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sensitivity of crude and purified fasciola antigens in immunological diagnosis of human fascioliasis.a study has been done to find the effect of purification of crude antigens, extracted from adult fasciola gigantica and fasciola hepatica worms on the sensitivity of some serological techniques in diagnosis of fascioliasis. using c.i.e.p. test, the partially purified antigens of both fasciola species were less sensitive than their corresponding crude ones. using i.h.a., the difference between results of crude and partially purified antigens for the two species were statistically insignificant, b ...19892768848
comparative study of sheep and buffalo isolates of fasciola gigantica in the intermediate host lymnaea auricularia.a comparison was made of the biological behaviour of two isolates of fasciola gigantica, obtained from sheep and buffalo, in the aquatic snail lymnaea auricularia. the sheep isolate exhibited a lower rate of infection, slower larval development and the production of fewer cercariae. larger eggs, miracidia and metacercariae were obtained from the buffalo isolate while the rediae and cercariae were smaller. metacercariae of sheep origin were dark brown with a mortality after 80 days of storage at ...19892799087
[inventory of fresh water snails in mayotte, comoro islands].no trematodosis is known at the present time in mayotte despite the close historical relationships between the mayotte archipelago and the neighbouring island of madagascar, which is heavily infested. it is noteworthy that no intermediate host has been described in previous studies in mayotte. an inventory of fresh water snails was performed from 1985 to 1988, in 53 experimental stations during the rainy and the dry seasons: 3,940 snails of eight different species were collected and further iden ...19902092350
triclabendazole in the treatment of fasciola gigantica infection in swamp buffalo (bubalus bubalis). 19902222372
causes of mortality in impala (aepyceros melampus) on 20 game farms in zimbabwe.the most common cause of death in impala (aepyceros melampus) herds on 20 game farms in zimbabwe was stress or physical injury during capture. acute fascioliasis due to fasciola gigantica was identified as the main disease problem associated with smaller game farms and where impala had been recently introduced. losses associated with ticks and tick-borne diseases were rare. impala in zimbabwe are maintained in a healthy condition on game farms where they are given supplementary feed during the d ...19902238405
countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in goats.the procedure of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in goats was carried out for antemortem diagnosis of t. hydatigena cysticercosis in experimentally and naturally infected goats. the antigens of cyst fluid, scolex and membrane of t. hydatigena metacestodes were purified and compared. the sensitivity of the test in experimentally and naturally infected goats was 57.1 and 52.5%, respectively, whereas its specificity using antisera raised agai ...19902267724
comparative evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the diagnosis of natural fasciola gigantica infection in cattle.the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was evaluated for the diagnosis of naturally acquired fasciola gigantica infection in cattle in comparison with conventional parasitological techniques. using unfractionated whole worm extract of f. gigantica as the antigen, it was observed that there was a good correlation between elisa positivity and positive diagnosis of fascioliasis by post mortem liver examination, bile egg sedimentation and faecal egg sedimentation. there was, however, a dispar ...19902321350
antigens and antibodies in the ascitic fluid of mice infected with fasciola gigantica.fluke antigens were detected in the ascitic fluid of mice infected with fasciola gigantica. the precipitating antibodies reactive against the antigens from metacercariae were detected as early as 2 weeks after the infection, and those against the adult and immature worms appeared 3 and 4 weeks later.19902343528
[principal helminths of small ruminants in ituri (upper zaire)].from august 1986 to november 1987, about 180 slaughtered sheep and goats were examined at bunia (haut-zaïre) in order to establish the main helminth parasites. seventeen and fifteen species were identified in sheep and goats respectively. the occurrence of stilesia hepatica, oesophagostomum multifoliatum and muellerius capillaris as well as the absence of echinococcus granulosus constituted the original features of this check-list in the area. parasitism the most frequently encountered both in s ...19902369171
high resistance to experimental infection with fasciola gigantica in javanese thin-tailed sheep.innate resistance of javanese thin-tailed sheep to fasciola gigantica was investigated in animals infected with single doses of 150 or 500 metacercariae and killed 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks after infection. infected and non-infected sheep had similar values for packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, serum glutamate dehydrogenase, serum gamma glutamyl transferase and serum aspartate transferase throughout the trial, except for one animal infected with ...19901979191
characterization of the opisthorchis viverrini genome.the methylations of trematode genomic dna were analyzed using restriction enzymes and southern blot hybridization. restriction enzymes mspi, hpaii, hhai were used to probe cpg methylation while mboi, sau3a, dpni were used for a methylation. the results revealed that opisthorchis viverrini, fasciola gigantica and gigantocotyle siamensis had neither cpg nor a methylations. the presence of highly repeated dna elements was also demonstrated in o. viverrini genomic dna.19912050985
control of fasciola gigantica with triclabendazole in indonesian cattle.the efficacy of triclabendazole (tcbz) against natural infections with fasciola gigantica was evaluated in a field study using 102 indonesian cattle. the animals were divided into two groups; one received tcbz at 12 mg/kg orally every eight weeks for one year while the other remained untreated. relative to controls the fasciola faecal egg count in treated animals was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) to almost zero at all observations. there were no differences between the groups in blood ...19911686688
a purified fasciola gigantica worm antigen for the serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis.partially purified fasciola gigantica worm antigens were evaluated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the specific serological diagnosis of fascioliasis. the diagnostic potential of 10 antigen fractions derived from gel-filtration peaks (ii & iii) were evaluated individually or in combination against a panel of admission sera obtained from 50 patients subsequently diagnosed as having a variety of systemic parasitic diseases, and from 10 healthy volunteers with no recent history ...19911755065
[main features of helminth parasitism in cattle in ituri (haut-zaire). iii. geographic distribution and prevalence of the main helminths].a necropsic survey, carried out in eleven slaughterhouses in ituri (haut-zaïre), has permitted to define the geographic distribution and prevalences of the main cattle helminths. trematodes, except the paramphistomes, had a very heterogeneous distribution. prevalence of fasciola gigantica ranged from 9 to 72% according to the sites, but these variations were not linked to topographic or climatologic parameters. the infection with schistosoma bovis was much variable as well (12.5 to 72%) and seem ...19911775693
susceptibility to homologous reinfection with fasciola gigantica in goats.goats previously infected with 100 viable fasciola gigantica metacercariae and treated with rafoxanide (ranide, 7.5 mg/kg) at week 4 were not protected against subsequent homologous challenge with 250 metacercariae administered two weeks later. reinfection resulted in more severe hepatic lesions and a higher percentage of flukes recovered as compared with primarily infected controls. however, the size of flukes originating from the second (challenge) infection was considerably reduced. the plasm ...19911775694
comparative pathological study of hepatic changes induced by fasciola gigantica and gigantocotyle explanatum in javanese thin-tailed sheep.pathological changes in the liver induced by fasciola gigantica and gigantocotyle explanatum were readily distinguishable from each other. lesions associated with the migration of immature flukes through the parenchyma were a prominent feature of infection with fasciola gigantica, whereas lesions induced by gigantocotyle explanatum were confined to the large bile ducts. the size of the hepatic lesions increased during the course of infection with fasciola gigantica and was associated with the fo ...19911779036
partial purification and characterisation of the proteolytic enzymes of fasciola gigantica adult worms.the proteases of adult fasciola gigantica whole worm were analysed by preparative isoelectric focusing and by gelatin-substrate gel electrophoresis at acidic and neutral ph (4.5 and 7.0). at least 15 bands of proteases were observed. these proteases had molecular weights ranging from 26 to 193 kda and isoelectric points of 4.92-7.63. protease-rich fractions were subsequently separated from whole worm preparation of the parasite by filtration in sephacryl s-200. the proteases were able to digest ...19911788929
problem of fascioliasis in animal husbandry in thailand.one of the most important parasitic diseases in adult cattle and buffalo in thailand is fascioliasis, caused mainly by fasciola gigantica. the economic loss from fascioliasis in cattle and buffalo throughout thailand has been assessed at not less than 100 million baht. recent investigations have been shown that the average prevalence of f. gigantica in cattle and buffalo in thailand was 11.8%. however, the prevalence varies considerably between villages, ranging from 0 to 85%. the prevalence is ...19911822925
first report of infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) among nubian goats in sudan.in a flock of 425 female and male nubian goats in the khartoum province, an outbreak of a disease causing sudden death of 18 apparently healthy goats occurred (11 females and 7 males, 3-6 years old). adult fasciola gigantica were found in the livers of all goats and in seven of them cysticercus tenuicollis cysts. these organs showed necrotic and severe histopathological changes. clostridium novyi type b was isolated from necrotic areas of all livers and found to be highly pathogenic and toxigeni ...19911824134
common antigens of fasciola gigantica, dicrocoelium hospes and schistosoma bovis and their relevance to serology.the possession of common antigens by three trematode parasites which commonly occur together in ruminants in the tropics, fasciola gigantica, dicrocoelium hospes and schistosoma bovis was studied in relation to the reliability of serodiagnosis of infection with these helminths. the crude antigenic extracts of the three trematodes were subjected to sephacryl s-300 column chromatography and f. gigantica was fractionated into six peaks, s. bovis into nine peaks and d. hospes into seven peaks. commo ...19911909064
[does human distomiasis due to fasiola gigantica exist in the delta of the niger river in mali? (apropos of a serological survey)].finding of specific anti-fasciola antibodies in persons living in the central area of the delta of niger shows that human fascioliasis is a reality in mali. fasciola gigantica, the single species affecting livestock is probably the parasite concerned. we think that this parasitic disease in humans is underestimated, obscured by schistosomiasis which is hyperendemic in the country. complementary studies are much needed for better identification of the problem.19911943637
early diagnosis of human fascioliasis by the detection of copro-antigens using counterimmunoelectrophoresis.we have reported the use of partially purified fasciola gigantica worm antigens (peaks ii and iii separated by sephadex g-200) in counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) for the specific and early detection of antibodies in sera of fascioliasis patients. in the present study, we report the use of hyperimmune serum from rabbits immunized with these partially purified worm antigens in ciep for the detection of parasite antigens in saline extracts of patients' stools. this test was conducted on stool s ...19911949144
larval stages of medically important flukes (trematoda) from vientiane province, laos. part ii. cercariae.the cercariae of five flukes, which are potential human parasites, opisthorchis viverrini (family opisthorchiidae), haplorchis taichui (heterophyidae), schistosoma spindale (schistosomatidae), fasciolopsis buski, and fasciola gigantica (fasciolidae) were found in freshwater snails from laos. the cercariae of the above species, recorded in laos for the first time, are illustrated and their morphology is briefly described. the snail helicorbis umbilicalis represents a new intermediate host of f. b ...19921290378
the purification and characterization of a cysteine protease of fasciola gigantica adult worms.a 26-28 kda protease was isolated from fasciola gigantica adult worms by a two-stage purification process of column chromatography in a sephacryl s-200 column and affinity chromatography in an l-phenylalanine-agarose column. this protease is a cysteine (thiol) proteinase with an optimum ph of 4.5 and is not inhibited by anti f. gigantica immunoglobulin g. the enzyme was inhibited by protease inhibitors known to inhibit cysteine proteases but not by metallo-, aspartate or serine protease inhibito ...19921413454
redial generations of fasciola gigantica in the pulmonate snail lymnaea truncatula.lymnaea truncatula, 4 mm in height, were subjected to infection by a single miracidium of fasciola gigantica, then raised at 23 degrees c until day 60 of the experiment. histological study of these snails demonstrated a mean redial burden of 34 parasites at day 60, of which one third were degenerating forms. the mean number of living independent rediae did not exceed 5 for the first and second generations. conversely, in subsequent generations there were as many as 18 rediae per snail at day 60. ...19921452990
seasonal prevalence of some zoonotic trematode infections in cattle and pigs in the north-east montane zone in india.seasonal variations in the prevalence of fasciola gigantica and eurytrema pancreaticum in cattle, and opisthorchis noverca, artyfechinostomum malayanum, fasciolopsis buski and gastrodiscoides hominis in pigs, were studied post-necropsy over a 1 year period in a humid, subtropical north-east hilly region in india. the overall prevalence rate was 53.02% in cattle (n = 960) and 12.92% in pigs (n = 960). fasciola gigantica and e. pancreaticum occurred throughout the year with peaks during cold winte ...19921561763
glycogen, protein and lipid content of adult fasciola gigantica (trematoda).the concentration of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the whole worm, gut, and body musculature of fasciola gigantica was investigated from worms collected from cattle slaughtered in the jos abattoir. protein accounted for the highest concentration of the constituents constituting 62.59 +/- 0.86% of the dry weight of the fluke. this was followed by lipid with 28.15 +/- 0.86% of the dry weight while carbohydrate (glycogen) was 6.29 +/- 0.11% of the dry weight. thin-layer chromatography reve ...19921590595
cloning and characterization of ribosomal rna genes from opisthorchis viverrini.the ribosomal dna (rdna) unit of the liver fluke opisthorchis viverrini has been cloned and characterized. the results demonstrated that the total length of this unit is approximately 13 kb, containing 4.2 kb of large subunit (lsu) rdna, 2.0 kb of small subunit (ssu) rdna, 1.0 kb of transcribed spacer dna and 5.8 kb of non-transcribed + external transcribed spacer dna. examination of the non-transcribed spacer region between different rdna units showed variation in the restriction sites rather t ...19921594296
the effects of fascioliasis on the activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes in desert sheep liver.desert sheep experimentally or naturally infected with fasciola gigantica were used to study the influence of infection on the activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes found in the liver. the enzymes investigated were aminopyrine n-demethylase, aniline 4-hydroxylase and udp-glucuronyltransferase. the experimental infection was confirmed histologically by detection of fasciola eggs in faeces and by measuring the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (sd), glutamate dehydrogenase (gd) and aspar ...19921617399
cloning and sequence analysis of the major cysteine protease expressed in the trematode parasite fasciola sp.a cdna encoding the fasciola cysteine protease precursor has been cloned and sequenced. the deduced precursor contains 325 amino acid residues (m(r) 36,768) consisting of a signal sequence (pre-region, 15 residues), pro-region (90 residues), and mature protease (220 residues, m(r) 24,371). cys27, his164, and asn184 form the catalytic triad in the active site of the mature enzyme, and their adjacent regions are highly conserved. the parasite enzyme showed 50, 44, and 27% amino acid sequence homol ...19938118429
liver fluke infections in livestock in borno state, nigeria.a survey was conducted on the prevalence of fasciola gigantica and dicrocoelium hospes eggs in gall bladders of cattle and small ruminants (sheep and goats) slaughtered between november 1987 and december 1988 in maiduguri, borno state, nigeria. prevalence rates of 42.7% and 5.7% were recorded for f. gigantica and d. hospes eggs, respectively, in 246 cattle and 718 sheep and goats examined. out of the 246 cattle examined, 52 (21.1%), 45 (18.3%) and 8 (3.3%) excreted eggs of f. gigantica, d. hospe ...19938122358
schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites in rural villages in southwest nigeria: an indication for expanded programme on drug distribution and integrated control programme in nigeria.a cross sectional survey of schistosomiasis, intestinal parasite infections and pattern of schistosomiasis transmission was undertaken in four rural villages around the erinle dam, nigeria. the prevalence of schistosoma haematobium ranged from 10% to 60%. 30% of infected school children excreted over 50 eggs/10 ml urine and high rates of haematuria, proteinuria, leucocyturia and nitrites in urine were observed in infected children and the villagers. prevalence of infection with s. mansoni ranged ...19938256092
effects of ration and fasciola infection on some blood parameters of ewes.this study was conducted using fourty cross-bred ewes in 5 groups of which one was kept as a control and the others were infected with metacercariae of fasciola gigantica twice at the beginning of the experiment and 200 days from the first. the four infected groups fed on basal ration or high protein ration with or without mineral mixture. blood samples were taken from the five groups to assess the concentrations of plasma fibrinogen and serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, calcium and inorg ...19938308350
comparison of the second internal transcribed spacer (ribosomal dna) from populations and species of fasciolidae (digenea).the nucleotide sequence of the 3' end of the second internal transcribed spacer region (its2) was determined for four isolates of fasciola hepatica, two isolates of fasciola gigantica, one isolate of fascioloides magna and one isolate of fasciola sp. from japan. intraspecific sequence divergence was negligible. sequence divergence between f. hepatica and f. gigantica was 2.8% and between fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna was 13.2%. the sequence of fasciola sp. from japan matched closely t ...19938359995
the protective role of fasciola tegument antigen against trichinella spiralis infection.fasciola gigantica tegument antigen was prepared to be used for induction of immunity against trichinella spiralis in albino mice. the results of the study showed that the antigen was more effective when administered in a dose of 3 micrograms than in a dose of 30 micrograms. this was evidenced by the reduction in adult count 72%, adult length 61.4%, larval count 78.7%, length of muscle larvae 32.2% and the significant reduction in reproductive capacity index.19938376868
banding patterns of fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica (trematoda) by isoelectric focusing.liver flukes fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica are polymorphic and vary morphologically depending upon the host being parasitized. it is known also that mixed infection occurs where both species are present. a technique involving protein separation was used to distinguish the 2 species. isoelectric focusing of soluble proteins was performed on polyacrylamide gels using whole-body proteins from adult flukes. although many bands appeared common to both species and some were shared with host ...19938437051
distribution of antigens of fasciola gigantica at various stages of development.an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test on the serum of a fasciola gigantica-infected rabbit, showed specific fluorescence on the tegumental surface of miracidia, sporocysts, rediae, cercariae, metacercariae and juvenile worms aged between one and seven weeks. the same reaction occurred in the gut cells of cercariae and metacercariae and in the gut caeca of juveniles in the liver. the results of the absorption test indicated that stage-specific antigen(s) in metacercariae and seven-week-old ...19938460268
partial characterization of larval antigens of strongyloides papillosus by western blot analysis.western blotting was used to analyse the antigens in extracts of adult and infective larvae (sil) of strongyloides papillosus with serum of infected rabbits. several proteins in both the extracts reacted with immunoglobulin g in the serum. a protein of about 16 kda in the extract of sil showed an especially strong reaction. no cross-reaction was observed among proteins in the extracts of adult worms of such cattle helminths as fasciola gigantica, homalogaster paloniae, trichuris discolor and set ...19947812315
molecular weight determination of fasciola antigens specific for diagnosis of acute fascioliasis.acute human fascioliasis depends in its diagnosis on detecting specific antibodies in the sera of patients. it was observed that both somatic fraction i and crude e/s products of adult fasciola gigantica worm gave sensitive and specific results. using igm elisa, the cut off o.d was 0.6 and 0.3 nm. and the accuracy was 93% and 98% for the two antigens respectively. determination of the molecular weight of these two antigens was undertaken by sds-page. the molecular weight of the somatic fraction ...19947844411
serodifferentiation of human fascioliasis from schistosomiasis.a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was developed using excretory-secretory (es) antigens of fasciola gigantica adult worms and freeze-thaw antigen (aft) of adult schistosoma mansoni worms. specific igg and igm antibodies were simultaneously investigated in sera from 17 febrile eosinophilic hospitalized patients and 20 healthy controls. dot-elisa was shown useful and could differentiate fascioliasis from schistosomiasis prior to parasite egg detection in patient's stool. this ass ...19947855923
efficacy of triclabendazole against fasciola gigantica in buffaloes in eastern nepal. 19947886900
[immunodiagnosis of fasciola gigantica fascioliasis by elisa technique in senegal. preliminary observations in 2 lambs].the purpose of this work was to investigate the use of the elisa test for the diagnosis of fasciolosis (fasciola gigantica) in sheep, in senegal, using fasciola gigantica metabolic excretion-secretion products as antigens. coprological analysis results were negative until the fourteenth week following infection; using the elisa test, the first anti-fasciola gigantica antibodies can be detected as early as the fourth week following infection.19947709030
several observations concerning cercarial sheddings of fasciola gigantica from lymnaea natalensis.the shedding of cercariae from lymnaea natalensis and their transformation into metacercariae occurred mainly at night, and 70.7% of the cysts were counted between 7 p.m. and 1 a.m. there is no infradian rhythm in the numerical distribution of the daily mean values as related to experiment duration or patent period duration. one quarter of the snails shed their cercariae in a single wave and the others in 2 to 13 waves. floating cysts represent 35% of the total number of metacercariae and their ...19949235192
[epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in small ruminants in the tree-cropping pasture zone in senegal].an epidemiological survey on gastrointestinal helminthiasis in 51 sheep and 51 goats was held in the tree-cropping pasture region in senegal from october 1990 to september 1991. all the animals examined were infected with at least 1 helminth species. three trematodes (fasciola gigantica, schistosoma bovis, amphistomatids), 2 cestodes (moniezia expansa, cysticercus tenuicollis) and 9 nematodes were identified. the most important parasite in sheep was haemonchus contortus while trichostrongylus co ...19957735304
biomphalaria alexandrina naturally infected with fasciola gigantica in egypt. 19957747303
helminth parasites and hypobiosis of nematodes in n'dama cattle during the dry season in the gambia.three series of necropsies of cattle were performed, corresponding to early dry season, approximately 1 month after the last rains (november, n = 6), mid dry season (february, n = 6) and end dry season (april, n = 3). eggs per gram of faeces (epg) were determined just before necropsy. three trematodes (fasciola gigantica, schistosoma spp. and paramphistomatids) and 11 nematodes were identified from cattle, with the prevalence rate varying from 6.7% to 100%. haemonchus contortus was the most abun ...19958644452
immunodiagnostic moieties in somatic and excretory/secretory antigens of fasciola gigantica.immunodiagnostic potential fractions in fluke antigens and excretory/secretory (e/s) antigen of f. gigantica have been identified using double immunodiffusion (did), immunoelectrophoresis (iep) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds) page electrophoresis. hyperimmunised rabbits elicited considerable level of antibody response with few precipitin lines showing reaction of identity in did suggesting presence of some common fractions in all antigens. mature fluke somatic (mfsag) and immature fluke somati ...19958786154
cytochemical localization of cytochrome c oxidase activity in mitochondria in the tegument and tegumental and parenchymal cells of the trematodes echinostoma trivolvis, zygocotyle lunata, schistosoma mansoni, fasciola gigantica and paragonimus ohirai.cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria of the tegument and tegumental and parenchymal cells was examined cytochemically in echinostoma trivolvis, zygocotyle lunata, schistosoma mansoni, fasciola gigantica and paragonimus ohirai, trematodes that inhabit different sites in their vertebrate hosts. clear differences in enzyme activity occurred in the mitochondria of these species, probably reflecting the different energy metabolisms of these worms. marked aerobic metabolism occurred in s. mansoni ...19958522764
evaluation of fasciola excretory-secretory (e/s) product in diagnosis of acute human fasciolosis by igm elisa.diagnosis of fasciolosis in the acute phase depends on a sensitive and accurate serological test. the present study is an evaluation of the efficacy of excretory-secretory fasciola gigantica adult worm antigen by igm elisa. thirty eight patients with acute fasciolosis and 14 in the chronic phase together with 23 patients with different parasitic infections were introduced in the study. seventeen healthy, parasite free individuals, were served as controls. a crude excretory-secretory antigen and ...19958525282
comparative studies on the productivity of fasciola gigantica and f. hepatica sporocysts in lymnaea tomentosa that died after a cercarial shedding or without emission.a histology study was performed on fasciola gigantica- or f. hepatica-infected lymnaea tomentosa that died after a cercarial shedding or without emission to compare the parasite productivity of each trematode. degenerated rediae increased in number throughout the experiment. their number rose rapidly after day 79 in snails that died after shedding in the f. gigantica group; they increased more slowly in snails that died without shedding. in the f. hepatica group the number rose after day 63 in t ...19957567914
detection of circulating antigen in sera of fasciola gigantica-infected cattle with antibodies reactive with a fasciola-specific 88-kda antigen.antibodies against a specific 88-kda antigen of fasciola gigantica were used for the detection of circulating antigen in the sera of cattle with experimental and natural infections of f. gigantica by a double antibody elisa. circulating antigen was detectable as early as the second and third weeks after infection and positive absorbance values were obtained for the entire duration of infection. absorbance values decreased below the cutoff point 3 weeks after chemotherapy with oxyclozanide. this ...19957571328
time-course analysis of antibody response by eitb and elisa before and after chemotherapy in sheep infected with fasciola gigantica.the time-course analysis of the antibody response to fascicola gigantica infection in sheep was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb). sera from sheep experimentally infected with f. gigantica were reacted with excretory-secretory antigens of the worm before and after chemotherapy with oxyclozanide. in elisa, there was a significant increase in anti-fasciola antibody by 2 weeks after infection and there was a sharp decrease in an ...19957571329
separation of outer cysts from metacercariae of fasciola gigantica in an aqueous two-phase system.the outer cysts (oc) of fasciola gigantica metacercariae (mc) were separated in an aqueous two-phase system composed of polyethylene glycol and dextran in distilled water. a large number of separated mc without oc were recovered in the bottom layer rich in dextran in the system. ten separated mc in the layer were used to inoculate the mouse with a syringe and juveniles were recovered from the animals on the 14th day. when the number of juveniles recovered was compared with that from the mice inf ...19957622796
immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in ruminants using a 28-kda cysteine protease of fasciola gigantica adult worms.a homogeneous extract of a 28-kda cysteine protease of fasciola gigantica adult worms was used as the antigen for immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats using the falcon assay screening test enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. this antiprotease assay technique was found to be very rapid and sensitive and may be useful as a supplementary method for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in ruminants.19957660568
development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with a 28 kda protease of fasciola gigantica.a monoclonal antibody that was reactive with a 28-kda protease of fasciola gigantica was produced after hyperimmunizing balb/c mice with a partially purified extract and a purified 28-kda protease obtained from the fluke. isotype analysis showed that the immunoglobulin is igg3. seven other monoclonals of isotypes igg1, igg2 and igg3 which reacted with the protease and one to three other protein bands were also produced. in addition, four other clones of hybridoma produced antibodies which recogn ...19957660572
prevalence of hepatic helminths and associated pathology in impala (aepyceros melampus) in swaziland.the livers of impala (aepyceros melampus) collected in the mlawula-mbuluzi-simunye nature reserve and protected area complex in northeastern swaziland from october 1985 to september 1986 were infected with three species of helminths: a nematode (cooperioides hepaticae), a cestode (stilesia hepatica), and a trematode (fasciola gigantica). cooperioides hepaticae caused a severe cholangitis. lambs were infected at 1.5 to 2 mo of age, and the prevalence increased to 100% by 5 mo of age. the prevalen ...19968627927
efficacy and pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole in buffalo with induced fasciolosis.a study was conducted to understand pharmacokinetics and flukicidal activity of intraruminal administration of triclabendazole (tcbz) at 12.0, 24.0 and 36.0 mg kg-1 body weight in experimentally fasciola gigantica-infected buffaloes on week 2 and 10 post-infection. no fluke eggs in faeces and no flukes could be recovered from the liver of buffaloes following intraruminal administration of triclabendazole at 24.0 and 36.0 mg kg-1 body weight both on weeks 2 and 10 post-infection, while the recomm ...19968792582
studies on helminthosis at the centre for tropical veterinary medicine (ctvm).the research work relating to helminths, which has been conducted within the helminthology section of the ctvm, often in collaboration with colleagues from the tropics is reviewed and placed into a historical perspective. the research has, in the main, concentrated on the trematodes fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica and the cestodes taenia saginata and taenia solium, but work on other parasites including gastro-intestinal nematodes is also considered. all of these parasites are of obvious ...19968815611
seroepidemiological survey of taenia saginata cysticercosis in kenya.a sero-epidemiological study of taenia saginata cysticercosis was carried out to determine the prevalence and distribution of the infection in three provinces of kenya. serum samples and meat inspection records were collected from cattle at slaughter at export and district abattoirs. cattle origin and the presence of t. saginata cysticerci were noted as was the prevalence of other helminths such as echinococcus granulosus and fasciola gigantica. serum samples were screened for circulating parasi ...19968888551
acquired resistance of merino sheep against fasciola gigantica.merino sheep acquired resistance against fasciola gigantica, which is contrary to previous observations of infections with f. hepatica in that breed. the acquired resistance was manifest against young adult parasites. st. croix sheep had previously been shown to have more resistance than european sheep against f. hepatica after primary infection; however, in f. gigantica infections in the present study there was no difference between the resistance levels of the breeds. antigenic analysis of the ...19968897512
the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of long-term low-level intraruminal administration of triclabendazole in buffalo with induced fasciolosis.a study was conducted on the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of triclabendazole at three low dose rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight in buffaloes experimentally infected with fasciola gigantica. the pharmacokinetics were compared with the effects of a single intraruminal dose at 24.0 mg/kg body weight in uninfected buffaloes. at all three dose rates, an equilibrium between the absorption of triclabendazole and the disposition of its metabolites was observed by days 3 and 4 and ...19968908726
detection of circulating fasciola gigantica antigen in experimental and natural infections of sheep with fasciolosis.detection of circulating fasciola gigantica antigen was performed in sera of sheep with experimental and natural f. gigantica infections using the direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. sera from sheep with monoinfections of schistosoma bovis, dicrocoelium hospes and paramphistomum microbothrium were included in the assay to ascertain specificity. circulating f. gigantica antigen (cfa) was detected as early as 1 week after infection in the experimentally infected sheep. no detectable c ...19968916398
approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants.approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants are compared for developed countries, and for developing countries with particular reference to regions growing irrigated rice. in all environments problem definition and investigation are based on one or more of observation, abattoir surveys, faecal egg counts, tracer animals and snail studies. in developed countries each husbandman grazes a large number of animals, controls access to pasture and water, and markets high value products. strat ...19968923144
antibody and circulating antigen profiles before and after chemotherapy in goats infected with fasciola gigantica.the profiles of antibody response and circulating antigen levels in goats infected with fasciola gigantica were studied by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in the antibody assay, sera from goats experimentally infected with f. gigantica were reacted with whole worm antigen of the worm before and after chemotherapy with oxyclozanide. in elisa, there was a significant increase in antibody level 2 weeks after infection. after chemotherap ...19969017880
[paramphostomid infestation in equids in egypt].the investigation of 156 donkeys in the area of the veterinary faculty of the tanta university in kafr el-sheikh showed that 49 animals (31.41%) were infected with trematodes, 34 donkeys (21.80%) served as hosts for gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, 22 (14.10%) were infected with fasciola gigantica und 7 (4.49%) with both trematodes. 6 of 40 examined horses (15.0%) showed monoinfections with g. aegyptiacus only. because of the fragmentary knowledge on these paramphistomides of equids, some aspects conce ...19968765538
fasciola gigantica in the common bile duct: diagnosis by ercp. 19968781802
comparison of adult somatic and excretory-secretory antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of human infection with fasciola gigantica.adult somatic antigen extract of fasciola gigantica was compared with excretory-secretory (es) antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis gigantica. the absorbance values in elisa using the adult somatic antigen were not significantly different from the values obtaining using es antigen (p > 0.05). the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the test using adult somatic extract as antigen were 100%, 9 ...19969185271
the use of monoclonal antibody for the immunodiagnosis of fasciola gigantica infection in cattle.antigens that were specific to fasciola gigantica were obtained from the whole worm homogenate of the parasite by immunoaffinity chromatography in cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose 4b columns and used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. the f. gigantica-specific monoclonal antibody was labelled with horseradish peroxidase and used for the detection of circulating antigen by the direct elisa method in the sera of cattle experimentally infected with the parasite. circulating antigens w ...19979195733
specific monoclonal antibodies to fasciola gigantica.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against soluble metabolic products (excretory/secretory; es) of the liver fluke, fasciola gigantica. the es antigen was obtained from spent culture medium in which the adult flukes had been maintained in vitro. from two cell fusions, the mabs produces were exclusively associated with either igg or igm isotypes. when screened against a panel of homologous and heterologous parasite antigens by indirect elisa, two mabs were highly specific for f. gigantica ...19979251848
ssu rdna characterization of lymnaeid snails transmitting human fascioliasis in south and central america.the small subunit (18s) rrna gene sequences of the lymnaeid morphs i and ii (mollusca: gastropoda: basommatophora: lymnaeidae) transmitting human fascioliasis in the high endemic zone of the northern bolivian altiplano and of lymnaea cubensis from mexico and guadeloupe island (caribbean) have been obtained by direct polymerase chain reaction pcr cycle sequencing and silver staining methods and compared to that of the 6 most common european lymnaeidae species. results allow us to establish defini ...19979406784
evaluation of antigens of fasciola gigantica as vaccines against tropical fasciolosis in cattle.vaccine trials were conducted in brahman cross cattle evaluating the efficacy of 4 native antigens purified from adult fasciola gigantica flukes, and 1 recombinant f. gigantica antigen, as vaccines against tropical fasciolosis. the antigens tested were native glutathione s-transferase, cathepsin l, paramyosin, fatty acid binding protein (fabp), and a recombinant fabp expressed in e. coli, and were formulated in 1 or more of several adjuvants (quil a, squalene montanide 80, mf59-100, auspharm, na ...19979421734
diagnosis of cattle fasciolosis by the detection of a circulating antigen using a monoclonal antibody.a monoclonal antibody (moab) 1c12 that reacts with a 66 kda surface tegumental (st) antigen of adult worms of fasciola gigantica was used to detect circulating antigen in sera of experimentally and naturally infected cattle. a combination of rabbit anti st-antigens and moab 1c12 were used to capture and detect the circulating antigen in sandwich elisa. the dilutions of 1:1,000 of rabbit anti st-antigens and 1:100 for moab 1c12 were used to reduce cross-reactivity with other trematodes' antigens. ...19979438548
acquisition of resistance against fasciola gigantica by indonesian thin tail sheep.the plasma levels of gldh and the dynamics of development of the numbers of surface lesions on livers, and numbers of parasites, within two to three weeks of a challenge infection, indicated that the major component of the high resistance of indonesian thin tail (itt) sheep against fasciola gigantica was acquired, and acted against juvenile parasites. few parasites reached the livers of itt (exposed) sheep, but many had been inhibited, probably in the wall of the jejunum. itt (naive) sheep showe ...19979477508
laboratory assessment of the molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of the egyptian weed, solanum nigrum l.the molluscicidal properties of solanum nigrum l. were tested against three egyptian snail species (biomphalaria alexandrina, bulinus truncatus and lymnaea natalensis), each an intermediate host of parasites causing human schistosomiasis or fascioliasis. the plant was collected in two regions within egypt: fayium and giza. snails were exposed for 24 and 48 h, to the dry powdered fruits and leaves or to crude water extracts of the powders, and mortality was recorded. the water extract of the leav ...19979579213
antigenic components of somatic extract from adult fasciola gigantica recognized by infected human sera.the antigenic components of fasciola gigantica somatic extract were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblotting technique using sera from patients with f. gigantica infection, patients with clinically diagnosed fascioliasis, patients with other infections/illness and healthy adults. by sds-page, it was found that the somatic product comprised more than 22 polypeptides. immunoblotting analysis revealed at least 13 components which were stro ...19979579615
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against excretory-secretory antigens of fasciola gigantica.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against fasciola gigantica excretory-secretory (es) antigens were developed from balb/c mice. four were selected for further study, from the panel of hybridomas. the antigen specificities of these mabs were characterized and localized by enzyme-linked immunoeletrotransfer blot (eitb) and immunoperoxidase technique. the target epitopes of these mabs are 66 kda protein (mab 2d10), 66 and 27-26 kda proteins (mabs 5d10 and 4f5) and 27-26 kda protein (mab 2d9). m ...19979656363
natural infection of trematodes in lymnaea (radix) auricularia rubiginosa in water reservoirs in amphoe muang, khon kaen province.lymnaea (radix) auricularia rubiginosa (michelin, 1831) was surveyed in 54 reservoirs of 18 districts in amphoe muang, khon kaen province during february to may 1994. lymnaeid snails were found in the water of 20 reservoirs, of which 16 reservoirs contained clear water and 4 turbid water. two of the four turbid water reservoirs received drainage water from khon kaen town. two thousand four hundred and eight l. auricularia rubiginosa were collected and examined by shedding and crushing. trematode ...19979656379
isolation, cloning, and expression of fatty-acid binding proteins from fasciola gigantica. 19979024206
resistance of indonesian thin tail sheep against fasciola gigantica and f. hepatica.high resistance of indonesian thin tail (itt) sheep against fasciola gigantica has been confirmed. naive itt sheep had only 17% of the number of mature parasites collected from control st. croix sheep. in contrast, the level of resistance of itt sheep against f. hepatica was the same as that of the low resistance merino breed after both primary and secondary infections. it is suggested that resistance of itt sheep against f. gigantica was manifested in two phases. the major phase appeared to be ...19979066053
the isolation of fasciola gigantica-specific antigens and their use in the serodiagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep by the detection of circulating antigens.the 17kda and 69kda polypeptide antigens which are specific to fasciola gigantica were excised from polyacrylamide gels and used for the immunization of rabbits to raise monospecific antisera against these polypeptides. these sera were labelled with horseradish peroxidase and used for the detection of circulating 17 kda and 69 kda antigens by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of sheep that were experimentally or naturally infected with f. gigantica. the 17 kda antigen was de ...19979066072
evidence for a major gene determining the resistance of indonesian thin tail sheep against fasciola gigantica.the genetic basis of the high resistance of indonesian thin tail (itt) sheep against fasciola gigantica has been studied by measuring the resistance levels of itt sheep, st. croix sheep and their f2 and f3 crossbreds. all of the sheep were bred and reared in the same environment. approximately half of the f2 and f3 crossbreds were as resistant as the itt parental breed, one-quarter had the low resistance of the st. croix parental breed and the rest had an intermediate level of resistance. it is ...19979106952
fasciola gigantica and f hepatica: a comparative study of some characteristics of fasciola infection in lymnaea truncatula infected by either of the two trematodes.experimental infections were carried out using three lymnaea truncatula populations and two fasciola species in order to determine the trematode influence on six parameters of snail infection by either of the two trematodes. all experiments were performed using snails 4 mm long, two miracidia for each l truncatula, and a constant temperature of 20 degrees c. no significant influence of trematode species was detected in the following parameters: snail survival at day 30, the life span of infected ...19979112734
the effect of experimental fascioliasis on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine in desert sheep.healthy adult male desert sheep were experimentally infected with fasciola gigantica, to investigate the influence of experimental fasciolasis on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine. each animal received 500 metacercariae orally. the experimental infection was confirmed histologically, by detection of fasciola eggs in faeces and by measuring the activities of the enzymes sorbitol dehydrogenase (sd), glutamate dehydrogenase (gd) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast) in plasma dur ...19979185081
comparison of production losses caused by chronic fasciola gigantica infection in yearling friesian and boran cattle.yearling friesian and boran cattle were given a standard dose of fasciola gigantica metacercariae designed to produce chronic infection. their liveweights were then monitored for 23 weeks post-infection. following standard meat inspection procedures, all the livers from the infected cattle were condemned. at 22 kg per animal, the mean reduction in liveweight gain in infected borans was significantly greater than in infected friesians. compared to the control cattle and based on current sale pric ...19989719825
a geographic information system forecast model for strategic control of fasciolosis in ethiopia.a geographic information system (gis) forecast model based on moisture and thermal regime was developed to assess the risk of fasciola hepatica, a temperate species, and its tropical counterpart, fasciola gigantica, in ethiopia. agroecological map zones and corresponding environmental features that control the distribution and abundance of the disease and its snail intermediate hosts were imported from the food and agriculture organization (fao) crop production system zones (cpsz) database on ea ...19989735916
an erratic parasitism found in the lungs of sheep during experimental infection with fasciola gigantica (japanese strain).an erratic parasitism was observed in the lungs of sheep experimentally infected with fasciola gigantica at autopsy 14 weeks after inoculation. macroscopically, several hyperaemia of 7.5-12.5 mm in diameter were found on the surface of the lungs. juvenile flukes detected in the lungs were much smaller than those in the liver of the same sheep. a slight inflammatory reaction was observed in the lungs and it is likely that the flukes had migrated in the pleural cavity for some time. occasionally, ...19989765374
fasciola gigantica: studies of the tegument as a basis for the developments of immunodiagnosis and vaccine.the tegument of bile-dwelling fasciola gigantica is the interfacing layer that helps the parasite to maintain its homeostasis, and evade the hostile environment, including the host's immune attacks. the tegument is a syncytial layer about 10 mm thick, that is formed by the fusion of cytoplasmic processes of tegument cells, whose soma lie underneath the two muscle layers. the surface of the tegument is highly folded and invaginated into numerous ridges, pits and spines, which help to increase the ...19989886134
sequence heterogeneity in a repetitive dna element of fasciola.a repetitive dna sequence used as a specific probe for fasciola hepatica infections in snails was examined in f. hepatica and fasciola gigantica (36 individuals) specimens from five continents. the degree of intraspecific identity ranged from 79 to 99% in f. hepatica and from 93 to 99% in f. gigantica. the interspecific identity ranged from 81 to 100%, confirming the suggestion that the dna probe sequence could be used worldwide as an epidemiological tool for the examination of the intermediate ...19989925273
triploid form of fasciola in japan: genetic relationships between fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica determined by its-2 sequence of nuclear rdna.the its-2 sequences from seven worms of the japanese triploid form of fasciola, two of fasciola hepatica from uruguay and four of fasciola gigantica from zambia and indonesia were determined. the its-2 sequences of the japanese triploid worms were divided into two distinct types, one of which was almost identical to that of f. hepatica and the other to f. gigantica from indonesia.19989650058
pharmacokinetics and efficacy of long-term low-level administration of triclabendazole in urea molasses blocks against induced bovine and bubaline fasciolosis.the pharmacokinetics and flukicidal efficacy of triclabendazole delivered in low doses on a daily basis through urea molasses blocks were studied in cattle and buffaloes experimentally infected with fasciola gigantica. the observations were compared with single therapeutic doses at 12.0 and 24.0 mg/kg body weight in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, prior to becoming experimentally infected. after receipt of triclabendazole by cattle and buffaloes at 0.83 and 3.0 mg/kg body weight, respectivel ...19989653990
taxonomic status of the japanese triploid forms of fasciola: comparison of mitochondrial nd1 and coi sequences with f. hepatica and f. gigantica.because it is difficult to identify morphologically the japanese forms of fasciola, additional taxonomic criteria are required. in order to clarify the genetic relationships between fasciola hepatica, fasciola gigantica, and the japanese triploid forms of fasciola, we compared nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) genes. intraspecific variation in the nd1 and coi sequences was low, except for 1 specimen of f. gigantica i ...19989576524
excretory-secretory antigenic components of adult fasciola gigantica recognized by infected human sera.the immunogenic components of fasciola gigantica excretory-secretory (es) products were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblotting technic using sera from patients with f. gigantica infection, from patients with clinical suspected fascioliasis, from patients with other illness and from healthy adults. by sds-page, it was found that the es products comprised more than 6 polypeptides. immunoblotting analysis revealed 12 components which wer ...199810437961
immune responses in indonesian thin tail and merino sheep during a primary infection with fasciola gigantica: lack of a specific igg2 antibody response is associated with increased resistance to infection in indonesian sheep.after a primary infection with fasciola gigantica, the immune responses in a resistant (indonesian thin tail) and a susceptible (merino) breed of sheep were analysed. the number of adult flukes recovered from the livers of the indonesian thin tail sheep were significantly lower than those found in the merino animals. on days 8, 14 and 25 p.i., indonesian thin tail sheep exhibited a significantly higher eosinophilia than merino sheep, whereas neutrophilia was significantly elevated in the indones ...199910501613
fasciola gigantica-specific antigens: purification by a continuous-elution method and its evaluation for the diagnosis of human fascioliasis.immunodominant antigens of an approximate molecular mass of 27 kd were obtained from an excretory-secretory product of adult fasciola gigantica by a continuous-elution method. an indirect elisa using the antigens obtained by this relatively simple procedure was developed for detecting specific antibodies from patients infected with f. gigantica. sera from patients with other parasitic infections, healthy volunteers, and cholangiocarcinoma were also analyzed. the sensitivity, specificity, and pos ...199910548303
circulating antibodies and antigens correlate with egg counts in human fascioliasis.we explored the relationships between specific igg antibody levels and circulating e/s antigen to intensity of fasciola infection in the human host. twenty patients with patent infection and six healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. intensity of infection was determined by repeated egg counts in stools, while igg antibodies against adult fasciola gigantica somatic fi, fii and against e/s antigens were measured as elisa o.d. readings. the level of circulating e/s antigens was determined ...199910583903
comparative parasitological and haematological changes in two breeds of sheep infected with fasciola gigantica.twelve each of red masai and dorper sheep, aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fasciola-free area of eastern kenya. each breed was divided into two groups of 6. the sheep in one group of each breed were experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of fasciola gigantica. the other group of 6 sheep of each breed remained as uninfected controls. the animals were monitored regularly for any evidence of disease. blood samples taken weekly revealed a general reduction in red cel ...199910599131
relationship between system of raising egyptian buffaloes and the effect of climate conditions on the helminthic infection rate, middle delta, egypt.no doubt climate conditions are of sound influence in both prevalence of helminthic infection and the physiology of the host. fewer studies have been done on this relationship on farm animals. to complete the view, one thousand, two hundred and seventy eight buffaloes owned by farmers from 160 herds belong to 32 villages in the middle delta of egypt were randomly chosen to study factors which influence the infection with gastrointestinal parasites. relationship between number of parasites, herd ...199910605501
effects of fasciola gigantica infection on growth and nutrient utilisation of buffalo calves.the effects of fasciola gigantica infection on bodyweight gain, dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and feed conversion efficiency in buffalo calves were investigated. nine male buffalo calves of the murrah breed, aged 12 to 15 months with a mean (se) bodyweight of 166 (12.5) kg, were randomly assigned to groups of five (group 1) and four (group 2). the animals in group 1 were given 1000 viable, mature metacercariae of f gigantica orally, while the animals in group 2 served as uninfect ...199910638797
primary experimental infection of riverine buffaloes with fasciola gigantica.the clinical course of the primary experimental fasciola gigantica infection was investigated in riverine buffalo calves of the murrah breed. nine male calves aged 12-15 months were randomly assigned to two groups of five (group i) and four (group ii) animals. each animal in group i, was orally infected with 1000 metacercariae (mc) of f. gigantica, whereas group ii animals did not receive any infection dose and served as uninfected controls. no clinical signs of fasciolosis were observed until t ...199910384904
a comparison of serum biochemical changes in two breeds of sheep (red masai and dorper) experimentally infected with fasciola gigantica.twelve red masai and 12 dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of fasciola gigantica. the other groups acted as uninfected controls. blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin, and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. following the establishment of in ...199910396762
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