Publications

complete genome sequence of borrelia crocidurae.	we announce the draft genome sequence of borrelia crocidurae (strain achema). the 1,557,560-bp genome (27% gc content) comprises one 919,477-bp linear chromosome and 638,083-bp plasmids that together carry 1,472 open reading frames, 32 trnas, and three complete rrnas, with almost complete colinearity between b. crocidurae and borrelia duttonii chromosomes.	0	22740657
tickborne relapsing fever in southern iran, 2011-2013.		0	25988268
the pure cultivation of spirochaeta duttoni, spirochaeta kochi, spirochaeta obermeieri, and spirochaeta novyi.	1. a method for the pure cultivation of spirochoeta duttoni, spirochoeta kochi, spirochoeta obermeieri, and spirochoeta novyi is described in this paper. in vitro these strains reach their maximum growth after seven, eight, or nine days at 37 degrees c. for their multiplication they require the presence of a piece of fresh sterile tissue and a body fluid capable of forming a loose fibrin with the tissue. the presence of some oxygen seems indispensable for their growth, since they fail to grow in ...	1912	19867566
[not available].		1947	20253525
[not available].		1947	20270416
[not available].		1947	20270431
the transmission of spirochaeta duttoni novy & knapp by pediculus humanus corporis de geer.		1948	18907587
[differential behavior of various strains of spirochaeta duttoni in the white mouse].		1951	14868566
[analysis of the infection course in ornithodorus moubata (murray) and natural transmission of spirochaeta duttoni].		1951	14894317
[culture of spirocheta duttoni in fertilized hen-egg].		1951	14829875
terramycin and spironema duttoni infections.		1951	14826798
relapsing fever probably caused by borrelia duttonii.		1952	12988058
[immobilysins against recurrent spirillosis (borrelia duttonii)].		1952	12986374
first record of ornithodoros erraticus (lucas) from uganda, with some speculations on the origin of spirochaeta duttoni novy and knapp.		1952	13010161
[the effect of the immobilizing sera of nelson and mayer upon borrelia duttoni after development of resistance to spirillicide antibodies].		1952	13017153
[absolute and relative activity of various antibiotics in experimental streptococcus hemolyticus, escherichia coli and borrelia duttonii infections].		1952	14904548
a note on aureomycin in the treatment of white rats infected with spirochaeta duttoni.		1952	14926669
[transmission of the spirochete of madagascar relapsing fever (borrelia duttoni) by the ornithodoros moubata of madagascar].		1952	14935763
the susceptibility of spirillum minus and borrelia duttoni to streptomycin and penicillin.		1952	14944183
note on the action of terramycin on spirochaeta duttoni in white rats.		1953	13077725
[specificity of recurrential immobilizing in borrelia duttoni and in borrelia hispanica].		1953	13124977
[are the virus coxsackie b (type causing encephalitis) and borrelia duttoni capable of creating a state of symbiosis?].		1953	13033364
on the susceptibility of the guinea pig to the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia duttonii.		1954	13230801
[immunity and specificity of recurrent immobilisins between borrelia duttoni and borrelia hispanica].		1954	13158934
[artificial infection of lice with borrelia duttoni].		1954	13170450
[genital transmission of spirochaeta duttoni by ornithodorus moubata].		1954	13171143
[study of a mixed infection induced with borrelia duttoni and trypanosoma equiperdum].		1955	13293231
comparative studies on the transmission of two strains of spirochaeta duttoni by ornithodoros moubata and of s. turicatae by o. turicata.		1956	13303097
[synergism between arsenic oxide and streptomycin in experimental infection with borrelia duttoni].		1956	13374106
[combined action between penicillin, or bacitracin, and arsenoxide in experimental borrelia duttoni infection].		1956	13412855
[increased sensitivity to pencillin and chloramphenicol of borrelia duttoni infection pre-treated by penicillin].		1957	13499705
[research on the production of penicillin-, streptomycin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains in infections by borrelia duttoni].		1957	13460007
[reproduction in ornithodorus moubata & genital transmission of borrelia duttoni].		1958	13545028
prevention of borrelia duttonii, trypanosoma gambiense, spirillum minus and treponema pallidum infections conveyable through transfusion.		1958	13653844
is the multimammate rat a natural reservoir of borrelia duttoni?		1959	13847921
[on the antispirochetal action of water-soluble bismuth compounds. i. research in borrelia duttoni infection in the mouse].		1959	13799985
electron microscopy of fine structure of borrelia duttonii.		1961	14031545
[environment-related factors in habitat and behavior of the pathogen of relapsing fever borrelia duttonii].		1961	13897519
[effects of various media on borrelia duttoni].		1961	13704202
isolation and characterization of muramic acid from two spirochaetes: borrelia duttoni and leptospira biflexa.		1963	14043185
[long-term observations on the transovarian transmission of borrelia duttoni by ornithodorus moubata].		1964	14141443
attempts to infect pediculus humanus with spirochaeta duttoni from man.		1965	14271181
[comparative study of the biology of borrelia duttoni and borrelia tillae].		1965	14281696
[action of cephaloridine in experimental relapsing fever due to borrelia duttoni in mice].		1971	4258401
the use of the microhematocrit technic for the recovery of borrelia duttonii from the blood.		1972	4114840
characterization of protective antibodies produced in mice infected with borrelia duttonii.		1973	4546195
[study of agglomeration of borrelia duttonii. (1) observation by scanning electron microscopy].		1975	1240211
in vivo and in vitro effect of cyclophosphamide on borrelia duttoni.	sera taken from mice given cyclophosphamide 75 min previously fails to substantially inhibit borrelial multiplication in vitro. mice given cyclophosphamide were infected with borrelia duttoni. inability to demonstrate specific antibody in these mice did not prevent recovery from infection, resolution of the bacteraemia or appearance of an antigenic variant. cyclophosphamide may delete suppressor lymphocytes allowing enhanced production of antibodies which may not only protect, but induce antigen ...	1979	41418
terminal changes in mice experimentally infected with borrelia duttoni.	the terminal changes following borrelia duttoni infection in mice consisted of disseminated intravascular coagulation with associated depression in temperature, and in white cell and platelet counts with the development of a positive limulus lysate test. apart from thrombosis and haemorrhage, similar changes were found in mice given cyclophosphamide prior to infection. the results suggest that neither intravascular coagulation nor immune complex formation are major factors in causing death in bo ...	1980	7365574
[the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and garin-bujadoux-bannwarth meningo-polyneuritis].	erythema chronicum migrans and tick-born meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true of lyme disease, the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infection indicate this etiology. in the usa a ...	1983	6884950
[chronic erythema migrans and tick-transmitted meningopolyneuritis (garin-bujadoux-bannwarth): borrelia infections?].	antibodies against borrelia duttoni using indirect immunofluorescence could be demonstrated in 6 patients with erythema chronicum migrans and in 8 persons with tick-borne meningopolyneuritis. significant increases of igg and igm antibody titres in the course of the disease and igg antibodies in the csf indicate recent contact with borrelia duttoni or a closely related agent. demonstration by fluorescence serology of spirochaetaceae in ixodes ricinus in two sites of infection equally indicate suc ...	1983	6839977
[congenital relapsing fever caused by borrelia duttoni. apropos of a case in rwanda].		1983	6667059
[the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and of meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth].	erythema chronicum migrans and tick-borne meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true for lyme disease, which is the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north-america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe, this etiology is indicated by demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infe ...	1983	6659638
ixodes ricinus spirochete and european erythema chronicum migrans disease.	from three endemic locations of erythema chronicum migrans disease in north rhine-westphalia, germany, we recovered 19 isolates of a spirochete from ixodes ricinus ticks. the infection rate in adult ticks was 16 percent. the isolated spirochete is immunologically related to the ixodes dammini spirochete, borrelia duttoni, and treponema pallidum. using indirect immunofluorescence, the sera of 90 patients with erythema chronicum migrans disease showed antibody titers against the isolated spirochet ...	1984	6393609
[spirochete etiology of erythema chronicum migrans disease].	from ticks of the type ixodes ricinus, 19 strains of a spirochete were isolated at three places of infection of erythema chronicum migrans disease. the spirochete was immunologically related to borrelia duttoni, treponema pallidum and ixodes dammini spirochete, the causative organism of north american erythema chronicum migrans disease (lyme disease). the isolated spirochete differed from the north american one in its reaction with monoclonal antibodies and possibly in its electronmicroscopic st ...	1984	6363033
borrelia-induced meningoradiculitis--two different forms of the disease.	the pattern of csf cytological findings in the acute stage and after 10 days of antibiotic and steroid treatment was examined in 14 patients with meningoradiculitis due to an arthropode-transmitted infection with borrelia duttoni (burgdorferi). at the acute onset of neurological symptoms, 12 patients revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis (cell count 50-500 x 10(6) cells/l) with numerous plasma cells (5-12% of the total cell count) and neutrophilic granulocytes (0.2-3.4%). 10-14 days after the onset o ...	1986	3720802
borrelia duttoni infection without tick-bite.		1986	3798553
fatal-jarisch herxheimer reaction in a case of relapsing fever misdiagnosed as lobar pneumonia.	a fatal jarisch-herxheimer reaction developed after treatment with high doses of penicillin in a case of lobar pneumonia caused by borrelia duttoni. penicillin given on the first day and tetracycline on subsequent days to avoid severe jarisch-herxheimer reactions, has the disadvantage of a longer period of spirochetemia and hypotension as compared with tetracycline on the first day. treatment may have contributed to the death of this patient.	1987	3603698
segmented arrangement of borrelia duttonii dna and location of variant surface antigen genes.	the dna of an isolate of borrelia duttonii, an agent of relapsing fever is present as seven major species ranging in size from 10 kb to greater than 150 kb. additionally, this isolate contains low copy number species, both smaller and larger than these seven major elements. no one of these individual dna species obviously corresponds to the bacterial chromosome, unlike the situation in borrelia hermsii, another relapsing fever borrelia. thus it appears that b. duttonii has a unique segmented arr ...	1988	3246585
pathophysiology of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in ixodid ticks.	the pathophysiology of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete, is unique in tick/vector relationships, differing substantially from that of other spirochetes, e.g., borrelia duttonii, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, and borrelia recurrentis, the agent of louse-borne relapsing fever, in their respective vectors. following ingestion by a tick, b. burgdorferi lodges in the midgut diverticula, in some instances penetrating the gut wall and invading various tissues. certain invest ...	1989	2682956
[tick-borne relapsing fever in madagascar: an eradicated disease?].	since about thirty years, no relapsing fever due to borrelia duttoni is recorded from madagascar. a survey was conducted in the formerly endemic area, between soalala and majunga, in order to collect data on possible cases and to look if the vector, ornithodoros moubata is still present. no mention of the disease was recorded; all ornithodoros seem to have completely disappeared in the area, without any clear reason. however, a few o. moubata specimens were recorded from piggeries in mahasolo, 1 ...	1989	2743524
in vitro cultivation of borrelia duttonii on cultures of sflep cells.	borrelia duttonii strain 406k, a causative agent of relapsing fever, could not be cultivated in vitro in currently available media for borreliae. we have developed an in vitro cultivation system by using sflep cell cultures. the average increases of the number of borreliae, when inoculated with 1.0 x 10(5) organisms per ml from infected mice, were 23-fold and 150-fold in the primary culture and the 3rd subculture, respectively. even a single borrelia could propagate in this cultivation system. t ...	1993	8321150
transfer of antibody against borrelia duttonii from mother to young in ddy mice.	the route of transfer of anti-borrelia duttonii antibody subclasses from mother to young and their role in protection against borrelial challenge infection in ddy mice were investigated. offspring from infected and noninfected mice were segregated and nursed by noninfected or infected mothers. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of antibodies of the cross-suckled offspring revealed that anti-b. duttonii immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) is transferred exclusively in milk and that igg2a is transfer ...	1993	8406804
phenotypic analysis of outer surface protein c (ospc) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by monoclonal antibodies: relationship to genospecies and ospa serotype.	molecular analyses of the genes encoding ospc, a major immunodominant protein of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, revealed a considerable degree of heterogeneity. in the present study, we investigated whether a similar heterogeneity of the ospc phenotype can be shown by analysis with monoclonal antibodies (mabs). thirteen ospc-specific mabs (l22 mabs) were produced by immunizing mice with either different combinations of whole-cell antigens or recombinantly expressed ospcs cloned from strains be ...	1995	7699024
phylogenesis of relapsing fever borrelia spp.	the phylogenetic relationships of 20 relapsing fever (rf) borrelia spp. were estimated on the basis of the sequences of rrs genes. complete sequences were aligned and compared with previously published sequences, and the similarity values were found to be 97.7 to 99.9%. phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the three neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods. the results of the comparative phylogenetic analysis divided the rf borrelia spp. into three major cluste ...	1996	8863409
phylogenetic analysis of borrelia species based on flagellin gene sequences and its application for molecular typing of lyme disease borreliae.	we determined almost complete flagellin gene sequences of various borrelia species and aligned them with previously published sequences. a neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus borrelia was divided into the following three major clusters: new world relapsing fever borreliae (borrelia turicatae, borrelia parkeri, and borrelia hermsii), old world relapsing fever borreliae (borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, and borrelia hispanica), and lyme disease borreliae (borrelia b ...	1996	8863416
neonatal borrelia duttoni infection: a report of three cases.		1997	9133806
borrelia recurrentis characterization and comparison with relapsing-fever, lyme-associated, and other borrelia spp.	borrelia recurrentis, the cause of louse-borne relapsing fever, has until recently been considered noncultivable, which has prevented characterization of this spirochete. we successfully cultivated 18 strains from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever and present the initial characterization of these isolates. electron microscopy revealed spirochetal cells with pointed ends, an average wavelength of 1.8 microns, an amplitude of 0.8 micron, and 8 to 10 periplasmic flagella. the g+c ratio was ...	1997	9336893
protective activity of borrelia duttonii-specific immunoglobulin subclasses in mice.	to analyse the immune response of mice to borrelia duttonii infection, balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with b. duttonii strain 406k, and the titres of b. duttonii-specific immunoglobulins - igm, igg1, igg2a, igg2b and igg3 - were determined by elisa. igm antibodies appeared first, followed by igg2a and igg3, and then igg1 and igg2b. the protective activity of individual classes and subclasses of b. duttonii-specific immunoglobulins was then determined by passive immunisation of bal ...	1997	9511816
a focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in southern zaire.	relapsing fevers occur worldwide and are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and spirochetemia. in central, eastern, and southern africa, the disease is often caused by borrelia duttonii, which is transmitted by the soft tick ornithodors moubata. we conducted a field investigation in september 1994 at a hospital in mitwaba, southern zaire, which was the only medical facility within 150 km. the introduction of a rapid blood-smear staining technique allowed us to demonstrate that 4.3%-7.4 ...	1997	9243047
neuroborreliosis during relapsing fever: review of the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of infections in humans and experimental animals.	the spirochetal disease relapsing fever is caused by different borrelia species. relapsing fever is well recognized as an infection of the blood, but little is known about its predilection for the nervous system and the eyes. to investigate neurological and ocular involvement during relapsing fever, we reviewed the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of relapsing fever of humans and experimental animals. the results indicate that borrelia turicatae and borrelia duttonii, the agents ...	1998	9455525
successful in vitro cultivation of borrelia duttonii and its comparison with borrelia recurrentis.	borrelia duttonii, the cause of east african tick-borne relapsing fever, has until now been refractory to growth in laboratory media. this spirochaete has only be propagated in mice or by tissue culture, restricting both yield and purity of cells available for research. the successful isolation of five clinical isolates of b. duttonii from patients in central tanzania and their comparison with borrelia recurrentis is reported. electron microscopy revealed spirochaetal cells with pointed ends, a ...	1999	10555362
size conversion of a linear plasmid in the relapsing fever agent borrelia duttonii.	borreliae have genomes composed of both linear and circular replicons. we have characterized the organization of linear dna molecules from the borrelia duttonii strain ly. it contains a linear one megabase chromosome and 12 linear plasmids of 11 to 200 kb in size. a variant of the strain obtained after successive in vitro cultivation in bskii medium had a 69 kb molecule instead of the 44 kb linear plasmid. no detectable differences in the growth rates and cellular structures were found. southern ...	2000	11220682
detection of borrelia duttonii, a tick-borne relapsing fever agent in central tanzania, within ticks by flagellin gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction.	argasid ticks collected in the site near mvumi hospital, dodoma, tanzania, were subjected to flagellin gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification for examination of borrelial infections. eight of 13 ticks gave a strong 350-bp signal; three had a weak signal at the same size, and the rest were negative. sequence determination of eight of the positive samples resulted in three types of flagellin gene sequences. the first type of sequence (shown by three individuals) was identi ...	2001	12653131
the 44-kb linear plasmid molecule in the relapsing fever agent borrelia duttonii strain ly serve as a preservation of vmp genes.	borrelia duttonii strain ly, a causative agent of relapsing fever, contains a linear one megabase chromosome and 12 linear plasmid molecules. here we report that the sequence of the 44-kb linear plasmid of strain ly is found to contain variable major protein (vmp) genes for antigenic variation of relapsing fever borreliae. the determined sequence is of 44,010 bp except for both ends of the molecule. of 39 open reading frames (orfs) found in the sequence, 21 orfs (named vmpa to u) showed moderate ...	2002	12008924
a newly identified tick-borne borrelia species and relapsing fever in tanzania.	tick-borne relapsing fever caused by the spirochaete borrelia duttonii is a common cause of serious illness in central tanzania. screening of ornithodoros sp ticks from infested houses for the presence of b duttonii had detected a previously unidentified species of borrelia. we investigated whether this species infected the human population in a central tanzanian village, by use of blood slide examination and pcr. pcr was twice as sensitive in detection of infections, showing borrelia sp in six ...	2003	14575974
new world relapsing fever borrelia found in ornithodoros porcinus ticks in central tanzania.	ticks were collected from 8 houses in mvumi mission village, near dodoma, tanzania. all ticks were examined for borrelia infestation by flagellin gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction. all houses were highly infested with ticks, and all ticks collected were of the ornithodoros porcinus species. fifty-one out of 120 ticks were infected with spirochetes, and a flagellin gene sequence comparison showed that most of the spirochetes belonged to borrelia duttonii, which is the causative agent of ...	2004	15272195
persistent brain infection and disease reactivation in relapsing fever borreliosis.	relapsing fever, an infection caused by borrelia spirochetes, is generally considered a transient, self-limiting disease in humans. the present study reveals that murine infection by borrelia duttonii can be reactivated after an extended time as a silent infection in the brain, with no bacteria appearing in the blood and spirochete load comparable to the numbers in an infected tick. the host cerebral gene expression pattern is indistinguishable from that of uninfected animals, indicating that pe ...	2006	16782384
immunodominant epitope in the c-terminus of a variable major protein in borrelia duttonii, an agent of tick-borne relapsing fever.	borrelia duttonii strain ly was isolated from a child with tick-borne relapsing fever in tanzania. b. duttonii produces variable major proteins (vmps), which undergo antigenic variation. we previously reported transcription of the vmpp gene, which is one of the vmp genes in strain ly, detected in vitro cultivation. in the current study, we purified the recombinant non-lipidated vmpp protein by affinity chromatography and produced vmpp polyclonal antibodies. antigenicity of vmpp was examined by w ...	2006	16625051
molecular divergences of the ornithodoros sonrai soft tick species, a vector of human relapsing fever in west africa.	the soft tick ornithodoros sonrai is recognized as the only vector of borrelia crocidurae causing human relapsing fever in west africa. its determination has been exclusively based on morphological features, geographical distribution and vector competence. some ambiguities persist in its systematics and may cause misunderstanding about west african human relapsing fevers epidemiology. by amplifying and aligning 16s and 18s rdna genes in o. sonrai specimens collected from 14 distinct sites in sen ...	2006	16962358
complications of pregnancy and transplacental transmission of relapsing-fever borreliosis.	relapsing-fever borreliosis caused by borrelia duttonii is a common cause of complications of pregnancy, miscarriage, and neonatal death in sub-saharan africa. we established a murine model of gestational relapsing fever infection for the study of the pathological development of these complications. we demonstrate that b. duttonii infection during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth retardation, as well as placental damage and inflammation, impaired fetal circulation, and decreased maternal ...	2006	17054065
does tick-borne relapsing fever have an animal reservoir in east africa?	tick-borne relapsing fevers (tbrf) are caused by infection with borrelia spirochetes and transmitted to humans by ticks. all except east african tbrf, caused by borrelia duttonii, are known zoonoses. this widespread, endemic and pathogenic infection has only been found in humans and the ornithodoros sp. soft tick vectors. we investigated the role of domestic animals as possible reservoirs of infection in a tbrf endemic region. tick infestations in households and pigpens were investigated in the ...	2007	18021022
residual brain infection in murine relapsing fever borreliosis can be successfully treated with ceftriaxone.	like several other spirochetes, relapsing fever borrelia can cause persistent infection of the central nervous system (cns). by treating mice harboring residual borrelia duttonii brain infection with the bacteriocidal, cell wall inhibiting antibiotic ceftriaxone, bacteria were cleared from the brain. this shows that the residual infection is not latent but actively growing.	2008	18083325
absence of transovarial transmission of borrelia duttonii, a tick-borne relapsing fever agent, by the vector tick ornithodoros moubata.	we examined the vector competence of the tick, ornithodoros moubata, using laboratory-reared gerbils as hosts. transmission of the relapsing fever agent borrelia duttonii occurred efficiently from infected ticks to uninfected gerbils and from infected gerbils to uninfected ticks. spirochetes were maintained stably in the ticks for at least 3 months, but they disappeared from the bloodstream of infected gerbils after three episodes of spirochetemia. we also examined transovarial transmission of b ...	2008	18454593
the genome of borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne borrelia duttonii.	in an effort to understand how a tick-borne pathogen adapts to the body louse, we sequenced and compared the genomes of the recurrent fever agents borrelia recurrentis and b. duttonii. the 1,242,163-1,574,910-bp fragmented genomes of b. recurrentis and b. duttonii contain a unique 23-kb linear plasmid. this linear plasmid exhibits a large polyt track within the promoter region of an intact variable large protein gene and a telomere resolvase that is unique to borrelia. the genome content is char ...	2008	18787695
deciphering dorin m glycosylation by mass spectrometry.	the soft tick, ornithodoros moubata, is a vector of several bacterial and viral pathogens including borrelia duttoni, a causative agent of relapsing fever and african swine fever virus. previously, a sialic acid-specific lectin dorin m was isolated from its hemolymph. here, we report on the complete characterization of the primary sequence of dorin m. using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, we identified three different glycopeptides in the tryptic digest of dorin m. the peptid ...	2008	19136723
new concepts for the old challenge of african relapsing fever borreliosis.	relapsing fever, caused by spirochaetes belonging to the genus borrelia, was once the cause of worldwide epidemic disease. this was largely through infection with the louse-borne form of the disease, caused by borrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf)). during the last century, we have witnessed the demise of this infection, largely owing to improved standards of living and the introduction of the insecticide ddt, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of the body louse, the ve ...	2009	19489922
population structure of east african relapsing fever borrelia spp.	differentiation of endemic east african tick-borne relapsing fever borrelia duttonii spirochetes from epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf) b. recurrentis spirochetes into different species has been questioned. we assessed a noncoding intragenic spacer (igs) region to compare genotypes found in clinical samples from relapsing fever patients. although igs typing was highly discriminatory and resolved 4 east african tick-borne relapsing fever groups from a disease-endemic region in tanzania, ...	2010	20587177
phylogenetic analysis of a virulent borrelia species isolated from patients with relapsing fever.	multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) was used to clarify the taxonomic status of a virulent borrelia organism previously isolated from patients with relapsing fever and from ticks in spain that is designated the spanish relapsing fever (srf) borrelia. this species has been used extensively in experimental infection models because of its continued virulence. seven genes were amplified to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among several spanish isolates of srf borrelia and other relapsing fever ...	2010	20463158
crystal structure and functional characterization of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick ornithodoros moubata.	the saliva of blood-feeding parasites is a rich source of peptidase inhibitors that help to overcome the host's defence during host-parasite interactions. using proteomic analysis, the cystatin omc2 was demonstrated in the saliva of the soft tick ornithodoros moubata, an important disease vector transmitting african swine fever virus and the spirochaete borrelia duttoni. a structural, biochemical and biological characterization of this peptidase inhibitor was undertaken in the present study. rec ...	2010	20545626
cloning, characterization and diagnostic performance of the salivary lipocalin protein tsgp1 from ornithodoros moubata.	the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata is distributed throughout south and east africa and madagascar, where it colonizes wild and domestic habitats and feeds on warthogs, domestic swine, and humans. this argasid transmits the spirochete borrelia duttonii, causing east african tick-borne relapsing fever in humans, and the african swine fever virus, which causes a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in pigs. tick surveillance and the elimination of o. moubata from synanthropic environments (human d ...	2010	21216104
does reca have a role in borrelia recurrentis?	genomic sequencing of two relapsing fever spirochaetes showed truncation of reca in borrelia recurrentis, but not in borrelia duttonii. reca has an important role among bacteria; we investigated whether this characteristic was representative of b. recurrentis, or an artefact following in vitro cultivation. we sequenced reca directly from samples of patient with louse-borne relapsing fever (b. recurrentis) or tick-borne relapsing fever (b. duttonii). we confirmed the premature stop codon in seven ...	2011	20456459
louse and tick borne relapsing fevers.	relapsing fever, caused by spirochaetes belonging to the genus borrelia, was once the cause of worldwide epidemic zoonotic disease. this was largely through infection with the louse-borne form of the disease, caused by borrelia recurrentis [(louse-borne relapsing fever (lbrf)]. another form of replasing fever is caused by borrelia duttonii [(tick-borne relapsing fever (tbrf)]. the introduction and the wide use of ddt in the last century, which is forbidden now, the incidence and prevalence of bo ...	2012	23469636
multispacer sequence typing relapsing fever borreliae in africa.	in africa, relapsing fevers are neglected arthropod-borne infections caused by closely related borrelia species. they cause mild to deadly undifferentiated fever particularly severe in pregnant women. lack of a tool to genotype these borrelia organisms limits knowledge regarding their reservoirs and their epidemiology.	2012	22679518
[identification of the immunogenic outer membrane proteins of relapsing fever borrelia].	borrelia duttonii, a causative agent of relapsing fever, is transmitted between the distinct microenvironments of the vector tick, ornithodoros moubata, and a mammalian host. we identified the total and membrane fraction proteins of b. duttonii strain ly isolated from a patient in tanzania by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). the analyses of the total and membrane fractions from bacterial cu ...	2013	24292191
multiplex real-time pcr diagnostic of relapsing fevers in africa.	in africa, relapsing fever borreliae are neglected arthropod-borne pathogens causing mild to deadly septicemia and miscarriage. the closely related borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, borrelia recurrentis and borrelia hispanica are rarely diagnosed at the species level, hampering refined epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the relapsing fevers. it would be hugely beneficial to have simultaneous detection and identification of borrelia to species level directly from clinical samples.	2013	23390560
relapsing fever borreliae in africa.	the study of relapsing fever borreliae in africa has long suffered from the use of non-specific laboratory tools for the direct detection of these spirochetes in clinical and vector specimens. accordingly, borrelia hispanica, borrelia crocidurae, borrelia duttonii, and borrelia recurrentis have traditionally been distinguished on the basis of geography and vector and the unproven hypothesis that each species was exclusive to one vector. the recent sequencing of three relapsing fever borrelia gen ...	2013	23926141
maternal mortality in a rural tanzanian hospital: fatal jarisch-herxheimer reaction in a case of relapsing fever in pregnancy.	relapsing fever is a disease caused by one of the species of borrelia. it is often misdiagnosed as malaria and can have fatal complications such as the jarisch-herxheimer reaction (jhr) after the commencement of treatment with antibiotics. a 19-year-old tanzanian woman was admitted after a term home delivery that day. she presented with a 2 day history of fever, headache, general body malaise and vomiting. she was misdiagnosed as having severe malaria and was treated with quinine. the blood slid ...	2013	23976777
tick-borne pathogens of potential zoonotic importance in the southern african region.	the aim of this communication is to provide preliminary information on the tick-borne pathogens of potential zoonotic importance present in southern africa, mainly focusing on their geographical distribution and host range, and to identify research gaps. the following tick-borne zoonoses have been reported to occur in southern africa based mainly on case reports: crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever caused by crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus; ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ruminantium, ehrli ...	2014	25685942
fibronectin-binding protein of borrelia hermsii expressed in the blood of mice with relapsing fever.	to identify and characterize surface proteins expressed by the relapsing fever (rf) agent borrelia hermsii in the blood of infected mice, we used a cell-free filtrate of their blood to immunize congenic naive mice. the resultant antiserum was used for western blotting of cell lysates, and gel slices corresponding to reactive bands were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, followed by a search of the proteome database with the peptides. one of the immunogens was identified ...	2014	24686059