| biological properties of rickettsia prowazekii strains isolated from flying squirrels. | four strains of rickettsia prowazekii, isolated from flying squirrels (glaucomys volans volans) from florida and virginia, were compared with other strains of the typhus biotype, two previously established strains each of r. prowazekii and r. typhi and one strain of r. canada, for similarities in a number of unrelated phenotypic characteristics. r. akari served as a spotted fever biotype control. all strains produced small plaques on chicken embryo cell monolayers that were clearly recognized on ... | 1977 | 408272 |
| epizootiology of epidemic typhus (rickettsia prowazekii) in flying squirrels. | vector transmission of rickettsia prowazekii among wild flying squirrels, glaucomys volans, was suggested by the occurrence of natural infection of squirrel lice and fleas. lice, mostly neohaematopinus sciuropteri osburn, were found infected in the fall in each of 2 consecutive years; 4 of the 8 pools of this insect tested were infected. fleas, orchopeas howardii (baker), were found infected on two occasions in 1 of the 2 consecutive years. however, only 2 of 14 flea pools were infected. no evid ... | 1978 | 646026 |
| preliminary studies on the characterization and distribution of staphylococcus and micrococcus species on animal skin. | a total of 221 strains of staphylococci and 98 strains of micrococci isolated from the skins of eastern gray squirrels, southern flying squirrels, raccoons, opossums, squirrel monkeys, swine, sheep, horses, cattle, and dogs were characterized in a preliminary attempt to resolve their natural relationships and distribution in nature. staphylococci demonstrating the widest host range included staphylococcus xylosus and unnamed staphylococcus sp. 3. unnamed staphylococcus sp. 2 was isolated only fr ... | 1976 | 942208 |
| experimental infection of ectoparasitic arthropods with rickettsia prowazekii (gvf-16 strain) and transmission to flying squirrels. | epizootiologic studies conducted during the past few years showed the existence of widespread natural infection of the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans, with epidemic typhus rickettsiae, rickettsia prowazekii. the ecological findings strongly implicated transmission of the etiologic agent by an arthropod vector. studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to determine whether ectoparasites naturally associated with flying squirrels (squirrel fleas, lice, mites and tic ... | 1981 | 6782900 |
| epidemic typhus in the united states associated with flying squirrels. | between july 1977 and january 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in virginia, west virginia, and north carolina. the reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern united states; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. patien ... | 1981 | 6785459 |
| ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths of southern flying squirrels in southeast georgia. | southern flying squirrels (glaucomys volans) from southeastern georgia were examined for ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. ten species of ectoparasites were recovered, including 3 species of sucking lice (hoplopleura trispinosa, microphthirus uncinatus, and neohaematopinus sciuropteri), 1 species of flea (orchopeas howardi), 2 species of ticks (amblyomma maculatum and ixodes scapularis), 3 species of mesostigmatid mites (androlaelaps casalis, a. fahrenholzi, and haemogamasus ambulans ... | 2000 | 11128479 |
| flying squirrels and their ectoparasites: disseminators of epidemic typhus. | information gathered during the past decade indicates that the eastern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans, is a zoonotic reservoir of rickettsia prowazekii - causative agent of louse-borne (epidemic) typhus. the sporadic cases o f typhus that have occurred in the usa in association with flying squirrels provide evidence that flying squirrels can transmit r. prowazekii infection to humons. strains of r. prowazekii, isolated from flying squirrels multiply readily in human body lice, but flying squi ... | 1987 | 15462918 |
| strongyloides robustus and the northern sympatric populations of northern (glaucomys sabrinus) and southern (g. volans) flying squirrels. | within north america, northern (glaucomys sabrinus) and southern (glaucomys volans) flying squirrels occupy distinct ranges with limited overlap. sympatry in northern latitudes coincides with northern hardwood vegetation from minnesota to new england. strongyloides robustus is an intestinal parasite that infects both species but appears to be deleterious only to northern flying squirrels. as a result, s. robustus could be a critical determinant of flying squirrel population characteristics in at ... | 2004 | 15465730 |
| the relationship between 3-d kinematics and gliding performance in the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. | gliding is the simplest form of flight, yet relatively little is known about its mechanics in animals. the goal of this study was to describe the body position and performance of a gliding mammal and to identify correlates between kinematics and aerodynamic performance. to do this, i used a pair of high-speed digital cameras to record a portion of the middle of glides by southern flying squirrels, glaucomys volans. the squirrels launched from a height of 4 m and landed on a vertical pole. reflec ... | 2006 | 16449563 |
| leptospirosis in squirrels imported from united states to japan. | we diagnosed leptospirosis in 2 patients exposed to southern flying squirrels imported from the united states to japan. patients worked with exotic animals in their company. leptospira isolates from 1 patient and 5 of 10 squirrels at the company were genetically and serologically identical and were identified as leptospira kirschneri. | 2006 | 16836840 |
| survey for zoonotic rickettsial pathogens in northern flying squirrels, glaucomys sabrinus, in california. | epidemic typhus, caused by rickettsia prowazekii, is maintained in a southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) sylvatic cycle in the southeastern united states. the northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) has not been previously associated with r. prowazekii transmission. a second rickettsial pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum, infects dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes) and tree squirrels in northern california. because northern flying squirrels or their ectoparasites have not bee ... | 2007 | 17984264 |
| epidemic typhus. | epidemic typhus is transmitted to human beings by the body louse pediculus humanus corporis. the disease is still considered a major threat by public-health authorities, despite the efficacy of antibiotics, because poor sanitary conditions are conducive to louse proliferation. until recently, rickettsia prowazekii, the causal agent, was thought to be confined to human beings and their body lice. since 1975, r prowazekii infection in human beings has been related to contact with the flying squirr ... | 2008 | 18582834 |
| cluster of sylvatic epidemic typhus cases associated with flying squirrels, 2004-2006. | in february 2006, a diagnosis of sylvatic epidemic typhus in a counselor at a wilderness camp in pennsylvania prompted a retrospective investigation. from january 2004 through january 2006, 3 more cases were identified. all had been counselors at the camp and had experienced febrile illness with myalgia, chills, and sweats; 2 had been hospitalized. all patients had slept in the same cabin and reported having seen and heard flying squirrels inside the wall adjacent to their bed. serum from each p ... | 2009 | 19624912 |
| sylvatic typhus associated with flying squirrels (glaucomys volans) in new york state, united states. | sylvatic typhus is an infrequent, potentially life-threatening emerging zoonotic disease. in january of 2009, the new york state department of health was notified of a familial cluster of two suspected cases. due to the paucity of typhus cases in new york, epidemiologic and environmental investigations were conducted to establish rickettsial etiology and determine potential sources of infection. patients presented with symptoms consistent with typhus, and serologic testing of each patient confir ... | 2014 | 24689928 |
| survival value of suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn) in four wild sciurid rodents. | laboratory and field data relevant to the survival value of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn) pacemaker are presented for 4 related north american squirrel species that evolved in habitats with markedly different environmental conditions. laboratory studies used free-running activity rhythms under constant conditions as the signature of an endogenous pacemaker. field studies documented the circadian ecology of the 4 species; survival of intact controls was compared, when possible, with an scn-les ... | 2014 | 24886187 |
| seasonal changes in acute stressor-mediated plasma glucocorticoid regulation in new world flying squirrels. | southern flying squirrels have higher circulating cortisol levels than most vertebrates. however, regulation of tissue exposure to cortisol by the hormone's carrier protein, corticosteroid-binding globulin (cbg), appears to be altered due to lower-than-expected cbg expression levels, and a reduced affinity for cortisol. to assess the capacity of flying squirrels to regulate acute stress-mediated cortisol levels, we used the dexamethasone (dex) suppression test followed by the adrenocorticotropic ... | 2018 | 29763585 |
| coccidian parasites of flying squirrels, glaucomys spp. (rodentia: sciuridae), from alaska and arkansas, with a description of a new species of eimeria (apicomplexa: eimeriidae). | new world flying squirrels, glaucomys spp., are nocturnal arboreal sciurid rodents that have been previously surveyed for coccidial parasites. to date, 4 species of eimeria have been reported from 2 species of glaucomys. here we report 2 species of eimerians from southern flying squirrels (glaucomys volans) and the endemic prince of wales flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons). oocysts of eimeria dorneyi levine and ivens were found to be passing in the feces of 4 g. s. griseifrons from ... | 2020 | 32579665 |
| signatures of selection in mammalian clock genes with coding trinucleotide repeats: implications for studying the genomics of high-pace adaptation. | climate change is predicted to affect the reproductive ecology of wildlife; however, we have yet to understand if and how species can adapt to the rapid pace of change. clock genes are functional genes likely critical for adaptation to shifting seasonal conditions through shifts in timing cues. many of these genes contain coding trinucleotide repeats, which offer the potential for higher rates of change than single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) at coding sites, and, thus, may translate to fast ... | 2017 | 28944015 |
| seasonal energetics and torpor use in north american flying squirrels. | seasonal cold temperatures require mammals to use morphological, behavioural, or physiological traits to survive periods of extreme cold and food shortage. torpor is a physiological state that minimizes energy requirements by decreasing resting metabolic rate (mr) and body temperature (tb). many rodent species are capable of torpor, however, evidence in northern and southern flying squirrels (glaucomys sabrinus and glaucomys volans, respectively) has remained anecdotal. we experimentally attempt ... | 2017 | 29108557 |
| unusual spermatozoan formations in the epididymis of the flying squirrel (glaucomys volans). | | 1970 | 5461002 |
| intra- and inter-familial behaviour of glaucomys volans (rodentia) following parturition. | | 1970 | 5530114 |
| osteomalacia in captive flying squirrels, glaucomys volans. | | 1971 | 4325696 |
| response to nest boxes and reproduction by glaucomys volans in northern louisiana. | | 1975 | 1185083 |
| light-sampling behavior in photoentrainment of a rodent circadian rhythm. | behavioral aspects of photoentrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythms were recorded for a nocturnal den-dwelling rodent, the flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. methods included both telemetric monitoring and infrared observations of animals under constant dark (dd) or light-dark (ld) schedules in either standard wheel cages or in newly developed simulated den cages. by means of the den cages, several aspects of a circadian activity cycle could be simultaneously measured emphasizing the ... | 1986 | 3761222 |
| three-dimensional launch kinematics in leaping, parachuting and gliding squirrels. | leaping, parachuting and gliding are the primary means by which arboreal squirrels negotiate gaps in the canopy. there are notable differences among the three locomotor modes with respect to mid-air postures and aerodynamics, yet it is unclear whether variation should also be expected during the launch phase of locomotion. to address this question, launch kinematic profiles were compared in leaping (tamias striatus), parachuting (tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and gliding (glaucomys volans) squirrels. ... | 2002 | 12124370 |
| observations and larval descriptions of fleas (siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae, ctenophthalmidae, ishnopsyllidae) of the southern flying squirrel, little brown bat, and brazilian free-tailed bat (mammalia: rodentia, chiroptera). | larvae of the four fleas infesting nests of the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans colans (l.) [conorhinopsylla stanfordi stewart, epitedia faceta (rothschild), opisodasys pseudarctomys (baker), and orchopeas howardi (baker)], and of the bat fleas myodopsylla insignis (rothschild) and sternopsylla distincta texana (c. fox), associated with the bats myotis lcifuigus (le conte) and tadarida brasiliensis (i. geof. st. hilaire), respectively, are described. c. stanfordi has the second poster ... | 2007 | 18047188 |
| psorergates glaucomys sp. n. (acari: psorergatidae), a cystogenous mite from the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys v. volans), with histopathologic notes on a mite-induced dermal cyst. | | 1973 | 4696585 |
| innervation of propatagial musculature in a flying squirrel, glaucomys volans (rodentia, sciuridae). | the propatagium of gliding and flying mammals is of both functional and phylogenetic interest. the innervation of the propatagial muscle, platysma ii, was studied with the axonal tracer wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (wga-hrp) in a flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. injections of wga-hrp into the proximal third of platysma ii labeled motoneurons in the lateral part of the medial subdivision of the ipsilateral facial nucleus and in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the brac ... | 1996 | 8834780 |
| a midsummer study of the southern flying squirrel. | | 1948 | 18906246 |
| variability and constraint of vertebral formulae and proportions in colugos, tree shrews, and rodents, with special reference to vertebral modification by aerodynamic adaptation. | the aim of the present study is to provide the first large data set on vertebral formulae and proportions, and examine their relationship with different locomotive modes in colugos (dermoptera), tree shrews (scandentia), and rodents (rodentia), which have been considered less variable because they were thought to have a plesiomorphic number of 19 thoracolumbar vertebrae. the data included 33 colugos and 112 tree shrews, which are phylogenetically sister taxa, and 288 additional skeletons from 29 ... | 2017 | 28703847 |
| multi-species genetic connectivity in a terrestrial habitat network. | habitat fragmentation reduces genetic connectivity for multiple species, yet conservation efforts tend to rely heavily on single-species connectivity estimates to inform land-use planning. such conservation activities may benefit from multi-species connectivity estimates, which provide a simple and practical means to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation for a larger number of species. to test the validity of a multi-species connectivity model, we used neutral microsatellite genetic data ... | 2017 | 29043084 |
| flexible use of spatial cues in the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans). | insects, birds, and mammals have been shown capable of encoding spatial information in memory using multiple strategies or frames of reference simultaneously. these strategies include orientation to a goal-specific cue or beacon, to the position of the goal in an array of local landmarks, or to its position in the array of distant landmarks, also known as the global frame of reference. from previous experiments, it appears that birds and mammals that scatter hoard rely primarily on a global fram ... | 2007 | 17265151 |
| aerodynamic force generation, performance and control of body orientation during gliding in sugar gliders (petaurus breviceps). | gliding has often been discussed in the literature as a possible precursor to powered flight in vertebrates, but few studies exist on the mechanics of gliding in living animals. in this study i analyzed the 3d kinematics of sugar gliders (petaurus breviceps) during short glides in an enclosed space. short segments of the glide were captured on video, and the positions of marked anatomical landmarks were used to compute linear distances and angles, as well as whole body velocities and acceleratio ... | 2007 | 17644674 |
| kinematics of turning maneuvers in the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. | the ability to change direction is essential to any animal that moves around in a complex, 3d environment. in this study we present the first 3d description of body positions during gliding turns in a mammalian gliding specialist, the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. in addition, we used these kinematic data to estimate the aerodynamic forces generated by the animals and rotational velocities and accelerations of the body while turning. these results were compared with similar measure ... | 2008 | 18409187 |
| the chromosomes of the new world flying squirrels (glaucomys volans and glaucomys sabrinus) with special reference to autosomal heterochromatin. | | 1973 | 4732300 |
| the potential role of strongyloides robustus on parasite-mediated competition between two species of flying squirrels (glaucomys). | there is growing evidence that populations of the northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) are declining in the eastern united states, perhaps due to competition with the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans). potential causes include parasite-mediated or apparent competition from the shared intestinal nematode, strongyloides robustus, which has been shown to detrimentally affect the northern flying squirrel but not the southern flying squirrel. to investigate this hypothesis, we cond ... | 2010 | 20090036 |
| a new rhabditoid nematode species in asian sciurids, distinct from strongyloides robustus in north american sciurids. | strongyloides callosciureus n. sp. (nematoda: rhabditoidea), from asian sciurids, is described based on morphology, morphometry, and the small and large subunit (ssu/lsu) ribosomal rna gene (rdna) sequences. this new species was collected from pallas's squirrels (callosciurus erythraeus) in the central part of mainland japan (honshu), which were originally introduced from taiwan some decades ago, and plantain squirrels (callosciurus notatus) imported from malaysia as personal pets. for compariso ... | 2007 | 18314696 |
| an examination of endoparasites and fecal testosterone levels in flying squirrels (glaucomys spp.) using high performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet (hplc-uv). | the immuno-competence hypothesis proposes that higher levels of testosterone increases the susceptibility to parasitism. here we examined the testosterone levels in two species of flying squirrels (glaucomys): one known to regularly host a nematode species (strongyloides robustus) without ill effects (g. volans) and a closely related species that is considered negatively affected by the parasite. we quantified fecal testosterone levels in northern and southern flying squirrels (g. sabrinus, g. v ... | 2017 | 28626636 |