients have made entomologic investigations in their home. two of three samples, have shown an infestation by anobium punctatum, the common furniture beetle, a xylophagous beetle (usually harmless for human). it may be parasited by pyemotes ventricosus, a mite known since t ... | 2013 | 23587582 |
| survival and fecundity of two strains of cimex lectularius (hemiptera: heteroptera). | knowledge of development of the bed bug cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: heteroptera) under specific environmental conditions could lead to improved management techniques. developmental rates, age-, and stage-specific life tables were compared for a laboratory strain and a field strain of bed bugs reared on human blood. both strains were then crossed reciprocally to produce four f1 generations and subsequent age- and stage-specific life tables were constructed. no significant differences were fo ... | 2014 | 25276919 |
| fumigation of bed bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae): effective application rates for sulfuryl fluoride. | the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), has resurged recently as a domestic pest in north america with very limited options for decisive control. we report efficacy studies with sulfuryl fluoride (sf) toward use as a structural fumigant to control bed bugs. laboratory studies were conducted in which eggs, adults, and nymphs from a pesticide susceptible laboratory population were fumigated for 24 h using sf at 99.8% purity in airtight, 3.8-liter glass containers under two temper ... | 2014 | 25195451 |
| identification of putative kdr mutations in the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae). | bed bugs [both cimex hemipterus (f.) and cimex lectularius l.] are highly resistant to pyrethroids worldwide. an important resistance mechanism known as 'knockdown resistance' (kdr) is caused by genetic point mutations on the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene. previous studies have identified two point mutations (v419l and l925i) on the vgsc gene in c. lectularius that are responsible for kdr-type resistance. however, the kdr mutations in c. hemipterus have not been investigated. | 2015 | 25132449 |
| [the worldwide expansion of bed bugs also constitutes a problem in germany]. | worldwide, reports of the spread of the bed bugs cimex lectularius and c. hemipterus (in australia) are increasing. irrespective of hygiene conditions, the insects can be especially found in hotels and hostels as well as in other holiday accommodation, health facilities, transport and in the secondhand trade. from these localities the insects spread to private households. a bed bug infestation may well have health consequences and constitutes a heavy burden for those affected. the global spread ... | 2014 | 24781909 |
| biochemical and toxicological properties of two acetylcholinesterases from the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. | we examined the molecular and enzymatic properties of two acetylcholinesterases (aches; clache1 and clache2) from the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining and western blotting revealed that clache1 is the main catalytic enzyme and is abundantly expressed in various tissues. both claches existed in dimeric form connected by a disulfide bridge and were attached to the membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. to determine ... | 2014 | 24759047 |
| group living accelerates bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae) development. | for many insect species, group living provides physiological and behavioral benefits, including faster development. bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.) live in aggregations composed of eggs, nymphs, and adults of various ages. our aim was to determine whether bed bug nymphs reared in groups develop faster than solitary nymphs. we reared first instars either in isolation or in groups from hatching to adult emergence and recorded their development time. in addition, we investigated the effects of grou ... | 2014 | 24605482 |
| spatial and temporal patterns in cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae) reporting in philadelphia, pa. | we analyzed a comprehensive telephone log of pest infestation reports to assess the spatial and temporal trends in cimex lectularius l. (bed bug) reporting throughout philadelphia, pa. citywide spatial analyses of reports from september 2011 to june 2012 revealed several statistically significant bed bug hotspots. however, these were small and diffuse. temporal analyses of reports from december 2008 to may 2011 detected prominent seasonality in bed bug reporting, peaking in august and reaching a ... | 2014 | 24605452 |
| sperm metabolism is altered during storage by female insects: evidence from two-photon autofluorescence lifetime measurements in bedbugs. | we explore the possibility of characterizing sperm cells without the need to stain them using spectral and fluorescence lifetime analyses after multi-photon excitation in an insect model. the autofluorescence emission spectrum of sperm of the common bedbug, cimex lectularius, was consistent with the presence of flavins and nad(p)h. the mean fluorescence lifetimes showed smaller variation in sperm extracted from the male (tau m, τm = 1.54-1.84 ns) than in that extracted from the female sperm stor ... | 2015 | 26333813 |
| bedbugs: a primer for the health-system pharmacist. | the history and life cycle of bedbugs, the identification and supportive treatment of bedbug bites, and the eradication and prevention of bedbug infestations are reviewed. | 2013 | 23292265 |
| otitis from the common bedbug. | there is a resurgence of interest in the biology and clinical disease associated with cimex lectularius, as the common bed bug is becoming more prevalent in well-developed countries. a patient presented with complaints of right ear irritation for several days' duration. a foreign body was lavaged from the ear canal, which proved to be an engorged nymphal form of cimex lectularius. the parasite had apparently obtained a blood feed from the tympanic membrane. the resolution of the illness was unre ... | 2012 | 23277805 |
| using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing. | multifamily housing facilities serving low-income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (ipm) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. bed bug ipm in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building-wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. other components of a bed bug ipm ... | 2016 | 26251256 |
| questing activity in bed bug populations: male and female responses to host signals. | a large-arena bioassay is used to examine sex differences in spatiotemporal patterns of bed bug cimex lectularius l. behavioural responses to either a human host or co2 gas. after release in the centre of the arena, 90% of newly-fed bed bugs move to hiding places in the corners within 24 h. they require 3 days to settle down completely in the arena, with generally low activity levels and the absence of responses to human stimuli for 5 days. after 8-9 days, persistent responses can be recorded. s ... | 2014 | 26166936 |
| repellency of selected chemicals against the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae). | in recent years, the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), became a major public health concern in urban communities. bed bugs are notoriously difficult to control, and their bites are not tolerated by most people. the public has an urgent need for materials and methods to reduce bed bug introduction and bites during work, travel, or sleep. a repellent product will help achieve these goals by discouraging and preventing bed bugs from moving to a protected area. we evaluate ... | 2013 | 24498754 |
| genomic analyses of sodium channel α-subunit genes from strains of melon thrips, thrips palmi, with different sensitivities to cypermethrin. | we examined the genomic organization of the sodium channel α-subunit gene in two strains of melon thrips, thrips palmi, having differing sensitivity to cypermethrin. the nucleotide sequences of the strains included 18 or 16 putative exons which covered the entire coding region of the gene producing 2039 amino acid residues. deduced amino acid sequences of both strains showed 80% homology with those of periplaneta americana and cimex lectularius. comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of both ... | 2014 | 24485319 |
| extensive fragmentation of the x chromosome in the bed bug cimex lectularius linnaeus, 1758 (heteroptera, cimicidae): a survey across europe. | variation in the number of chromosomes was revealed in 61 samples of cimex lectularius linnaeus, 1758 from the czech republic and other european countries, hosted on myotis kaup, 1829 (4) and homo sapiens linnaeus, 1758 (57). the karyotype of all the specimens of cimex lectularius analysed contained 26 autosomes and a varying number of the sex chromosomes. the number of sex chromosomes showed extensive variation, and up to 20 fragments were recorded. altogether, 12 distinct karyotypes were disti ... | 2013 | 24455100 |
| population variation in and selection for resistance to pyrethroid-neonicotinoid insecticides in the bed bug. | pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs, cimex lectularius, has prompted a change to combination products that include a pyrethroid and a neonicotinoid. ten populations of bed bugs were challenged with two combination products (temprid sc and transport ghp). susceptibility of these populations varied, with the correlated response of the two products indicating cross resistance. we imposed selection on three populations using label rate temprid, and then reared progeny from unselected and selected stra ... | 2014 | 24452337 |
| human-facilitated metapopulation dynamics in an emerging pest species, cimex lectularius. | the number and demographic history of colonists can have dramatic consequences for the way in which genetic diversity is distributed and maintained in a metapopulation. the bed bug (cimex lectularius) is a re-emerging pest species whose close association with humans has led to frequent local extinction and colonization, that is, to metapopulation dynamics. pest control limits the lifespan of subpopulations, causing frequent local extinctions, and human-facilitated dispersal allows the colonizati ... | 2014 | 24446663 |
| morphology, ultrastructure and functional role of antennal sensilla in off-host aggregation by the bed bug, cimex lectularius. | after blood feeding on a host, bed bugs, cimex lectularius, assemble in aggregation sites away from the host. off-host aggregation is mediated by a combination of mechanical and chemical stimuli associated with bug feces. partial antennectomies indicated removal of flagellomeres did not affect aggregation, but removal of the whole pedicel or its distal half significantly reduced (p < 0.01) aggregation, suggesting that sensilla related to off-host aggregation occur on the distal half of the pedic ... | 2014 | 24412653 |
| efficacy of an essential oil-based pesticide for controlling bed bug (cimex lectularius) infestations in apartment buildings. | bed bugs (cimex lectularius l. and cimex hemipterus f.) are among the most difficult urban pests to manage. many essential oil-based bed bug control products that are considered reduced risk to mammals compared to synthetic insect neurotoxins have become commercially available, but their effectiveness as a stand-alone control method is unknown. this study assessed the field efficacy of an essential oil-based bed bug control product (ecoraider; a.i. 1% geraniol + 1% cedar oil + 2% sodium lauryl s ... | 2014 | 26462944 |
| cases of bed bug (cimex lectularius) infestations in northwest italy. | cbed bugs (cimex lectularius) have been a common problem for humans for at least 3,500 years and in europe their presence was endemic until the end of world war ii, when infestations began to decrease. however, since the beginning of the 21st century new cases of infestations have been reported in developed countries. many theories have been put forward to explain this change of direction, but none has been scientifically proven. the aim of this study is to provide some reports of bed bug infest ... | 2017 | 24362773 |
| application of native prick test in diagnosis of bed bug allergy. | the aim of the study was case report of the patient with systemic reaction after a bed bug (cimex lectularius) bite. a 23-year-old female, previously healthy, reports systemic reaction, including rash on her corpus and limbs, itching, nausea, conciseness disorder, forcing her to call the ambulance. the interview revealed that the bed bug occurs in the patient's apartment. a prick-by-prick test with bed bug excretion was made. the skin test with native allergen was strongly positive (histamine 5 ... | 2013 | 24278049 |
| blood constituents as phagostimulants for the bed bug cimex lectularius l. | many hematophagous arthropods are stimulated by blood constituents to initiate feeding. we used a membrane-based feeding system to identify chemicals that stimulate acceptance and engorgement responses in various life stages of bed bugs. water was fortified with a variety of compounds (e.g. salts, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides, cholesterol and fatty acids) in these bioassays. atp was the most effective phagostimulant in adults and nymphs, resulting in >70% of bed bugs fully engorging. addit ... | 2014 | 24198260 |
| standard metabolic rate of the bed bug, cimex lectularius: effects of temperature, mass, and life stage. | metabolic rates provide important information about the biology of organisms. for ectothermic species such as insects, factors such as temperature and mass heavily influence metabolism, but these effects differ considerably between species. in this study we examined the standard metabolic rate of the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. we used closed system respirometry and measured both o2 consumption and co2 production across a range of temperatures (10, 20, 25, 30, 35°c) and life stages, while also ... | 2013 | 24013075 |
| two different lineages of bedbug (cimex lectularius) reflected in host specificity. | co-speciation between host-parasite species is generally thought to result in mirror-image congruent phylogenies. for the last several centuries, many bat species have been turning synanthropic, especially those that are hosted by bedbugs in europe. there is evidence of only limited gene flow from the population of people to the population of bats. this study was focused on comparison of survival, development, and the reproduction rate based on cross-feeding experiments. in our research, we used ... | 2013 | 23982311 |
| ivermectin causes cimex lectularius (bedbug) morbidity and mortality. | bedbug infestations are increasing across north america and europe, with more people presenting to emergency departments for treatment. physicians cannot provide substantive treatment for people affected by bedbugs. | 2013 | 23871326 |