| evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. | partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ... | 2001 | 11581380 |
| comparison of two aquatic alphaviruses, salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus, by using genome sequence analysis, monoclonal reactivity, and cross-infection. | cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) of farmed atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (sdv) of rainbow trout were compared. excluding the poly(a) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of spdv and sdv rnas include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. phylogenetic analysis places spdv and sdv between the new world viruses of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus and the old world viruses of aura virus and sindbis virus. w ... | 2002 | 12021349 |
| characterization and mapping of monoclonal antibodies against the sleeping disease virus, an aquatic alphavirus. | sleeping disease virus (sdv) is an emerging pathogen in salmonid aquacultures, the impact of which is underestimated to date due to the lack of efficient diagnostic tools. to better characterize this new aquatic alphavirus and to make molecular tools available, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against sdv non-structural and structural proteins has been generated by immunizing mice with sdv-specific recombinant proteins overexpressed in escherichia coli as antigens. so far, mabs a ... | 2005 | 16227235 |
| recovery of a recombinant salmonid alphavirus fully attenuated and protective for rainbow trout. | sleeping disease virus (sdv) is a member of the new salmonid alphavirus genus within the togaviridae family. the single-stranded rna genome of sdv is 11,894 nucleotides long, excluding the 3' poly(a) tail. a full-length cdna has been generated; the cdna was fused to a hammerhead ribozyme sequence at the 5' end and inserted into a transcription plasmid (pcdna3) backbone, yielding psdv. by transfection of psdv into fish cells, recombinant sdv (rsdv) was successfully recovered. demonstration of the ... | 2006 | 16571825 |
| discovery of frameshifting in alphavirus 6k resolves a 20-year enigma. | the genus alphavirus includes several potentially lethal human viruses. additionally, species such as sindbis virus and semliki forest virus are important vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer research, and important models for virion assembly and structural analyses. the genome encodes nine known proteins, including the small '6k' protein. 6k appears to be involved in envelope protein processing, membrane permeabilization, virion assembly and virus budding. in protein gels, 6k migrat ... | 2008 | 18822126 |
| evolutionary genetics and vector adaptation of recombinant viruses of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex provides new insights into alphavirus diversity and host switching. | western equine encephalitis virus (weev), highlands j virus (hjv), and fort morgan virus (fmv) are the sole representatives of the wee antigenic complex of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae, that are endemic to north america. all three viruses have their ancestry in a recombination event involving eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) and a sindbis (sin)-like virus that gave rise to a chimeric alphavirus that subsequently diversified into the present-day weev, hjv, and fmv. here, we pr ... | 2014 | 25463613 |
| a fully attenuated recombinant salmonid alphavirus becomes pathogenic through a single amino acid change in the e2 glycoprotein. | a recombinant sleeping disease virus (rsdv) was previously shown to be totally attenuated and provide long-term protection in trout (c. moriette, m. leberre, a. lamoureux, t. l. lai, m. brémont, j. virol. 80:4088-4098, 2006). sequence comparison of the rsdv to wild-type genomes exhibited a number of nucleotide changes. in the current study, we demonstrate that the virulent phenotype of sdv was essentially associated with two amino acid changes, v8a and m136t, in the e2 glycoprotein, with the v8a ... | 2013 | 23449806 |
| an easy operating pathogen microarray (eopm) platform for rapid screening of vertebrate pathogens. | infectious diseases emerge frequently in china, partly because of its large and highly mobile population. therefore, a rapid and cost-effective pathogen screening method with broad coverage is required for prevention and control of infectious diseases. the availability of a large number of microbial genome sequences generated by conventional sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing has enabled the development of a high-throughput high-density microarray platform for rapid large-scale scr ... | 2013 | 24053492 |
| a viral mrna motif at the 3'-untranslated region that confers translatability in a cell-specific manner. implications for virus evolution. | sindbis virus (sinv) mrnas contain several motifs that participate in the regulation of their translation. we have discovered a motif at the 3' untranslated region (utr) of viral mrnas, constituted by three repeated sequences, which is involved in the translation of both sinv genomic and subgenomic mrnas in insect, but not in mammalian cells. these data illustrate for the first time that an element present at the 3'-utr confers translatability to mrnas from an animal virus in a cell-specific man ... | 2016 | 26755446 |
| rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle satellite cells are targets of salmonid alphavirus infection. | sleeping disease in rainbow trout is characterized by an abnormal swimming behaviour of the fish which stay on their side at the bottom of the tanks. this sign is due to extensive necrosis and atrophy of red skeletal muscle induced by the sleeping disease virus (sdv), also called salmonid alphavirus 2. infections of humans with arthritogenic alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (chikv), are global causes of debilitating musculoskeletal diseases. the mechanisms by which the virus causes these ... | 2016 | 26743565 |
| characterization of untranslated regions of the salmonid alphavirus 3 (sav3) genome and construction of a sav3 based replicon. | salmonid alphavirus (sav) causes disease in farmed salmonid fish and is divided into different genetic subtypes (sav1-6). here we report the cloning and characterization of the 5'- and 3'- untranslated regions (utr) of a sav3 isolated from atlantic salmon in norway. the sequences of the utrs are very similar to those of sav1 and sav2, but single nucleotide polymorphisms are present, also in the 3' - conserved sequence element (3'-cse). prediction of the rna secondary structure suggested putative ... | 2009 | 19860871 |
| a phylogenomic study of the genus alphavirus employing whole genome comparison. | the phylogenetics of the genus alphavirus have historically been characterized using partial gene, single gene or partial proteomic data. we have mined cdna and amino acid sequences from genbank for all fully sequenced and some partially sequenced alphaviruses and generated phylogenomic analyses of the genus alphavirus genus, employing capsid encoding structural regions, non-structural coding regions and complete viral genomes. our studies support the presence of the previously reported recombin ... | 2005 | 18629194 |
| alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review. | the first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in ireland. subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in france. more recently norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) has been isolated from marine phase production of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in norway. these three viruses are closely related and are now co ... | 2007 | 17718707 |
| experimental transmission of sleeping disease in one-year-old rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), induced by sleeping disease virus. | sleeping disease (sd) is a serious disease of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in fresh water caused by sleeping disease virus (sdv). in this study a detailed clinical, histological, virological and serological description of the experimental reproduction of sd in 1-year-old rainbow trout exposed to sdv was carried out. two hundred disease-free fish were intraperitoneally inoculated with a sdv isolate and 100 fish were inoculated with an uninfected cell culture lysate as a negative con ... | 2006 | 16677316 |
| nucleotide sequence variation in salmonid alphaviruses from outbreaks of salmon pancreas disease and sleeping disease. | we compared 18 salmonid alphaviruses (sav) including the reference f93-125 salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) and s49p sleeping disease virus (sdv) isolates by nucleotide sequence analyses of regions within the e1, nsp4 and nsp3 genes, and found these to comprise 3 distinct groups, which we have designated subtypes 1, 2 and 3: subtype 1, which comprised savs with sequences closely similar to the reference spdv isolate, included savs from pancreas disease (pd) outbreaks in farmed salmon in irel ... | 2005 | 16231635 |
| detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | a simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (savs), salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) and sleeping disease virus (sdv), from serum samples is described. using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cells. after incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees c, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based immunoperoxidase (ipx) detection system, and virus-infected cells are obs ... | 2004 | 15009240 |
| first isolation of sleeping disease virus from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in the united kingdom. | | 2003 | 14710763 |
| haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) in norway: pathology and associated virus-like particles. | atlantic salmon salmo salar pre-smolt, smolt and post-smolt, with clinical signs of haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) have been found in several locations along the norwegian coast (rogaland to troms). affected fish had pale gills and bleeding at the fin bases, but seemed to be in good physical condition with no obvious weight loss. the internal organs and body cavity showed distinct bleedings. petechiae were found on the gastrointestinal tract, swim bladder and peritoneum, visceral adipose tiss ... | 2003 | 12718466 |
| an rt-pcr-based method for the diagnosis of the sleeping disease virus in experimentally and naturally infected salmonids. | the sleeping disease (sd) of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is a worldwide disease for which the causative agent, the sleeping disease virus (sdv), has been recently characterized as an atypical alphavirus (villoing et al. 2000). up to now, no diagnostic tools were available and thus no epidemiological studies have been undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of this disease on the field. we present in this paper a sensitive and highly specific 1 working day method, which allows the detection ... | 2000 | 10785859 |
| rainbow trout sleeping disease virus is an atypical alphavirus. | sleeping disease (sd) is currently a matter of concern for salmonid fish farmers in most parts of the world. a viral etiology of sd has recently been suspected, since virus-like particles have been observed in infected rainbow trout cells. in salmonid-derived cell lines, the maximal rate of virus production was observed at 10 degrees c, while little virus was produced at 14 degrees c. through biochemical, physicochemical, and morphological studies, sd virus (sdv) was shown to be an enveloped vir ... | 2000 | 10590104 |
| development, characterisation and application of monoclonal antibodies for the detection and quantification of infectious salmon anaemia virus in plasma samples using luminex bead array technology. | infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) is an orthomyxovirus that has had a significant economic impact on atlantic salmon farming in europe, north america and chile. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against segment 3 (encoding the viral nucleoprotein, np) of the virus. six of the mabs were shown to be specific to isav and recognised all isolates from scotland, norway and canada. they reacted with isav in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody techniqu ... | 2016 | 27434377 |