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different natural organic matter isolates cause similar stress response patterns in the freshwater amphipod, gammarus pulex.dissolved humic substances (hss) are exogenous stressors to aquatic plants and animals which activate a variety of transcriptional and biochemical reactions or block photosynthesis. while there are consistent indications which structures may lead to reduced photosynthetic activity, there is much less clear information available on which hs structures or building blocks act as stressors in animals. consequently, this work was designed to comparatively study the impact of natural organic matter (n ...201019626357
variation in immune defence among populations of gammarus pulex (crustacea: amphipoda).despite intensive studies in ecological immunology, few have investigated variation in immune defence among natural populations; in particular, there is a lack of knowledge of the sources of spatial variability in immune defence in the wild. here we documented variation among twelve populations of the freshwater crustacean gammarus pulex in the activity of the prophenoloxidase (propo) system, which is an important component of invertebrate immunity. we then tested for trade-offs between investme ...200918989705
mixture toxicity assessment of wood preservative pesticides in the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex (l.).all over the world, insecticides and fungicides are used to protect wood against pathogens. to document the environmental toxicity of wood preservative mixtures, freshwater amphipods gammarus pulex (l.) were submitted to organic pesticides given independently or in mixtures. when given independently at environmentally realistic concentrations, propiconazole and tebuconazole (triazoles fungicides) were not toxic for g. pulex, 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate (ipbc, fungicide) was moderately toxi ...200918768221
physiological and behavioural responses of gammarus pulex exposed to acid stress.physiological and behavioural responses of the acid-sensitive amphipod gammarus pulex exposed to a wide range of acid conditions (ph 4.1, 5.1, 6.0) under laboratory conditions were investigated. an exposure of 38 h to acid conditions caused significant decreases in survival rate, osmolality, haemolymph na+ concentration, ventilatory and locomotor activity compared to organisms exposed to a circumneutral medium (ph 7.9). we highlighted the interest of using individual response distribution, since ...200817936078
modeling combined effects of pulsed exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos on gammarus pulex.aquatic risk assessment can be improved if we are able to quantitatively predict the effects resulting from sequential pulsed exposure to multiple compounds. we evaluate two modeling approaches, both extended to suit multiple compounds, the semi-mechanistic threshold damage model (tdm), and a model based on time-weighted averages (twa). the tdm predicts that recovery of damage to gammarus pulex from exposure to chlorpyrifos takes longer than that from exposure to carbaryl and consequently that t ...200717822129
simulating toxicity of carbaryl to gammarus pulex after sequential pulsed exposure.aquatic nontarget organisms are typically exposed to sequential pulses of contaminants with fluctuating concentrations. we use the semimechanistic threshold damage model (tdm) to simulate survival of the aquatic invertebrate gammarus pulex after sequential pulsed exposure to carbaryl and compare itto a simpler model based on time-weighted averages (twa). the tdm is a process-based model and we demonstrate how to parametrize it with data from an uptake and elimination experimenttogether with data ...200717822128
new ecotoxicological model to simulate survival of aquatic invertebrates after exposure to fluctuating and sequential pulses of pesticides.aquatic nontarget organisms are exposed to fluctuating concentrations or sequential pulses of contaminants, so we need to predict effects resulting from such patterns of exposure. we present a process-based model, the threshold damage model (tdm), that links exposure with effects and demonstrate how to simulate the survival of the aquatic invertebrate gammarus pulex. based on survival experiments of up to 28 days duration with three patterns of repeated exposure pulses and fluctuating concentrat ...200717593760
disturbance, biological legacies and community development in stream mesocosms.disturbances reduce the biota in stream ecosystems, and leave biological legacies, including remnant species, which potentially influence post-disturbance community development but are poorly understood. we investigated whether three remnant species, the snail radix peregra, the mayfly serratella ignita and the freshwater shrimp gammarus pulex, affected community development in mesocosms that mimicked disturbed habitat patches in streams. following 21 days of colonisation, we found that the occu ...200616639570
behavioural responses of gammarus pulex (crustacea, amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals.the continuous discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the environment results in a chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to these substances and their metabolites. as concentrations in surface waters are in the ng/l range, and sometimes in the low microg/l range, they are not likely to result in lethal toxicity. however, prolonged exposure to low concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals may lead to sublethal effects, including changes in behaviour. the aim of this study wa ...200616624423
subsurface tile drainage loss of modern pesticides: field experiment results.the concentration and loss of two herbicides (bentazone and mcpa), two fungicides (fenpropimorph and propiconazole) and two insecticides (dimethoate and pirimicarb) were measured in tile drainage water from a 2,813 m2 experimental grass field from may to august 2001. three different pesticides were applied to the field and subsequently a rainfall of 10 mm was simulated during the first experiment and 16 mm during the second experiment. bromide was applied as a conservative tracer in the first ex ...200415053109
dt-diaphorase [nad(p)h: (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase] in gammarus pulex: kinetics and some biochemical properties. 200314567578
the effect of copper on osmoregulation in the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex.the influence of copper on osmoregulation in the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex was determined from the analysis of water permeability, haemolymph sodium concentration, sodium influx and gill na(+)/k(+) atpase and mg(2+) atpase activity. exposure to nominal copper concentrations of 100 microg l(-1) or greater caused a significant reduction in both haemolymph sodium concentration and sodium influx within 4 h. measurements of water permeability, expressed as the half-time of exchange of body w ...200312890543
relationship between biochemical biomarkers and pre-copulatory behaviour and mortality in gammarus pulex following pulse-exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin.the impact of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was studied in an in-stream mesocosm placed in a natural riffle of a danish stream. twice during summer 2002, the natural macroinvertebrate community was exposed in situ to a 30-min pulse of lambda-cyhalothrin. during exposure, nets caught macroinvertebrates in drift. exposed and unexposed individuals of the amphipod gammarus pulex (l) were transferred to aquaria in the laboratory and monitored for biochemical changes (ie biomarkers), pre-copulator ...200515825219
macroinvertebrate community response to pulse exposure with the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin using in-stream mesocosms.pesticides are constantly being applied to agricultural catchments, but little is known about their impact on aquatic biota during natural exposure. in the present study, the impact of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was studied in an in-stream mesocosm setup. twice during the summer of 2002, the natural macroinvertebrate community was exposed in situ to a 30-min pulse of lambda-cyhalothrin. pyrethroid doses were released through a modified drip set with nominal concentrations of 0.10, 1.00, a ...200515779757
fish odour triggers conspecific attraction behaviour in an aquatic invertebrate.group living has evolved as an adaptation to predation in many animal species. in a multitude of vertebrates, the tendency to aggregate varies with the risk of predation, but experimental evidence for this is less well known in invertebrates. here, we examine the tendency to aggregate in the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex in the absence and presence of predator fish odour. without fish odour, the gammarids showed no significant tendency to aggregate. in contrast to this, in fish-conditioned ...200818593668
physiological and behavioural responses of gammarus pulex (crustacea: amphipoda) exposed to cadmium.the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cadmium on physiological and behavioural responses in gammarus pulex. in a first experiment, cadmium lc50s for different times were evaluated in 264 h experiment under continuous mode of exposure (lc50(96 h)=82.1 microgl(-1), lc50(120 h)=37.1 microgl(-1), lc50(168 h)=21.6 microgl(-1), lc50(264 h)=10.5 microgl(-1)). in a second experiment, the physiological and behavioural responses of the amphipod exposed to cadmium (0, 7.5 and 15 microgl(- ...200818241939
potential of 11 pesticides to initiate downstream drift of stream macroinvertebrates.downstream drift of lotic macroinvertebrates induced by toxicants is a well-known ecologically relevant phenomenon. however, little is known about which toxicants can initiate drift, and potential drift-initiating effects of contaminants are not taken into account in ecotoxicological risk assessment. the aim of the present study was to evaluate potential drift-initiating action of 11 pesticides having different target groups and modes of action. sublethal concentrations of the pesticides were te ...200818180861
alteration of leaf decomposition in copper-contaminated freshwater mesocosms.the influence of copper on leaf litter decomposition was examined in experimental streams. controls and three levels of contamination (5, 25, and 75 microg/l) were tested in triplicate in 20-m-long mesocosms. equal quantities of alder, maple, and oak leaves were enclosed in mesh bags and placed in the upper and lower mesocosm sections that exhibited different habitat characteristics (shallow with pebble substrate or deep with fine substrate and macrophytes, respectively). decomposition rate in t ...200817944548
acute and sublethal toxicity tests to monitor the impact of leachate on an aquatic environment.in this study, a specific landfill leachate (1200 mg l(-1) cod and 600 mg l(-1) bod(5)) was used to develop a standardised short-term acute and longer-term sublethal ex-situ toxicity testing programme, in order to determine the potential ecological implications of leaching contaminants reaching the water table. bioassays were undertaken with juvenile gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus macro-invertebrates. preliminary acute test variables included static and static renewed flow rates for 96-h, ...200515661294
biochemical properties of glutathione peroxidase in gammarus pulex. 200415386063
aquatic risk assessment of a realistic exposure to pesticides used in bulb crops: a microcosm study.the fungicide fluazinam, the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, and the herbicides asulam and metamitron were applied to indoor freshwater microcosms (water volume approximately 0.6 m3). the treatment regime was based on a realistic application scenario in tulip cultivation. concentrations of each pesticide were equal to 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 2%, and 5% spray drift emission of label-recommended rates. contribution of compounds to the toxicity of the pesticide package was established by expressing their c ...200415376534
abnormalities in sexual development of the amphipod gammarus pulex (l.) found below sewage treatment works.increasing numbers of widely used industrial, agricultural, and natural chemicals are known to elicit endocrine-disrupting effects in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. the objective of this study was to determine whether the sexual development of the freshwater crustacean gammarus pulex (l.) was affected below sewage treatment works (stw) previously known to contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals in their effluent. the gonadal structure, external sexual characteristics, and si ...200111491564
effects of lead as an environmental pollutant on erod enzyme in gammarus pulex (l.) (crustacea: amphipoda). 200415199989
cholinesterase activity in gammarus pulex (crustacea amphipoda): characterization and effects of chlorpyrifos.the aim of this study was to characterize cholinesterase (che) activity in gammarus pulex, an abundant and ecologically relevant species of the european stream environment. biochemical and pharmacological properties were tested using different substrates (acetylthiocholine iodide, propionylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide) and selective inhibitors (eserine sulfate, bw284c51 and iso-ompa). in a second part, the in vitro and in vivo effects of a widely used organophosphorous pestic ...200717532548
patterns of evolutionary change in baikalian gammarids inferred from dna sequences (crustacea, amphipoda).the baikalian gammarids (crustacea, amphipoda) are the most widely known and most spectacular example of an adaptive radiation among contemporary freshwater invertebrates. to study the phylogeny of the baikalian gammarids we sequenced a 622-bp-long fragment of the nuclear gene coding for 18s rrna from species of 18 endemic baikalian genera and gammarus pulex-a non-baikalian taxon. some important morphological characters appear independently in both lineages and suggest parallelism in the develop ...19989878227
effects of lead on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in gammarus pulex. 19989595201
influence of biotic and abiotic factors on metallothionein level in gammarus pulex.detection and assessment of the impact of pollution on biological resources imply increasing research on early-warning markers such as metallothioneins in metal exposure. metallothioneins are cytosolic, low molecular weight proteins, involved principally in essential metal homeostasis and non-essential metal detoxication. metallothionein synthesis could be influenced by abiotic (season) or biotic (reproduction process) factors directly or indirectly by its effect on metal bioaccumulation (i.e., ...200717382598
is there a role for antioxidant carotenoids in limiting self-harming immune response in invertebrates?innate immunity relies on effectors, which produce cytotoxic molecules that have not only the advantage of killing pathogens but also the disadvantage of harming host tissues and organs. although the role of dietary antioxidants in invertebrate immunity is still unknown, it has been shown in vertebrates that carotenoids scavenge cytotoxic radicals generated during the immune response. carotenoids may consequently decrease the self-harming cost of immunity. a positive relationship between the lev ...200717374587
design of an electronically operated flow-through respirometer and its use to investigate the effects of copper on the respiration rate of the amphipod gammarus pulex (l.). 19968694880
uptake and elimination of chlorpyrifos and pentachlorophenol into the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex.uptake and elimination rates were determined for chlorpyrifos (cpf) and pentachlorophenol (pcp) in the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex. internal concentrations of the two pesticides were measured over a three-day exposure phase and a subsequent three-day elimination phase. rate constants were obtained by fitting measured internal concentrations to a one-compartment single first-order model. the uptake rate constants were 747+/-61 [l kg-1 day-1] for cpf and 89+/-7 [l kg-1 day-1] for pcp. the e ...200616944039
relative toxicological importance of aqueous and dietary metal exposure to a freshwater crustacean: implications for risk assessment.aquatic organisms can take up toxicants from water (aqueous exposure) and from food (dietary exposure), yet current environmental regulations often fail to consider the toxic effects of dietary exposure. such unrealistic exposure scenarios may lead to ineffective water-quality standards or discharge consents that fail to provide adequate protection of the receiving water. both dietary and aqueous exposure routes contributed to the bioaccumulation of zinc by gammarus pulex, and both influenced th ...200616833140
state-dependent pairing behaviour in male gammarus pulex (l.) (crustacea, amphipoda): effects of time left to moult and prior pairing status.because mating can be costly in terms of time and energy, an individual's propensity to engage in courtship and mating activities might be modulated by its physiological state. however, so far, state-dependent mate choice has received little attention the present study examined the effect of both prior pairing status and time left to the moult on the ability of male gammarus pulex (crustacea, amphipoda) to enter in precopula with receptive females. in the lab, males that were freshly collected i ...200415110915
monitoring behavioural responses to metals ingammarus pulex (l.) (crustacea) with impedance conversion.an impedance conversion technique was used to study the behaviour ofgammarus pulex (l.) exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of pb (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg pb l(-1)) and to field concentrations of cu ( ≤ 0.05 mg cu l(-1)). initial stress responses were studied during short-term exposure (1 h) and sublethal toxic effects were monitored during 7 (pb) and 35 days (cu), respectively.exposure to pb caused 30 % mortality and resulted in a bioconcentration factor (bcf) of 2700 at 0.5 mg pb l(-1) ...199524234465
avoidance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments by the freshwater invertebrates gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus.contamination of sediments is a serious problem in most industrialized areas. sediments are often contaminated with trace metals and organic contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). bioassays are often used to determine the effect of contaminants on biota. however, survival or growth may not be the most sensitive endpoints. behavioral changes often occur at much lower concentrations. our study aimed to assess the effect of pahs on habitat ch ...200616519306
responses of gammarus pulex (amphipoda, crustacea) to metalliferous effluents: identification of toxic components and the importance of interpopulation variation.this study was designed to evaluate the ability of an in-situ bioassay to assess the impact of complex effluents on freshwaters and to identify toxic components. reductions in the feeding rate of gammarus pulex proved to be a sensitive indicator of the impact of metalliferous effluents on receiving water quality. the effluents contained a mixture of five potentially toxic metals. by combining information on feeding rates with bioaccumulation data, two metals, iron and manganese, were identified ...199415091723
importance of fungi in the diet of gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus : ii. effects on growth, reproduction and physiology.an important component of the interaction between macroinvertebrates and leaf litter in streams in the extent to which consumers can differentiate between undecomposed and decomposing leaves. the detritivores gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus fed preferentially on conditioned rather on unconditioned leaf material. growth in a. aquaticus was significantly reduced when unconditioned leaves were provided, but in g. pulex no significant effect of conditioning on growth was observed. the capacity ...199328313643
gill na(+), k(+)-atpase in a series of hyper-regulating gammarid amphipods: enzyme characterisation and the effects of salinity acclimation.the enzyme na(+), k(+)-atpase was investigated in the gills of selected hyper-regulating gammarid amphipods. gill na(+), k(+)-atpase was characterised with respect to the main cation and co-factor concentrations for the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex. the optimum cation and co-factor concentrations for maximal gill na(+), k(+)-atpase activity in g. pulex were 100mm na(+), 15mm k(+), 15mm mg(2+) and 5mm atp, at ph 7.2. the effects of salinity acclimation on gill na(+), k(+)-atpase activity an ...200616516515
development of a new low cost high sensitivity system for behavioural ecotoxicity testing.the amphipod gammarus pulex has been extensively used for ecotoxicological studies. however, the tests used are either labourious to perform and/or require relatively expensive equipment. we report the development of a new low cost infra red actograph system that measures relative activity, and can detect the behavioural effects of very low concentrations of heavy metals. trials demonstrated that the home built system can distinguish significantly different behaviour between g. pulex exposed to ...200616426686
ecological effects of spring and late summer applications of lambda-cyhalothrin on freshwater microcosms.the aim of the study was to compare the effects of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (treated at 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 ng active ingredient a.i./l) on a drainage ditch ecosystem in spring and late summer. microcosms (water volume approximately 430 l) were established using enclosures in a 50-cm-deep experimental ditch system containing communities typical of macrophyte-dominated freshwater ecosystems. effects on macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, macrophytes, and communit ...200616392018
stream macroinvertebrate drift response to pulsed exposure of the synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin.outdoor experimental channels were used to study the behavioral changes of stream macroinvertebrates exposed to a pulse of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. the primary end point was the number of macroinvertebrates drifting, but the mobility of macroinvertebrates caught in the drift also was assessed. a specified number of two insect species, baetis rhodani and leuctra fusca/digitata, and of the amphipod gammarus pulex were introduced into small replicated subsections of the experi ...200516161113
effects of phthalate esters on the locomotor activity of the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex. 19912001487
effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in two ditch microcosm systems of different trophic status.the fate and effects of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin were compared in mesotrophic (macrophyte-dominated) and eutrophic (phytoplankton-dominated) ditch microcosms (approximately 0.5 m3). lambda-cyhalothrin was applied three times at one-week intervals at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 ng/l. the rate of dissipation of lambda-cyhalothrin in the water column of the two types of test systems was similar. after 1 d, only 30% of the amount applied remained in the water phas ...200516050585
an evaluation of mixed species in-situ and ex-situ feeding assays: the altered response of asellus aquaticus and gammarus pulex.mixed species feeding assays were undertaken with pollution sensitive (gammarus pulex) and tolerant (asellus aquaticus) macro-invertebrates during august 2003 and april 2004. the purpose of this study was to establish if a test animals' response is comparable during in-situ and ex-situ toxicity tests. seven test sites were established along an undisclosed stream, which received leachate discharge from an unlined, disused uk landfill site. sampling points a-b were upstream of the contamination, c ...200615949846
acute and sub-lethal toxicity of landfill leachate towards two aquatic macro-invertebrates: demonstrating the remediation potential of air stripping.a specific leachate that contained 1.036 mg l(-1) of 2-chlorobiphenyl was used in the study (255 mg l(-1) cod and 133 mg l(-1) bod5). bench scale (20 l) air stripping trials were used to simulate on a small-scale the treatment potential of this method. air stripping effectively reduced the leachates cod concentration. regardless of the volume of air supplied (1-5 l of air per minute) the leachates cod reached a <50 mg l(-1) equilibrium after 96-h exposure, however, increasing the volume of air a ...200515946742
parasite altered micro-distribution of gammarus pulex (crustacea: amphipoda).in a river survey, gammarus pulex amphipods both unparasitised and parasitised with the acanthocephalan echinorhynchus truttae were distributed similarly with respect to flow regimen, tending to be more abundant in faster, shallower, riffle patches. however, there was a higher prevalence of parasitism in faster, shallower areas than in slower, deeper areas and abundance correlated with macrophyte coverage for unparasitised but not parasitised amphipods, indicating subtle differences in habitat u ...200312547346
a transmission electron microscope investigation of the effect of lead acetate on the hepatopancreatic ceca of gammarus pulex.the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex is a sensitive indicator organism for environmental contamination. in this study, effects of heavy metal lead acetate were investigated by using electron microscopy techniques. control group was not expose to lead acetate but experimental group was for 96 h. the ultrastructural changes of hepatopancreatic ceca cells were studied in these two groups by electron microscopy techniques analysing cellular structure, structure of organelles and vacuolization. the ...200221782637
population responses of the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex (l.) to an environmental estrogen, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol.the effects of the environmental estrogen 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (ee) on mixed populations of 90 individual gammarus pulex were examined following a 100-d exposure in a flow-through system. counts of total animal numbers revealed that, in all treatment groups, population size dramatically increased due to recruitment, with neonate and juvenile gammarids the most abundant. at concentrations of 1 and 10 microg/l ee, the recorded mean population sizes of 385 and 411, respectively, were significan ...200211833814
evaluation of the gammarus pulex in situ feeding assay as a biomonitor of water quality: robustness, responsiveness, and relevance.biomonitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates has been used to assess water quality in europe since the early 20th century. most methods use community-level measurements, and the use of single-species responses has been limited, despite their potential benefits as sensitive, early warning indicators. here we evaluate a single-species in situ assay in which the response is feeding inhibition of the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex. the assay was deployed in uncontaminated reference sites to qu ...200211833806
[a comparative study on the sensitivity and specificity of cholinesterase and glutathione s-transferase in gammarus pulex l].studies on the influences of lindane, pirimiphos methyl, permethrin, zinc and dodecyl linear alkybenzene sulfonate (las) on the activity and toxicity of cholinesterase (che) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) in gammarus pulex l. showed that only pirimiphos methyl caused a change in che activity in gammarus, with a significant reduction in enzyme activity after 24 h and 48 h exposure. both lindane and permethrin caused a change in gst activity in gammarus, with a significant increase in enzyme ...200111758396
bioenergetics of juveniles of red swamp crayfish (procambarus clarkii).procambarus clarkii is an endemic north american crayfish species that was introduced into spain in 1973 for aquacultural and fishing purposes. although p. clarkii is a well-studied species for commercial production, there is a great gap in the knowledge of the bioenergetics of juveniles. the aims of this study were to quantify the elements of the energy flow for juveniles of p. clarkii when fed in the laboratory on four different diets. the diets used were: (1) trade commercial feed; (2) variou ...200111672681
effects of chronic ammonium and nitrite contamination on the macroinvertebrate community in running water microcosms.in the present study, during a three-month exposure lethal and sublethal effects of ammonium and its products on typical brook organisms (gammarus pulex, amphipoda; radix ovata, gastropoda; limnephilus lunatus trichoptera) were monitored in microcosms approximating field conditions. every 24 h during this period the microcosms were contaminated with ammonium at five different nominal concentrations, which by chemical reactions produced a mixture of the toxic products ammonia and nitrite. g. pule ...200111547871
acute and chronic effects of particle-associated fenvalerate on stream macroinvertebrates: a runoff simulation study using outdoor microcosms.agricultural edge-of-field runoff usually contaminates surface waters with particle-associated pesticides. however, the acute and chronic effects on the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities have rarely been addressed. outdoor flow-through stream microcosms were exposed for 1 h in triplicate to approximately 3.1 g/l of total suspended solids spiked with 0.0, 13.6, 136, or 1,365 microg/kg of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate (fv). the effects on eight species typical of agricultural streams ...200111525490
survival and precopulatory behaviour of gammarus pulex (l.) exposed to two xenoestrogens.the effects of the xenoestrogens ethinylestradiol (ee) and bisphenol a (bpa) on the survival and reproductive behaviour of the amphipod gammarus pulex were determined in a series of bioassays. acute toxicity of the test chemicals was determined under static conditions, revealing 10 d median lethal concentrations (lc50s) of 0.84 and 1.49 mg/l for ee and bpa, respectively. several aspects of the reproductive behaviour including the ability of males and females to detect each other, form precopulat ...200111394767
catecholaminergic salivary glands in gammarus pulex (crustacea, amphipoda): an electron microscopic and microspectrofluorometric study. 1978702630
catecholaminergic innervation of muscles in the hindgut of crustaceans. an ultrastructural study.the crustacean species pacifastacus leniusculus and gammarus pulex were investigated by electron microscopy in a search for possible neuromuscular junctions in the hindgut, which has a rich supply of catecholaminergic fibres. true neuromuscular synapses were found in both species between nerve terminals containing dense-core vesicles (80-110 nm in diam.) and muscle fibres. we suggest that the dense-core vesicle terminals contain a catecholamine, and this is supported by ultrahistochemical tests ...1978657243
runoff simulation with particle-bound fenvalerate in multispecies stream microcosms: importance of biological interactions.multispecies stream microcosms were used to test the toxicity of the pyrethroid fenvalerate (fv) associated with suspended particles in order to simulate a typical runoff exposure scenario. stream microcosms were exposed for 1 h in triplicate to 0.0, 13.6, 136, or 1,365 microg/kg fv and effects were monitored for 93 d. experimental design allowed for detection of interspecific effects on the emergence and thus survival of the caddisfly species limnephilus lunatus curtis and of intraspecific effe ...200111345450
the influence of fresh water pollutants and interaction with asellus aquaticus (l.) on the feeding activity of gammarus pulex (l.).the feeding response of juvenile amphipod gammarus pulex (l.) was investigated following exposure to freshwater pollutants. the method employed is nondestructive, provides a rapid indication of the status of groups of individuals, and is based on a time-response analysis of the consumption of the eggs of artemia salina and the determination of median feeding times or ft50s. the feeding activity of juvenile g. pulex was found to be a sensitive response criterion for use in assessing the sublethal ...19989419272
the effects of electrofishing on the invertebrates of a lake district stream.the experiments were performed in dale park beck, a stony stream in the english lake district. two operators electrofished the sampling area (length 20 m in april and july 1970, and 40 m in may 1971) three times (runs 1, 2, 3) in each experiment.electrofishing caused a marked increase in the number of invertebrates drifting out of the sampling area, and nearly all taxa taken in the bottom samples were also found in the drift samples. the fish shocker was chiefly responsible for the increased dri ...197228313037
a scanning electron microscope investigation of the effects of pollutants on the hepatopancreatic ceca of gammarus pulex (l.).scanning electron microscope studies were performed on the peripheral muscle network (myoepithelium) of the hepatopancreatic ceca of gammarus pulex (l.) exposed to lindane, copper, or 3, 4-dichloroaniline (3,4-dca) for a 24-hr period. the structural integrity of the myoepithelium of gammarids from control and test treatments was assessed using semiquantitative techniques. the lowest observed effect concentrations for structural changes were determined as 29.8 microg liter-1 lindane, 55 microg li ...19969006995
monitoring behavioural responses to metals in gammarus pulex (l.) (crustacea) with impedance conversion.an impedance conversion technique was used to study the behaviour of gammarus pulex (l.) exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of pb (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg pb 1(-1)) and to field concentrations of cu (≤ 0.05 mg cu 1(-1)). initial stress responses were studied during short-term exposure (1 h), and sublethal toxic effects were monitored during 7 (pb) and 35 days (cu), respectively. exposure to pb caused 30 % mortality and resulted in a bioconcentration factor (bcf) of 2700 at 0.5 mg pb l(-1 ...199624234949
the determination of the toxic influences to gammarus pulex (amphipoda) caged in urban receiving waters.: a statistical procedure comprising principal component analysis and multiple regression has been applied to the in situ mortality response data for gammarus pulex caged downstream of a combined sewer overflow (cso) and a surface water outfall (swo). the mortality and heavy metal bioaccumulation responses of the species as well as seventeen different chemical and hydrological characteristics of the receiving watercourse were monitored continuously for 36 days. flow rate, bod5, suspended solids, ...199624193726
gammarus pulex (l.) feeding bioassay--effects of parasitism. 19958555691
the impact of airport de-icing on a river: the case of the ouseburn, newcastle upon tyne.the damaging effects of airport de-icers to adjacent waterways have been suggested by a number of studies, but none have been able to demonstrate these effects in a field situation. the ouseburn is a part-urban and partrural catchment of varied land-use and includes a tributary which drains the newcastle international airport. the tributary contributes only 3-5% of the river's average flow, yet it had a disproportionately adverse impact upon the river. this paper demonstrates how this was linked ...199515091545
occurrence of larval helminths in gammarus pulex (l.) from the braid burn, edinburgh. 195214941034
northward distribution of gammarus pulex (l.). 195114852990
heliospora n.g. and rotundula n.g., gragarines of gammarus pulex. 194918128473
uptake and depuration of 4-nonylphenol by the benthic invertebrate gammarus pulex: how important is feeding rate?the major exposure and uptake route for soluble toxins by aquatic organisms is generally considered to be through the water column. in the case of hydrophobic chemicals, exposure and uptake through diet often take on greater importance as the chemicals adsorb onto organic sediments and food. a chemical that has recently come under close scrutiny because of its toxicity and possible endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic life is 4-nonylphenol (np). it has been detected in environmental water and ...200312785530
importance of fungi in the diet of gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus i: feeding strategies.the importance of fungi in the trophic biology of the freshwater detritivores gammarus pulex and asellus aquaticus was investigated. inspection of leaves used in feeding trials indicated that whereas a. aquaticus scrapes at the leaf surface, g. pulex bites through the leaf material. both species discriminated between fungal mycelia, fungally colonized and uncolonized leaf material but, although a. aquaticus selectively consumed fungal mycelia, g. pulex fed preferentially on leaf material. fungi ...199328313786
effects of lindane on macroinvertebrates and periphyton in outdoor artificial streams.a system of six outdoor artificial streams (dimensions 5.0 x 0.35 x 0.25 m) was used to study the biological effects of lindane in flowing water. lindane was continuously applied during 28 days to four of the streams while two were left as untreated controls. the nominal concentrations were 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 micrograms liter-1 and the mean measured concentrations of lindane in stream water over 28 days were 3.1, 5.7, 11.1, and 20.3 micrograms liter-1. effects were observed on population d ...19937682922
cadmium resistance in gammarus pulex (l.).the ability of gammarus pulex to develop cadmium resistance through physiological acclimation was investigated. organisms were found to be significantly more tolerant to acute cadmium toxicity after pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and zinc. the induced elevation in cadmium tolerance was shown to be associated with an increase in the body concentration of a metallothionein-like protein. pre-exposure had no apparent effect on cadmium uptake, although it did influence the distri ...19921616317
potential impact of watercress farm discharges on the freshwater amphipod, gammarus pulex l. 19921581680
effects of ph, humic substances and animal interactions on survival and physiological status of asellus aquaticus l. and gammarus pulex (l.) : a field experiment.the mortality and physiological status (body water content) of asellus aquaticus (isopoda) and gammarus pulex (amphipoda) were measured after 25 days exposure in 20 natural streams with a ph range of 4.3-7.5 and a colour range of 8-280 mg pt l(-1). in addition, the effects of keeping the animals as single species or together were studied. the response of gammarus to low ph was an increased mortality and lower physiological status of surviving individuals in streams with a ph lower than 6.0. in a ...199028312710
the causal and functional organization of mating behaviour in gammarus pulex (amphipoda).the causal and functional organization of mating behaviour in male gammarus pulex was investigated using principal components analysis. males were presented with 1) unmoulted novel females and 2) moulted females ready for insemination. composite measures of behaviour were derived from an array of often correlated behavioural measures and activities. three factors describe precopulatory behaviour and are labelled according to the activities which define them as; "decisiveness", "courtship" and "t ...198924925786
use of gammarus pulex (l.) in safety evaluation tests: culture and selection of a sensitive life stage.a simple and effective method for the laboratory culture of gammarus pulex is described. over 70% of juveniles survived, reaching sexual maturity within 130 days at 13 degrees c, and animals of different ages were available for toxicity tests throughout the year. the acute toxicity of cadmium to cultured animals of several known ages and to field-collected animals of unknown age was determined. juveniles (1 day old, 48 hr lc50 0.019 mg cd liter-1) were found to be almost 250 times more sensitive ...19883168873
stream drift as a consequence of disturbance by invertebrate predators : field and laboratory experiments.we carried out an experimental field study in a swedish stream in order to determine whether mobile predators enhance the drift of stream insects. we increased the density of nymphs of the predaceous perlid stonefly, dinocras cephalotes, in an experimental section of a stream up to densities in another more densely populated part of the same stream. the drift of several benthic species increased significantly compared to a control section where d. cephalotes were rare. experiments carried out in ...198728312479
species variation and the mechanism of pressure-anaesthetic interactions.the mechanism of general anaesthesia has proved difficult to elucidate (see ref. 1 for a review), although the relative potencies of anaesthetic agents have been used to establish that the site at which anaesthetics act is hydrophobic in nature. one further clue to their mode of action is that the effects of anaesthetics on vertebrates can be eliminated by pressures of approximately 100 atm (refs 3, 4). however, the effects of anaesthetics are not always reversed in model systems, where there is ...20066332278
effects of water hardness, water temperature, and size of the test organism on the susceptibility of the freshwater shrimp, gammarus pulex (l.), to toxicants. 19836196066
acute toxicity of thiram in gammarus pulex: effect of a one-hour contamination and degradation of an aqueous suspension. 19827126913
the effect of calcium on cadmium toxicity in the freshwater amphipod, gammarus pulex (l.).adult intermolt gammarus pulex were exposed to a range of cadmium concentrations in an artificial stream water containing 20 mg calcium 1(-1). 96 hr and 48 hr lc-50 values obtained were 0.12 and 0.68 mg cd 1(-1), respectively. the influence of external calcium level on cadmium toxicity was investigated at a cadmium concentration of 0.5 mg 1(-1). calcium had an antagonistic effect on cadmium toxicity, and at a calcium concentration of 200 mg 1(-1) experimental animals failed to reach 50% mortalit ...19817259300
relative susceptibility of stream macroinvertebrates to temephos and chlorpyrifos, determined in laboratory continuous-flow systems.laboratory techniques are described for evaluating the lethal and behavioral impact of pesticides on a range of stream macroinvertebrates under continuous through-flow and simulated stream conditions. the same basic test unit has been used, with slight modifications, to study the reactions of both simulium larvae and non-target stream invertebrates. on the basis of a standard 1-hr exposure period to different concentrations followed by a 24-hr holding period in a continuous flow of clean water, ...197879339
the respiratory quotient of gammarus pulex l. 1976182
the distances travelled by drifting invertebrates in a lake district stream.the distances travelled by drifting invertebrates of 18 taxa were investigated at sites 3 and 4 in the wilfin beck, a small stony stream in the english lake district. fifty invertebrates of the same taxon were released into the stream at increasing distances upstream from a large net which caught all invertebrates drifting downstream.the relationship between the catch in the net (y x ) and the distance from the release point to the net (x m) was well described by the regression equation:[formula ...197128310981
regulation of water and some ions in gammarids (amphipods). ii. gammarus pulex. 19715114027
[genetic and histological studies on the eye pigment system of gammarus pulex l. (crust. amph)]. 195913660248
[the sex determinating effects of color alleles in gammarus pulex ssp subterraneus (schneider)]. 195713496908
[histologic peculiarities of the basal membrane of the mesenteron of gammarus pulex]. 195413161248
stage-dependent behavioural changes but early castration induced by the acanthocephalan parasite polymorphus minutus in its gammarus pulex intermediate host.multidimensionality in parasite-induced phenotypic alterations (pipa) has been observed in a large number of host-parasite associations, particularly in parasites with complex life cycles. however, it is still unclear whether such a syndrome is due to the successive activation of independent pipas, or results from the synchronous disruption of a single mechanism. the aim of the present study was to investigate the onset and progression of two pipas (a behavioural alteration: reversion of geotaxi ...201728831959
[lethal activity of benzamido-2 nitro-5 thiazole and its derivatives against lymnaea peregra ovata müller (mollusca: pulmonata) and gammarus pulex pulex l. (crustacea: amphipoda)].the toxicity of benzamido-2-nitro-5-thiazole (bnt) and 3 derivatives was studied on lymnaea peregra ovata and gammarus pulex pulex. these results were compared with the toxicity obtained by application of a basic product, niclosamide. the evaluation of lc50 (50% lethality concentration) was studied to evaluate the toxicity of each product after 4 different assay periods: 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. the compounds had a high toxicity against snails. molluscicidal effect was higher than the lethal activit ...19911809214
behavioral changes in gammarus pulex and its significance in the toxicity assessment of very low levels of environmental pollutants. 19902400842
field deployment of a scope for growth assay involving gammarus pulex, a freshwater benthic invertebrate.scope for growth (sfg) is a measure of the energy balance of an animal (i.e., the difference between energy intake and metabolic output). the sfg of marine invertebrates, particularly the mussel mytilus edulis, has been successfully used as the basis of a field bioassay to detect a range of stresses both natural (temperature, food, salinity) and anthropogenic (hydrocarbons, sewage sludge). sfg of the freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex was found to be a sensitive indicator of stress under laborat ...19902364912
effect of stress on a freshwater benthic detritivore: scope for growth in gammarus pulex.scope for growth (sfg), a measure of energy balance (between food intake and metabolic output) within animals, has been used as an indicator of pollution stress in marine systems. however, it has not been used commonly in freshwater systems and here we investigate the sensitivity of sfg in gammarus pulex, a benthic freshwater crustacean, under conditions often associated with pollution. the effects of four specific substances were investigated; a metal (zinc), an organic (3,4-dichloroaniline), a ...19902364911
feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates.microscopic plastic items (microplastics) are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems. with decreasing size their availability and potential to accumulate throughout food webs increase. however, little is known on the uptake of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates. to address this, we exposed species with different feeding strategies to 1, 10 and 90 µm fluorescent polystyrene spheres (3-3 000 particles ml-1). additionally, we investigated how developmental stages and a co-exposure to nat ...201729208925
spatial (bio)accumulation of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, plasticisers, perfluorinated compounds and metabolites in river sediment, aquatic plants and benthic organisms.organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (ppcps) and other emerging contaminants (ecs) are known to persist in the aquatic environment and many are indicated as endocrine, epigenetic, or other toxicants. typically, the study of ppcps/ecs in the aquatic environment is limited to their occurrence dissolved in river water. in this study, accumulation and spatial distribution of thirteen ppcps/ecs were assessed in aquatic sediment (n = 23), periphyton (biofilm, n = 8), pl ...201729248854
a long-term copper exposure in a freshwater ecosystem using lotic mesocosms: invertebrate community responses.a lotic mesocosm study was carried out in 20-m-long channels, under continuous, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (cu) in low, medium, and high exposures (nominally 0, 5, 25, and 75 μg l-1 ; average effective concentrations <0.5, 4, 20, and 57 μg l-1 respectively) for 18 mo. total abundance, taxa richness, and community structure of zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and emerging insects were severely affected at cu treatment levels of 25 and 75 μg l-1 . some taxa were sensitive t ...201728558138
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