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molecular detection of theileria spp. in livestock on five caribbean islands.theileria spp. are tick-transmitted, intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of animals. as there is very limited information on the prevalence of theileria spp. in the caribbean we used the recently described genus-specific pan-theileria fret-qpcr to identify infected animals in the region and a standard 18s rrna gene pcr and sequencing to determine the species involved. we found theileria spp. in 9% of the convenience samples of animals (n = 752) studied from five ...201526783522
molecular epidemiology of theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.the aim of this study was to detect theileria equi (laveran 1901) dna in horses and ticks using real-time pcr and to list the factors associated with infection in animals located in the seropedica and petropolis municipalities of the state of rio de janeiro. we tested blood samples from 314 horses and samples from 300 ticks, including 191 amblyomma cajennense, 104 dermacentor nitens, and 5 ixodida larvae. factors inherent to the horse, the ownership, and animal management were obtained from an e ...201323474658
comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of theileria equi.transmission of arthropod-borne apicomplexan parasites that cause disease and result in death or persistent infection represents a major challenge to global human and animal health. first described in 1901 as piroplasma equi, this re-emergent apicomplexan parasite was renamed babesia equi and subsequently theileria equi, reflecting an uncertain taxonomy. understanding mechanisms by which apicomplexan parasites evade immune or chemotherapeutic elimination is required for development of effective ...201223137308
serum antibodies from a subset of horses positive for babesia caballi by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrate a protein recognition pattern that is not consistent with infection.tick-borne pathogens that cause persistent infection are of major concern to the livestock industry because of transmission risk from persistently infected animals and the potential economic losses they pose. the recent reemergence of theileria equi in the united states prompted a widespread national survey resulting in identification of limited distribution of equine piroplasmosis (ep) in the u.s. horse population. this program identified babesia caballi-seropositive horses using rhoptry-associ ...201324049108
detection of rickettsiae in fleas and ticks from areas of costa rica with history of spotted fever group rickettsioses.outbreaks of spotted fevers have been reported in costa rica since the 1950s, although vectors responsible for transmission to humans have not been directly identified. in this study, species of rickettsia were detected in ectoparasites from costa rica, mostly from five study sites where cases of spotted fevers have been reported. ticks and fleas were collected using drag cloths or directly from domestic and wild animals and pooled according to species, host, and location. pools were analyzed in ...201627592065
molecular characterization of anaplasma marginale in ticks naturally feeding on buffaloes.anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent pathogen transmitted by ticks in cattle in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. however, the tick species involved in the transmission of a. marginale in buffaloes in brazil have not been identified. the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of a. marginale in ticks parasitizing water buffaloes. a total of 200 samples of rhipicephalus microplus, dermacentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, and amblyomma maculatum were collec ...201526209411
first molecular evidence of coxiella burnetii infecting ticks in cuba.coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of q fever. in order to explore the occurrence of c. burnetii in ticks, samples were collected from horses, dogs and humans living in a cuban occidental community. the species most commonly recovered were amblyomma mixtum (67%), rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (27%) and dermacentor nitens (6%). specific is1111 pcr and amplicon sequencing allowed the identification of c. burnetii dna in a. mixtum collected from a domestic horse. these findings, for first tim ...201626372520
rickettsial infection in animals, humans and ticks in paulicéia, brazil.a previous study in paulicéia municipality, south-eastern brazil, reported 9.7% of the amblyomma triste ticks to be infected by rickettsia parkeri, a bacterial pathogen that causes spotted fever in humans. these a. triste ticks were shown to be associated with marsh areas, where the marsh deer blastocerus dichotomus is a primary host for this tick species. during 2008-2009, blood serum samples were collected from 140 horses, 41 dogs, 5 opossums (didelphis albiventris) and 26 humans in farms from ...201525643912
distribution of spotted fever group rickettsiae in hard ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) from panamanian urban and rural environments (2007-2013).tick-borne rickettsiosis is an important emerging disease in panama; to date, there have been 12 confirmed cases, including eight fatalities. to evaluate the distribution of rickettsiae in panamanian ticks, we collected questing and on-host ticks in urban and rural towns in elevations varying between 0 and 2300 m. a total of 63 sites (13 urban and 50 rural towns) were used to develop models of spatial distributions. we found the following tick species: rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (present in 5 ...201627068930
the ticks (acari: ixodida: argasidae, ixodidae) of bolivia.the tick species reported in bolivia are reviewed here as (1) endemic or established: ornithodoros echimys, o. guaporensis, o. hasei, o. kohlsi, o. mimon, o. peropteryx, o. rostratus, otobius megnini, amblyomma auricularium, a. cajennense, a. calcaratum, a. coelebs, a. dubitatum, a. humerale, a. incisum, a. longirostre, a. naponense, a. nodosum, a. oblongoguttatum, a. ovale, a. parvitarsum, a. parvum, a. pecarium, a. pseudoconcolor, a. rotundatum, a. scalpturatum, a. tigrinum, a. triste, dermace ...201424406053
impact of humidity on clustered tick eggs.eclosion of larvae from clustered tick eggs (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and ±1,000 eggs) of rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs), rhipicephalus microplus (rm), amblyomma cajennense (ac), and dermacentor nitens (dn) was investigated at 43, 75, and > 98% relative humidity (rh) and 25 °c. susceptibility of eggs to dehydration varied among tick species (rs < rm < ac and dn) and the number of clustered eggs but even singularized eggs of all tested species matured, and larvae eclosed at rh > 98%. a minimum of ...201425199556
[detection of rickettsia in ectoparasites of wild and domestic mammals from the cerro chucanti private reserve and from neighboring towns, panamá, 2007-2010].ectoparasites are the main vectors of rickettsiosis. in panama, however, limited data are available concerning the arthropod species that serve as vectors or reservoirs.201223242292
toxicity of solvents and surfactants to amblyomma cajennense (fabricius, 1787) (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (neumann, 1897) (acari: ixodidae) larvae.the objective of this work was to verify the sensitivity of amblyomma cajennense and dermacentor nitens larvae to the solvents ethanol, methanol, acetone, xylol and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) and the surfactant tween 80. the first four solvents were tested at analytical purity while the dmso and surfactant tween 80 were tested at a concentration of 1%. the substances tested at analytical purity that caused high mortality were also tested at concentrations of 50%, 25% and 1%. the larval packet tes ...201222459626
hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) of livestock in nicaragua, with notes about distribution.we document the species of ticks that parasitize livestock in nicaragua. the study was based on tick collection on cattle and horses from 437 farms in nine departments. of 4841 animals examined (4481 cows and 360 horses), 3299 were parasitized, which represent 68 % of the bovines and 67 % of the equines in study: 59 cows and 25 horses were parasitized by more than one species. in addition, 280 specimens of the entomological museum in león were examined. the ticks found on cattle were rhipicephal ...201627392740
evaluation of the combined effect of thymol, carvacrol and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on amblyomma sculptum (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) larvae.this study aimed at assessing the combined effect of thymol, carvacrol and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on amblyomma sculptum and dermacentor nitens larvae. the effects resulting from treatments were evaluated by means of the modified larval packet test. in order to determine the lc50, components of essential oils, the monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol and phenylpropanoid (e)-cinnamaldehyde were individually tested at different concentrations. after determining the lc50, each essential oil component was sepa ...201526346899
rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) coparasitize white-tailed deer on st. john, u.s. virgin islands.ticks parasitizing introduced white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmermann), on st. john, u.s. virgin islands, were recorded during and after drought conditions. tick infestation prevalences were 22% at the start of the drought (july 2015), 66% at the height of the drought (march 2016), and 35% after the drought had ended (july 2016; n = 67 deer). samples of ticks from 22 tranquilized deer in july 2016 revealed the presence of two species, the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophi ...201728591859
spotted fever: epidemiology and vector-rickettsia-host relationship in rio de janeiro state.the eco-epidemiological scenario of spotted fever (sf), a tick-borne disease that affects humans and other animals in several countries around the world, was analyzed in rio de janeiro (rj) state, brazil. during the last 34 years, 990 sf cases were reported in rj (the brazilian state with the highest population density), including 116 cases confirmed by serology (rifi) or pcr, among 42.39% of the municipalities with reported cases of sf. the epidemiologic dynamics of sf in rj state are very hete ...201728424664
molecular detection and identification of rickettsia species in ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from belize, central america.little is known about tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in belize, central america. we tested ixodid ticks for the presence of rickettsia species in three of the six northern and western belizean districts. ticks were collected from domestic animals and tick drags over vegetation in 23 different villages in november 2014, february 2015, and may 2015. a total of 2,506 collected ticks were identified to the following species: dermacentor nitens neumann (46.69%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) ...201728981693
contributions to the knowledge of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) in colombia.the known tick fauna of colombia includes 58 species (15 argasidae and 43 ixodidae). to add to the knowledge of the biology of ticks in colombia, hard ticks (ixodidae) were collected from domestic animals or vegetation during 2014-2016 in 10 of colombia's departments. ticks were identified to species through morphological examinations. taxonomic identification was confirmed for some specimens by molecular methods, including phylogenetic analyses inferred from three tick genes (cytochrome c oxida ...201829055642
life cycle and parasitic competence of dermacentor nitens neumann, 1897 (acari: ixodidae) on different animal species.the objective of this study was to evaluate the life cycle and parasitic competence of dermacentor nitens (neumann, 1897) on different animal species. experimental infestations were induced in five specimens each of seven species of possible hosts: rabbits, horses, sheep, cows, guinea pigs, birds and dogs. rabbits were infested in the ear using artificial feeding chambers, and the horses, sheep, cows and dogs were infested in the ear without feeding chambers. for the infestation of guinea pigs, ...201728063831
seroprevalence of rickettsia spp. in equids and molecular detection of 'candidatus rickettsia amblyommii' in amblyomma cajennense sensu lato ticks from the pantanal region of mato grosso, brazil.the aim of the study was to evaluate exposure of equids to rickettsial agents (rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, 'candidatus rickettsia amblyommii', rickettsia rhipicephali, and rickettsia bellii) and rickettsial infection in ticks of a pantanal region of brazil. sera of 547 equids (500 horses and 47 donkeys) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay. in total, 665 adults and 106 nymphal pools of amblyomma cajennense f. sensu lato, 10 dermacentor nitens neumann ticks, and 88 l ...201426309313
acaricidal activity of methanol extract of acmella oleracea l. (asteraceae) and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).we evaluated the acaricidal activity of acmella oleracea methanol extract and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens. the extract was made through maceration with methanol. from this extract, a dichloromethane fraction with 99% spilanthol was obtained and tested on r. microplus larvae and engorged females and d. nitens larvae. for evaluation against larvae, the modified larval packet test was used, and both the methanol extract and dichloromethane fraction were tested at co ...201627692316
complete mitochondrial genomes of dermacentor silvarum and comparative analyses with another hard tick dermacentor nitens.ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of a wide range of vertebrates. they can transmit a range of pathogens that cause economic losses to livestock production as well as human disease. in the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of dermacentor silvarum was determined. the mt genome is 14,945 bp in length contains 37 genes, including 13 are protein-coding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4l, cytb, atp6 and atp8), two ribosomal rna genes and 22 transfer rna genes. the nucleotid ...201627423970
use of plastic tips in artificial feeding of dermacentor (anocentor) nitens females neumann, 1897 (acari: ixodidae).the establishment of laboratory colonies of ticks is often hampered by their lack of adaptation to alternative hosts. the aim of this study was to artificially feed partially engorged dermacentor (anocentor) nitens females through plastic tips, and to identify what are the optimal conditions of application of this technique to get as much as possible close to the natural conditions. the technique of artificial feeding through plastic tips allowed the engorgement of d. nitens ticks to a final wei ...201425132536
repellent activity of eugenol on larvae of rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).the repellent activity of eugenol was evaluated on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae in a bioassay based on the vertical migration of these tick larvae during the host-seek phase. solutions were used at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μl/ml and a control only with the solvent ethanol 50 gl. the larvae's reaction of climbing the rods of filter paper was observed each hour for 12 h and once more at 24 h. the repellence was calculated as a percentage through visual esti ...201323636308
assessment of the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, (e)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-anethole, and linalool on larvae of rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, (e)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-anethole, and linalool was studied on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae. all the substances were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 μl/ml, with 10 repetitions per treatment. the modified larval packet technique was employed in the tests and the mortality was evaluated after 24 h. in the groups treated with carvacrol, the lowest concentration (2.5 μl/ml) was sufficient to cause 100% death o ...201323354938
chemical composition and acaricidal activity of essential oil from lippia sidoides on larvae of dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) and larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the aim of this work was to identify the compounds and to investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves of lippia sidoides on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens. the oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (gc/fid) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, 15 compounds comprising 99.97 % of the total peak area were identified. the main constituent of the essential oil was thymol (67.60 %). the acaricidal activity w ...201222983219
acaricidal activity of eugenol on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) larvae.the aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of eugenol, with different solubilizations and concentrations, on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae and to determine the lethal time. the study consisted of four experiments, and the mortality was assessed using the larval packet test with adaptations. the mortality observed in the first experiment was 100 % for all the groups treated with eugenol solubilized in different solvents. in the second, the hydroethanolic ...201222622689
association between ecological factors and the presence of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae in puerto rico.a prevalence study was conducted to survey tick larvae populations in puerto rico (pr), compare the number of infested sites with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae between the wet and dry season, and assess the associations of ecologic factors on the presence of r. microplus larvae. ninety-six sites were selected using a gis-based sampling method. each site was sampled twice; the first sampling was performed during the dry season (march 4-18, 2007) and the second sampling during the wet ...201222638941
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