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identification and characterization of a novel gene involved in the trans-specific nematicidal activity of photorhabdus luminescens ln2.photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii ln2 from heterorhabditis indica ln2 showed nematicidal activity against axenic heterorhabditis bacteriophora h06 infective juveniles (ijs). transposon mutagenesis identified an ln2 mutant that supports the growth of h06 nematodes. tn5 disrupted the nama gene, encoding a novel 364-residue protein and involving the nematicidal activity. the green fluorescent protein-labeled nama mutant was unable to colonize the intestines of h06 ijs.200919376907
insecticidal toxic proteins produced by photorhabdus luminescens akhurstii, a symbiont of heterorhabditis indica.we describe the isolation and characterization of an insect pathogenic bacterium from the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica (karnataka strain), an isolate from the southern regions of india. the strain has been identified and characterized by phenotypic, biochemical tests and pcr-rflp analysis of the 16s rrna gene as photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii. the insecticidal toxin complex produced by this bacterium has been purified through a series of steps including ultrafiltra ...200219265903
application technology for the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis indica and steinernema sp. (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae and steinernematidae) to control spodoptera frugiperda (smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in corn.the effects of different application technologies were evaluated on the concentration, viability, and efficiency of infective juveniles of the nematodes heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar & david and steinernema sp. (ibcb-n6) to control spodoptera frugiperda smith on corn plants. two hundred and eighty infective juveniles of steinernema sp. were required to kill 100% third-instar fall armyworms in petri dishes, as compared to 400 infective juveniles of the h. indica nematode to obtain 75% ...200818641902
mutualistic association of photorhabdus asymbiotica with japanese heterorhabditid entomopathogenic nematodes.gram-negative bacteria, photorhabdus luminescens and p. temperata, form a mutualistic association with entomopathogenic heterorhabditid nematodes while p. asymbiotica is known as an opportunistic human pathogen that causes disseminated bacteremic spread on two continents, the united states and australia. in the course of our phylogenetic study of photorhabdus bacteria associated with japanese heterorhabditis nematodes, we found two photorhabdus isolates (photorhabdus sp. cbkj163 and onir40) whos ...200818538616
16s rdna-based phylogeny of non-symbiotic bacteria of entorno-pathogenic nematodes from infected insect cadavers.using 16s rdna gene sequencing technique, three different species of non-symbiotic bacteria of entomopatho-genic nematodes (epns) (steinernema sp. and heterorhabditis sp.) were isolated and identified from infected insect cadavers {galleria mellonella larvae) after 48-hour post infections. sequence similarity analysis revealed that the strains srk3, srk4 and srk5 belong to ochrobactrum cytisi, schineria larvae and ochrobactrum anthropi, respectively. the isolates o. anthropi and s. larvae were f ...201121802047
effect of photorhabdus luminescens phase variants on the in vivo and in vitro development and reproduction of the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora and steinernema carpocapsae.photorhabdus luminescens (enterobacteriaceae) is a symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis spp. (nematoda: rhabditida) used for biological control of insect pests. for industrial mass production, the nematodes are produced in liquid media, pre-incubated with their bacterial symbiont, which provides nutrients essential for the nematode's development and reproduction. particularly under in vitro conditions, p. luminescens produces phase variants, which do not allow normal nematode d ...200111311434
occurrence of natural dixenic associations between the symbiont photorhabdus luminescens and bacteria related to ochrobactrum spp. in tropical entomopathogenic heterorhabditis spp. (nematoda, rhabditida).bacteria naturally associated with the symbiont photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica. bacterial isolates distinct from p. luminescens subsp. akhurstii were obtained from 33% of the samples. fourteen bacterial isolates, from nematodes collected from three different caribbean islands, were characterized by conventional phenotypic tests, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of pcr-amplified 16s rr ...200010746775
polyphasic classification of the genus photorhabdus and proposal of new taxa: p. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., p. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., p. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., p. temperata sp. nov., p. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov. and p. asymbiotica sp. nov.the taxonomic position of photorhabdus strains was examined through the results of dna relatedness (s1 nuclease method) studies associated with the determination of delta tm, 16s rrna phylogenetic inferences and phenotypic characterization, including morphological, auxanographic, biochemical and physiological properties. three genomic species were delineated on a consensus assessment. one of these species corresponded to photorhabdus luminescens, since strains were at least 50% related to the ty ...199910555346
genetic and proteomic characterization of rpob mutations and their effect on nematicidal activity in photorhabdus luminescens ln2.rifampin resistant (rif(r)) mutants of the insect pathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens ln2 from entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica ln2 were genetically and proteomically characterized. the rif(r) mutants showed typical phase one characters of photorhabdus bacteria, and insecticidal activity against galleria mellonella larvae, but surprisingly influenced their nematicidal activity against axenic infective juveniles (ijs) of h. bacteriophora h06, an incompatible nematode hos ...201222912803
susceptibility of the boll weevil to steinernema riobrave and other entomopathogenic nematodes.the susceptibility of the boll weevil (bw), anthonomus grandis boheman, to steinernema riobrave and other nematode species in petri dishes, soil (hidalgo sandy clay loam), and cotton bolls and squares was investigated. third instar weevils were susceptible to entomopathogenic nematode (en) species and strains in petri dish bioassays at 30 degrees c. lower lc(50)'s occurred with s. riobrave tx- 355 (2 nematodes per weevil), s. glaseri nc (3), heterorhabditis indicus hom-1 (5), and h. bacteriophor ...200312676555
the susceptibility of onion thrips, thrips tabaci to heterorhabditis indicus.the potential of the entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis indicus against thrips tabaci was tested on foliage and in soil at three concentrations. soil treatment was more effective than the foliar treatment. at 1.5 million nematodes/m2, nearly 70% mortality was achieved with soil application whereas a similar dose applied to the foliage gave only 55% mortality. soil application gave better mortality of onion thrips (62 %) at 1 million/m2 compared to foliar application at 1.5 million/m2. pr ...200617390799
characterization of new entomopathogenic nematodes from thailand: foraging behavior and virulence to the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae).entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) in the genera steinernema and heterorhabditis and their associated bacteria (xenorhabdus spp. and photorhabdus spp., respectively) are lethal parasites of soil dwelling insects. we collected 168 soil samples from five provinces, all located in southern thailand. eight strains of epns were isolated and identified to species using restriction profiles and sequence analysis. five of the isolates were identified as heterorhabditis indica, and one as heterorhabditis ...201022736860
directional movement of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to electrical field: effects of species, magnitude of voltage, and infective juvenile age.entomopathogenic nematodes respond to a variety of stimuli when foraging. previously, we reported a directional response to electrical fields for two entomopathogenic nematode species; specifically, when electrical fields were generated on agar plates steinernema glaseri (a nematode that utilizes a cruiser-type foraging strategy) moved to a higher electric potential, whereas steinernema carpocapsae, an ambush-type forager, moved to a lower potential. thus, we hypothesized that entomopathogenic n ...201221945052
aggregative group behavior in insect parasitic nematode dispersal.movement behavior of foraging animals is critical to the determination of their spatial ecology and success in exploiting resources. individuals sometimes gain advantages by foraging in groups to increase their efficiency in garnering these resources. group movement behavior has been studied in various vertebrates. in this study we explored the propensity for innate group movement behavior among insect parasitic nematodes. given that entomopathogenic nematodes benefit from group attack and infec ...201424184157
entomopathogenic nematodes associated with essential oil of lippia sidoides for control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).in vitro effect of the association of the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88 and heterorhabditis indica lpp1 with the essential oil of lippia sidoides on engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus was assessed. engorged females with homogeneous weights (p >0.05) were divided into six groups of ten ticks each (each female = an experimental unit). in the treated groups, the ticks were exposed to the oil (40 μl/ml=4%) and nematodes (300 entomopathogenic nematodes (epns/t ...201424233407
entomopathogenic nematodes in insect cadaver formulations for the control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).this study evaluated the efficacy of four entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains in insect cadaver formulations against rhipicephalus microplus and compared the efficacy of the most virulent epns applied in cadavers of galleria mellonella and tenebrio molitor. in the first experiment, infected g. mellonela larvae were used as the source of epns. engorged females of r. microplus were placed in pots filled with soil and different numbers of g. mellonella larvae infected with one of four species o ...201424836639
draft genome sequence and annotation of the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens ln2, which shows nematicidal activity against heterorhabditis bacteriophora h06 nematodes.we present here the 5.6-mb genome sequence of photorhabdus luminescens strain ln2, a gram-negative bacterium that is a symbiont of heterorhabditis indica ln2 and shows nematicidal activity against heterorhabditis bacteriophora h06 nematodes.201425502667
biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for management of caribbean fruit fly, anastrepha suspensa loew (tephritidae).caribbean fruit fly (caribfly) is a serious economic insect pest because of development of larvae that hatch from eggs oviposited into fruits by female adults. this study assessed the virulence of twelve entomopathogenic nematode (epn) isolates to caribfly in laboratory bioassays as a starting point toward evaluation of management strategies for the fruit-to-soil-dwelling stages of a. suspensa in fields infested by caribfly.201627717178
molecular identification and genetic diversity among photorhabdus and xenorhabdus isolates.five bacterial strains were isolated from the hemocoel of the greater wax moth larvae (galleria mellonella) infected with the entomopathogenic nematodes: heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88, heterorhabditis indicus rm1 and heterorhabditis sp (s1), steinernema abbasi and steinernema sp. (s ii). strains were identified as photorhabdus luminescens hrm1, p. luminescens hs1, p. luminescens hp88, xenorhabdus indica and x. nematophila attc19061 using 16s rdna sequence analysis. to reveal the genetic div ...201728391470
use of species-specific satellite dnas as diagnostic probes in the identification of steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae entomopathogenic nematodes.three satellite dnas previously isolated from the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema carpocapsae, heterorhabditis bacteriophora and heterorhabditis indicus give hybridization signals only with the s. carpocapsae, h. bacteriophora and h. indicus populations tested, indicating that these satellite sequences are species-specific. because of their reiteration and their variabilities, we have shown that these sequences are able to discriminate at the interspecific level between the steinernema an ...19968893534
a transcriptomic insight into the infective juvenile stage of the insect parasitic nematode, heterorhabditis indica.nematodes are the most numerous animals in the soil. insect parasitic nematodes of the genus heterorhabditis are capable of selectively seeking, infecting and killing their insect-hosts in the soil. the infective juvenile (ij) stage of the heterorhabditis nematodes is analogous to caenorhabditis elegans dauer juvenile stage, which remains in 'arrested development' till it finds and infects a new insect-host in the soil. h. indica is the most prevalent species of heterorhabditis in india. to unde ...201626931371
lab-on-a-chip and sds-page analysis of hemolymph protein profile from rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) infected with entomopathogenic nematode and fungus.in the present study, lab-on-a-chip electrophoresis (loac) was suggested as an alternative method to the conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (sds-page) to analyze raw cell-free tick hemolymph. rhipicephalus microplus females were exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae senso latu ibcb 116 strain and/or to the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica lpp1 strain. hemolymph from not exposed or exposed ticks was collected 16 and ...201627174026
effects of storage temperature on survival and infectivity of three indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes strains (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) from meghalaya, india.three locally isolated strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns), viz. heterorhabditis indica, steinernema thermophilum and steinernema glaseri, from meghalaya, india were characterized in terms of storage temperature and survival and infectivity of their infective juveniles (ijs). the survival and infectivity of nematode ijs was studied at, 5 ± 2 and 25 ± 2 °c, for a period of 120 days, using deionized water as storage medium. the viability of nematode ijs was checked by mobility criterion a ...201627876904
photorhabdus luminescens ln2 requires rpos for nematicidal activity and nematode development.photorhabdus (enterobacteriaceae) bacteria are pathogenic to insects and mutualistic with entomopathogenic heterorhabditis nematodes. photorhabdus luminescens subsp. akhurstii ln2, associated with heterorhabditis indica ln2, shows nematicidal activity against h. bacteriophora h06 infective juveniles (ijs). in the present study, an rpos mutant of p. luminescens ln2 was generated through allelic exchange to examine the effects of rpos deletion on the nematicidal activity and nematode development. ...201626884480
assessing the role of environmental conditions on efficacy rates of heterorhabditis indica (nematoda: heterorhabditidae) for controlling aethina tumida (coleoptera: nitidulidae) in honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies: a citizen science approach.certain species of entomopathogenic nematodes, such as heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar & david, have the potential to be effective controls for aethina tumida (murray), or small hive beetles, when applied to the soil surrounding honey bee (apis mellifera l.) hives. despite the efficacy of h. indica, beekeepers have struggled to use them successfully as a biocontrol. it is believed that the sensitivity of h. indica to certain environmental conditions is the primary reason for this lack o ...201626519500
evaluation of insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes, and physical soil barriers for control of diaprepes abbreviatus (coleoptera: curculionidae) in citrus.the diaprepes root weevil, diaprepes abbreviatus l. (coleoptera: curculionidae), was discovered as the cause of early decline and death of citrus trees and ornamental plants along coastal orange and los angeles counties in 2005 and san diego county in 2006. we established trials to evaluate the effectiveness of two tactics to manage life stages of diaprepes root weevil that are found in the soil. the first tactic was soil applications of the pesticides bifenthrin or imidacloprid, with and withou ...201426470079
characterization of biocontrol traits in heterorhabditis floridensis: a species with broad temperature tolerance.biological characteristics of two strains of the entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis floridensis (332 isolated in florida and k22 isolated in georgia) were described. the identity of the nematode's symbiotic bacteria was elucidated and found to be photorhabdus luminescens subsp. luminescens. beneficial traits pertinent to biocontrol (environmental tolerance and virulence) were characterized. the range of temperature tolerance in the h. floridensis strains was broad and showed a high level ...201425580026
physiological alterations in bradybaena similaris (stylommatophora: bradybaenidae) induced by the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae) strain lpp1.heterorhabditis is a nematode found in the soil that is used as an important biological control agent against various organisms. however, few studies have been performed of its use against snails and the present study is the first to investigate the effect of experimental exposure of bradybaena similaris to heterorhabditis indica lpp1. two groups of 16 snails were formed: the control group (not exposed) and the treatment, which was exposed for three weeks to infective juveniles (j3) of h. indica ...201424566044
evaluation of the efficacy of three indigenous strains of entomopathogenic nematodes from meghalaya, india against mustard sawfly, athalia lugens proxima klug (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae).the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three indigenous strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) from meghalaya, india, namely heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar and david, steinernema thermophilum ganguly and singh, and steinernema glaseri (steiner) against the last instar larva of mustard sawfly, athalia lugens proxima klug, a serious pest of mustard and radish in india. the larvae of a. lugens proxima were exposed to 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 infective juveniles (ij ...201224082523
entomopathogenic nematodes, root weevil larvae, and dynamic interactions among soil texture, plant growth, herbivory, and predation.greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of soil texture on the persistence, efficacy and plant protection ability of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) applied to control larvae of the diaprepes root weevil (drw), diaprepes abbreviatus, infesting potted citrus seedlings. seedlings were grown in pots containing either coarse sand, fine sand, or sandy loam. three drw larvae were added to each of 80 pots of each soil type. 24 h later, 20 pots of each soil type that had received ...201222056274
substrate modulation, group effects and the behavioral responses of entomopathogenic nematodes to nematophagous fungi.laboratory experiments were conducted on the behavioral responses of five species of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns; steinernema diaprepesi, steinernema sp. glaseri-group, steinernema riobrave, heterorhabditis zealandica, heterorhabditis indica) to three species of nematophagous fungi (nf; trapping fungus arthrobotrys gephyropaga; endoparasites myzocytium sp., catenaria sp.). we hypothesized that epn responses to nf and their putative semiochemicals might reflect the relative susceptibility of ...201121145324
susceptibility of aethina tumida (coleoptera: nitidulidae) larvae and pupae to entomopathogenic nematodes.in this study, we evaluated the potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes as a control for the beetle aethina tumida murray (coleoptera: nitidulidae). in particular, we conducted 1) four screening bioassays to determine nematode (seven species, 10 total strains tested) and application level effects on a. tumida larvae and pupae, 2) a generational persistence bioassay to determine whether single inoculations with nematodes would control multiple generations of a. tumida larvae in treated soil, ...201020214361
effects of a novel entomopathogenic nematode-infected host formulation on cadaver integrity, nematode yield, and suppression of diaprepes abbreviatus and aethina tumida.an alternative approach to applying entomopathogenic nematodes entails the distribution of nematodes in their infected insect hosts. protection of the infected host from rupturing, and improving ease of handling, may be necessary to facilitate application. in this study our objective was to test the potential of a new method of formulating the infected hosts, i.e., enclosing the infected host in masking tape. tenebrio molitor l. cadavers infected with heterorhabditis indica poinar, karunakar and ...201019932701
natural occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) in nepal.a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) was conducted for the first time in nepal during june-december 2007. epn were recovered from 29 of the 276 soil samples (10.50%). molecular and morphological tools were used to identify the isolates. among 29 positive samples, seven samples (24.14%) yielded heterorhabditids (heterorhabditis indica) and 22 samples (75.86%) contained steinernematids. among steinernematids, seven isolates were identified as one of four described species (steinernema abba ...201019836397
effects of host nutrition on virulence and fitness of entomopathogenic nematodes: lipid- and protein-based supplements in tenebrio molitor diets.entomopathogenic nematodes, heterorhabditis indica and steinernema riobrave, were tested for virulence and reproductive yield in tenebrio molitor that were fed wheat bran diets with varying lipid- and protein-based supplements. lipid supplements were based on 20% canola oil, peanut, pork or salmon, or a low lipid control (5% canola). protein treatments consisted of basic supplement ingredients plus 0, 10, or 20% egg white; a bran-only control was also included. some diet supplements had positive ...200819259513
molecular and morphological characterization of heterorhabditid entomopathogenic nematodes from the tropical rainforest in brazil.despite massive losses of primary forest, the amazonian rainforest remains an extremely rich source of biodiversity. in recent years, entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) have been isolated from soil in various parts of the world and used successfully as biological control agents against numerous insect pests. therefore, a sampling in the rainforest of monte negro, rondônia, brazil was conducted with the aim of discovering new strains and/or species of epns for future development as biological cont ...200818425267
facultative scavenging as a survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes.entomopathogenic nematodes cannot be considered only as parasitic organisms. with dead galleria mellonella larvae, we demonstrated that these nematodes use scavenging as an alternative survival strategy. we consider scavenging as the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to penetrate, develop and produce offspring in insects which have been killed by causes other than the nematode-bacteria complex. six steinernema and two heterorhabditis species scavenged but there were differences among them in ...200817662985
first record of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) in costa rica.a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted in the north pacific (guanacaste conservation area) and southeast caribbean (gandoca-manzanillo natural refuge) regions of costa rica. out of a total of 41 soil samples, 5 were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes (20.5%), with 3 (12.3%) containing steinernema and 2 (8.2%) heterorhabditis isolates. morphological and molecular studies were undertaken to characterize these isolates. the heterorhabditis isolates were identified as heterorhabdi ...200515955341
occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema spp. and heterorhabditis indica in indonesia.soil samples from 79 sites on five islands of indonesia were baited with insects for the recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes. heterorhabditis and steinernema were equally prevalent, and were recovered from 11.7% of samples representing 20.3% of sites sampled. both genera were recovered from coastal sites only. entomopathogenic nematodes were more prevalent on the moluccan islands of ambon and seram than on java or bali. they were not detected on sulawesi, where non-coastal sites only were sam ...200010881285
efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes from meghalaya, india against the larvae of taro leaf beetle, aplosonyx chalybaeus (hope).the efficacy of three entomopathogenic nematode (epn) species, heterorhabditis indica, steinernema thermophilum, and s. glaseri, from meghalaya, india was studied against the larvae of taro leaf beetle, aplosonyx chalybaeus (hope) (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), under the laboratory conditions. the beetle larvae (grubs) were exposed to 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 infective juveniles (ijs) of each nematode species for different time periods and they were found to be susceptible to all the epns tested. h ...201224082518
characterization in biological traits of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from north china.in a series of bioassays, thirty-one isolates that were collected from diverse locations in northern china and the laboratory kept isolate steinernema carpocapsae all, were compared in order to select superior isolates for biological control of bradysia odoriphaga. virulence of the isolates against b. odoriphaga was significantly different among nematode isolates. tolerance of infective juveniles (ijs) to heat, cold, and desiccation differed significantly among and within species. strains from s ...201324035764
photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel heterorhabditis species related to heterorhabditis indica.the bacterial symbiont am7(t), isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to galleria mellonella. phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16s rrna, reca, gyrb, dnan, gltx and infb) confirmed the classification of isolate am7(t) within the species photorhabdus luminescens and revealed its close relatedness to photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis, ...201322984141
wide interguild relationships among entomopathogenic and free-living nematodes in soil as measured by real time qpcr.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are promising biological control agents of soil-dwelling insect pests of many crops. these nematodes are ubiquitous in both natural and agricultural areas. their efficacy against arthropods is affected directly and indirectly by food webs and edaphic conditions. it has long been suggested that a greater understanding of epn ecology is needed to achieve consistent biological control by these nematodes and the development of molecular tools is helping to overcome ...201222841945
optimization of a host diet for in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes.to facilitate improved in vivo culture of entomopathogenic nematodes, production of both insect hosts and nematodes should be optimized for maximum fitness, quality, and cost efficiency. in previous studies, we developed an improved diet for tenebrio molitor, a host that is used for in vivo nematode production, and we demonstrated that single insect diet components (e.g., lipids and proteins) can have a positive or negative impact on entomopathogenic nematode fitness and quality. in this study, ...201223481558
association between entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the aim of the study was to assess the effect of the association of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi on rhipicephalus microplus. the nematodes used were heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88 and heterorhabditis indica lpp1 and the fungi were metarhizium anisopliae ibcb 116 and beauveria bassiana esalq 986. in the groups treated with the fungi, the females were immersed for 3 min in a conidial suspension, while in the groups treated with the nematodes, the ticks were exposed to infective juvenil ...201323949242
soil moisture effects on the activity of three entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) isolated from meghalaya, india.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are obligate parasites of insects that are widely distributed in soils throughout the world. they have great potential for use as biological control agents for insect pests. it is known that strains of steinernema and heterorhabditis isolated from different geographical regions exhibit differences in their ecological traits, such as infectivity, establishment, survival, reproduction, etc. a precise knowledge of these factors is therefore an essential pre-requisi ...201123543771
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