| simian cytomegalovirus encodes five rapidly evolving chemokine receptor homologues. | many herpesviruses, poxviruses and retroviruses encode proteins related to chemokines and chemokine receptors. the first one discovered, us28 of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), is a 7-transmembrane domain g protein-coupled chemokine receptor able to activate diverse cellular responses, including cell migration and gene expression. a related orf named us27 is adjacent to us28, but no functions have been defined yet. recently orfs 3-7, a cluster of five concatenated orfs with highest homology to us2 ... | 2004 | 14739653 |
| african green monkey origin of the atypical cytopathic 'stealth virus' isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. | a cytomegalovirus-like 'stealth virus' had previously been isolated from a patient with the chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs). | 1995 | 15566831 |
| chemokine receptor-related viral protein products. | some herpes-, pox- and irido-virus genes (and the controversial stealth virus gene) share significant nucleotide sequences with vertebrate chemokine receptors (ckr) genes. in some instances the viral reading frame is the same as in the ckrs, giving rise to similar protein products. in other cases the reading frame is different and the viral protein product is not ckr-like. in yet other instances the segmental alignments between ckr genes and viral genes are more limited. in this article we discu ... | 2010 | 19761415 |
| mechanism of inhibiting type i interferon induction by hepatitis b virus x protein. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is regarded as a stealth virus, invading and replicating efficiently in human liver undetected by host innate antiviral immunity. here, we show that type i interferon (ifn) induction but not its downstream signaling is blocked by hbv replication in hepg2.2.15 cells. this effect may be partially due to hbv x protein (hbx), which impairs ifnβ promoter activation by both sendai virus (sev) and components implicated in signaling by viral sensors. as a deubiquitinating enzyme ... | 2010 | 21213104 |
| low immunogenicity predicted for emerging avian-origin h7n9: implication for influenza vaccine design. | a new avian-origin influenza virus emerged near shanghai in february 2013, and by the beginning of may it had caused over 130 human infections and 36 deaths. human-to-human transmission of avian-origin h7n9 influenza a has been limited to a few family clusters, but the high mortality rate (27%) associated with human infection has raised concern about the potential for this virus to become a significant human pathogen. european, american, and asian vaccine companies have already initiated the pro ... | 2013 | 23807079 |
| innate response to hepatitis b virus infection: observations challenging the concept of a stealth virus. | | 2009 | 19937686 |
| control of hepatitis b virus replication by innate response of heparg cells. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is currently viewed as a stealth virus that does not elicit innate immunity in vivo. this assumption has not yet been challenged in vitro because of the lack of a relevant cell culture system. the heparg cell line, which is physiologically closer to differentiated hepatocytes and permissive to hbv infection, has opened new perspectives in this respect.hbv baculoviruses were used to initiate an hbv replication in both hepg2 and heparg cells. to monitor hbv replication, the ... | 2010 | 19877170 |
| etheric biology. | several observations made during the course of studies on stealth-adapted viruses are explainable by a pervasive, energy-rich, ether environment. activation of an alternative cellular energy (ace) pathway provides stealth virus damaged cells with a repair mechanism that is independent of the cellular immune response. ace activation can also assist in the systemic healing of infections caused by conventional viruses such as herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster virus and human papillomavirus. ace p ... | 2005 | 15893748 |
| genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis b virus infection. | previous studies in hepatitis b virus (hbv)-infected humans and chimpanzees suggest that control of hbv infection involves the cells, effector functions, and molecular mediators of the immune response. the objective of the current study was to identify, in the liver of acutely hbv-infected chimpanzees, the spectrum of virus-induced and immune response-related genes that regulate the infection. the results demonstrate that hbv does not induce any genes during entry and expansion, suggesting it is ... | 2004 | 15100412 |
| stealth virus culture pigments: a potential source of cellular energy. | the cytopathic effect (cpe) induced in human mrc-5 fibroblasts by blood mononuclear cells of patients infected with stealth-adapted viruses is characterized by the formation of clusters of foamy vacuolated cells that commonly become heavily pigmented. the pigmented material coalesces into discrete structures of varying shapes and sizes, including solid particles, flat ribbons, and long, thin threads. pigmented material can also be observed in long-term culture supernatants, sometimes accompanied ... | 2003 | 12782007 |
| stealth virus epidemic in the mohave valley: severe vacuolating encephalopathy in a child presenting with a behavioral disorder. | an infectious illness, attributed to atypically structured cytopathic "stealth" viruses, occurred in 1996 in the mohave valley region of the united states. a stealth virus-infected child from this region has developed a severe noninflammatory, vacuolating (spongiform) en cephalopathy. the illness initially presented as a behavioral problem without overt neurological signs. extensive investigations, including repeated magnetic resonance imaging, two brain biopsies, and stealth virus cultures, hav ... | 1999 | 10331961 |
| stealth virus isolated from an autistic child. | | 1995 | 7559288 |
| complex intracellular inclusions in the brain of a child with a stealth virus encephalopathy. | unusual pigmented intracellular inclusions are commonly seen in cultures obtained from patients infected with stealth viruses. some of these structures may potentially provide a source of chemical energy for the infected cells to help compensate for the apparent damage to the cells' mitochondria. they have accordingly been termed alternative cellular energy pigments (ace pigments). in keeping with this suggestion, the present paper illustrates the diversity of extraneous materials present in vac ... | 2003 | 12782006 |
| chemokine receptor-related genetic sequences in an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus. | the us28 gene of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) codes a cell surface receptor for both beta chemokine and fractalkine molecules. this receptor facilitates hcmv-induced cell fusion and virus dissemination and influences susceptibility to infection with other viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus. five adjacent but divergent open reading frames that potentially code for molecules related to the us28 protein of hcmv are present in an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus-derived s ... | 2000 | 10891288 |
| a model for persistent infection with epstein-barr virus: the stealth virus of human b cells. | most adult humans are infected benignly and for life with the herpesvirus epstein-barr virus. ebv has been a focus of research because of its status as a candidate tumor virus for a number of lymphomas and carcinomas. in vitro ebv has the ability to establish a latent infection in proliferating b lymphoblasts. this is the only system available for studying human herpesvirus latency in culture and has been extremely useful for elucidating how ebv promotes cellular growth. however, to understand h ... | 1999 | 10530796 |
| melanoma growth stimulatory activity (mgsa/gro-alpha) chemokine genes incorporated into an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus. | dna isolated from the culture of an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus (scmv)-derived stealth virus has been cloned. a region of the virus that contains genes coding proteins homologous to the ul141, ul144, and ul145 proteins of human cytomegalovirus has recombined with cellular sequences encoding several distinct copies of the melanoma growth stimulatory activity (mgsa/gro-alpha) chemokine gene. this finding illustrates the capacity of stealth viruses to capture, amplify, and mutate ge ... | 1999 | 10331960 |
| bacteria-related sequences in a simian cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus culture. | extensive sequencing of cloned dna isolated from the culture of an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus has identified multiple regions of highly significant homology to various bacterial genes. the apparent acquisition of bacterial sequences extends the potential role of stealth viruses as natural vectors in the transfer of genetic information. the findings highlight the dynamic interface between viral and bacterial genomes and the potential of this interaction in t ... | 1999 | 10331959 |
| stealth adaptation of an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus. | dna extracted from cultures of a cytopathic virus isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome was cloned into pbluescript plasmid. the nucleotide sequences of the plasmid inserts were analyzed using the blastn and blastx programs of the national center for biotechnology information. in confirmation of earlier studies, many of the sequences show partial homology to various regions within the genome of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). the matching regions were unevenly distributed throughou ... | 1999 | 10331958 |
| cellular sequences in stealth viruses. | cloned dna obtained from the culture of an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus contains multiple discrete regions of significant sequence homology (p values ranging from 4 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-20)) to portions of known human cellular genes. the stealth virus was cultured from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs). earlier studies had revealed considerable sequence heterogeneity within dna fragments isolated from virus-infected cells. a set of polymerase chain ... | 1998 | 9645627 |
| detection of rna sequences in cultures of a stealth virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a health care worker with chronic fatigue syndrome. case report. | a cytopathic stealth virus was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid of a nurse with chronic fatigue syndrome. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) performed on the patient's culture yielded positive results with primer sets based on sequences of a previously isolated african green monkey simian-cytomegalovirus-derived stealth virus. the same primer sets did not yield pcr products when tested directly on dna extracted from the cultures. the findings lend support to the possib ... | 1997 | 9200191 |
| stealth virus epidemic in the mohave valley. i. initial report of virus isolation. | increasing numbers of patients within the mohave valley region of the united states are reporting symptoms attributable to atypical neurological illness. many of these patients have experienced an acute-onset gastrointestinal illness during the spring and summer of 1996. stealth viral cultures performed on the blood of 40 of these patients have been uniformly positive, yielding unequivocal transmissible cytopathic effect (cpe) in both human- and monkey-derived cell lines. one patient has died fr ... | 1997 | 9200190 |
| simian cytomegalovirus-related stealth virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with bipolar psychosis and acute encephalopathy. | a cytopathic 'stealth' virus was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with a bipolar psychotic disorder who developed a severe encephalopathy leading to a vegetative state. dna sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction-amplified product from infected cultures has identified the virus as an african green monkey simian cytomegalovirus (scmv)-related stealth virus. the virus is similar to the scmv-related stealth virus isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. the finding ... | 1996 | 8888270 |
| stealth viral encephalopathy: report of a fatal case complicated by cerebral vasculitis. | a patient presenting with a severe subacute encephalopathy was shown to be infected with a stealth virus. although the patient partially recovered, he remained lethargic with cognitive impairment and worsening headaches. ten months after the onset of his illness, his clinical condition further deteriorated with seizures, coma and death. a brain biopsy revealed vacuolated degenerate neural cells consistent with a stealth viral encephalopathy. focal perivascular lymphocytic inflammation was presen ... | 1996 | 8888269 |
| genetic instability and fragmentation of a stealth viral genome. | partial sequencing was performed on cloned dna obtained from cultures of a stealth virus isolated from a patient with the chronic fatigue syndrome. the results extend earlier findings showing regions of homology to cytomegalovirus (cmv). although the virus is much more closely related to simian cmv than to human cmv, many of the cloned viral segments could be aligned with the human cmv genome. the aggregate size of the aligned segments exceeds 100 kilobase pairs (kbp). undigested viral dna has a ... | 1996 | 8856790 |
| severe stealth virus encephalopathy following chronic-fatigue-syndrome-like illness: clinical and histopathological features. | the clinical histories and brain biopsy findings of 3 patients with severe stealth virus encephalopathy are reviewed. the patients initially developed symptoms consistent with a chronic fatigue syndrome. one patient has remained in a vegetative state for several years, while the other 2 patients have shown significant, although incomplete, recovery. histological and electron-microscopic studies revealed vacuolated cells with distorted nuclei and various cytoplasmic inclusions suggestive of incom ... | 1996 | 8856789 |
| acute encephalopathy induced in cats with a stealth virus isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. | a simian cytomegalovirus-related stealth virus, isolated from a patient with the chronic fatigue syndrome, induced an acute neurological illness when inoculated into cats. histological examination of brain tissue showed foci of cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization and an absence of any inflammatory reaction. electron microscopy confirmed the presence of herpes-like viral particles and viral-like products in the brain of an inoculated animal. these findings support the role of stealth viruses in ... | 1995 | 8821627 |
| cytomegalovirus-related sequence in an atypical cytopathic virus repeatedly isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. | an atypical virus, cytopathic for human and animal fibroblasts, was repeatedly cultured from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. viral particles, suggestive of cytomegalovirus (cmv) were seen by electron microscopy. infected cells did not, however, stain with antisera specific for cmv, herpes, simplex virus, or human herpes-virus-6. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays for these viruses were also negative. two distinct products of approximately 1.5 kilobase pairs were amplified from viral ... | 1994 | 8053501 |
| innate immune recognition of hepatitis b virus. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a hepatotropic dna virus and its infection results in acute or chronic hepatitis. it is reported that the host innate immune system contributes to viral control and liver pathology, while whether and how hbv can trigger the components of innate immunity remains controversial. in recent years, the data accumulated from hbv-infected patients, cellular and animal models have challenged the concept of a stealth virus for hbv infection. this editorial focuses on the current ... | 2015 | 26413220 |
| host-virus interactions in hepatitis b and hepatitis c infection. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. these pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. hbv has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune ... | 2016 | 26894594 |
| hepatitis b virus genome replication triggers toll-like receptor 3-dependent interferon responses in the absence of hepatitis b surface antigen. | the hepatitis b virus (hbv) has been described as stealth virus subverting immune responses initially upon infection. impaired toll-like receptor signaling by the hbv surface antigen (hbsag) attenuates immune responses to facilitate chronic infection. this implies that hbv replication may trigger host innate immune responses in the absence of hbsag. here we tested this hypothesis, using highly replicative transgenic mouse models. an hbv replication-dependent expression of antiviral genes was exc ... | 2016 | 27121087 |
| rna exosome complex regulates stability of the hepatitis b virus x-mrna transcript in a non-stop-mediated (nsd) rna quality control mechanism. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a stealth virus, minimally inducing the interferon system required for efficient induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. however, 90% of acutely infected adults can clear the virus, suggesting the presence of other, interferon-independent pathways leading to viral clearance. given the known ability of helicases to bind viral nucleic acids, we performed a functional screening assay to identify helicases that regulate hbv replication. we identified the su ... | 2016 | 27281821 |
| cytomegalovirus: the stealth virus. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) is an infection, part of the herpes family of viruses which, if contracted during pregnancy, cancause devastating effects on the newborn baby. this article is written by the trustee of a volunteer-based charity, mostly run by mothers of cmv children, who are striving to raise awareness of this infection, which is more common than down's syndrome, listeria and toxoplasmosis, and is theprimary preventable cause of childhood hearing loss. | 2016 | 27295757 |
| treatment of chronic hepatitis b with pattern recognition receptor agonists: current status and potential for a cure. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) has been considered to be a "stealth virus" that induces negligible innate immune responses during the early phase of infection. however, recent studies with newly developed experimental systems have revealed that virus infection can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (prr), eliciting a cytokine response that controls the replication of the virus. the molecular mechanisms by which interferons and other inflammatory cytokines suppress hbv replication and modula ... | 2015 | 26205674 |
| identification of an intrahepatic transcriptional signature associated with self-limiting infection in the woodchuck model of hepatitis b. | the woodchuck model of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection displays many characteristics of human infection and has particular value for characterizing the host immune responses during the development of chronic infection. using the newly developed custom woodchuck microarray platform, we compared the intrahepatic transcriptional profiles of neonatal woodchucks with self-limiting woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv) infection to those woodchucks progressing to persistent whv infection. this revealed th ... | 2013 | 22806943 |
| alternative cellular energy pigments from bacteria of stealth virus infected individuals. | bacteria isolated from patients infected with stealth-adapted viruses can produce complex solid and thread-like structures similar to the alternative cellular energy pigments (ace pigments) seen in cultures of stealth-adapted virus infected patients. bacteria replication of stealth-adapted viruses can explain why certain patients diagnosed as having delusional parasitosis insist that the particles that they believe are parasitic, increase in number even when outside of the body. bacterial produc ... | 2005 | 15924874 |
| alternative cellular energy pigments mistaken for parasitic skin infestations. | dermatologists and psychiatrists occasionally encounter patients who believe they are infested with skin parasites. they may report seeing threads, fibers and more solid appearing particles attached to their skin and hair, or appearing on clean bed sheets after sleeping. some of the particles move spontaneously suggesting a life form. similar structures develop in long-term cultures of stealth-adapted viruses. they are termed alternative cellular energy pigments (ace pigments) since they appear ... | 2005 | 15924873 |