| transposable element (te) display and rapid detection of te insertion polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | transposable element (te) display was shown to be a highly specific and reproducible method of detecting the insertion sites of tes in individuals of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and its sibling species, a. arabiensis. relatively high levels of insertion polymorphism were observed during the te display of several families of miniature inverted-repeat tes (mites) that have variable copy numbers. the genomic locations of selected insertion sites were identified by matching the ... | 2003 | 12752653 |
| malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya. | the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ... | 2002 | 12537599 |
| malaria in the highlands of madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of ddt. | the central region of madagascar is a vast area of highlands (altitude 700-2000 m). malaria transmission has re-established itself here since the last epidemic of 1985-90 and has caused the deaths of 40,000 persons according to the minister of health. to combat the main malaria vector in the region, anopheles funestus, annual programmes of indoor house spraying of ddt were carried out between december 1993 and january 1998 in most rural areas at altitude 1000-1500 m. a parasitological and serolo ... | 2001 | 11280055 |
| a simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control. | malaria transmission intensity is modeled from the starting perspective of individual vector mosquitoes and is expressed directly as the entomologic inoculation rate (eir). the potential of individual mosquitoes to transmit malaria during their lifetime is presented graphically as a function of their feeding cycle length and survival, human biting preferences, and the parasite sporogonic incubation period. the eir is then calculated as the product of 1) the potential of individual vectors to tra ... | 2000 | 11289661 |
| the pre-gravid phase of ovarian development in anopheles funestus. | | 1955 | 13259446 |
| the duration of the gonotrophic cycle in anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, with a note on the efficiency of hand catching. | | 1953 | 13060242 |
| control of malaria in mauritius; eradication of anopheles funestus and aedes aegypti. | | 1953 | 13077717 |
| [presence of spirochetes in salivary glands of anopheles funestus, giles, 1900]. | | 1954 | 13182502 |
| construction of a bac library and generation of bac end sequence-tagged connectors for genome sequencing of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic dna library of anopheles gambiae, the major human malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, was constructed and characterized. this library (nd-tam) is composed of 30,720 bac clones in eighty 384-well plates. the estimated average insert size of the library is 133 kb, with an overall genome coverage of approximately 14-fold. the ends of approximately two-thirds of the clones in the library were sequenced, yielding 32,340 pair-mate ends. a statistical a ... | 2003 | 12655398 |
| sequence analysis of a 282-kilobase region surrounding the citrus tristeza virus resistance gene (ctv) locus in poncirus trifoliata l. raf. | citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the major virus pathogen causing significant economic damage to citrus worldwide, and a single dominant gene, ctv, provides broad spectrum resistance to ctv in poncirus trifoliata l. raf. ctv was physically mapped to a 282-kb region using a p. trifoliata bacterial artificial chromosome library. this region was completely sequenced to about 8x coverage using a shotgun sequencing strategy and primer walking for gap closure. sequence analysis predicts 22 putative gene ... | 2003 | 12586873 |
| species identification within the anopheles funestus group of malaria vectors in cameroon and evidence for a new species. | anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria in africa. it belongs to a group of sibling species that can be identified morphologically only at certain stages of their development. a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based tool made it possible to differentiate five species of the group. the assay seems to be applicable over all their distribution area for four of these species: an. funestus, an. leesoni, an. parensis, and an. vaneedenip. the fifth species, an. rivulorum, is the seco ... | 2003 | 13677376 |
| heterologous expression of four glutathione transferase genes genetically linked to a major insecticide-resistance locus from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | a cluster of eight genes encoding glutathione transferases (gsts) are located on division 33b of polytene chromosome arm 3r of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. this region of the genome contains a major 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt)-resistance locus, rtd1. these gsts belong to the insect-specific epsilon class and share between 22.6 and 65.2% identity at the amino acid level. two distinct allelic variants of the epsilon gst, gste1, differing at 12 out of ... | 2003 | 12718742 |
| [data on determination of the age composition and epidemiological significance of the population of anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles funestus giles in tanganyika]. | | 1964 | 14177716 |
| impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in africa. | nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis is maintained by three mainly endophilic vectors in east africa: culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles funestus and the an. gambiae complex. permethrin-impregnated bednets provide considerable protection against these mosquitoes, but the species respond differently. the degree of protection conferred by treated bednets was determined in kenyan communities where all three vectors actively transmit wuchereria bancrofti. the annual transmission potential in t ... | 2002 | 12625922 |
| [the campaign against malaria in central western madagascar: comparison of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt house spraying. i--entomological study]. | for malaria vector control in madagascar, the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (icon 10 wp) was compared with ddt 75% wp for house-spraying. this evaluation was conducted from november 1997 to september 1998 in highland villages of vakinankaratra region, at the fringe of the malaria epidemic zone, outside the zone covered by routine ddt house-spraying (opération de pulvérisation intro-domiciliaire de ddt: opid zone). treatments were compared by house-spraying in four areas: 1) ... | 2001 | 11802266 |
| on the behaviour of anopheles funestus in unsprayed and ddt sprayed houses. | | 1959 | 14412573 |
| partial suppression of malaria parasites, and of the transmission of malaria, in aedes aegypti (l.) doubly-infected with semliki forest virus and plasmodium gallinaceum brumpt. | laboratory experiments were undertaken with aedes aegypti infected with both semliki forest virus (sfv) from infant mice and plasmodium gallinaceum from fowls to determine if such double infection of mosquitos suppressed their ability to transmit the malaria parasite, a possibility suggested to explain reduction in malaria transmission in uganda in 1960 when anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae were transmitting both malaria and o'nyongnyong virus to the african population. in general, trans ... | 1964 | 14278005 |
| observations on the irritability of mosquitos to ddt in uganda. | the need for new investigations on the effect of insecticides on the behaviour of mosquitos was recently stressed by the who expert committee on insecticides, which recommended a provisional method for the determination of the irritability of mosquitos to insecticides for trials in the field and the laboratory. one such trial, carried out in uganda under what can be termed typical field conditions, is reported in the present paper.two strains of anopheles gambiae, one of anopheles funestus, one ... | 1962 | 14024193 |
| observations on nulliparous and parous rates in a population of anopheles funestus in east africa. | | 1963 | 14042651 |
| quantitative trait loci in anopheles gambiae controlling the encapsulation response against plasmodium cynomolgi ceylon. | anopheles gambiae females are the world's most successful vectors of human malaria. however, a fraction of these mosquitoes is refractory to plasmodium development. l3-5, a laboratory selected refractory strain, encapsulates transforming ookinetes/early oocysts of a wide variety of plasmodium species. previous studies on these mosquitoes showed that one major (pen1) and two minor (pen2, pen3) autosomal dominant quantitative trait loci (qtls) control the melanotic encapsulation response against p ... | 2003 | 14577840 |
| high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon. | a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ... | 2002 | 11931035 |
| dissecting the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in a malaria-vector mosquito. | | 2002 | 11830653 |
| infection of malaria (anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes. | 2003 | 14565851 |
| analysis of the population structure of anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) from western and coastal kenya using paracentric chromosomal inversion frequencies. | in total, 324 anopheles funestus giles specimens collected from seven houses in western kenya and seven in coastal kenya were scored for their paracentric chromosomal inversions with the aim of determining the level of genetic differentiation based on these inversions. houses in each area were within a 2-km radius. the two areas are approximately 700 km apart. only inversions 2a, 3a, 3b, and 5a were found to be polymorphic. levels of polymorphism varied greatly between inversions. there were no ... | 2002 | 11931275 |
| variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets. | highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. it has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission. | 2003 | 14585106 |
| a cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group. | anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa belonging to a group of species with morphologically similar characteristics. morphological identification of members of the a. funestus group is difficult because of overlap of distinguishing characteristics in adult or immature stages as well as the necessity to rear isofemale lines to examine larval and egg characters. a rapid rdna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has been developed to accurately identify five members of the a ... | 2002 | 12224596 |
| impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of madagascar: parasitological and entomological data. | malaria transmission in the central highlands of madagascar was interrupted in the 1960s by a national control program that used ddt indoor spraying and mass treatment with chloroquine. at the end of the 1980s in this region, epidemic malaria reappeared. italian health authorities provided technical assistance to the national malaria control program since the beginning of the resurgence of malaria in the central highlands. yearly residual house spraying performed for 5 years (1993-1998) and the ... | 2002 | 12135262 |
| raised houses reduce mosquito bites. | background: in many parts of continental africa house construction does not appear to impede entry of malaria vectors and, given their generally late biting cycle, the great majority of transmission takes place indoors. in contrast, many houses in são tomé, 140 km off the coast of gabon, are raised on stilts and built of wooden planks. building on stilts is a time-honoured, but largely untested, way of avoiding mosquito bites. exposure may also be affected by mosquito activity times and age comp ... | 2003 | 14667242 |
| [a comparison of 2 capture methods for sampling the population of anopheles funestus giles in a sudanese savannah village (dielmo, senegal)]. | we conducted a comparative study of two collection methods for sampling an. funestus populations--human bait catch and indoor pyrethrum spray--in the sudanese savannah area of senegal from april 1996 to march 1997. an. funestus females were captured every month during the study period. the resting density per dwelling was 1.9 times higher than those obtained with human landing catch. the population dynamics were similar with two peaks situated respectively at the beginning of the rainy season be ... | 2002 | 12145957 |
| influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya. | the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ... | 2002 | 12363061 |
| inversions and gene order shuffling in anopheles gambiae and a. funestus. | in tropical africa, anopheles funestus is one of the three most important malaria vectors. we physically mapped 157 a. funestus complementary dnas (cdnas) to the polytene chromosomes of this species. sequences of the cdnas were mapped in silico to the a. gambiae genome as part of a comparative genomic study of synteny, gene order, and sequence conservation between a. funestus and a. gambiae. these species are in the same subgenus and diverged about as recently as humans and chimpanzees. despite ... | 2002 | 12364797 |
| [geographic approach in malaria control in the central highlands of madagascar]. | following the severe malaria outbreak in the central highlands in madagascar in 1986, a vector control program by use ddt pm 75 house-spraying has been implemented to operate in areas located at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. early treatment with chloroquine has also been incorporated in the control program. to detect areas at particular high risk for malaria outbreak the geographic information system (gis) has been applied and tested. the study has shown that the system can be used in malar ... | 2001 | 12471743 |
| neuropeptides and peptide hormones in anopheles gambiae. | the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, is specialized for rapid completion of development and reproduction. a vertebrate blood meal is required for egg production, and multiple feedings subsequently allow transmission of malaria parasites, plasmodium spp. regulatory peptides from 35 genes annotated from the a. gambiae genome likely coordinate these and other physiological processes. plasmodium parasites may affect actions of newly identified insulin-like peptides, which coordinate grow ... | 2002 | 12364794 |
| [insecticide sensitivity in malaria vectors in high altitude madagascar after five years of vector control]. | in 1991, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, the main malaria vectors in the highlands of madagascar, were reported to be fully susceptible to ddt; nevertheless a slight decrease in the susceptibility levels was recorded when compared with previous assays carried out in 1962. from 1993 to 1997, five cycles of indoor residual spraying have been carried out in the highlands: a total of 1,482,000 kg of 70% wp ddt have been used for the treatment of houses and animal shelters. from 1996 to 199 ... | 2000 | 12463031 |
| allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | background: removal of exhaled air from total body emanations or artificially standardising carbon dioxide (co2) outputs has previously been shown to eliminate differential attractiveness of humans to certain blackfly (simuliidae) and mosquito (culicidae) species. whether or not breath contributes to between-person differences in relative attractiveness to the highly anthropophilic malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto remains unknown and was the focus of the present study. methods: the ... | 2004 | 14748930 |
| the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya. | since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ... | 2002 | 12495180 |
| normal resistance-level of anopheles funestus giles to insecticides. | | 1957 | 13430815 |
| [study of the physiological age of the females of anopheles funestus funestus giles in the region of miandrivazo, madagascar]. | | 1962 | 13902375 |
| polymorphism in two merozoite surface proteins of plasmodium falciparum isolates from gabon. | plasmodium falciparum antigenic diversity and polymorphism confuses the issue of antimalarial vaccine development. merozoite surface protein (msp)-1 and -2 are two highly polymorphic vaccine candidates. characterisation of their precise polymorphism in endemic regions may facilitate the design of an effective vaccine. | 2003 | 12773207 |
| [abnormal ovogenesis in a female of anopheles funestus giles]. | | 1961 | 13904213 |
| observations on the determination of the age composition and epidemiological importance of populations of anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles funestus giles in tanganyika. | following a request from the world health organization an investigation was undertaken to determine whether the method developed by polovodova in the ussr for determining the physiological age of female anophelines could be applied to the two main vectors of malaria in africa, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus.it was demonstrated that polovodova's method was fully applicable to these african species. the greater difficulties encountered in determining the age of these species, as compared ... | 1964 | 14122438 |
| nyando virus: a hitherto undescribed virus isolated from anopheles funestus giles collected in kenya. | | 1965 | 14292787 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit va from the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.) (coleoptera: bostrichidae). | a cdna encoding subunit va of cytochrome c oxidase (ec 1.9.3.1) was cloned and characterized from a lesser grain borer (rhyzopertha dominica) cdna library. the complete cdna consists of 693-bp and contains an open reading frame of 450-bp that encodes 150 amino acid residues. the sequence includes a 28-bp putative n-terminal and a 122-bp putative mature protein. the estimated molecular weight and pi for the predicted mature protein are 13,962 and 4.60, respectively. the cdna-deduced amino acid se ... | 2003 | 14518003 |
| 'a mate or a meal'--pre-gravid behaviour of female anopheles gambiae from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, west africa. | malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of são tomé and príncipe. this may be due to differences in the biology of local anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of ... | 2003 | 12801421 |
| isolations of bwamba virus from south central uganda and north eastern tanzania. | bwamba virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is widely distributed in africa. it causes many unidentified fevers because of its benign nature. | 2002 | 12789111 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| population genetic structure of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus in kenya. | anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa, but little is known about the genetic structure of natural populations. in this study, microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of a. funestus populations from kenya. two populations from western kenya 80 km apart and two from coastal kenya 50 km apart were collected and examined for allelic variation at five trinucleotide microsatellite loci. we found a. funestus giles was the predominant species (> 98%) ... | 2003 | 14628948 |
| unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. | malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ... | 2004 | 15225985 |
| identification of the vectors of lymphatic filariasis in the lower shire valley, southern malawi. | an investigation of lymphatic filariasis vectors in malawi is reported. anopheles funestus, a. arabiensis, and a. gambiae sensu stricto had high rates of filarial infection (2.2-3.1%) and carried infective larvae. anopheles funestus was the predominant species collected (77.6%) and was the primary vector during the study period of april to may 2002. | 2003 | 15228246 |
| linking field-based ecological data with remotely sensed data using a geographic information system in two malaria endemic urban areas of kenya. | background: remote sensing technology provides detailed spectral and thermal images of the earth's surface from which surrogate ecological indicators of complex processes can be measured. methods: remote sensing data were overlaid onto georeferenced entomological and human ecological data randomly sampled during april and may 2001 in the cities of kisumu (population asymptotically equal to 320,000) and malindi (population asymptotically equal to 81,000), kenya. grid cells of 270 meters x 270 met ... | 2003 | 14667243 |
| a survey of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group of mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya with special emphasis on population genetic structure based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes. | we sampled anopheles funestus giles mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya to determine (1) the different members of this group present at these sites and (2) the population genetic structure of these species based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes with particular reference to the role of the eastern arm of the great rift valley and geographical distance as barriers to gene flow. four members of this species group, namely an. funestus s.s., an. parensis, an. leesoni, and an. rivulorum, were found. ... | 2003 | 14596280 |
| is the mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of madagascar? | background: one method of collecting mosquitoes is to use human beings as bait. this is called human landing collection and is a reference method for evaluating mosquito density per person. the mbita trap, described by mathenge et al in the literature, consists of an entry-no return device whereby humans are used as bait but cannot be bitten. we compared the mbita trap and human landing collection in field conditions to estimate mosquito density and malaria transmission. methods: our study was c ... | 2003 | 14624701 |
| mosquito transposable elements. | the completion of the genome assembly for the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and continuing genomic efforts for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, have allowed the use of bioinformatics tools to identify and characterize a diverse array of transposable elements (tes) in these and other mosquito genomes. an overview of the types and number of both rna-mediated and dna-mediated tes that are found in mosquito genomes is presented. a number of novel and interesting tes from thes ... | 2004 | 15242704 |
| microsatellite dna polymorphism and heterozygosity in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in east and southern africa. | there has been an increase in malaria cases in southern african countries in recent years due to the presence of populations of anopheles funestus that are resistant to the pyrethroid class of insecticides. since a. funestus is one of the major african malaria vectors, knowledge of its genetic structure will benefit control strategies, such as the management of insecticide resistance, by allowing predictions to be made of possible spread of the resistance. this study uses microsatellite dna mark ... | 2004 | 14739021 |
| measurement of antibody levels against region ii of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western kenya. | region ii of the 175-kda erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175rii) of plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-eba-175rii antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of eba-175rii to erythrocytes, and (iii) ... | 2004 | 14742515 |
| false detection of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in anopheles marshallii group mosquitoes. | a study was conducted to determine the role of members of the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission in the mpumalanga province, in the northeastern region of south africa. female anopheline mosquitoes were collected between january 1996 and november 1997 by means of human landing catches and tested for salivary gland plasmodium falciparum infections by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method with pf2a10 antibodies. infection rates from april and may 1997 collecti ... | 2001 | 14529083 |
| satellite dna from the y chromosome of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | satellite dna is an enigmatic component of genomic dna with unclear function that has been regarded as "junk." yet, persistence of these tandem highly repetitive sequences in heterochromatic regions of most eukaryotic chromosomes attests to their importance in the genome. we explored the anopheles gambiae genome for the presence of satellite repeats and identified 12 novel satellite dna families. certain families were found in close juxtaposition within the genome. six satellites, falling into t ... | 2005 | 15466420 |
| malaria transmission in southern madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. part 1. entomological investigations. | a 4-year entomological study was carried out in southern madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. three villages were involved in this entomological survey: androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). mosquitoes were collected inside and ... | 2004 | 14732241 |
| [role of anopheles funestus in the transmission of malaria in the south of madagascar (ampanihy district)]. | the authors reported the results of paludometric and entomological studies carried-out for two years: 1995-1996 in two localities: ampanihy and ankilimivory located in the south of madagascar. these studies followed a suspect malaria epidemic in ankilimivory in june and july 1994; the population plasmodic index was of 45%. in april 1995, this data was of 35% in ampanihy and of 15% in ankilimivory. entomological studies carried out in april 1996 allowed to find anopheles funestus in ankilimivory ... | 1996 | 12463008 |
| an active transposable element, herves, from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | transposable elements have proven to be invaluable tools for genetically manipulating a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes. some have suggested that they could be used to spread desirable genes, such as refractoriness to plasmodium infection, through target populations of anopheles gambiae, thereby disabling the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria. to achieve this, a transposon must remain mobile and intact after the initial introduction into the genome. endogenous, active class ii ... | 2005 | 15545643 |
| a microsatellite map of the african human malaria vector anopheles funestus. | microsatellite markers and chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are useful genetic markers for determining population structure in anopheline mosquitoes. in anopheles funestus (2n = 6), only chromosome arms 2r, 3r, and 3l are known to carry polymorphic inversions. the physical location of microsatellite markers with respect to polymorphic inversions is potentially important information for interpreting population genetic structure, yet none of the available marker sets have been physically mapped ... | 2004 | 14757727 |
| malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. | we studied the malaria transmission dynamics in kassena nankana district (knd), a site in northern ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. intensive mosquito sampling for 1 year using human landing catches in three micro-ecological sites (irrigated, lowland and rocky highland) yielded 18 228 mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus constituted 94.3% of the total collection with 76.8% captured from the irrigated communities. other species collected but in relatively few numb ... | 2004 | 14728621 |
| distribution of ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i in the nervous system and gut of mosquitoes. | ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i (oeh i) is a gonadotropin in the female mosquito, aedes aegypti. whole-mount immunocytochemistry using oeh i antisera revealed an extensive distribution of immunostained cells in larvae and adults of this mosquito comparable to that observed in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. medial neurosecretory cells were stained in brains of larvae and adult ae. aegypti. in an gambiae the lateral neurosecretory cells were stained more often. in both species, ... | 2001 | 15455063 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in gabon. | in areas where malaria is endemic, pregnancy is associated with increased susceptibility to malaria. it is generally agreed that this risk ends with delivery and decreases with the number of pregnancies. our study aimed to demonstrate relationships between malarial parasitaemia and age, gravidity and anaemia in pregnant women in libreville, the capital city of gabon. | 2003 | 12919637 |
| molecular differentiation of colonized human malaria vectors by 28s ribosomal dna polymorphisms. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, an. stephensi liston, an. freeborni aitken, and an. quadrimaculatus say are cultured and studied in molecular genetic and transgenic laboratories with increasing frequency. with limited research space, these mosquitoes are often maintained in the same insectary. under these conditions, cross-contamination of colonies can occur and have devastating consequences to affected research programs. we have developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the 28s ... | 2004 | 15516651 |
| characterization of neuropeptide f and its receptor from the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | the genome of anopheles gambiae contains sequences encoding a neuropeptide f (ang-npf) and npf receptor (ang-npfr) related to the neuropeptide y signaling family. cdnas for each were cloned and sequenced. ang-npfr was stably expressed for radioligand binding analysis. ang-npf exhibited high affinity (ic50 approximately 3 nm) membrane binding; npfs from aedes aegypti (aea-npf) and drosophila melanogaster (drm-npf) were less potent, with the rank order: ang-npf>aea-npf>drm-npf>drm-npf8-36. rt-pcr ... | 2005 | 15626509 |
| non-ltr retrotransposons in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae: unprecedented diversity and evidence of recent activity. | over a hundred families of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons (non-ltrs) were found in the newly released anopheles gambiae genome assembly during a reiterative and comprehensive search using the conserved reverse transcriptase (rt) domains of known non-ltrs as the starting queries. these families, which are defined by at least 20% amino acid sequence divergence in their rt domains, range from a few to approximately 2,000 copies and occupy at least 3% of the genome. in addition to having ... | 2003 | 12832632 |
| evaluation of a species-specific pcr assay for the anopheles funestus group from eleven african countries and madagascar. | a newly published cocktail polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay can identify five members of the anopheles funestus group: an. funestus, an. vaneedeni, an. parensis, an. leesoni and an. rivulorum. the assay was evaluated on specimens from 11 african countries: angola, cote d'ivoire, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, namibia, south africa, tanzania, uganda and zambia; and the island of madagascar. the polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) and the interna ... | 2004 | 15029875 |
| characterization of two novel pacifastin-like peptide precursor isoforms in the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria): cdna cloning, functional analysis and real-time rt-pcr gene expression studies. | in the last decade, a new serine protease inhibitor family has been described in arthropods. eight members of the family were purified from locusts and share a conserved cysteine array (cys-xaa(9-12)-cys-asn-xaa-cys-xaa-cys-xaa(2-3)-gly-xaa(3-6)-cys-thr-xaa3-cys) with nine inhibitory domains of the light chain of the crayfish protease inhibitor, pacifastin (plds; pacifastin light chain domains). using cdna cloning, several pacifastin-related precursors have been identified, encoding additional p ... | 2005 | 15631618 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| spatial distribution patterns of malaria vectors and sample size determination in spatially heterogeneous environments: a case study in the west kenyan highland. | the current study examined temporal and spatial distribution patterns of anopheline malaria vectors in a highland site and determined the number of houses to be sampled to achieve the targeted precision level. adult mosquito sampling was conducted seasonally in may and august 2002 in a 3 by 3-km2 area, and in november 2002 and february 2003 in an expanded 4 by 4-km2 area in kakamega district, western kenya. anopheles gambiae giles was the predominant malaria vector species, constituting 84.6% of ... | 2004 | 15605637 |
| reduced bio-efficacy of permethrin ec impregnated bednets against an anopheles gambiae strain with oxidase-based pyrethroid tolerance. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) are an integral component of malaria control programmes in africa. how much pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors will impact on the efficacy of itns is controversial. the purpose of this study was to evaluate knockdown and killing effects of itns on a metabolic-based resistant or tolerant malaria vector strain. | 2004 | 15569394 |
| influence of maternal filariasis on childhood infection and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in kenya. | to determine whether maternal filariasis influences the risk of infection by and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in children, we performed a cross-sectional study in an area of kenya where filariasis is endemic. residents of 211 households were enrolled; 376 parents and 938 of their offspring between the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne microfilariae and filarial antigenemia. children of infected mothers had a three- to fourfold inc ... | 2003 | 12933869 |
| isolation and characterization of y chromosome sequences from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the karyotype of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae contains two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. the y chromosome, constituting approximately 10% of the genome, remains virtually unexplored, despite the recent completion of the a. gambiae genome project. here we report the identification and characterization of y chromosome sequences of total length approaching 150 kb. we developed 11 y-specific pcr markers that consistently yielded male-specific products in specime ... | 2004 | 15082548 |
| epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in niamey, niger. | malaria takes a heavy toll in niger, one of the world's poorest countries. previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the integrated management of childhood illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. the aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the national hospital of niamey, niger's main referral hos ... | 2005 | 15703076 |
| characterization of potential larval habitats for anopheles mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in malindi, kenya. | background: this study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. malindi, a city on the coast of kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (gps) technology, and a geographic information system (gis) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a s ... | 2004 | 15125778 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism method for the identification of major african and asian malaria vectors within the anopheles funestus and an. minimus groups. | the african anopheles funestus and the asian an. minimus groups are closely related and are probably considered distinct only because of their geographic separation. this study aimed at improving two identification methods based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) already developed for either group. each pcr-rflp, either on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) for the an. minimus group, and domain 3 (d3) for the an. funestus group, was applied to ... | 2004 | 15031514 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| malaria vectors in the bioko island (equatorial guinea): estimation of vector dynamics and transmission intensities. | the current study was performed on the bioko island (equatorial guinea) with the aim of establishing a rapid assessment technique for mapping malaria risk and measuring vector densities. human bait collection, tent traps, light traps, indoor resting collection, and window exit traps were used to collect anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles funestus, the two anopheline species involved in malaria transmission in this island. capture data were used to compare differences in the behavior and vector ... | 2004 | 15061273 |
| molecular characterization of insulin-like peptide genes and their expression in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | of the seven genes encoding insulin-like peptides (ilps) in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, four are arrayed proximally as duplicate pairs on chromosome three. amino acid substitutions encoded in the duplicate genes occur in the c peptide and not the b and a peptides. except for one duplicated gene, sequence-specific transcripts for all other agamilps were obtained from female mosquitoes. transcript expression of each agamilp was determined by rt-pcr in the head, thorax, and abdomen of all life ... | 2004 | 15157231 |
| the global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. | the aim of this review was to use geographic information systems in combination with historical maps to quantify the anthropogenic impact on the distribution of malaria in the 20th century. the nature of the cartographic record enabled global and regional patterns in the spatial limits of malaria to be investigated at six intervals between 1900 and 2002. contemporaneous population surfaces also allowed changes in the numbers of people living in areas of malaria risk to be quantified. these data ... | 2004 | 15172341 |
| functional analysis of the putative fusion domain of the baculovirus envelope fusion protein f. | group ii nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs), e.g., spodoptera exigua mnpv, lack a gp64-like protein that is present in group i npvs but have an unrelated envelope fusion protein named f. in contrast to gp64, the f protein has to be activated by a posttranslational cleavage mechanism to become fusogenic. in several vertebrate viral fusion proteins, the cleavage activation generates a new n terminus which forms the so-called fusion peptide. this fusion peptide inserts in the cellular membrane, thereby ... | 2004 | 15194771 |
| [anopheles and malaria transmission in ambohimena, a village in the occidental fringe of madagascar highlands]. | the anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were investigated in the middle west of madagascar, in the village of ambohimena (at the altitude of 940 meters) during two years (august 1996 to july 1998). this village is located outside the vector control area, where yearly ddt house spraying campaigns have been conducted between 1993 and 1998. collection of mosquitoes was mainly based on all night man billing collections (650 man-nights), pyrethrum spray catches (224 bedrooms) and direct colle ... | 2004 | 15071831 |
| rag1 core and v(d)j recombination signal sequences were derived from transib transposons. | the v(d)j recombination reaction in jawed vertebrates is catalyzed by the rag1 and rag2 proteins, which are believed to have emerged approximately 500 million years ago from transposon-encoded proteins. yet no transposase sequence similar to rag1 or rag2 has been found. here we show that the approximately 600-amino acid "core" region of rag1 required for its catalytic activity is significantly similar to the transposase encoded by dna transposons that belong to the transib superfamily. this supe ... | 2005 | 15898832 |
| a single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups. | the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups are closely related and composed of major malaria vectors in africa and southeast asia, respectively. none of the species of either the an. funestus or the an. minimus group can be identified with absolute certainty using the adult morphology. polymorphisms present on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of ribosomal dna allowed the development of 10 primers that combined with an universal forward primer lead to a simple and ... | 2004 | 15210996 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| dosage-dependent effects of permethrin-treated nets on the behaviour of anopheles gambiae and the selection of pyrethroid resistance. | the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s, the major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, is of great concern owing to the importance of pyrethroid-treated nets in the who global strategy for malaria control. the impact of kdr (the main pyrethroid-resistance mechanism) on the behaviour of an. gambiae is not well understood. the objective of this study was to determine whether high or low doses of permethrin differ in their resistance-selection effects. | 2004 | 15242513 |
| advances in the study of anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in africa. | the recent literature on cytogenetic and molecular studies of anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in africa, is reviewed. molecular data from west and central africa suggest a new species in the group closely allied to anopheles rivulorum. cytogenetic and molecular studies of populations from west, central, east and southern africa indicate considerable genetic structuring within an. funestus itself, which may well restrict the spread of pyrethroid resistance that has been demonstrated ... | 2004 | 15242700 |
| plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western kenya. | studies on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte development and dynamics have almost exclusively focused on patients treated with antimalarial drugs, while the majority of parasite carriers in endemic areas are asymptomatic. this study identified factors that influence gametocytaemia in asymptomatic children in the absence and presence of pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine (sp) antimalarial treatment. | 2004 | 15202944 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in senegal based on microsatellite and cytogenetic data. | the study of chromosomal inversions distribution within natural anopheles funestus populations from west africa revealed high levels of genetic structuring. in burkina faso, this was interpreted as evidence for incipient speciation, and two chromosomal forms were described, namely 'folonzo' and 'kiribina'. assignation of field collected specimens to one chromosomal form depends upon application of an algorithm based on chromosomal inversions. we assessed relevance and applicability of this algor ... | 2004 | 15157226 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| high malaria transmission intensity due to anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in a village of savannah-forest transition area in cameroon. | an entomological survey was conducted on vectors of malaria in a village of the forest-savannah transition area in cameroon from february 1999 to october 2000. a total of 2,050 anopheline mosquitoes belonging to eight species were caught 1) after landing on human volunteers, 2) by using pyrethrum spray collections in human dwellings, and 3) in resting sites outdoors. anopheles funestus giles was the most abundant species (accounting for 91% of anophelines caught) followed by anopheles gambiae gi ... | 2004 | 15535619 |
| lineage-specific and ubiquitous biological roles of the mammalian transcription factor lsf. | transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells is driven by a complex interplay of multiple transcription factors that respond to signals from either external or internal stimuli. a single transcription factor can control expression of distinct sets of target genes, dependent on its state of post-translational modifications, interacting partner proteins, and the chromatin environment of the cellular genome. furthermore, many transcription factors can act as either transcriptional repressors or ac ... | 2004 | 15563829 |
| effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | between 1995 and 2000, kwazulu-natal province, south africa, experienced a marked increase in plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. in response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (al) was deployed in the first ministry of health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in africa. in south africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. malaria is dia ... | 2005 | 16187798 |
| modulation of anopheles gambiae gene expression in response to o'nyong-nyong virus infection. | to determine if gene expression of an. gambiae is modulated in response to o'nyong-nyong virus (onnv) infection, we utilized cdna microarrays including about 20 000 cdnas. gene expression levels of onnv-infected female mosquitoes were compared to that of the uninfected control females harvested at 14 days postinfection. in response to onnv infection, expression levels of 18 genes were significantly modulated, being at least two-fold up- or down-regulated. quantitative real-time pcr analysis (qrt ... | 2005 | 16164603 |
| malaria morbidity and immunity among residents of villages with different plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in north-eastern tanzania. | the relationship between the burden of uncomplicated malaria and transmission intensity is unclear and a better understanding of this relationship is important for the implementation of intervention programmes. | 2004 | 15282030 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |