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nest mosquito trap quantifies contact rates between nesting birds and mosquitoes.accurate estimates of host-vector contact rates are required for precise determination of arbovirus transmission intensity. we designed and tested a novel mosquito collection device, the nest mosquito trap (nmt), to collect mosquitoes as they attempt to feed on unrestrained nesting birds in artificial nest boxes. in the laboratory, the nmt collected nearly one-third of the mosquitoes introduced to the nest boxes. we then used these laboratory data to estimate our capture efficiency of field-coll ...022548555
climate change impacts on west nile virus transmission in a global context.west nile virus (wnv), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance. the transmission cycle exists in rural and urban areas where the virus infects birds, humans, horses and other mammals. multiple factors impact the transmission and distribution of wnv, related to the dynamics and interactions between pathogen, vector, vertebrate hosts and environment. hence, among other drivers, weather conditions have direct and indirect i ...025688020
the roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of west nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats.this study investigated the impacts of urban wetlands and their adjacent residential environments on the transmission dynamics of west nile virus (wnv) within the state of new jersey (usa). a working hypothesis was that urban wetlands decrease the local prevalence of wnv through the dilution effect from increased bird diversity, and through relative reductions in the numbers of competent avian host and mosquito species commonly associated with wnv. surveys of mosquito and bird communities were u ...025484570
invasion biology of aedes japonicus japonicus (diptera: culicidae).aedes japonicus japonicus (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) has recently expanded beyond its native range of japan and korea into large parts of north america and central europe. population genetic studies begun immediately after the species was detected in north america revealed genetically distinct introductions that subsequently merged, likely contributing to the successful expansion. interactions, particularly in the larval stage, with other known disease vectors give this invasive subspecies ...024397520
habitat segregation of mosquito arbovirus vectors in south florida.oviposition traps set in rural to urban environments in three south florida counties were colonized predominantly by culex quinquefasciatus say (35.1%), aedes albopictus (skuse) (34.5%), aedes aegypti (l.) (23.8%), and culex nigripalpus theobald (6.6%) during 1 yr of monthly sampling. significant differences were detected among counties for abundances of cx. quinquefasciatus and for percentage composition of that species and ae. albopictus. aerial images of habitats around each collection site w ...017162945
evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of west nile virus vectors in bernalillo county, new mexico, united states: implications for disease transmission.many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. we have examined the feeding patte ...024605477
urban mosquito fauna in mérida city, méxico: immatures collected from containers and storm-water drains/catch basins.we examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from november 2011 to june 2013 in mérida city, méxico. a wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. in total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. the most commonly collected species were aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (n = 60,961) a ...025429168
nesting bird "host funnel" increases mosquito-bird contact rate.increases in vector-host contact rates can enhance arbovirus transmission intensity. we investigated weekly fluctuations in contact rates between mosquitoes and nesting birds using the recently described nest mosquito trap (nmt). the number of mosquitoes per nestling increased from < 1 mosquito per trap night to 36.2 in the final 2 wk of the nesting season. our evidence suggests the coincidence of the end of the avian nesting season and increasing mosquito abundances may have caused a "host funn ...023540137
dispersal of culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from a wastewater treatment facility.a mark-recapture project examined dispersal and flight distances of culex mosquitoes from a wastewater treatment plant in albany, ny, during 2007 and 2008. a self-marking device was constructed to mark egressing mosquitoes with fluorescent marking powder. mosquitoes were recaptured using 30 cdc miniature light traps located within a 2.0 km radius of the marking site. a total of 13 and 10 marked culex mosquitoes were recaptured in 2007 and 2008, respectively. culex mosquitoes traveled a minimum o ...022308769
horizontal and vertical transmission of west nile virus genotype ny99 by culex salinarius and genotypes ny99 and wn02 by culex tarsalis.culex tarsalis is a superior horizontal and vertical vector of west nile virus (wnv) compared with culex salinarius. culex salinarius transmitted wnv genotype ny99 (ct 2741-99 strain) horizontally to suckling mice at significantly lower rates than cx. tarsalis on days 8, 9, 10, and 12 post-infection, and cx. salinarius transmitted wnv genotype ny99 to offspring at a lower vertical transmission infection rate than cx. tarsalis. culex tarsalis transmitted wnv genotypes ny99 and wn02 (ct s0084-08 s ...022232464
spatial-temporal analysis of cache valley virus (bunyaviridae: orthobunyavirus) infection in anopheline and culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the northeastern united states, 1997-2012.cache valley virus (cvv) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus (family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus) that is enzootic throughout much of north and central america. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) have been incriminated as important reservoir and amplification hosts. cvv has been found in a diverse array of mosquito species, but the principal vectors are unknown. a 16-year study was undertaken to identify the primary mosquito vectors in connecticut, quantify seasonal prevalence rates o ...025325321
aquatic insects of new york salt marsh associated with mosquito larval habitat and their potential utility as bioindicators.the aquatic insect fauna of salt marshes is poorly characterized, with the possible exception of biting diptera. aquatic insects play a vital role in salt marsh ecology, and have great potential importance as biological indicators for assessing marsh health. in addition, they may be impacted by measures to control mosquitoes such as changes to the marsh habitat, altered hydrology, or the application of pesticides. given these concerns, the goals of this study were to conduct the first taxonomic ...022957707
vacant lots: productive sites for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in mérida city, méxico.we assessed the potential for vacant lots and other nonresidential settings to serve as source environments for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) in mérida city, méxico. mosquito immatures were collected, during november 2011-june 2013, from residential premises (n = 156 site visits) and nonresidential settings represented by vacant lots (50), parking lots (18), and streets or sidewalks (28). collections totaled 46,025 mosquito immatures of 13 species. ae. aegypti was the most ...024724299
neuropeptides in the antennal lobe of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.for many insects, including mosquitoes, olfaction is the dominant modality regulating their behavioral repertoire. many neurochemicals modulate olfactory information in the central nervous system, including the primary olfactory center of insects, the antennal lobe. the most diverse and versatile neurochemicals in the insect nervous system are found in the neuropeptides. in the present study, we analyzed neuropeptides in the antennal lobe of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, a major vect ...023897410
cockroach diuretic hormones: characterization of a calcitonin-like peptide in insects.insect diuretic hormones are crucial for control of water balance. we isolated from the cockroach diploptera punctata two diuretic hormones (dh), dippu-dh(31) and dippu-dh(46), which increase camp production and fluid secretion in malpighian tubules of several insect species. dippu-dh(31) and -dh(46) contain 31 and 46 amino acids, respectively. dippu-dh(46) belongs to the corticotropin-releasing factor (crf)-like insect dh family, whereas dippu-dh(31) has little sequence similarity to the crf-li ...010841553
contributions of temporal segregation, oviposition choice, and non-additive effects of competitors to invasion success of aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae) in north america.the mosquito aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae) has spread rapidly through north america since its introduction in the 1990s. the mechanisms underlying its establishment in container communities occupied by competitors aedes triseriatus and aedes albopictus are unclear. possibilities include (a) temporal separation of a. japonicus from other aedes, (b) oviposition avoidance by a. japonicus of sites containing heterospecific aedes larvae, and (c) non-additive competitive effects in assemblages ...026101466
a polyhedrosis in culex salinarius of louisiana. 19695777840
a preliminary study of the seasonal geographic distribution and overwintering of culex restuans theobald and culex salinarius coquillet (diptera: culicidae). 19725057496
identification of culex species by electrophoresis.this paper extends the usefulness of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to studies of mosquito taxonomy and mosquito vector ecology. using a newly developed double staining technique, it is possible to unambiguously separate several species of culex mosquitoes found in northern indiana. these include culex restuans, culex pipiens pipiens, and culex territans. preliminary work indicates that culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and culex salinarius can also be identified by this method. this technique ...1977907038
development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of amblyospora sp. (microspora) in the mosquito.amblyospora sp. in culex salinarius (coquillett) is transovarially transmitted and has 2 developmental sequences, one in each host sex. in females, the entire life cycle is restricted to oenocytes which become greatly hypertrophied due to the multiplication of diplokaryotic cells during merogony and come to lie next to ovaries. sporulation occurs only after a blood meal is taken and is shortly followed by infection of the oocytes and subsequent transmission to the next host generation. in the ma ...1979536933
significance of transovarial infections of amblyospora sp. (microspora:thelohaniidae) in relation to parasite maintenance in the mosquito culex salinarius. 1979536610
plasmodium hermani: experimental transmission by culex salinarius and comparison with other susceptible florida mosquitoes. 19817227490
the activity and physiological status of pre- and posthibernating culex salinarius (diptera: culicidae) populations. 19817288830
impounded water as a major producer of culex salinarius (diptera: culicidae) in coastal areas of new jersey, usa. 19827086854
the isolation of microsporidia and other pathogens from concentrated ditch water.water from a mosquito larval habitat in florida was collected periodically for one year. after removing debris and macroscopic organisms, the small particles were concentrated by continuous flow centrifugation and examined microscopically. anopheles quadrimaculatus, culex salinarius and heliothis zea larvae were exposed to the concentrates. the microsporidia isolated were nosema, pleistophora, telomyxa, vavraia and vairimorpha. in addition to these microsporidia, a helicosporidium (protozoa), a ...19873144577
dose-mortality responses of crawfish and mosquitoes to selected pesticides.a study was conducted to determine the toxicities (lc50s) of several pesticides on the commercially important red swamp crawfish, procambarus clarkii, and 3 mosquito species common in louisiana ricelands--anopheles quadrimaculatus, culex salinarius and psorophora columbiae. pesticides tested in laboratory bioassays included bacillus sphaericus, b. thuringiensis var. israelensis, bendiocarb, glyphosate, isostearyl alcohol, malathion, propoxur, resmethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (pbo) a ...19872904959
vector potential of selected north american mosquito species for rift valley fever virus.selected north american mosquito species were evaluated as potential vectors of rift valley fever virus. field populations of aedes canadensis, ae. cantator, ae. excrucians, ae. sollicitans, ae. taeniorhynchus, ae. triseriatus, anopheles bradleyi-crucians, culex salinarius, cx. tarsalis, and cx. territans perorally exposed to 10(6.2)-10(7.2) plaque forming units of rift valley fever virus readily became infected. infection rates ranged from 51% (65/127) for cx. salinarius to 96% (64/67) for ae. ...19882895591
autogeny in culex salinarius from texas, florida and new jersey.autogeny was studied in culex salinarius from college station, texas; vero beach, florida; and edison and dennisville, new jersey. autogenous egg development varied from 14% in the florida colony to 23 and 27%, respectively, in colonies from texas and new jersey. the mean number of eggs per autogenous female ranged from 13.5 to 23.7. as in other autogenous mosquitoes, the expression of autogeny was dependent on larval and adult diets. mating did not influence autogeny as it does in some mosquito ...19883225562
three culex salinarius gynandromorphs. 19883193120
significant associations between mosquito control service requests and mosquito populations.correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between mosquito population densities and the numbers of telephone requests for mosquito control services made by people in polk county, florida. in 32 of 42 census tracts, there were significant (p less than 0.05) correlations between mosquitoes and requests and that, for 16 tracts, a significant linear relationship could be demonstrated between service requests and only one mosquito taxon. the significant assoc ...19892565366
dimorphic development of amblyospora sp. (microspora: amblyosporidae) in culex salinarius gynandromorphs. 19902319162
effect of topically treating cattle with permethrin on blood feeding of psorophora columbiae (diptera: culicidae) in a southwestern louisiana rice-pasture ecosystem.the percentage of resting mosquitoes that had fed on blood or were gravid-parous was determined in two pastures associated with the riceland agroecosystem in southwestern louisiana. in one pasture, all of the cattle were treated with permethrin every 14 d over a 22-wk period, whereas cattle in the other pasture were untreated. the percentage of blood-engorged psorophora columbiae (dyar & knab) was significantly lower in the vicinity of the treated herd. the effectiveness of the permethrin treatm ...19902280387
nocturnal distribution of louisiana riceland mosquito adults.nocturnal riceland mosquito populations in southern louisiana were monitored using nonbaited cdc miniature light traps. a mixed population of anopheles quadrimaculatus, an. crucians, psorophora columbiae and culex salinarius adults was collected in a livestock occupied barn. highly variable numbers of all 4 species were trapped in areas away from the barns. species density at any given trap location was not related to trap location, type of habitat surrounding the trap or brush density near the ...19911686276
evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide as attractants for mosquitoes associated with irrigated rice fields in arkansas.field studies were conducted to determine the responses of mosquitoes associated with irrigated riceland in arkansas to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), carbon dioxide (co2) and combinations of both. octenol was released at 4.1 (wick in) and 41.1 (wick out) mg/h and co2 at 200, 500 and 1,000 ml/min. octenol alone did not result in a significant (p greater than 0.05) increased response for any species relative to unbaited traps. an increase in co2 release rate generally resulted in an increase in collecti ...19911680151
characterization of an antiserum against an achetakinin i-analog and its use for the localization of culekinin depolarizing peptide ii in the mosquito, culex salinarius.elisa experiments revealed that an antiserum raised against an achetakinin-analog could specifically detect the recently isolated culekinin depolarizing peptide (cdp)-ii from the mosquito, culex salinarius. the characterization indicated that two different epitopes in the c-terminal region of achetakinin i and cdp-ii are recognized. one epitope is the -f-y-region, the other is the -p-w-region. among the peptides isolated from c. salinarius, the antiserum reacts only with cdp-ii. pre-absorption t ...19938134616
effects of ivermectin in canine blood on anopheles quadrimaculatus, aedes albopictus and culex salinarius.blood from ivermectin-treated dogs was tested against adult mosquitoes. mosquitoes were allowed to bloodfeed on mixed breed dogs 4 h after dogs were given oral dosages of ivermectin. in test 1, anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes albopictus fed on dogs that had been given ivermectin dosages of 0, 6, 12, and 24 micrograms/kg. in test 2, culex salinarius and ae. albopictus fed on dogs that had been given dosages of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 micrograms/kg. in both tests, mosquitoes were observed for m ...19938126472
variation of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) relative abundance and dirofilaria immitis (nematoda: filarioidea) vector potential in coastal north carolina.at an enzootic focus of dirofilaria immitis in coastal north carolina, mosquito populations were sampled june-september 1985 and on several occasions during august-october 1986 and june-august 1987, to identify local vectors and to determine relative abundance and d. immitis infection rates. predominant species collected were anopheles bradleyi king (66.6%), culex salinarius coquillett (15.9%), aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) (8.2%), and aedes sollicitans (walker) (4.9%). population abundance v ...19938096249
eastern equine encephalitis virus in ohio during 1991.during august and september of 1991, an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus in horses occurred in wayne and holmes countries, oh. this was the first recorded epizootic of eee virus in the state. twelve horses were confirmed positive for eee virus through virus isolation or seroconversion, and seven additional horses with compatible symptoms were in close spatial and temporal proximity to the confirmed cases and were presumed to have died from eee virus. the outbreak was centered ...19938094461
effects of a natural marsh fire on larval populations of culex salinarius in east texas.a natural marsh fire caused by lightning suppressed culex salinarius larval populations for 2 months following the fire. removal of emergent vegetation and higher water temperatures rendered burned-area pools unsuitable either for larval development or deposition of eggs or both. with a drop in seasonal ambient temperature and a regrowth of emergent vegetation, the burned areas returned to being suitable larval development sites for culex salinarius. no differences in water salinity or ph were o ...19948965074
effect of a lunar eclipse on the flight activity of mosquitoes in the upper gulf coast of texas.adult mosquito flight activity was monitored at a coastal marshland site in chambers county, tx, before, during, and after a total eclipse of the moon on august 16, 1989. a vehicle-mounted mobile interceptor trap and a stationary, dry ice-baited cdc miniature light trap were used in this monitoring effort. aedes sollicitans, anopheles crucians, culex salinarius, and psorophora columbiae were mosquito species most abundantly represented in collections made by both traps during the 12-h study peri ...19948965069
culekinin depolarizing peptide: a mosquito leucokinin-like peptide that influences insect malpighian tubule ion transport.a peptide termed culekinin depolarizing peptide (cdp) was isolated from approximately 1.2 million mosquitos (94% culex salinarius). the peptide was isolated on the basis of a rapid myotropic assay that utilized a hindgut preparation from leucophaea maderae and a transepithelial voltage assay that used mosquito malpighian tubules from aedes aegypti. a 15% trifluoroacetic acid extraction from the mosquitos, two solid phase extraction steps, and six hplc steps resulted in the isolation of 9.7 nmol ...19947800855
phylogenetic position of amblyospora hazard & oldacre (microspora:amblyosporidae) based on small subunit rrna data and its implication for the evolution of the microsporidia.sequences of the small subunit rrna genes of amblvospora california and an amblyospora sp. from culex salinarius were determined. these sequences were compared phylogenetically with 16 other microsporidia. the results suggest amblyospora forms a sister taxon to the rest of the microsporidia examined. the basal position of amblyospora is discussed with respect to the evolution of microsporidian life cycles. these sequences represent the longest microsporidian small subunit rrna genes sequenced to ...19979183710
sampling with light traps and human bait in epidemic foci for eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in southeastern massachusetts.to estimate human exposure to potential vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus, we compared collections of putative eee virus vectors from human biting collections with collections from cdc, ab (american biophysics), and new jersey light traps and resting boxes in enzootic/epidemic foci of eee virus in southeastern massachusetts. human biting collections caught significantly more host-seeking females than resting boxes or unbaited light traps (p < 0.05). regression analysis of h ...19979474561
sampling methods for potential epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in massachusetts.to determine which of 11 trapping methods best sampled populations of 6 potential epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus, we compared new jersey (nj) light trap, cdc light trap, cdc with octenol, cdc with co2, cdc with co2 plus octenol, american biophysics light trap with flickering light (ab flicker), ab steady light, ab flicker with octenol, ab flicker with co2, ab flicker with co2 plus octenol, and 3 resting boxes. there was no significant difference between cdc and ...19979474560
vector competence of mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) from massachusetts for a sympatric isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.we tested susceptibility to per os infection and potential salivary transmission for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in aedes canadensis (theobald), aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles quadrimaculatus (say), anopheles punctipennis (say), coquillettidia perturbans (walker), and culex salinarius (coquillett). culiseta melanura (coquillett), the documented enzootic vector of eee virus, was our control. based on these estimates of laboratory vector competence and other behavioral and ecolo ...19979151501
amblyospora salinaria n. sp. (microsporidia: amblyosporidae), parasite of culex salinarius (diptera: culicidae): its life cycle stages in an intermediate host.horizontal transmission testing with an amblyospora species from the mosquito culex salinarius has documented the involvement of a copepod intermediate host. meiospores (one type of uninucleate spore) of the amblyospora sp. were infectious per os to female macrocyclops albidus adults. all developmental stages in the copepod had unpaired nuclei (were haplophasic), starting with the sporoplasms from the meiospore, continuing as a succession of schizonts undergoing binary division and ending with s ...19989538031
evaluation of butanone, carbon dioxide, and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for mosquitoes associated with north central florida bay and cypress swamps.field studies were conducted to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in north central florida bay and cypress swamps to carbon dioxide (co2), light, butanone, and 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), alone and co2 in combination with each of the others. the response of these mosquito species to 5 co2 release rates (2, 20, 100, 200, and 2,000 ml/min) of co2 was also determined. the use of co2 resulted in a response in all the species studied; the pattern of response to increasing co2 levels varied from ...19989813827
vector ability of mosquitoes for isolates of plasmodium elongatum from raptors in florida.three isolates of plasmodium elongatum were obtained from 3 species of raptors (red-tailed hawk [buteo jamaicensis], bald eagle [haliaeetus leucocephalus], and eastern screech owl [otus asio]) from florida using isodiagnostic techniques in pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos). six to 10 species of mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to these 3 isolates. complete development of the sporogonic cycle of the 3 isolates of p. elongatum occurred in 3 species of mosquitoes, culex nigripalpus, culex r ...19989645854
phylogeny of amblyospora (microsporida: amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal dna data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation.small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequences were analyzed for six species and four genera of microsporidia from mosquito hosts; amblyospora stimuli (aedes stimulans), amblyospora californica (culex tarsalis), amblyospora sp. (culex salinarius), edhazardia aedis (aedes aegypti), culicosporella lunata (culex pilosus), and parathelohania anophelis (anopheles quadrimaculatus). comparison of these sequences to those of other microsporidia show that these sequences are longer with the ssu rr ...19989538024
the concentration-dependence of crf-like diuretic peptide: mechanisms of action.the mechanism of action of synthetic ccrf-dp, the corticotropin-releasing factor (crf)-related diuretic peptide of the salt marsh mosquito culex salinarius, was investigated in isolated malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. a low concentration of ccrf-dp (10(-9)mol l-1) caused a small but insignificant increase in transepithelial secretion of nacl and fluid, but significantly reduced transepithelial voltage and resistance without a change in short-circuit current, pointi ...19989576886
organophosphate and pyrethroid susceptibilities of culex salinarius adults from texas and new jersey.susceptibilities of adults from newly established colonies of culex salinarius from new jersey and texas to commonly used mosquito adulticides were assessed using the insecticide-coated vial bioassay technique. females from both colonies were similar in their susceptibilities to naled, chlorpyrifos, resmethrin, and permethrin. however, females from the new jersey colony (established from collections made in cape may county, nj) were found to be 9 times more tolerant to malathion than were those ...199810084146
isolation and immunocytochemical characterization of three tachykinin-related peptides from the mosquito, culex salinarius.three myotropic peptides belonging to the arg-amide insect tachykinin family were isolated from whole-body extracts of the mosquito, culex salinarius. the peptides, apsgfmgmr-nh2, apygftgmr-nh2 and apsgffgmr-nh2 (designated culetachykinin i, ii, and iii) were isolated and purified on the basis of their ability to stimulate muscle contractions of isolated leucophaea maderae hindgut. biologically inactive methionine sulfoxides of two of the three peptides were isolated using an elisa system based ...19989475514
effects of putative diuretic factors on intracellular second messenger levels in the malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti.intracellular levels of the second messengers, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (ip(3)) were measured in the malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti following the in vitro application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) and the putative mosquito diuretic peptides, culex salinarius diuresin and mosquito leucokinins (culekinin depolarizing peptides (cdps) i, ii, iii, a. aegypti leucokinin peptides (alps) i, ii, iii). the c. salinarius diuresin significantly (p<0.0 ...199912770358
the effect of putative diuretic factors on in vivo urine production in the mosquito, aedes aegypti.changes in total urine production were measured in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, following injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), culex salinarius diuresin, culekinin depolarizing peptides (cdp-i, ii and iii) or the a. aegypti leucokinin peptides (alp-i, ii and iii). all stimulated total urine production in a dose dependent manner. 5-ht was the least potent in urine production experiments with ed(50) values nearly 100-fold higher than other diuretic agonists. doses greater than 2x10(-4) &mgr;mo ...199912770357
the kinin peptide family in invertebrates.kinins comprise a family of peptides that were first found in the central nervous system of insects and recently also in mollusks and crustaceans. after the isolation of the first members of the kinin family, the leukokinins from leucophaea maderae, leukokinin-related peptides were found in the cricket acheta domesticus and the locust locusta migratoria, all through their ability to induce leucophaea maderae hindgut contraction. subsequently, kinins were found in the mosquitoes culex salinarius ...199910676463
separation of fourth-instar larvae of culex nigripalpus from culex salinarius in florida using the spiracular apodeme.the spiracular apodeme of the 4th-instar larvae of culex nigripalpus and culex salinarius is described and illustrated. the development of this structure provides an additional character for separating these 2 species.199910342276
toward the incrimination of epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in massachusetts: abundance of mosquito populations at epidemic foci.putative epidemic/epizootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) vector populations were compared at 15 recent (1982-90) human and horse case sites in bristol and plymouth counties in southeastern massachusetts. carbon dioxide-baited american biophysics corporation light traps were used for trapping adult mosquitoes to estimate biting risk in these foci of known transmission. population data suggest that coquillettidia perturbans, aedes canadensis, and culex salinarius are more likely ve ...199910612612
application of geographic information technology in determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission.geographic information system (gis) technology and remote sensing were used to identify landscape features determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) transmission as defined by the abundance of culiseta melanura (the enzootic vector) and 6 putative epidemic-epizootic vectors in massachusetts. landsat thematic mapper data combined with aerial videography data were used to generate a map of landscape elements at epidemic-epizootic foci in southeastern massachusetts. geographi ...200010757488
evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol, carbon dioxide, and light as attractants for mosquitoes associated with two distinct habitats in north carolina.field studies were conducted in north carolina to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in salt marsh and inland creek flood plain areas to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), carbon dioxide (co2), and light in various combinations with centers for disease control (cdc) light traps. over 56,000 adult mosquito specimens of 12 species in 4 genera were collected in the salt marsh. they exhibited a general response pattern of octenol + co2 + light > co2 + light = octenol + co2 > octenol + light > octenol ...200111345421
arbovirus surveillance in south carolina, 1996-98.arboviruses isolated and identified from mosquitoes in south carolina (usa) are described, including new state records for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee), st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), flanders virus, tensaw virus (ten), and a variant of jamestown canyon virus (jc). mosquitoes were collected at 52 locations in 30 of 46 south carolina counties beginning in june 1996, and ending in october 1998, and tested for arboviruses. of 1,329 mosquito pools tested by virus isolation (85,806 mo ...200111345423
a phylogenetic approach to following west nile virus in connecticut.the 1999 outbreak of west nile (wn) virus in the northeastern united states was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the western hemisphere. in 1999 and 2000, 82 independent connecticut wn virus isolates were cultured from nine species of birds, five species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes, compared with wn-ny99, in a 921-nt region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ...200111606791
seasonal abundance of culex nigripalpus theobald and culex salinarius coquillett in north florida, usa.north florida is a transition zone between widespread culex nigripalpus populations to the south and focal culex salinarius populations to the north. culex nigripalpus is a vector of st. louis encephalitis (sle) and eastern equine encephalitis (eee) viruses in south florida, while cx. salinarius is a suspected new world vector of west nile (wn) virus. abundant vector populations are often a prerequisite for epidemic and epizootic transmission of arboviruses. extensive sle transmission has never ...200212125867
host-feeding habits of culex and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the borough of queens in new york city, with characters and techniques for identification of culex mosquitoes.the host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (n = 247) collected in the borough of queens in new york city in july and august 2000 were investigated using an indirect elisa and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-heteroduplex assay. culex pipiens l. and cx. restuans theobald fed primarily on birds, and their feeding habits support their implication as enzootic vectors of west nile virus. culex salinarius coquillett and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) fed mainly on mammals, with fewer blood meals tak ...200212349862
neuroendocrine modulation of olfactory sensory neuron signal reception via axo-dendritic synapses in the antennae of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.an ultrastructural study of the antennae of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, revealed that as in the salt marsh mosquito, culex salinarius, the first flagellar segment of both sexes of a. aegypti contain neuroendocrine cells. these cells not only extend an axon via the antennal nerve to the antennal lobe of the deutocerebrum, but project collaterals to the periphery of the antennae, where they modulate the antennal sensory neurons by forming synapses with the dendrites of these afferent ...200212059042
ultrastructural analysis of neurosecretory cells in the antennae of the mosquito, culex salinarius (diptera: culicidae).an antiserum raised against the peptide, culetachykinin ii, immunocytochemically detected a group of neurosecretory cells in the first flagellar segment of the antennae of both males and females of the mosquito, culex salinarius. this is the first insect species in which neurosecretory cells have been found in the antennae. the ultrastructure of these antennal neurosecretory cells (anc) is described, as well as their relationship to other neurons in the antennae and antennal lobe of the mosquito ...200310854033
isolation of eee virus from ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and culiseta melanura in coastal south carolina.a 1-year arbovirus study was conducted at the wedge plantation located in coastal south carolina to determine the occurrence and level of arbovirus activity in mosquito species inhabiting the site. mosquito species composition and temporal abundance were also determined. a total of 45,051 mosquitoes representing 27 species in 9 genera was collected and identified during 130 trap-nights between august, 1997, and july, 1998. the most abundant species was culex salinarius (n = 20,954) followed by o ...200312674532
mosquitoes captured in a horse-baited stable trap in southeast louisiana.a mosquito study based on collections from horse-baited stable traps was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 3 sites in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of st. tammany parish (southeastern louisiana) to determine the major horse-feeding mosquito species that could be possible bridging and epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. a total of 4,535 mosquitoes in 1993 and 23,906 in 1994 involving 26 species were collected, of which, depending on the site, culex salinarius, ...200312825665
mosquito surveillance for west nile virus in southeastern wisconsin--2002.in 2001, west nile virus (wnv) was identified among dead american crows and bluejays in five counties in southeastern wisconsin. in response to the introduction of wnv, a pilot mosquito surveillance program was initiated in these five southeastern wisconsin counties during the summer of 2002. forty sites were selected for surveillance one night each week during a 17-week period. mosquitoes were collected in carbon dioxide-baited light traps and gravid traps. during the study period 31,419 mosqui ...200315931283
functional characterisation of the anopheles leucokinins and their cognate g-protein coupled receptor.identification of the anopheles gambiae leucokinin gene from the completed a. gambiae genome revealed that this insect species contains three leucokinin peptides, named anopheles leucokinin i-iii. these peptides are similar to those identified in two other mosquito species, aedes aegypti and culex salinarius. additionally, anopheles leucokinin i displays sequence similarity to drosophila melanogaster leucokinin. using a combination of computational and molecular approaches, a full-length cdna fo ...200415579553
epidemiology of west nile virus in connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003.two hundred and ten isolations of west nile virus (wnv) were obtained from 17 mosquito species in six genera in statewide surveillance conducted in connecticut from june through october, 1999-2003. culex pipiens (86), culex salinarius (32), culex restuans (26), culiseta melanura (32), and aedes vexans (12) were implicated as the most likely vectors of wnv in the region based on virus isolation data. culex pipiens was abundant from july through september and is likely involved in early season enz ...200415682518
entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review.fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ...200415861235
host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states.an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir. this parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study the host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from new york, new jersey, and tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with west nile viru ...200415018775
mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi.the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ...200415185956
selected mosquito vectors of west nile virus: comparison of their ecological dynamics in four woodland and marsh habitats in delaware.we compared human landing, co2-baited light trap, co2-baited omni-fay trap, and gravid trap collections of mosquitoes at 4 woodland and marsh sites with varied vegetative habitats in delaware during summer 2001. landing collections provided more consistent, but sometimes smaller, collection numbers than light traps. proportions of parous mosquitoes were also higher in landing than in light trap or omni-fay collections about 65% of the time. circadian feeding rhythms were observed for 3 suspected ...200415264622
commercial mosquito trap and gravid trap oviposition media evaluation, atlanta, georgia.field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern fulton county (atlanta), ga, from june 9 to june 18 and june 24 to july 4, 2002, respectively. total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a latin square design. for the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = ...200415532919
host-feeding patterns of suspected west nile virus mosquito vectors in delaware, 2001-2002.paucity of data on host-feeding patterns and behavior of 43 mosquito species that are reported as suspected west nile virus (wn) vectors has limited full evaluation of their vectorial capacity. recent studies addressing this issue need additional confirmation and should also be expanded to include collections of species or subpopulations attracted to humans. we used 4 types of collection methods to collect mosquitoes, including omnidirectional fay-prince traps, centers for disease control-type l ...200516033122
genetic variation in west nile virus from naturally infected mosquitoes and birds suggests quasispecies structure and strong purifying selection.intrahost genetic diversity was analysed in naturally infected mosquitoes and birds to determine whether west nile virus (wnv) exists in nature as a quasispecies and to quantify selective pressures within and between hosts. wnv was sampled from ten infected birds and ten infected mosquito pools collected on long island, ny, usa, during the peak of the 2003 wnv transmission season. a 1938 nt fragment comprising the 3' 1159 nt of the wnv envelope (e) coding region and the 5' 779 nt of the non-stru ...200516033965
eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) develop west nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mosquito species.the potential of the eastern cottontail rabbit (ctr; sylvilagus floridanus) to contribute to an enzootic west nile virus (wnv) cycle was demonstrated by characterizing the wnv viremia profile of 15 ctrs and demonstrating that mosquitoes could become infected by feeding on these ctrs. eight ctrs were infected with a titer of 10(5.0) cell-infectious dose 50% endpoints (cid50s) of wnv (ny99-crow) by needle and seven ctrs by bite of one or more wnv-infected mosquitoes. there were no marked differenc ...200516417430
seasonal dynamics of four potential west nile vector species in north-central texas.a population survey was conducted from april through september 2002 on mosquito species occurring on the ray roberts greenbelt, a riparian corridor used for public recreation on the elm fork of the trinity river, in denton county, tx. geographic information system software was used to set up a stratified random sampling design based on habitat parameters. mosquitoes were collected using light traps, gravid traps, and resting boxes. a total of 29 species was collected during this study belonging ...200516599151
avian diversity and west nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk.the emergence of several high profile infectious diseases in recent years has focused attention on our need to understand the ecological factors contributing to the spread of infectious diseases. west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that was first detected in the united states in 1999. the factors accounting for variation in the prevalence of wnv are poorly understood, but recentideas suggesting links between high biodiversity and reduced vector-borne disease risk may help ...200616519242
emergence of west nile virus in mosquito (diptera: culicidae) communities of the new mexico rio grande valley.the first appearances of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) in new mexico were reported in late summer to early fall 2002. several dead birds tested positive for wnv, and 78 equine cases were confirmed. all mosquito pools tested (n = 268) were negative. a statewide surveillance program was launched in may 2003 to study the emergence and spread of this new arbovirus in mosquitoes from the rio grande valley. mosquitoes were trapped at 32 sites along a 750-km stretch of th ...200616739421
seasonal abundance of culex restuans and culex pipiens in southwestern virginia through ovitrapping.ovitrap collections were done to determine the seasonal distribution and ovipositional activity of culex restuans and culex pipiens in southwestern virginia during summers 2002 and 2003. in both years, cx. restuans was the first species collected and was the dominant species throughout the collecting period. more than 90% of the collections were comprised of cx. restuans. two oviposition peaks occurred in both years for cx. restuans, the first in june and second in the middle of july. culex pipi ...200617019765
comparison of mosquito trapping method efficacy for west nile virus surveillance in new mexico.as part of the west nile virus surveillance program for the state of new mexico, 13 sites along the rio grande river were sampled for mosquitoes during spring and summer 2003. we evaluated 3 different trapping procedures for their effectiveness at capturing selected species of mosquitoes. the 3 methods used were a dry ice-baited centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light trap set 1.5 m above the ground (standard method), a cdc light trap suspended within the forest canopy, and a grav ...200617019770
efficacy of four trap types for detecting and monitoring culex spp. in north central florida.the effectiveness of four types of mosquito traps at sampling culex mosquitoes was compared at two north central florida study sites (a commercial dairy and a swine research unit) with highly eutrophic lagoons that have a history of producing large populations of culex mosquitoes. traps evaluated included a john hock (jh) model 1012 cdc style light trap, jh model 1712 cdc gravid trap (gt), and american biophysics corporation's mosquito magnet-experimental (mm-x) and commercial model mm-professio ...200617162943
factors affecting mosquito production from stormwater drains and catch basins in two florida cities.mosquito production from drains and catch basins in the cities of vero beach and key west, fl were monitored from may 2004 through august 2005. a total of 48,787 mosquitoes were captured during the study. of these, over 99% belonged to two species, culex nigripalpus theobald (2,630) and culex quinquefasciatus say (45,946). other species collected included culex restuans theobald, culex salinarius coquillett, aedes aegypti (l.), aedes albopictus (skuse), and uranotaenia lowii theobald. significan ...200617249351
targeted trapping of mosquito vectors in the chesapeake bay area of maryland.most adult mosquito surveillance in maryland is performed using dry ice-baited or unbaited centers for disease control (cdc) miniature light traps suspended approximately 1.5 m above the ground. however, standardized trapping methods may miss mosquito species involved in disease transmission cycles. during a 2-yr study, the effectiveness of the olfactory attractant 1-octen-3-ol alone and in combination with carbon dioxide was evaluated for collecting mosquito vector species. in addition, trap he ...200616619593
host feeding patterns of culex mosquitoes and west nile virus transmission, northeastern united states.to evaluate the role of culex mosquitoes as enzootic and epidemic vectors for wnv, we identified the source of vertebrate blood by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. all cx. restuans and 93% of cx. pipiens acquired blood from avian hosts; cx. salinarius fed frequently on both mammals (53%) and birds (36%). mixed-blood meals were detected in 11% and 4% of cx. salinarius and cx. pipiens, respectively. american robin was th ...200616704786
stormwater ponds, constructed wetlands, and other best management practices as potential breeding sites for west nile virus vectors in delaware during 2004.we performed longitudinal surveys of mosquito larval abundance (mean mosquito larvae per dip) in 87 stormwater ponds and constructed wetland in delaware from june to september 2004. we analyzed selected water quality factors, water depth, types of vegetation, degree of shade, and level of insect predation in relation to mosquito abundance. the 2004 season was atypical, with most ponds remaining wet for the entire summer. in terms of west nile virus (wnv) vectors, wetlands predominantly produce a ...200617019774
west nile virus from female and male mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in connecticut.in total, 93,532 female mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were captured in traps placed in subterranean (catch basin), ground (approximately 1.5 m above ground), and canopy (approximately 7.0 m above ground) habitats in stamford and stratford, ct, during 2003-2005. culex pipiens l. was the most abundant (64.8%) of the 31 species identified. significantly greater numbers of cx. pipiens were captured in canopy-placed mosquito magnet experimental traps, and significantly greater numbers were collecte ...200617017241
redescription of the pupa of culex salinarius coquillett and comparison with culex nigripalpus theobald.the pupa of culex salinarius is redescribed with updated chaetotaxal nomenclature and a full illustration. the pupal chaetotaxy of cx. salinarius and the similar species culex nigripalpus is compared.200617067060
studies of the genus culex linnaeus in florida. iii. redescription of the fourth-stage larva of culex salinarius coquillett and comparison with that of cx. nigripalpus theobald.the larva of culex salinarius is completely described and illustrated, except for the mouth parts, and compared with morphologically similar larva of cx. nigripalpus. at least 8 characters have been found to separate larvae of the two species of which 7 give 90% or higher divergence while the remaining character gives 87% separation.200617014057
seasonal variations in activity and size of adult females and local distribution of larvae for populations of culex salinarius in the upper coastal zone of southeastern texas.activity of adult female populations of culex salinarius, as determined by light trap collections, was studied in chambers county, texas, from june 1988 to july 1990. overall, cx. salinarius was the predominant species collected by light traps. female cx. salinarius were present in every month of the 2-year study period, with spring peaks in april and may and autumn peaks in september and october. traps set in southern and central areas collected more specimens of cx. salinarius than did those l ...200616646321
west nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south usa, 2002-2005.west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) was first detected in the tennessee valley and in alabama in august 2001. in summer 2002, intensive viral activity was seen, but in subsequent years, viral activity settled into an enzootic pattern. here, we report an analysis of viral activity in the mosquito fauna in the mid-south from 2002 (the first year viral activity was detected in mosquitoes) through 2005. eight mosquito species were infected with wnv during 2002. however, vira ...200717294929
a two-year evaluation of elevated canopy trapping for culex mosquitoes and west nile virus in an operational surveillance program in the northeastern united states.the effectiveness of co2-baited centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps elevated in the tree canopy (approximately 7.6 m) was compared with light traps placed at ground level (approximately1.5 m) and grass-sod infused gravid traps for collecting culex pipiens, culex restuans, and culex salinarius and detecting west nile virus (wnv) activity in an operational surveillance program that encompassed 12 ecologically diverse sites in connecticut in 2004 and 2005. more than twi ...200717847845
urban habitat evaluation for west nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in albuquerque, new mexico.as part of an ongoing mosquito surveillance program, 27 sites in the greater metropolitan albuquerque area (bernalillo county, new mexico) were trapped from may through september 2004. each site was sampled for 1 night weekly, using a standard co2-baited centers for disease control and prevention light trap and a gravid trap. captured mosquitoes were catalogued by location, species, and date, and selected pools were tested for west nile virus (wnv) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain react ...200717847847
nocturnal activity of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in a west nile virus focus in connecticut.six species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected in sufficient numbers for analysis in segregating traps set at 2-h intervals by using co2 and light as attractants in a west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) focus in stratford, ct. the kolmogorov-smirnov one-sided test for two samples was used to analyze the data. mosquito activity began shortly before sunset and continued until shortly after sunrise the next morning. all species had geometric means that were s ...200718047212
comparison of light traps, gravid traps, and resting boxes for west nile virus surveillance.west nile virus surveillance was conducted at five sites in new castle county, de, and one site in salem county, nj, from june through september, 2004, using dry ice-baited centers for disease control miniature light traps, infusion-baited gravid traps, and resting boxes. all trap types were simultaneously placed at each site every two weeks and run overnight. collected mosquitoes were identified to species, pooled, and analyzed for virus using a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ...200718260519
arbovirus transmission by culex nigripalpus in florida, 2005.understanding the transmission patterns of west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv and slev) could result in an increased ability to predict transmission risk to humans. to examine transmission patterns between vector and host, we trapped mosquitoes in three florida counties from june to november 2005 by using chicken-baited lard can mosquito traps. these traps were used to monitor for presence of wnv and slev in mosquitoes and subsequent transmis ...200818533444
salt marsh as culex salinarius larval habitat in coastal new york.culex salinarius is considered one of the most likely bridge vectors involved in the human transmission cycle of west nile virus (wnv) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) in the northeastern usa. the larval habitats of this species in the coastal region of new york state are currently poorly known. between 2005 and 2007, a larval survey was carried out to identify and characterize possible larval habitats in suffolk county, encompassing natural and man-made freshwater wetlands, art ...200818939687
novel rna sequences associated with late male killing in homona magnanima.maternally inherited female-biased sex ratios have been documented in many invertebrate species. one cause of such biased sex ratios is male killing, i.e. only males die. in most species, male killing occurs during embryonic stages (early male killing) and is associated with cytoplasmic bacteria, including wolbachia, spiroplasma, rickettsia, flavobacteria and gamma proteobacteria. however, the oriental tea tortrix, homona magnanima, is one of the few species in which male death occurs in the lar ...200818302997
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