| evaluation of a partially reversible immobilization protocol using medetomidine, butorphanol, zolazepam-tiletamine, and ketamine in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in kruger national park, south africa. | twenty-one free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in the kruger national park, south africa, were immobilized with a combination of medetomidine (0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.26 ± 0.04 mg/kg), tiletamine-zolazepam (0.69 ± 0.15 mg/kg), and ketamine (1.43 ± 0.21 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. induction, immobilization, and recovery characteristics were evaluated using a standardized scoring system. in the immobilized warthogs, physiological variables were measured every ... | 2020 | 32212549 |
| evaluation of physiological parameters and effectiveness of an immobilization protocol using etorphine, azaperone, and butorphanol in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). | twenty free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in the kruger national park, south africa, were immobilized with a combination of etorphine (0.039 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.44 ± 0.06 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. butorphanol (1 mg per mg etorphine) was administered intravenously at t = 5 min. a standardized scoring system was used to record induction, immobilization and recovery characteristics. physiological parameters were recorded at 5 min intervals and an arterial ... | 2019 | 31799283 |
| comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia. | african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ... | 2019 | 31774871 |
| cytokine gene expression assay as a diagnostic tool for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). | mycobacterium bovis infection has been described in many wildlife species across africa. however, diagnostic tests are lacking for many of these, including warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). most literature on suids has focused on using serological tools, with few studies investigating the use of cell-mediated immune response (cmi) assays. a recent study showed that warthogs develop measurable cmi responses, which suggests that cytokine gene expression assays (geas) may be valuable for detecting ... | 2019 | 31712604 |
| reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states. | african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ... | 2019 | 30785371 |
| retrospective characterization of reproductive tract lesions in relation to age, parity, and contraception in captive suidae and tayassuidae. | reproductive management in zoos requires contraception or physical separation of sexes to ensure captive population viability, but information is sparse on the effects of parity, age, and contraceptive use on lifetime reproductive health in captive suidae and tayassuidae species. this retrospective study evaluated reproductive tissues and histories from babirusa (babyrousa babyrussa), red river hog (potamochoerus porcus), visayan warty pig (sus cebifrons), common warthog (phacochoerus africanus) ... | 2019 | 30690318 |
| genetic diversity of trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock in tsetse flies from the nech sar national park in ethiopia: a concern for tsetse suppressed area in southern rift valley? | in ethiopia, home to the largest african herd of cattle, animal trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to the efforts made for food self-sufficiency. we searched for trypanosomes in tsetse flies caught in the nech sar national park (nsnp), southern rifty valley, ethiopia, at the district of arba minch where intensive tsetse control is successfully improving cattle productivity. despite narrow geographical and temporal scales of our survey, we found a remarkable diversity of trypanosomes using the ... | 2019 | 30639545 |
| epidemiology of african swine fever in africa today: sylvatic cycle versus socio-economic imperatives. | african swine fever (asf) is believed to have evolved in eastern and southern africa in a sylvatic cycle between common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex that live in their burrows. the involvement of warthogs and possibly other wild suids in the maintenance of asf virus means that the infection cannot be eradicated from africa, but only prevented and controlled in domestic pig populations. historically, outbreaks of asf in domestic pigs in a ... | 2019 | 30633851 |
| the intracellular proteome of african swine fever virus. | african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects members of the suidae family such as african bush pigs, warthogs, but also domestic pigs, and wild boar. it is transmitted by direct contact of naïve with infected animals, by soft ticks of the ornithodoros genus, or indirectly by movement of infected animals, improper disposal of contaminated animal products or other sources related to human activity. the recent spread of asf into eastern and central european countries is currently threa ... | 2018 | 30279544 |
| roles of african swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection. | african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, double-stranded dna virus and the sole member of the asfarviridae family. asfv infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. the major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. the virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies a ... | 2017 | 29978065 |
| seroprevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in bovine tuberculosis-endemic regions of south africa. | bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis), has been reported in many species including suids. wild boar are important maintenance hosts of the infection with other suids, that is domestic and feral pigs, being important spillover hosts in the eurasian ecosystem and in south africa, warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) may play a similar role in m. bovis-endemic areas. however, novel diagnostic tests for warthogs are required to investigate the epidemiology of btb in this s ... | 2018 | 29520985 |
| long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area. | facilitating coexistence between people and wildlife is a major conservation challenge in east africa. some conservation models aim to balance the needs of people and wildlife, but the effectiveness of these models is rarely assessed. using a case-study approach, we assessed the ecological performance of a pastoral area in northern tanzania (manyara ranch) and established a long-term wildlife population monitoring program (carried out intermittently from 2003 to 2008 and regularly from 2011 to 2 ... | 2020 | 33005359 |
| measuring antigen-specific responses in mycobacterium bovis-infected warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) using the intradermal tuberculin test. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis has previously been diagnosed in warthogs and infection can be highly prevalent (> 30%) in endemic areas. thus, warthogs could potentially be an important species to consider as sentinels for disease surveillance. however, disease surveillance is dependent on availability of accurate diagnostic assays and only a few diagnostic tests have been investigated for warthogs. furthermore, the tests that have been used in this species require labor ... | 2018 | 30458774 |
| african swine fever in cameroon: a review. | african swine fever (asf) is a hemorrhagic contagious porcine disease caused by the african swine fever virus. the disease poses enormous problems to the pork industry with pig mortality ranging from 30% to 100%, depending on the virulence of the virus circulating. cameroon, situated in central africa is one of the countries in which the african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic since its first outbreak in 1982. the disease is a major problem to the pig industry causing huge economic los ... | 2021 | 33916101 |
| peste des petits ruminants virus infection at the wildlife-livestock interface in the greater serengeti ecosystem, 2015-2019. | peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in africa, the middle east and asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to ppr virus (pprv) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. the role of wild species in pprv epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the global strategy for the control and eradication of ppr. these studies aimed to investigate pprv inf ... | 2021 | 34066336 |
| expanding our knowledge on african trypanosomes of the subgenus pycnomonas: a novel trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with trypanosoma suis in mozambique. | among the subgenera of african tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus pycnomonas, which contains a single species, trypanosoma suis (tsu), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in tanzania and mozambique. analysis by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the gorongosa and niassa wildlife reserves in mozambique, and ... | 2020 | 31837483 |
| ip-10: a potential biomarker for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in several areas of south africa and has been reported in multiple species, including common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). limited diagnostic tests and disease control programs exist for african wildlife. thus, there is a need to develop techniques for btb detection in species such as warthogs to assess their role in disease maintenance and spread in multi-host ecosystems. in this study, we obtained blood samples from warthogs in btb endemic areas to inv ... | 2018 | 29914681 |