| the non-pathogenic henipavirus cedar paramyxovirus phosphoprotein has a compromised ability to target stat1 and stat2. | immune evasion by the lethal henipaviruses, hendra (hev) and nipah virus, is mediated by its interferon (ifn) antagonist p gene products, phosphoprotein (p), and the related v and w proteins, which can target the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) and stat2 proteins to inhibit ifn/stat signaling. however, it is not clear if the recently identified non-pathogenic henipavirus, cedar paramyxovirus (cedpv), is also able to antagonize the stat proteins. we performed comparativ ... | 2015 | 26526590 |
| routes of hendra virus excretion in naturally-infected flying-foxes: implications for viral transmission and spillover risk. | pteropid bats or flying-foxes (chiroptera: pteropodidae) are the natural host of hendra virus (hev) which sporadically causes fatal disease in horses and humans in eastern australia. while there is strong evidence that urine is an important infectious medium that likely drives bat to bat transmission and bat to horse transmission, there is uncertainty about the relative importance of alternative routes of excretion such as nasal and oral secretions, and faeces. identifying the potential routes o ... | 2015 | 26469523 |
| landscape utilisation, animal behaviour and hendra virus risk. | hendra virus causes sporadic fatal disease in horses and humans in eastern australia. pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus. the mode of flying-fox to horse transmission remains unclear, but oro-nasal contact with flying-fox urine, faeces or saliva is the most plausible. we used gps data logger technology to explore the landscape utilisation of black flying-foxes and horses to gain new insight into equine exposure risk. flying-fox foraging was repetitious, with individua ... | 2016 | 26403793 |
| henipavirus encephalitis: recent developments and advances. | the genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae includes the hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) which were discovered in the 1990s in australia and malaysia, respectively, after emerging to cause severe and often fatal outbreaks in humans and animals. while hev is confined to australia, more recent niv outbreaks have been reported in bangladesh, india and the philippines. the clinical manifestations of both henipaviruses in humans appear similar, with a predominance of an acute enc ... | 2015 | 26276024 |
| erratum to: survival of hendra virus in the environment: modelling the effect of temperature. | | 2015 | 26268209 |
| the effect of environmental temperature on hendra virus survival. | | 2015 | 26063041 |
| natural hendra virus infection in flying-foxes - tissue tropism and risk factors. | hendra virus (hev) is a lethal zoonotic agent that emerged in 1994 in australia. pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir. to date, hev has spilled over from flying-foxes to horses on 51 known occasions, and from infected horses to close-contact humans on seven occasions. we undertook screening of archived bat tissues for hev by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr). tissues were tested from 310 bats including 295 pteropodiformes and 15 vespertilion ... | 2015 | 26060997 |
| efficient reverse genetics reveals genetic determinants of budding and fusogenic differences between nipah and hendra viruses and enables real-time monitoring of viral spread in small animal models of henipavirus infection. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are closely related henipaviruses of the paramyxovirinae. spillover from their fruit bat reservoirs can cause severe disease in humans and livestock. despite their high sequence similarity, niv and hev exhibit apparent differences in receptor and tissue tropism, envelope-mediated fusogenicity, replicative fitness, and other pathophysiologic manifestations. to investigate the molecular basis for these differences, we first established a highly efficient re ... | 2015 | 25392218 |
| rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against henipaviruses. | the emerging zoonotic pathogens hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are in the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. hev and niv infections can be highly fatal to humans and livestock. the goal of this study was to develop candidate vaccines against henipaviruses utilizing two well-established rhabdoviral vaccine vector platforms, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), expressing either the codon-optimized or the wild-type (wt) hev glyco ... | 2015 | 25320306 |
| hendra virus. | hendra virus infection of horses occurred sporadically between 1994 and 2010 as a result of spill-over from the viral reservoir in australian mainland flying-foxes, and occasional onward transmission to people also followed from exposure to affected horses. an unprecedented number of outbreaks were recorded in 2011 leading to heightened community concern. release of an inactivated subunit vaccine for horses against hendra virus represents the first commercially available product that is focused ... | 2014 | 25281398 |
| atomic resolution description of the interaction between the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is a recently emerged severe human pathogen that belongs to the henipavirus genus within the paramyxoviridae family. the hev genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (n) within a helical nucleocapsid. recruitment of the viral polymerase onto the nucleocapsid template relies on the interaction between the c-terminal domain, n(tail), of n and the c-terminal x domain, xd, of the polymerase co-factor phosphoprotein (p). here, we provide an atomic resolution description of the i ... | 2013 | 24086133 |
| management of the slowly emerging zoonosis, hendra virus, by private veterinarians in queensland, australia: a qualitative study. | veterinary infection control for the management of hendra virus (hev), an emerging zoonosis in australia, remained suboptimal until 2010 despite 71.4% (5/7) of humans infected with hev being veterinary personnel or assisting a veterinarian, three of whom died before 2009. the aim of this study was to identify the perceived barriers to veterinary infection control and hev management in private veterinary practice in queensland, where the majority of hev outbreaks have occurred in australia. | 2014 | 25224910 |
| matrix proteins of nipah and hendra viruses interact with beta subunits of ap-3 complexes. | paramyxoviruses and other negative-strand rna viruses encode matrix proteins that coordinate the virus assembly process. the matrix proteins link the viral glycoproteins and the viral ribonucleoproteins at virus assembly sites and often recruit host machinery that facilitates the budding process. using a co-affinity purification strategy, we have identified the beta subunit of the ap-3 adapter protein complex, ap3b1, as a binding partner for the m proteins of the zoonotic paramyxoviruses nipah v ... | 2014 | 25210190 |
| the changing face of the henipaviruses. | the henipavirus genus represents a group of paramyxoviruses that are some of the deadliest of known human and veterinary pathogens. hendra and nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause respiratory and encephalitic illness in humans with mortality rates that exceed 70%. over the past several years, we have seen an increase in the number of cases and an altered clinical presentation of hendra virus in naturally infected horses. recent increase in the number of cases has also been reporte ... | 2013 | 23993256 |
| hendra and nipah infection: emerging paramyxoviruses. | since their first emergence in mid 1990s henipaviruses continued to re emerge in australia and south east asia almost every year. in total there has been more than 12 nipah and 48 hendra virus outbreaks reported in south east asia and australia, respectively. these outbreaks are associated with significant economic and health damages that most high risks countries (particularly in south east asia) cannot bear the burden of such economical threats. up until recently, there were no actual therapeu ... | 2013 | 23954578 |
| how humans handle the hendra virus risk. | | 2013 | 23889102 |
| response of australian veterinarians to the announcement of a hendra virus vaccine becoming available. | a cross-sectional study of private veterinarians providing equine services in queensland. | 2013 | 23889099 |
| testing for hendra virus: difficulties experienced by veterinarians in queensland prior to 2011. | to identify the perceived barriers to hendra virus (hev) management by private equine veterinarians in queensland. | 2013 | 23889098 |
| hendra virus in queensland, australia, during the winter of 2011: veterinarians on the path to better management strategies. | following the emergence of hendra virus (hev), private veterinarians have had to adopt additional infection control strategies to manage this zoonosis. between 1994 and 2010, seven people became infected with hev, four fatally. all infected people were at a higher risk of exposure from contact with horses as they were either veterinary personnel, assisting veterinarians, or working in the horse industry. the management of emerging zoonoses is best approached from a one health perspective as it b ... | 2014 | 25175674 |
| european bats as carriers of viruses with zoonotic potential. | bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (marburg virus, nipah virus, hendra virus, rabies virus, and coronaviruses). while numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in european bats. although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are con ... | 2014 | 25123684 |
| potent inhibition of hendra virus infection via rna interference and poly i:c immune activation. | hendra virus (hev) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal disease in a wide range of species, including humans. hev was first described in australia in 1994, and has continued to re-emerge with increasing frequency. hev is of significant concern to human health due to its high mortality rate, increasing emergence, absence of vaccines and limited post exposure therapies. here we investigate the use of rna interference (rnai) based therapeutics targeting hev in conjunction ... | 2013 | 23691205 |
| current status of diagnostic methods for henipavirus. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are the causative agents of emerging transboundary animal disease in pigs and horses. they also cause fatal disease in humans. niv has a case fatality rate of 40 - 100%. in the initial niv outbreak in malaysia in 1999, about 1.1 million pigs had to be culled. the economic impact was estimated to be approximately us$450 million. worldwide, hev has caused more than 60 deaths in horses with 7 human cases and 4 deaths. since the initial outbreak, hev spillove ... | 2013 | 23689891 |
| passive immunization and active vaccination against hendra and nipah viruses. | hendra virus and nipah virus are viral zoonoses first recognized in the mid and late 1990's and are now categorized as the type species of the genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae. their broad species tropism together with their capacity to cause severe and often fatal disease in both humans and animals make hendra and nipah "overlap agents" and significant biosecurity threats. the development of effective vaccination strategies to prevent or treat henipavirus infection and diseas ... | 2013 | 23689890 |
| henipavirus encephalitis. | | 2014 | 25015510 |
| measuring physiological stress in australian flying-fox populations. | flying-foxes (pteropid bats) are the natural host of hendra virus, a recently emerged zoonotic virus responsible for mortality or morbidity in horses and humans in australia since 1994. previous studies have suggested physiological and ecological risk factors for infection in flying-foxes, including physiological stress. however, little work has been done measuring and interpreting stress hormones in flying-foxes. over a 12-month period, we collected pooled urine samples from underneath roosting ... | 2014 | 24990534 |
| flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for hendra virus infection in horses in eastern australia. | hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern australia. fruit-bats of the genus pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strateg ... | 2014 | 24936789 |
| public health ethics and more-than-human solidarity. | this article contributes to the literature on one health and public health ethics by expanding the principle of solidarity. we conceptualise solidarity to encompass not only practices intended to assist other people, but also practices intended to assist non-human others, including animals, plants, or places. to illustrate how manifestations of humanist and more-than-human solidarity may selectively complement one another, or collide, recent responses to hendra virus in australia and rabies viru ... | 2015 | 24919648 |
| promotion of hendra virus replication by microrna 146a. | hendra virus is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus in the genus henipavirus. thirty-nine outbreaks of hendra virus have been reported since its initial identification in queensland, australia, resulting in seven human infections and four fatalities. little is known about cellular host factors impacting hendra virus replication. in this work, we demonstrate that hendra virus makes use of a microrna (mirna) designated mir-146a, an nf-κb-responsive mirna upregulated by several innate immune ... | 2013 | 23345523 |
| subclinical infection without encephalitis in mice following intranasal exposure to nipah virus-malaysia and nipah virus-bangladesh. | nipah virus and hendra virus are closely related and following natural or experimental exposure induce similar clinical disease. in humans, encephalitis is the most serious outcome of infection and, hitherto, research into the pathogenesis of henipavirus encephalitis has been limited by the lack of a suitable model. recently we reported a wild-type mouse model of hendra virus (hev) encephalitis that should facilitate detailed investigations of its neuropathogenesis, including mechanisms of disea ... | 2014 | 24890603 |
| virus particle release from glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains is essential for dendritic cell-mediated capture and transfer of hiv-1 and henipavirus. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) exploits dendritic cells (dcs) to promote its transmission to t cells. we recently reported that the capture of hiv-1 by mature dendritic cells (mdcs) is mediated by an interaction between the glycosphingolipid (gsl) gm3 on virus particles and cd169/siglec-1 on mdcs. since hiv-1 preferentially buds from gsl-enriched lipid microdomains on the plasma membrane, we hypothesized that the virus assembly and budding site determines the ability of hiv-1 to int ... | 2014 | 24872578 |
| protection against henipavirus infection by use of recombinant adeno-associated virus-vector vaccines. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are closely related, recently emerged paramyxoviruses that are capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in several mammalian species, including humans. henipavirus-specific vaccines are still commercially unavailable, and development of novel antiviral strategies to prevent lethal infections due to henipaviruses is highly desirable. here we describe the development of adeno-associated virus (aav) vaccines expressing the niv g protein. chara ... | 2013 | 23175762 |
| anp32b is a nuclear target of henipavirus m proteins. | membrane envelopment and budding of negative strand rna viruses (nsvs) is mainly driven by viral matrix proteins (m). in addition, several m proteins are also known to be involved in host cell manipulation. knowledge about the cellular targets and detailed molecular mechanisms, however, is poor for many m proteins. for instance, nipah virus (niv) m protein trafficking through the nucleus is essential for virus release, but nuclear targets of niv m remain unknown. to identify cellular interactors ... | 2014 | 24823948 |
| clinical review of hendra virus infection in 11 horses in new south wales, australia. | between 2006 and 2012, there were 11 horses diagnosed with hendra virus (hev) on 9 independent premises in new south wales (nsw). we defined a case of hev as premises where one or more horses were confirmed to be infected with hev by pcr. all the cases occurred in the north-eastern region of nsw. in 8 of the 9 cases, infection occurred within 2 months over the winter of 2011. with no exception, the affected horses were kept at pasture on properties visited by flying foxes. of the 11 horses testi ... | 2014 | 24730376 |
| bug breakfast in the bulletin: one health and hendra virus: a collaborative approach in action. | | 2012 | 23043751 |
| hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in australia. | hendra virus, first identified in 1994 in queensland, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen gaining importance in australia because a growing number of infections are reported in horses and people. the virus, a member of the family paramyxoviridae (genus henipavirus), is transmitted to horses by pteropid bats (fruit bats or flying foxes), with human infection a result of direct contact with infected horses. case-fatality rate is high in both horses and people, and so far, more than 60 horses and four ... | 2012 | 22921953 |
| survival of hendra virus in the environment: modelling the effect of temperature. | hendra virus (hev), a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus recently emerged from bats, is a major concern to the horse industry in australia. previous research has shown that higher temperatures led to lower virus survival rates in the laboratory. we develop a model of survival of hev in the environment as influenced by temperature. we used 20 years of daily temperature at six locations spanning the geographic range of reported hev incidents to simulate the temporal and spatial impacts of te ... | 2015 | 24643861 |
| hendra virus vaccine, a one health approach to protecting horse, human, and environmental health. | in recent years, the emergence of several highly pathogenic zoonotic diseases in humans has led to a renewed emphasis on the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, otherwise known as one health. for example, hendra virus (hev), a zoonotic paramyxovirus, was discovered in 1994, and since then, infections have occurred in 7 humans, each of whom had a strong epidemiologic link to similarly affected horses. as a consequence of these outbreaks, eradication of bat populations w ... | 2014 | 24572697 |
| the use of a modified delphi approach to engage stakeholders in zoonotic disease research priority setting. | after the 2011 cluster of hendra virus cases in horses in australia, public health targeted education initiatives at people in the equine industry to reduce human exposure to potentially infected horses. 'horse owners and hendra virus: a longitudinal cohort study to evaluate risk' aims to enhance public health measures through improved understanding of hendra virus risk perception and risk mitigation strategies among horse owners and horse care providers. this paper describes the stakeholder con ... | 2014 | 24552445 |
| a recombinant hendra virus g glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects nonhuman primates against hendra virus challenge. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic emerging virus belonging to the family paramyxoviridae. hev causes severe and often fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in both animals and humans. currently, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs approved for human use. a number of animal models have been developed for studying hev infection, with the african green monkey (agm) appearing to most faithfully reproduce the human disease. here, we assessed the utility of a newly developed recombi ... | 2014 | 24522928 |
| cooling off health security hot spots: getting on top of it down under. | australia is free of many diseases, pests and weeds found elsewhere in the world due to its geographical isolation and relatively good health security practices. however, its health security is under increasing pressure due to a number of ecological, climatic, demographic and behavioural changes occurring globally. north queensland is a high risk area (a health security hot spot) for australia, due in part to its connection to neighbouring countries via the torres strait and the indo-papuan cond ... | 2012 | 22836170 |
| henipavirus microsphere immuno-assays for detection of antibodies against hendra virus. | hendra and nipah viruses (hev and niv) are closely related zoonotic pathogens of the paramyxoviridae family. both viruses belong to the henipavirus genus and cause fatal disease in animals and humans, though only hev is endemic in australia. in general and due to the acute nature of the disease, agent detection by pcr and virus isolation are the primary tools for diagnostic investigations. assays for the detection of antibodies against hev are fit more readily for the purpose of surveillance tes ... | 2014 | 24508193 |
| surface glycoproteins of the recently identified african henipavirus promote viral entry and cell fusion in a range of human, simian and bat cell lines. | the recent discovery of a wide range of henipavirus-like viruses circulating in megabats in africa raises the question as to the zoonotic potential of these pathogens given the high human mortality rates seen with their pathogenic relatives nipah virus and hendra virus. in the absence of cultured infectious african henipavirus we have performed experiments with recombinant f and g glycoproteins from the representative african henipavirus strain m74a aimed at estimating its cellular tropism and c ... | 2014 | 24452140 |
| role of sequence and structure of the hendra fusion protein fusion peptide in membrane fusion. | viral fusion proteins are intriguing molecular machines that undergo drastic conformational changes to facilitate virus-cell membrane fusion. during fusion a hydrophobic region of the protein, termed the fusion peptide (fp), is inserted into the target host cell membrane, with subsequent conformational changes culminating in membrane merger. class i fusion proteins contain fps between 20 and 30 amino acids in length that are highly conserved within viral families but not between. to examine the ... | 2012 | 22761418 |
| epidemiology of henipavirus disease in humans. | all seven recognized human cases of hendra virus (hev) infection have occurred in queensland, australia. recognized human infections have all resulted from a hev infected horse that was unusually efficient in transmitting the virus and a person with a high exposure to infectious secretions. in the large outbreak in malaysia where nipah virus (niv) was first identified, most human infections resulted from close contact with niv infected pigs. outbreak investigations in bangladesh have identified ... | 2012 | 22752412 |
| novel paramyxoviruses in free-ranging european bats. | the zoonotic potential of paramyxoviruses is particularly demonstrated by their broad host range like the highly pathogenic hendra and nipah viruses originating from bats. but while so far all bat-borne paramyxoviruses have been identified in fruit bats across africa, australia, south america, and asia, we describe the detection and characterization of the first paramyxoviruses in free-ranging european bats. moreover, we examined the possible impact of paramyxovirus infection on individual anima ... | 2012 | 22737217 |
| henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir and features of transmission. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus and nipah virus, are pathogens that have emerged from flying foxes in australia and south-east asia to infect both livestock and humans, often fatally. since the emergence of hendra virus in australia in 1994 and the identification of australian flying foxes as hosts to this virus, our appreciation of bats as reservoir hosts of henipaviruses has expanded globally to include much of asia and areas of africa. despite this, little is currently known of the mechanisms ... | 2013 | 22709528 |
| recrudescent infection supports hendra virus persistence in australian flying-fox populations. | zoonoses from wildlife threaten global public health. hendra virus is one of several zoonotic viral diseases that have recently emerged from pteropus species fruit-bats (flying-foxes). most hypotheses regarding persistence of hendra virus within flying-fox populations emphasize horizontal transmission within local populations (colonies) via urine and other secretions, and transmission among colonies via migration. as an alternative hypothesis, we explore the role of recrudescence in persistence ... | 2013 | 24312221 |
| characterization of african bat henipavirus gh-m74a glycoproteins. | in recent years, novel henipavirus-related sequences have been identified in bats in africa. to evaluate the potential of african bat henipaviruses to spread in non-bat mammalian cells, we compared the biological functions of the surface glycoproteins g and f of the prototype african henipavirus gh-m74a with those of the glycoproteins of nipah virus (niv), a well-characterized pathogenic member of the henipavirus genus. glycoproteins are central determinants for virus tropism, as efficient bindi ... | 2014 | 24296468 |
| nipah and hendra virus interactions with the innate immune system. | nipah virus and hendra virus are related, highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses with unusually broad host ranges. henipaviruses encode several proteins that block innate immune responses, and these are likely to serve as virulence factors. specfically, four virus-encoded proteins, the phosphoprotein (p), the v protein, the w protein, and the c protein have each been demonstrated to counteract aspects of the interferon (ifn)-α/β response, a key component of the innate immune response to virus infecti ... | 2012 | 22491899 |
| henipavirus outbreaks to antivirals: the current status of potential therapeutics. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus and nipah virus, are classic examples of recently emerged viral zoonoses. in a relatively short time since their discoveries in the mid and late 1990s, respectively, a great deal of new information has been accumulated detailing their biology and certain unique characteristics. their broad species tropism and abilities to cause severe and often fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in both animals and humans has sparked considerable interest in developing ef ... | 2012 | 22482714 |
| hendra virus and horse owners--risk perception and management. | hendra virus is a highly pathogenic novel paramyxovirus causing sporadic fatal infection in horses and humans in australia. species of fruit-bats (genus pteropus), commonly known as flying-foxes, are the natural host of the virus. we undertook a survey of horse owners in the states of queensland and new south wales, australia to assess the level of adoption of recommended risk management strategies and to identify impediments to adoption. survey questionnaires were completed by 1431 respondents ... | 2013 | 24260503 |
| animal challenge models of henipavirus infection and pathogenesis. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev), and nipah virus (niv), are enigmatic emerging pathogens that causes severe and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease in both animals and humans. amongst people, case fatality rates range between 40 and 75% and there are no vaccines or treatments approved for human use. a number of species of animals including guinea pigs, hamsters, cats, ferrets, pigs, and african green monkeys have been employed as animal models of human henipavirus infection. ... | 2012 | 22476556 |
| ecological aspects of hendra virus. | hendra virus, a novel and fatally zoonotic member of the family paramyxoviridae, was first described in australia in 1994. periodic spillover from its natural host (fruit bats) results in catastrophic disease in horses and occasionally the subsequent infection of humans. prior to 2011, 14 equine incidents involving seven human cases (four fatal) were recorded. the year 2011 saw a dramatic departure from the sporadic incidents of the previous 16 years, with a cluster of 18 incidents in a single 3 ... | 2012 | 22476530 |
| henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) form a separate genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the twentieth century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. the current revie ... | 2012 | 22476529 |
| crystal structure of the hendra virus attachment g glycoprotein bound to a potent cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. | the henipaviruses, represented by hendra (hev) and nipah (niv) viruses are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses with uniquely broad host tropisms responsible for repeated outbreaks in australia, southeast asia, india and bangladesh. the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with infection and lack of licensed antiviral therapies make the henipaviruses a potential biological threat to humans and livestock. henipavirus entry is initiated by the attachment of the g envelope glycoprote ... | 2013 | 24130486 |
| viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. | bats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly elucidated. in these, and other, systems, there is evidence that seasonal life-cycle events drive infection dynamics, directly impacting the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. understanding these dynamics improves our ability to predict zoonotic spillover from the reservoir hosts. to this end, we followed henipavirus antibody leve ... | 2014 | 24111634 |
| hendra virus detection using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus endemic in australian pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). although bats appear to be unaffected by the virus, hev can spread from fruit bats to horses, causing severe disease. human infection results from close contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected horses. hev is a biosecurity level 4 (bsl-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. current assays for hev detection require complex instrumentation a ... | 2012 | 22327143 |
| the rna-dependent-rna polymerase, an emerging antiviral drug target for the hendra virus. | australia is facing a major national medical challenge with the emergence of the hendra virus (hev) as a medically and economically important pathogen of humans and animals. clinical symptoms of human hev infection can include fever, hypotension, dizziness, encephalitis, respiratory haemorrhage and edema. the window of opportunity for successful patient treatment remains unknown, but is likely to be very narrow. currently, very few effective therapeutic options are available for the case managem ... | 2014 | 24102407 |
| from glanders to hendra virus: 125 years of equine infectious diseases. | josh slater looks back at the past 125 years of developments in equine infectious disease, including landmark discoveries in microbiology and genomics, and considers what the future may hold. | 2013 | 23997164 |
| a treatment for and vaccine against the deadly hendra and nipah viruses. | hendra virus and nipah virus are bat-borne paramyxoviruses that are the prototypic members of the genus henipavirus. the henipaviruses emerged in the 1990s, spilling over from their natural bat hosts and causing serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock. hendra virus emerged in australia and since 1994 there have been 7 human infections with 4 case fatalities. nipah virus first appeared in malaysia and subsequent outbreaks have occurred in bangladesh and india. in total, there have been ... | 2013 | 23838047 |
| use of cross-reactive serological assays for detecting novel pathogens in wildlife: assessing an appropriate cutoff for henipavirus assays in african bats. | reservoir hosts of novel pathogens are often identified or suspected as such on the basis of serological assay results, prior to the isolation of the pathogen itself. serological assays might therefore be used outside of their original, validated scope in order to infer seroprevalences in reservoir host populations, until such time that specific diagnostic assays can be developed. this is particularly the case in wildlife disease research. the absence of positive and negative control samples and ... | 2013 | 23835034 |
| the distribution of henipaviruses in southeast asia and australasia: is wallace's line a barrier to nipah virus? | nipah virus (niv) (genus henipavirus) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and has been found in bats of the genus pteropus. whilst niv has not been detected in australia, evidence for niv-infection has been found in pteropid bats in some of australia's closest neighbours. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of henipaviruses in fruit bat (family pteropodidae) populations to the north of australia. in particular we tested the hypothesis that ... | 2013 | 23637812 |
| pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in humans. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are emerging zoonotic viruses that cause severe and often lethal respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. henipaviruses can infect a wide range of species and human-to-human transmission has been observed for niv. while the exact route of transmission in humans is not known, experimental infection in different animal species suggests that infection can be efficiently initiated after respiratory challenge. the limited data on histopathological chang ... | 2013 | 23592639 |
| hendra virus: a one health tale of flying foxes, horses and humans. | hendra virus, a member of the family paramyxoviridae, was first recognized following a devastating outbreak in queensland, australia, in 1994. the naturally acquired symptomatic infection, characterized by a rapidly progressive illness involving the respiratory system and/or cns, has so far only been recognized in horses and humans. however, there is potential for other species to be infected, with significant consequences for animal and human health. prevention of infection involves efforts to ... | 2013 | 23534359 |
| recombinant hendra viruses expressing a reporter gene retain pathogenicity in ferrets. | hendra virus (hev) is an australian bat-borne zoonotic paramyxovirus that repeatedly spills-over to horses causing fatal disease. human cases have all been associated with close contact with infected horses. | 2013 | 23521919 |
| henipavirus pathogenesis in human respiratory epithelial cells. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are deadly zoonotic viruses for which no vaccines or therapeutics are licensed for human use. henipavirus infection causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis. although the exact route of transmission in human is unknown, epidemiological studies and in vivo studies suggest that the respiratory tract is important for virus replication. however, the target cells in the respiratory tract are unknown, as are the mechanisms by which henipaviruses can c ... | 2013 | 23302882 |
| rapid detection of hendra virus using magnetic particles and quantum dots. | a proof-of-concept for the development of a fast and portable hendra virus biosensor is presented. hendra virus, a deadly emerging pathogen in australia, can be co-localized, concentrated and revealed using simultaneously magnetic and luminescent functional particles. this method should be applicable for the early detection of any other virus by targeting the specific virus with the corresponding antibody. | 2012 | 23184798 |
| new insights into the hendra virus attachment and entry process from structures of the virus g glycoprotein and its complex with ephrin-b2. | hendra virus and nipah virus, comprising the genus henipavirus, are recently emerged, highly pathogenic and often lethal zoonotic agents against which there are no approved therapeutics. two surface glycoproteins, the attachment (g) and fusion (f), mediate host cell entry. the crystal structures of the hendra g glycoprotein alone and in complex with the ephrin-b2 receptor reveal that henipavirus uses tryptophan 122 on ephrin-b2/b3 as a "latch" to facilitate the g-receptor association. structural ... | 2012 | 23144952 |
| type i interferon signaling protects mice from lethal henipavirus infection. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related, recently emerged paramyxoviruses that form henipavirus genus and are capable of causing considerable morbidity and mortality in a number of mammalian species, including humans. however, in contrast to many other species and despite expression of functional virus entry receptors, mice are resistant to henipavirus infection. we report here the susceptibility of mice deleted for the type i interferon receptor (ifnar-ko) to both hev and n ... | 2013 | 23089589 |
| biochemical, conformational, and immunogenic analysis of soluble trimeric forms of henipavirus fusion glycoproteins. | the henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), are paramyxoviruses discovered in the mid- to late 1990s that possess a broad host tropism and are known to cause severe and often fatal disease in both humans and animals. hev and niv infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion mechanism facilitated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. here, several soluble forms of henipavirus f (sf) were engineered and characterized. recombinant sf was produced by deleting the ... | 2012 | 22915804 |
| cedar virus: a novel henipavirus isolated from australian bats. | the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae contains two viruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) for which pteropid bats act as the main natural reservoir. each virus also causes serious and commonly lethal infection of people as well as various species of domestic animals, however little is known about the associated mechanisms of pathogenesis. here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new paramyxovirus from pteropid bats, cedar virus (cedpv), which shares signif ... | 2012 | 22879820 |
| a hendra virus g glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects african green monkeys from nipah virus challenge. | in the 1990s, hendra virus and nipah virus (niv), two closely related and previously unrecognized paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease and death in humans and a variety of animals, were discovered in australia and malaysia, respectively. outbreaks of disease have occurred nearly every year since niv was first discovered, with case fatality ranging from 10 to 100%. in the african green monkey (agm), niv causes a severe lethal respiratory and/or neurological disease that essentially mirrors f ... | 2012 | 22875827 |
| receptor-binding domains of spike proteins of emerging or re-emerging viruses as targets for development of antiviral vaccines. | a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses have caused epidemics or pandemics of infectious diseases leading to major devastations throughout human history. therefore, developing effective and safe vaccines against these viruses is clearly important for the protection of at-risk populations. our previous studies have shown that the receptor-binding domain (rbd) in the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is a key target for the development ... | 2012 | 26038424 |
| a new model for hendra virus encephalitis in the mouse. | hendra virus (hev) infection in humans is characterized by an influenza like illness, which may progress to pneumonia or encephalitis and lead to death. the pathogenesis of hev infection is poorly understood, and the lack of a mouse model has limited the opportunities for pathogenetic research. in this project we reassessed the role of mice as an animal model for hev infection and found that mice are susceptible to hev infection after intranasal exposure, with aged mice reliably developing encep ... | 2012 | 22808132 |
| introduction: nipah virus--discovery and origin. | until the nipah outbreak in malaysia in 1999, knowledge of human infections with the henipaviruses was limited to the small number of cases associated with the emergence of hendra virus in australia in 1994. the nipah outbreak in malaysia alerted the global public health community to the severe pathogenic potential and widespread distribution of these unique paramyxoviruses. this chapter briefly describes the initial discovery of nipah virus and the challenges encountered during the initial iden ... | 2012 | 22782307 |
| recent progress in henipavirus research: molecular biology, genetic diversity, animal models. | nipah and hendra virus are members of a newly identified genus of emerging paramyxoviruses, the henipaviruses. both viruses have the ability to cause severe pulmonary infection and severe acute encephalitis. following their discovery in the 1990s, outbreaks caused by these zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been associated with high public health and especially economic threat potential. currently, only geographic groupings in asia and australia have been described for the henipaviruses. however, whi ... | 2012 | 22643730 |
| antigen capture elisa system for henipaviruses using polyclonal antibodies obtained by dna immunization. | a novel antigen-capture sandwich elisa system targeting the glycoproteins of the henipaviruses nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) was developed. utilizing purified polyclonal antibodies derived from niv glycoprotein-encoding dna-immunized rabbits, we established a system that can detect the native antigenic structures of the henipavirus surface glycoproteins using simplified and inexpensive methods. the lowest detection limit against live viruses was achieved for niv bangladesh strain, 2.5 ... | 2012 | 22585045 |
| immunization strategies against henipaviruses. | hendra virus and nipah virus are recently discovered and closely related emerging viruses that now comprise the genus henipavirus within the sub-family paramyxoviridae and are distinguished by their broad species tropism and in addition to bats can infect and cause fatal disease in a wide variety of mammalian hosts including humans. the high mortality associated with human and animal henipavirus infections has highlighted the importance and necessity of developing effective immunization strategi ... | 2012 | 22481140 |
| clinical and pathological manifestations of human henipavirus infection. | the clinicopathological features of human nipah virus and hendra virus infections appear to be similar. the clinical manifestations may be mild, but if severe, includes acute encephalitic and pulmonary syndromes with a high mortality. the pathological features in human acute henipavirus infections comprise vasculopathy (vasculitis, endothelial multinucleated syncytia, thrombosis), microinfarcts and parenchymal cell infection in the central nervous system, lung, kidney and other major organs. vir ... | 2012 | 22427144 |
| qualitative release assessment to estimate the likelihood of henipavirus entering the united kingdom. | the genus henipavirus includes hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv), for which fruit bats (particularly those of the genus pteropus) are considered to be the wildlife reservoir. the recognition of henipaviruses occurring across a wider geographic and host range suggests the possibility of the virus entering the united kingdom (uk). to estimate the likelihood of henipaviruses entering the uk, a qualitative release assessment was undertaken. to facilitate the release assessment, the world was ... | 2012 | 22328916 |
| biochemical and structural studies of the oligomerization domain of the nipah virus phosphoprotein: evidence for an elongated coiled-coil homotrimer. | nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged severe human pathogen that belongs to the henipavirus genus within the paramyxoviridae family. the niv genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (n) within a helical nucleocapsid that is the substrate used by the polymerase for transcription and replication. the polymerase is recruited onto the nucleocapsid via its cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). the niv p protein has a modular organization, with alternating disordered and ordered domains. among these ... | 2013 | 24074578 |
| flying-foxes in the australian urban environment-community attitudes and opinions. | the urban presence of flying-foxes (pteropid bats) in eastern australia has increased in the last 20 years, putatively reflecting broader landscape change. the influx of large numbers often precipitates community angst, typically stemming from concerns about loss of social amenity, economic loss or negative health impacts from recently emerged bat-mediated zoonotic diseases such as hendra virus and australian bat lyssavirus. local authorities and state wildlife authorities are increasingly asked ... | 2015 | 28616461 |
| nipah and hendra virus nucleoproteins inhibit nuclear accumulation of stat1 and stat2 by interfering with their complex formation. | henipaviruses, such as nipah (niv) and hendra (hev) viruses, are highly pathogenic zoonotic agents within the paramyxoviridae family. the phosphoprotein (p) gene products of the paramyxoviruses have been well characterized in their interferon (ifn) antagonist activity and their contribution to viral pathogenicity. in this study, we demonstrated that the nucleoprotein (n) of henipaviruses also prevents the host ifn signaling pathway. reporter assays demonstrated that niv and hev n proteins (niv-n ... | 2017 | 28835499 |
| the impact of human population pressure on flying fox niches and the potential consequences for hendra virus spillover. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging pathogen of concern in australia given its ability to spillover from its reservoir host, pteropid bats, to horses and further on to humans, and the severe clinical presentation typical in these latter incidental hosts. specific human pressures over recent decades, such as expanding human populations, urbanization, and forest fragmentation, may have altered the ecological niche of pteropus species acting as natural hev reservoirs and may modulate spillover risk. ... | 2017 | 28811483 |
| circulating microrna profiles of hendra virus infection in horses. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen harbored by australian mainland flying foxes. hev infection can cause lethal disease in humans and horses, and to date all cases of human hev disease have resulted from contact with infected horses. currently, diagnosis of acute hev infections in horses relies on the productive phase of infection when virus shedding may occur. an assay that identifies infected horses during the preclinical phase of infection would reduce the risk of zoonotic vi ... | 2017 | 28785041 |
| in silico identification and characterization of common epitope-based peptide vaccine for nipah and hendra viruses. | to explore a common b- and t-cell epitope-based vaccine that can elicit an immune response against encephalitis causing genus henipaviruses, hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv). | 2017 | 28756915 |
| hendra and nipah virus infection in cultured human olfactory epithelial cells. | henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and causative agents of encephalitis in humans. however, the mechanisms of entry into the central nervous system (cns) in humans are not known. here, we evaluated the possible role of olfactory epithelium in virus entry into the cns. we characterized hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) infection of primary human olfactory epithelial cultures. we show that henipaviruses can infect mature olfactory sensory neurons. henipaviruses replicated efficient ... | 2017 | 28680971 |
| this could be the start of something big-20 years since the identification of bats as the natural host of hendra virus. | hendra virus was first described in 1994 in australia, causally associated with a cluster of fatal equine and human cases at a thoroughbred racing stable in the brisbane suburb of hendra. this year marks the twentieth anniversary of the identification of pteropid bats (flying-foxes) as the natural host of the virus, and it is timely to reflect on a pivotal meeting of an eclectic group of scientists in that process. they included animal and public health experts, environmental scientists, veterin ... | 2015 | 28616459 |
| physiological stress and hendra virus in flying-foxes (pteropus spp.), australia. | pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir of hendra virus, an emergent paramyxovirus responsible for fatal infection in horses and humans in australia. pteropus alecto (the black flying-fox) and the paraphyletic p. conspicillatus (the spectacled flying-fox) appear to be the primary reservoir hosts. previous studies have suggested that physiological and ecological factors may underpin infection dynamics in flying-foxes, and subsequent spillover to horses and in turn humans. we sought ... | 2017 | 28767708 |
| playing with fire - what is influencing horse owners' decisions to not vaccinate their horses against deadly hendra virus infection? | hendra virus is a zoonotic paramyxovirus, which causes severe respiratory and neurological disease in horses and humans. since 2012, the hendra virus sub-unit g vaccine has been available for horse vaccination in australia. uptake of the vaccine has been limited and spill-over events of hendra virus infection in horses continue to occur. we conducted an online, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of 376 horse owners belonging to a variety of different equestrian clubs in queensland, austra ... | 2017 | 28636633 |
| 4'-azidocytidine (r1479) inhibits henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses with high potency. | the henipaviruses nipah virus and hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses which have caused fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. despite the availability of a licensed equine hendra virus vaccine and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody shown to be efficacious against henipavirus infections in non-human primates, there remains no approved therapeutics or vaccines for human use. to explore the possibility of developing small-molecule nucleoside inhi ... | 2017 | 28629988 |
| climatic suitability influences species specific abundance patterns of australian flying foxes and risk of hendra virus spillover. | hendra virus is a paramyxovirus of australian flying fox bats. it was first detected in august 1994, after the death of 20 horses and one human. since then it has occurred regularly within a portion of the geographical distribution of all australian flying fox (fruit bat) species. there is, however, little understanding about which species are most likely responsible for spillover, or why spillover does not occur in other areas occupied by reservoir and spillover hosts. using ecological niche mo ... | 2016 | 28616484 |
| mutations in the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of hendra virus fusion protein disrupt virus-like-particle assembly. | hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes deadly illness in horses and humans. an intriguing feature of hev is the utilization of endosomal protease for activation of the viral fusion protein (f). here we investigated how endosomal f trafficking affects hev assembly. we found that the hev matrix (m) and f proteins each induced particle release when they were expressed alone but that their coexpression led to coordinated assembly of virus-like particles (vlps) that were morpholog ... | 2017 | 28468881 |
| "we've learned to live with it"-a qualitative study of australian horse owners' attitudes, perceptions and practices in response to hendra virus. | hendra virus causes sporadic zoonotic disease in australia following spill over from flying foxes to horses and from horses to people. prevention and risk mitigation strategies such as vaccination of horses or biosecurity and property management measures are widely publicised, but hinge on initiative and action taken by horse owners as they mediate management, care and treatment of their animals. hence, underlying beliefs, values and attitudes of horse owners influence their uptake of recommende ... | 2017 | 28460752 |
| "why won't they just vaccinate?" horse owner risk perception and uptake of the hendra virus vaccine. | hendra virus is a paramyxovirus that causes periodic serious disease and fatalities in horses and humans in australia first identified in 1994. pteropid bats (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative route of infection in horses is by ingestion or inhalation of material contaminated by flying-fox urine or other bodily fluids. humans become infected after close contact with infected horses. horse owners in australia are encouraged to vaccinate their hors ... | 2017 | 28407738 |
| hendra virus spillover is a bimodal system driven by climatic factors. | understanding environmental factors driving spatiotemporal patterns of disease can improve risk mitigation strategies. hendra virus (hev), discovered in australia in 1994, spills over from bats (pteropus sp.) to horses and thence to humans. below latitude - 22°, almost all spillover events to horses occur during winter, and above this latitude spillover is aseasonal. we generated a statistical model of environmental drivers of hev spillover per month. the model reproduced the spatiotemporal patt ... | 2018 | 29349533 |
| cryptic etiopathological conditions of equine nervous system with special emphasis on viral diseases. | the importance of horse (equus caballus) to equine practitioners and researchers cannot be ignored. an unevenly distributed population of equids harbors numerous diseases, which can affect horses of any age and breed. among these, the affections of nervous system are potent reason for death and euthanasia in equids. many episodes associated with the emergence of equine encephalitic conditions have also pose a threat to human population as well, which signifies their pathogenic zoonotic potential ... | 2017 | 29391683 |
| recognition by host nuclear transport proteins drives disorder-to-order transition in hendra virus v. | hendra virus (hev) is a paramyxovirus that causes lethal disease in humans, for which no vaccine or antiviral agent is available. hev v protein is central to pathogenesis through its ability to interact with cytoplasmic host proteins, playing key antiviral roles. here we use immunoprecipitation, sirna knockdown and confocal laser scanning microscopy to show that hev v shuttles to and from the nucleus through specific host nuclear transporters. spectroscopic and small angle x-ray scattering studi ... | 2018 | 29321677 |
| australian horse owners and their biosecurity practices in the context of hendra virus. | in recent years, outbreaks of exotic as well as newly emerging infectious diseases have highlighted the importance of biosecurity for the australian horse industry. as the first potentially fatal zoonosis transmissible from horses to humans in australia, hendra virus has emphasised the need to incorporate sound hygiene and general biosecurity practices into day-to-day horse management. recommended measures are widely publicised, but implementation is at the discretion of the individual owner. th ... | 2017 | 29157371 |
| climate change could increase the geographic extent of hendra virus spillover risk. | disease risk mapping is important for predicting and mitigating impacts of bat-borne viruses, including hendra virus (paramyxoviridae:henipavirus), that can spillover to domestic animals and thence to humans. we produced two models to estimate areas at potential risk of hev spillover explained by the climatic suitability for its flying fox reservoir hosts, pteropus alecto and p. conspicillatus. we included additional climatic variables that might affect spillover risk through other biological pr ... | 2018 | 29556762 |