| protection from hendra virus infection with canarypox recombinant vaccine. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, which causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans and horses. since its first appearance in 1994, spillovers of hev from its natural reservoir fruit bats occur on almost an annual basis. the high mortality rate in both humans and horses and the wide-ranging reservoir distribution are making hev a serious public health problem, especially for people exposed to sick horses. this study has aimed to develop an efficient low-cost h ... | 2016 | 29263849 |
| one health and zoonoses: the evolution of one health and incorporation of zoonoses. | zoonotic disease outbreaks have surged in the last two decades. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), hendra virus, nipah virus, influenza viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus, and ebola. one health is the initiative of an inclusive collaboration linking human, animal, and environmental health. one health is advocated through an intersectoral coordination to combat zoonoses, and the term has evolved over centuries. the primary aim of this literature revi ... | 2015 | 29138713 |
| climate change could increase the geographic extent of hendra virus spillover risk. | disease risk mapping is important for predicting and mitigating impacts of bat-borne viruses, including hendra virus (paramyxoviridae:henipavirus), that can spillover to domestic animals and thence to humans. we produced two models to estimate areas at potential risk of hev spillover explained by the climatic suitability for its flying fox reservoir hosts, pteropus alecto and p. conspicillatus. we included additional climatic variables that might affect spillover risk through other biological pr ... | 2018 | 29556762 |
| rescue and characterization of recombinant cedar virus, a non-pathogenic henipavirus species. | hendra virus and nipah virus are zoonotic viruses that have caused severe to fatal disease in livestock and human populations. the isolation of cedar virus, a non-pathogenic virus species in the genus henipavirus, closely-related to the highly pathogenic hendra virus and nipah virus offers an opportunity to investigate differences in pathogenesis and receptor tropism among these viruses. | 2018 | 29587789 |
| a network approach for provisional assay recognition of a hendra virus antibody elisa: test validation with low sample numbers from infected horses. | obtaining statistically sound numbers of sera from hendra virus (hev)-infected horses is problematic because affected individuals usually die or are euthanized before developing a serum antibody response. as a consequence, test validation becomes a challenge. our approach is an extension of oie principles for provisional recognition and included 7 validation panels tested across multiple laboratories that provided estimates for test performance characteristics. at a 0.4 s/p cutoff, 16 of 19 sera ... | 2018 | 29463198 |
| susceptibility of paramyxoviruses and filoviruses to inhibition by 2'-monofluoro- and 2'-difluoro-4'-azidocytidine analogs. | ebolaviruses, marburgviruses, and henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens belonging to the filoviridae and paramyxoviridae families. they exemplify viruses that continue to spill over into the human population, causing outbreaks characterized by high mortality and significant clinical sequelae in survivors of infection. there are currently no approved small molecule therapeutics for use in humans against these viruses. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the nucleoside analog 4'-a ... | 2018 | 29601894 |
| hervey virus: study on co-circulation with henipaviruses in pteropid bats within their distribution range from australia to africa. | in 2011, an unusually large number of independent hendra virus outbreaks were recorded on horse properties in queensland and new south wales, australia. urine from bat colonies adjacent to the outbreak sites were sampled and screened for hendra and other viruses. several novel paramyxoviruses were also isolated at different locations. here one of the novel viruses, named hervey virus (herpv), is fully characterized by genome sequencing, annotation, phylogeny and in vitro host range, and its sero ... | 2018 | 29390028 |
| cortical neurons derived from equine induced pluripotent stem cells are susceptible to neurotropic flavivirus infection and replication: an in vitro model for equine neuropathic diseases. | horses are susceptible to a number of neurotropic viruses, including west nile virus (wnv), which is a pathogen of global significance in both horses and humans. however, there are no in vitro models with which to study infectious neuropathic diseases in the horse. in an effort to redress this we have generated neurons from equine induced pluripotent stem cells (equipscs) that express a range of cortical neuron-specific markers, in addition to the membrane-bound ligand ephrin b3, which plays an ... | 2018 | 29562867 |
| rapid and specific detection of all known nipah virus strains' sequences with reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic virus and can be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. niv is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent, not only because of its relatively high case fatality rate, but also because there is no vaccine or other medical countermeasures and it appears to be transmitted by fomites/particulates. the development of rapid detection assay for niv is of great importance because no effective field test is currently available. in this study, an iso ... | 2019 | 30915049 |
| zoonotic viral diseases of equines and their impact on human and animal health. | zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. these diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like ebola, middle east respiratory syndrome, west nile, sars-corona, nipah, hendra, avian influenza and swine influenza. | 2018 | 30288197 |
| hendra in the hunter valley. | in june 2019 the first equine case of hendra virus in the hunter valley, new south wales, australia was detected. an urgent human and animal health response took place, involving biosecurity measures, contact tracing, promotion of equine vaccinations and investigation of flying fox activity in the area. no human or additional animal cases occurred. equine vaccination uptake increased by over 30-fold in the surrounding region in the three months following the case. black flying fox and grey-heade ... | 2020 | 33117876 |
| time of year, age class and body condition predict hendra virus infection in australian black flying foxes (pteropus alecto). | hendra virus (hev) continues to cause fatal infection in horses and threaten infection in close-contact humans in eastern australia. species of pteropus bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir of the virus. we caught and sampled flying-foxes from a multispecies roost in southeast queensland, australia on eight occasions between june 2013 and june 2014. the effects of sample date, species, sex, age class, body condition score (bcs), pregnancy and lactation on hev antibody prevalence, log-tr ... | 2019 | 31364577 |
| environmental drivers of spatiotemporal foraging intensity in fruit bats and implications for hendra virus ecology. | in the australian subtropics, flying-foxes (family pteropididae) play a fundamental ecological role as forest pollinators. flying-foxes are also reservoirs of the fatal zoonosis, hendra virus. understanding flying fox foraging ecology, particularly in agricultural areas during winter, is critical to determine their role in transmitting hendra virus to horses and humans. we developed a spatiotemporal model of flying-fox foraging intensity based on foraging patterns of 37 grey-headed flying-foxes ... | 2018 | 29934514 |
| seroprevalence of three paramyxoviruses; hendra virus, tioman virus, cedar virus and a rhabdovirus, australian bat lyssavirus, in a range expanding fruit bat, the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus). | habitat-mediated global change is driving shifts in species' distributions which can alter the spatial risks associated with emerging zoonotic pathogens. many emerging infectious pathogens are transmitted by highly mobile species, including bats, which can act as spill-over hosts for pathogenic viruses. over three years, we investigated the seroepidemiology of paramyxoviruses and australian bat lyssavirus in a range-expanding fruit bat, the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus), in a n ... | 2020 | 32374743 |
| resistance of cynomolgus monkeys to nipah and hendra virus disease is associated with cell-mediated and humoral immunity. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are capable of causing severe and often lethal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in animals and humans. given the sporadic nature of henipavirus outbreaks, licensure of vaccines and therapeutics for human use will likely require demonstration of efficacy in animal models that faithfully reproduce the human condition. currently, the african green monkey (agm) best mimics human henipavirus-induced disease. | 2020 | 32022850 |
| a novel field-deployable method for sequencing and analyses of henipavirus genomes from complex samples on the minion platform. | viruses in the genus henipavirus encompass 2 highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic pathogens, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv). despite the impact on human health, there is currently limited full-genome sequence information available for henipaviruses. this lack of full-length genomes hampers our ability to understand the molecular drivers of henipavirus emergence. furthermore, rapidly deployable viral genome sequencing can be an integral part of outbreak response and epidemiological inves ... | 2020 | 31784761 |
| analysis of nipah virus codon usage and adaptation to hosts. | a recent outbreak of nipah virus (niv) in india has caused 17 deaths in people living in districts of kerala state. its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of human-to-human transmission, has led researchers worldwide to work toward understanding the different aspects of the niv. we performed a codon usage analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of niv and its host adaptation, along with other members of the henipavirus genus in ten hosts. niv genome encodes nine open readin ... | 2019 | 31156564 |
| development of a reverse genetics system for sosuga virus allows rapid screening of antiviral compounds. | sosuga virus (sosv) is a recently discovered zoonotic paramyxovirus isolated from a single human case in 2012; it has been ecologically and epidemiologically associated with transmission by the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus). bats have long been recognized as sources of novel zoonotic pathogens, including highly lethal paramyxoviruses like nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). the ability of sosv to cause severe human disease supports the need for studies on sosv pathogenesis ... | 2018 | 29522528 |
| bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence. | most viral pathogens in humans have animal origins and arose through cross-species transmission. over the past 50 years, several viruses, including ebola virus, marburg virus, nipah virus, hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) and sars-cov-2, have been linked back to various bat species. despite decades of research into bats and the pathogens they carry, the fields of bat virus ecology and molecular biology are stil ... | 2020 | 32528128 |
| interfacial properties of ntail, an intrinsically disordered protein. | intrinsically disordered proteins (idps) lack stable secondary and tertiary structure under physiological conditions in the absence of their biological partners and thus exist as dynamic ensembles of interconverting conformers, often highly soluble in water. however, in some cases, idps such as the ones involved in neurodegenerative diseases can form protein aggregates and their aggregation process may be triggered by the interaction with membranes. although the interfacial behavior of globular ... | 2017 | 29262365 |
| hendra virus infection in horses: a review on emerging mystery paramyxovirus. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus which causes acute and deadly infection in horses (equus caballus). it is a rare and unmanaged emerging viral infection in horses which is harbored by bats of the genus pteropus (australian flying foxes or fruit bats). the virus is pleomorphic in shape and its genome contains nonsegmented negative-stranded rna with 18234 nucleotides in length. the virus is transmitted from flying foxes to horses, horse to horse, and horse to humans. human-to-human t ... | 2020 | 32684248 |
| investigation of the effect of equivac® hev hendra virus vaccination on thoroughbred racing performance. | to evaluate the effect of equivac® hev hendra virus vaccine on thoroughbred racing performance. | 2018 | 29399777 |
| information delivery and the veterinarian-horse owner relationship in the context of hendra virus in australia. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging bat-borne virus endemic in australia that can be transmitted from horses to humans and has a high fatality rate for horses and people. controversy surrounding hev risk mitigation measures have strained the veterinarian-horse owner relationship. this study aimed to characterise the veterinarian-horse owner relationship in general and also in the context of hev by analysing data derived from the 'horse owners and hendra virus: a longitudinal study to evaluate risk ... | 2020 | 32339964 |
| distinct cell transcriptomic landscapes upon henipavirus infections. | hendra virus (hev) and cedar virus (cedv) are henipaviruses, which fall into the paramyxoviridae family of single-stranded, negative-sense rna viruses. hev is classified as a biosafety level-4 (bsl-4) agent, as it is highly pathogenic and is often fatal to humans. to date, no hev prevention or treatment methods for human are available. in contrast, previous experimental infection studies have suggested that cedv is non-pathogenic. flying foxes (pteropid bats) in australia are the natural reservo ... | 2020 | 32508793 |
| acute experimental infection of bats and ferrets with hendra virus: insights into the early host response of the reservoir host and susceptible model species. | bats are the natural reservoir host for a number of zoonotic viruses, including hendra virus (hev) which causes severe clinical disease in humans and other susceptible hosts. our understanding of the ability of bats to avoid clinical disease following infection with viruses such as hev has come predominantly from in vitro studies focusing on innate immunity. information on the early host response to infection in vivo is lacking and there is no comparative data on responses in bats compared with ... | 2020 | 32226041 |
| horses as a crucial part of one health. | one health (oh) is a crucial concept, where the interference between humans, animals and the environment matters. this review article focusses on the role of horses in maintaining the health of humans and the environment. horses' impact on environmental health includes their influence on soil and the biodiversity of animal and plant species. nevertheless, the effect of horses is not usually linear and several factors like plant-animal coevolutionary history, climate and animal density play signi ... | 2020 | 32121327 |
| a structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of nipah virus reveals a site of vulnerability at the fusion glycoprotein apex. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes frequent outbreaks of severe neurologic and respiratory disease in humans with high case fatality rates. the 2 glycoproteins displayed on the surface of the virus, niv-g and niv-f, mediate host-cell attachment and membrane fusion, respectively, and are targets of the host antibody response. here, we provide a molecular basis for neutralization of niv through antibody-mediated targeting of niv-f. structural characterization of a n ... | 2019 | 31767754 |
| evaluation of a single-dose nucleoside-modified messenger rna vaccine encoding hendra virus-soluble glycoprotein against lethal nipah virus challenge in syrian hamsters. | in the absence of approved vaccines and therapeutics for use in humans, nipah virus (niv) continues to cause fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in bangladesh and india on a near-annual basis. we determined that a single dose of a lipid nanoparticle nucleoside-modified messenger rna vaccine encoding the soluble hendra virus glycoprotein protected up to 70% of syrian hamsters from lethal niv challenge, despite animals having suboptimally primed immune responses before challeng ... | 2020 | 31751453 |
| a cross-reactive humanized monoclonal antibody targeting fusion glycoprotein function protects ferrets against lethal nipah virus and hendra virus infection. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease in both animals and humans. there are no approved vaccines or treatments for use in humans; however, therapeutic treatment of both niv and hev infection in ferrets and non-human primates with a cross-reactive, neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mab), m102.4, targeting the g glycoprotein has been demonstrated. in a previous study, we isolated, characterized, and humanized a cross-reactive, neutral ... | 2020 | 31686101 |
| detailed molecular biochemistry for novel therapeutic design against nipah and hendra virus: a systematic review. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) of genus henipavirus are the deadliest zoonotic viruses, which cause severe respiratory ailments and fatal encephalitis in humans and other susceptible animals. the fatality rate for these infections had been alarmingly high with no approved treatment available to date. viral attachment and fusion with host cell membrane is essential for viral entry and is the most essential event of viral infection. viral attachment is mediated by interaction of henipavi ... | 2020 | 31657692 |
| ictv virus taxonomy profile: paramyxoviridae. | the family paramyxoviridae consists of large enveloped rna viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles virus, mumps virus, nipah virus, hendra virus and several parainfluenza viruses, are pathogenic for humans. the transmission of paramyxoviruses is horizontal, mainly through airborne routes; no vectors are known. this is a summary of the current international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) report on the family ... | 2019 | 31609197 |
| an antibody against the f glycoprotein inhibits nipah and hendra virus infections. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are zoonotic henipaviruses (hnvs) responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illness with fatality rates of 50-100%. no vaccines or licensed therapeutics currently exist to protect humans against niv or hev. hnvs enter host cells by fusing the viral and cellular membranes via the concerted action of the attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins, the main targets of the humoral immune response. here, we describe the isolation and humanizat ... | 2019 | 31570878 |
| synchronous shedding of multiple bat paramyxoviruses coincides with peak periods of hendra virus spillover. | within host-parasite communities, viral co-circulation and co-infections of hosts are the norm, yet studies of significant emerging zoonoses tend to focus on a single parasite species within the host. using a multiplexed paramyxovirus bead-based pcr on urine samples from australian flying foxes, we show that multi-viral shedding from flying fox populations is common. we detected up to nine bat paramyxoviruses shed synchronously. multi-viral shedding infrequently coalesced into an extreme, brief ... | 2019 | 31495335 |
| peptide presentation by bat mhc class i provides new insight into the antiviral immunity of bats. | bats harbor many zoonotic viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses of humans and other mammals, but they are typically asymptomatic in bats. to further understand the antiviral immunity of bats, we screened and identified a series of bat major histocompatibility complex (mhc) i ptal-n*01:01-binding peptides derived from four different bat-borne viruses, i.e., hendra virus (hev), ebola virus (ebov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and h17n10 influenza-like virus. the ... | 2019 | 31498797 |
| optimization and diagnostic evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based blocking elisa formats for detection of neutralizing antibodies to hendra virus in mammalian sera. | maintenance of hendra virus (hev) in pteropid bat populations has been associated with spillover events in horses, humans and dogs. experimental studies have demonstrated infections for several other species including guinea pigs, cats and ferrets. the criteria of a sensitive and specific serological test that is effective for a range of species, but which does not require use of live virus, has not been satisfactorily addressed by currently available tests. we have evaluated the use of two hev ... | 2019 | 31513861 |
| transmembrane domain dissociation is required for hendra virus f protein fusogenic activity. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that utilizes a trimeric fusion (f) protein within its lipid bilayer to mediate membrane merger with a cell membrane for entry. previous hev f studies showed that transmembrane domain (tmd) interactions are important for stabilizing the prefusion conformation of the protein prior to triggering. thus, the current model for hev f fusion suggests that modulation of tmd interactions is critical for initiation and completion of conformational changes tha ... | 2019 | 31462574 |
| the problem of scale in the prediction and management of pathogen spillover. | disease emergence events, epidemics and pandemics all underscore the need to predict zoonotic pathogen spillover. because cross-species transmission is inherently hierarchical, involving processes that occur at varying levels of biological organization, such predictive efforts can be complicated by the many scales and vastness of data potentially required for forecasting. a wide range of approaches are currently used to forecast spillover risk (e.g. macroecology, pathogen discovery, surveillance ... | 2019 | 31401958 |
| rabies-based vaccine induces potent immune responses against nipah virus. | nipah virus (niv) is a re-emerging zoonotic pathogen in the genus henipavirus of the paramyxoviridae family of viruses. niv is endemic to bangladesh and malaysia and is highly fatal to both livestock and humans (human case fatality rate = 74.5%). currently, there is no approved vaccine against niv on the market. the goal of this study was to use a recombinant rabv vector expressing niv glycoprotein (niv g) to develop a bivalent candidate vaccine against niv disease and rabies virus (rabv) diseas ... | 2019 | 31016033 |
| construction of the safe neutralizing assay system using pseudotyped nipah virus and g protein-specific monoclonal antibody. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged paramyxovirus that causes acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in a broad spectrum of vertebrates, including humans. due to its high pathogenicity and mortality rates, niv requires handling in biosafety level-4 (bsl-4) containment facilities and no effective vaccines or therapeutic agents are currently available. since current diagnostic tests for detecting serum neutralizing antibodies against niv mainly employ live viruses, establishment of m ... | 2019 | 30995971 |
| henipaviruses at the interface between bats, livestock and human population in africa. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are closely related members within the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, for which fruit bats serve as the reservoir. the initial emergence of niv infections in pigs and humans in malaysia, and hev infections in horses and humans in australia, posed severe impacts on human and animal health, and continues threatening lives of humans and livestock within southeast asia and australia. recently, henipavirus-specific antibodies have also been detecte ... | 2019 | 30985268 |
| emerging trends of nipah virus: a review. | since emergence of the nipah virus (niv) in 1998 from malaysia, the niv virus has reappeared on different occasions causing severe infections in human population associated with high rate of mortality. niv has been placed along with hendra virus in genus henipavirus of family paramyxoviridae. fruit bats (genus pteropus) are known to be natural host and reservoir of niv. during the outbreaks from malaysia and singapore, the roles of pigs as intermediate host were confirmed. the infection transmit ... | 2019 | 30251294 |
| nipah and hendra virus glycoproteins induce comparable homologous but distinct heterologous fusion phenotypes. | nipah and hendra viruses (niv and hev) exhibit high lethality in humans and are biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) paramyxoviruses in the growing genus henipavirus the attachment (g) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins are both required for viral entry into cells and for cell-cell fusion, which is pathognomonic of henipaviral infections. here, we compared the fusogenic capacities between homologous and heterologous pairs of niv and hev glycoproteins. importantly, to accurately measure their fusogenic c ... | 2019 | 30971473 |
| viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. | in the last two decades, several high impact zoonotic disease outbreaks have been linked to bat-borne viruses. these include sars coronavirus, hendra virus and nipah virus. in addition, it has been suspected that ebolaviruses and mers coronavirus are also linked to bats. it is being increasingly accepted that bats are potential reservoirs of a large number of known and unknown viruses, many of which could spillover into animal and human populations. however, our knowledge into basic bat biology ... | 2019 | 30665189 |
| evidence of exposure to henipaviruses in domestic pigs in uganda. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), belonging to the genus henipavirus, are among the most pathogenic of viruses in humans. old world fruit bats (family pteropodidae) are the natural reservoir hosts. molecular and serological studies found evidence of henipavirus infection in fruit bats from several african countries. however, little is known about the potential for spillover into domestic animals in east africa, particularly pigs, which served as amplifying hosts during the first outbreak ... | 2019 | 30576076 |
| electrostatic interactions between hendra virus matrix proteins are required for efficient virus-like-particle assembly. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus belonging to the genus henipavirus hev is highly pathogenic, and it can cause severe neurological and respiratory illnesses in both humans and animals, with an extremely high mortality rate of up to 70%. among the genes that hev encodes, the matrix (m) protein forms an integral part of the virion structure and plays critical roles in coordinating viral assembly and budding. nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of this process is not fully elucidate ... | 2018 | 29695428 |
| changing resource landscapes and spillover of henipaviruses. | old world fruit bats (chiroptera: pteropodidae) provide critical pollination and seed dispersal services to forest ecosystems across africa, asia, and australia. in each of these regions, pteropodids have been identified as natural reservoir hosts for henipaviruses. the genus henipavirus includes hendra virus and nipah virus, which regularly spill over from bats to domestic animals and humans in australia and asia, and a suite of largely uncharacterized african henipaviruses. rapid change in fru ... | 2018 | 30138535 |
| favipiravir (t-705) protects against nipah virus infection in the hamster model. | nipah and hendra viruses are recently emerged bat-borne paramyxoviruses (genus henipavirus) causing severe encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans with fatality rates ranging from 40-75%. despite the severe pathogenicity of these viruses and their pandemic potential, no therapeutics or vaccines are currently approved for use in humans. favipiravir (t-705) is a purine analogue antiviral approved for use in japan against emerging influenza strains; and several phase 2 and 3 clinical trials ... | 2018 | 29765101 |
| indirect elisa based on hendra and nipah virus proteins for the detection of henipavirus specific antibodies in pigs. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. henipavirus infections were first reported in the 1990's causing severe and often fatal outbreaks in domestic animals and humans in southeast asia and australia. niv infections were observed in humans in bangladesh, india and in the first outbreak in malaysia, where pigs were also infected. hev infections occurred in horses in the north-eastern regions of australia, with singular transmission ... | 2018 | 29708971 |
| emerging henipaviruses and flying foxes - conservation and management perspectives. | wildlife populations are affected by a series of emerging diseases, some of which pose a significant threat to their conservation. they can also be reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health. in this paper, we review the ecology of two viruses that have caused significant disease in domestic animals and humans and are carried by wild fruit bats in asia and australia. the first, hendra virus, has caused disease in horses and/or humans in australia every five years sinc ... | 2006 | 32226079 |
| formation of high-order oligomers is required for functional bioactivity of an african bat henipavirus surface glycoprotein. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are highly pathogenic henipaviruses originating from fruit bats in australia and asia that can cause severe infections in livestock and humans. in recent years, also african bat henipaviruses were identified at the nucleic acid level. to assess their potential to replicate in non-bat species, several studies were performed to characterize the two surface glycoproteins required for virus entry and spread by cell-cell fusion. it has been shown that surface ... | 2018 | 29685227 |
| nipah virus infection. | nipah virus, a paramyxovirus related to hendra virus, first emerged in malaysia in 1998. clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. malaysia has had no more cases since 1999, but outbreaks continue to occur in bangladesh and india. in the malaysia-singapore outbreak, transmission occurred primarily through contact with pigs, whereas in bangladesh and india, it is associated with ingestion of contaminated date palm sap and human-to-human transmission. bats are ... | 2018 | 29643201 |
| nipah and hendra virus infectious diseases. | nipah and hendra virus were first identified in mid 1990s in australia and malaysia, caus- ing epidemics with high mortality rate in affected animals and humans. since their first emer- gence, they continued to re-emerge in australia and south east asia almost every year. nipah and hendra virus were classified in the new genus henipavirus because of their un- common features amongst paramyxoviridae. henipaviruses are zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a broad tropism, and cause severe acute respirato ... | 2016 | 30550652 |
| application of a quantitative entry assessment model to compare the relative risk of incursion of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into european union member states. | this paper presents a quantitative assessment model for the risk of entry of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into the european union (eu). the model considers four routes of introduction: human travel, legal trade of products, live animal imports and illegal import of bushmeat and was applied to five virus outbreak scenarios. two scenarios were considered for zaire ebolavirus (webov, cebov) and other scenarios for hendra virus, marburg virus (marv) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (me ... | 2017 | 32289058 |
| a single-dose chadox1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against nipah bangladesh and malaysia in syrian golden hamsters. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic re-emerging virus that causes outbreaks in south east asia. currently, no approved and licensed vaccine or antivirals exist. here, we investigated the efficacy of chadox1 nivb, a simian adenovirus-based vaccine encoding niv glycoprotein (g) bangladesh, in syrian hamsters. prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with niv bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find inf ... | 2019 | 31170144 |
| fc-based recombinant henipavirus vaccines elicit broad neutralizing antibody responses in mice. | the genus henipavirus (hnvs) includes two fatal viruses, namely nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). since 1994, niv and hev have been endemic to the asia-pacific region and responsible for more than 600 cases of infections. two emerging hnvs, ghana virus (ghv) and mojiang virus (mojv), are speculated to be associated with unrecognized human diseases in africa and china, respectively. despite many efforts to develop vaccines against henipaviral diseases, there is presently no licensed human ... | 2020 | 32340278 |
| "prevention is the biggest success": barriers and enablers to personal biosecurity in the thoroughbred breeding industry. | employees in the equine industry are at occupational risk of zoonoses such as hendra virus and equine chlamydiosis through exposure to infected materials. this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the views and experiences of employees, and the key drivers of infection control and personal biosecurity (pb) practices in the thoroughbred breeding industry. methods: an exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2018 in new south wales, australia using interviews (9) and small group dis ... | 2020 | 32961422 |
| nipah@20: lessons learned from another virus with pandemic potential. | nipah disease is listed as one of the who priority diseases that pose the greatest public health risk due to their epidemic potential. more than 200 experts from around the world convened in singapore last year to mark the 20th anniversary of the first nipah virus outbreaks in malaysia and singapore. most of these experts are now involved in responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. here, members of the organizing committee of the 2019 nipah virus international conference r ... | 2020 | 32641430 |
| conditions predict heightened hendra virus spillover risk in horses this winter: actions now can change outcomes. | | 2020 | 32596819 |
| citizens' juries give verdict on whether private practice veterinarians should attend unvaccinated hendra virus suspect horses. | hendra virus (hev) is endemic in australian flying foxes, posing a threat to equine and human health. equine vaccination remains the most effective risk mitigation strategy. many horses remain unvaccinated - even in higher-risk regions. debate surrounding the vaccine's use is characterised by conflicting perspectives, misunderstanding and mistrust. private veterinary practitioners are critical to early identification of public health risk through recognition, sampling and management of suspect-e ... | 2020 | 32529687 |
| henipavirus w proteins interact with 14-3-3 to modulate host gene expression. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), members of the henipavirus genus in the paramyxoviridae family, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens. the niv and hev nonsegmented, negative-sense rna genomes encode nine proteins, including the w protein. expressed from the p gene through mrna editing, w shares a common n-terminus with p and v but has a unique c-terminus. expressed alone, w modulates innate immune responses by several mechanisms, and elimination of w from niv alters th ... | 2020 | 32321809 |
| parainfluenza virus 5 fusion protein maintains pre-fusion stability but not fusogenic activity following mutation of a transmembrane leucine/isoleucine domain. | the paramyxoviruses hendra virus (hev) and parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) require the fusion (f) protein to efficiently infect cells. for fusion to occur, f undergoes dramatic, essentially irreversible conformational changes to merge the viral and cell membranes into a continuous bilayer. recently, a transmembrane (tm) domain leucine/isoleucine (l/i) zipper was shown to be critical in maintaining the expression, stability and pre-fusion conformation of hev f, allowing for fine-tuned timing of memb ... | 2020 | 32100701 |
| safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of a human monoclonal antibody targeting the g glycoprotein of henipaviruses in healthy adults: a first-in-human, randomised, controlled, phase 1 study. | the monoclonal antibody m102.4 is a potent, fully human antibody that neutralises hendra and nipah viruses in vitro and in vivo. we aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of m102.4 in healthy adults. | 2020 | 32027842 |
| henipavirus-like particles induce a cd8 t cell response in c57bl/6 mice. | nipah virus (niv), a bsl-4 pathogen, belongs to the genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae. to date, no effective vaccine is available. although most of the current vaccine studies aim to induce a neutralizing antibody response, it has become evident that a promising vaccine should target both, humoral and cell-mediated immune response. virus-like particles (vlps) have been shown to activate both arms of the adaptive immune response. in our study, vlps composed of the niv surface gl ... | 2019 | 31561922 |
| fusogenicity of the ghana virus (henipavirus: ghanaian bat henipavirus) fusion protein is controlled by the cytoplasmic domain of the attachment glycoprotein. | the ghana virus (ghv) is phylogenetically related to the zoonotic henipaviruses nipah (niv) and hendra virus. although ghv uses the highly conserved receptor ephrin-b2, the fusogenicity is restricted to cell lines of bat origin. furthermore, the surface expression of the ghv attachment glycoprotein (g) is reduced compared to niv and most of this protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). here, we generated truncated as well as chimeric ghv g proteins and investigated the influence of ... | 2019 | 31470664 |
| a hydrophobic target: using the paramyxovirus fusion protein transmembrane domain to modulate fusion protein stability. | enveloped viruses utilize surface glycoproteins to bind and fuse with a target cell membrane. the zoonotic hendra virus (hev), a member of the family paramyxoviridae, utilizes the attachment protein (g) and the fusion protein (f) to perform these critical functions. upon triggering, the trimeric f protein undergoes a large, irreversible conformation change to drive membrane fusion. previously, we have shown that the transmembrane (tm) domain of the f protein, separate from the rest of the protei ... | 2019 | 31217248 |
| henipavirus infection of the central nervous system. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae. these viruses were first identified as the causative agents of severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in the 1990s across australia and southern asia with mortality rates reaching up to 75%. while outbreaks of nipah and hendra virus infections remain rare and sporadic, there is concern that niv has pandemic potential. despite increased attention, little is understood a ... | 2019 | 30985897 |
| managing the risk of hendra virus spillover in australia using ecological approaches: a report on three community juries. | hendra virus (hev) infection is endemic in australian flying-fox populations. habitat loss has increased the peri-urban presence of flying-foxes, increasing the risk of contact and therefore viral 'spillovers' into horse and human populations. an equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize hev exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal. ecological approaches-such as habitat creation and conservation-could complement vaccination and behavioural strategie ... | 2018 | 30596719 |
| evolution of codon usage bias in henipaviruses is governed by natural selection and is host-specific. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are among a group of emerging bat-borne paramyxoviruses that have crossed their species-barrier several times by infecting several hosts with a high fatality rate in human beings. despite the fatal nature of their infection, a comprehensive study to explore their evolution and adaptation in different hosts is lacking. a study of codon usage patterns in henipaviruses may provide some fruitful insight into their evolutionary processes of synonymous codon us ... | 2018 | 30388838 |
| establishing research priorities to improve the one health efficacy of australian general practitioners and veterinarians with regard to zoonoses: a modified delphi survey. | while general medical practitioners (gps) and veterinarians are often the first line responders in the face of a disease outbreak, pathways to improving the one health efficacy of these clinicians remain unclear. a two-phase modified delphi survey of professionals with known expertise in one health ('expert panel') was used to 1) identify key knowledge, attitudes and practices (kaps) of gps and veterinarians that would be consistent with a one health approach to zoonoses; and 2) determine priori ... | 2018 | 30197925 |
| viral regulation of host cell biology by hijacking of the nucleolar dna-damage response. | recent studies indicate that nucleoli play critical roles in the dna-damage response (ddr) via interaction of ddr machinery including nbs1 with nucleolar treacle protein, a key mediator of ribosomal rna (rrna) transcription and processing. here, using proteomics, confocal and single molecule super-resolution imaging, and infection under biosafety level-4 containment, we show that this nucleolar ddr pathway is targeted by infectious pathogens. we find that the matrix proteins of hendra virus and ... | 2018 | 30076298 |
| conformational response to charge clustering in synthetic intrinsically disordered proteins. | recent theoretical and computational studies have shown that the charge content and, most importantly, the linear distribution of opposite charges are major determinants of conformational properties of intrinsically disordered proteins (idps). charge segregation in a sequence can be measured through κ, which represents a normalized measure of charge asymmetry. a strong inverse correlation between κ and radius of gyration has been previously demonstrated for two independent sets of permutated idp ... | 2018 | 30025858 |
| virus-neutralising antibody responses in horses following vaccination with equivac® hev: a field study. | to determine the antibody responses to a commercial hendra virus vaccine (equivac® hev) in a field environment. | 2018 | 29691855 |
| exploration of nucleoprotein α-more and xd interactions of nipah and hendra viruses. | henipavirus, including hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), is a newly discovered human pathogen genus. the nucleoprotein of henipavirus contains an α-helical molecular recognition element (α-more) that folds upon binding to the x domain (xd) of the phosphoprotein (p). in order to explore the conformational dynamics of free α-mores and the underlying binding-folding mechanism with xd, atomic force field-based and hybrid structure-based md simulations were carried out. in our empirical force ... | 2018 | 29691656 |
| using thermodynamic parameters to calibrate a mechanistic dose-response for infection of a host by a virus. | assessing the risk of infection from emerging viruses or of existing viruses jumping the species barrier into novel hosts is limited by the lack of dose response data. the initial stages of the infection of a host by a virus involve a series of specific contact interactions between molecules in the host and on the virus surface. the strength of the interaction is quantified in the literature by the dissociation constant (kd) which is determined experimentally and is specific for a given virus mo ... | 2018 | 32289059 |
| structural and functional analyses reveal promiscuous and species specific use of ephrin receptors by cedar virus. | cedar virus (cedv) is a bat-borne henipavirus related to nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev), zoonotic agents of fatal human disease. cedv receptor-binding protein (g) shares only ∼30% sequence identity with those of niv and hev, although they can all use ephrin-b2 as an entry receptor. we demonstrate that cedv also enters cells through additional b- and a-class ephrins (ephrin-b1, ephrin-a2, and ephrin-a5) and report the crystal structure of the cedv g ectodomain alone and in complex with ... | 2019 | 31548390 |
| prediction of the binding interface between monoclonal antibody m102.4 and nipah attachment glycoprotein using structure-guided alanine scanning and computational docking. | nipah virus (niv) has been designated as a priority disease with an urgent need for therapeutic development by world health organization. the monoclonal antibody m102.4 binds to the immunodominant niv receptor-binding glycoprotein (gp), and potently neutralizes niv, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent. although the co-crystal structure of m102.3, an m102.4 derivative, in complex with the gp of the related hendra virus (hev) has been solved, the structural interaction between m102.4 a ... | 2020 | 33106487 |
| vaccines to emerging viruses: nipah and hendra. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in australia and malaysia, respectively. hev repeatedly re-emerges in australia while niv continues to cause outbreaks in south asia (bangladesh and india), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. in people and several mammalian species, hev and niv infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurol ... | 2020 | 32991264 |