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transformation of mucor circinelloides with autoreplicative vectors containing homologous and heterologous ars elements and the dominant cbx(r) carboxine-resistance gene.mucor circinelloides transformants prototrophic to leucine and resistant to carboxine (leu(+) cbx(r)) have been obtained by treatment of protoplasts with plasmid constructs containing homologous leua gene and adjacent autonomously replicating sequences (ars) element combined with the cbx(r)(carboxine-resistance) gene of ustilago maydis and ars sequences from this basidiomycete (plasmid pgg37) or from the 2 mu plasmid of saccharomyces cerevisiae (plasmid pgg43). the presence in the same plasmid m ...200616502289
specific characteristics of family 45 endoglucanases from mucorales in the use of textiles and laundry.we examined the characteristics of family 45 endoglucanases (glycoside hydrolases family 45; gh45) from mucorales belonging to zygomycota in the use of textiles and laundry. the defibrillation activities on lyocell fabric of family 45 endoglucanases from mucorales, such as rce1 and rce2 from rhizopus oryzae, mce1 and mce2 from mucor circinelloides, and pce1 from phycomyces nitens, were much higher than those of the other family 45 endoglucanases. by contrast, family 45 endoglucanases from mucora ...200616636473
assignments of 1h and 13c nmr spectral data for ondansetron and its two novel metabolites, 1-hydroxy-ondansetron diastereoisomers.assignments of 1h and 13c nmr chemical shifts were made by means of heteronuclear single quantum coherence (hsqc) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (hmbc) experiments for ondansetron, and by means of 1h-1h correlation spectroscopy (1h-1h cosy) and two-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (noesy) experiments for two novel metabolites (m1 and m2) of ondansetron. these two metabolites were isolated for the first time from mucor circinelloides.200616835896
distinct white collar-1 genes control specific light responses in mucor circinelloides.light regulates many developmental and physiological processes in a large number of organisms. the best-known light response in the fungus mucor circinelloides is the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. here, we show that m. circinelloides sporangiophores also respond to light, exhibiting a positive phototropism. analysis of both responses to different light wavelengths within the visible spectrum demonstrated that phototropism is induced by green and blue light, whereas carotenogenesis is only induc ...200616879651
relationship between metabolism and biomass of medically important zygomycetes.little is known about the relationships between metabolic activity and fungal biomass or time of incubation for medically important fungal pathogens. understanding these relationships may be especially relevant for rapidly growing organisms, such as zygomycetes. a range of inocula of five clinical isolates of zygomycetes (one each of rhizopus oryzae,rhizopus microsporus, cunninghamella bertholletiae, mucor circinelloides and absidia corymbifera) were incubated for 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, after wh ...200616882609
molecular characterization of a g protein alpha-subunit-encoding gene from mucor circinelloides.genes encoding the galpha subunit were cloned from mucor circinelloides, a zygomycete dimorphic fungus. there are at least four genes that encode for galpha subunits, gpa1, gpa2, gpa3, and gpa4. the genes gpa1 and gpa3 were isolated and characterized, and their predicted products showed 36%-67% identity with galpha subunits from diverse fungi. northern blot analysis of gpa3 showed that it is present in spores and constitutively expressed during mycelium development and during yeast-mycelium and ...200616917518
[moulds and yeasts in bottled water and soft drinks].some damaged cartons of soft drinks and carbonated water were analyzed to detect the microorganisms that caused the damage. the contaminants of sugar used in the production of one of the drinks were also studied. the methods of déak & beuchat and pitt & hocking were used for the identification of yeasts and moulds, respectively. the agents of the spoilage of soft drinks were debaryomyces hansenii, debaryomyces polymorphus, galactomyces geotrichum, metschnikowia pulcherrima, mucor circinelloides, ...200617037258
biological control of peach fungal pathogens by commercial products and indigenous yeasts.the potential use of the commercial biocontrol products serenade (bacillus subtilis qst-713) and trichodex (trichoderma harzianum rifai strain t39) to inhibit the postharvest pathogenic molds penicillium crustosum and mucor circinelloides was investigated. both products exhibited antagonistic activity in vitro against the pathogens, reducing their growth at different levels. in addition, epiphytic yeasts isolated from peaches were identified as candida maltosa, pichia fermentans, and pichia kluy ...200617066929
mutants defective in a mucor circinelloides dicer-like gene are not compromised in sirna silencing but display developmental defects.dicer proteins are ribonuclease iii enzymes that process double stranded rna precursors into small rnas categorized as small interfering rnas (sirnas) or micrornas (mirnas), which suppress gene expression through the rna silencing mechanism. we have isolated a dicer-like gene (dcl-1) of mucor circinelloides, the first gene of this family to be identified in zygomycetes. the dcl-1 mrna occurred in multiple forms, including the truncated molecules that result from premature polyadenylation. null d ...200717074518
mucor circinelloides was identified by molecular methods as a cause of primary cutaneous zygomycosis.a case of primary cutaneous zygomycosis caused by mucor circinelloides is described. histopathology showed typical hyphae along with chlamydospores. the isolate was identified by molecular and phenotypic methods. the utility of sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region is highlighted; however, further studies are needed to assess species genetic heterogeneity.200717122018
non-aug translation initiation of a fungal ring finger repressor involved in photocarotenogenesis.the ring finger protein crga acts as a negative regulator of light-induced carotene biosynthesis in the fungus mucor circinelloides. sequence analysis of the crga coding region upstream of the first aug codon revealed the existence of an additional non-canonical ring finger domain at the most n-terminal end of the protein. the newly identified ring finger domain is required for crga to regulate photocarotenogenesis, as deduced from site-directed mutagenesis experiments. the role of both ring fin ...200717403679
differential expression of rho1gtpase and rho3gtpase during isotropic and polarized growth of mucor circinelloides.evidence has been obtained that indicates the presence of small 22 kda gtp-binding rho proteins through adp-ribosylation by clostridium botulinum c3 exotoxin in mucor circinelloides. rho protein was detected at all stages of growth studied. during polarized growth, both under aerobic conditions and during the yeast-mycelia transition, the radiolabeling of the [32p]adp-ribosylated protein increased when tube formation occurred and decreased as the hyphae branched. however, when mucor grew isotrop ...200717496964
[breakthrough pulmonary mucormycosis during voriconazole treatment after reduced-intensity cord blood transplantation for a patient with acute myeloid leukemia].a 59-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia in september 2004. he developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) and candidiasis, which were improved by administration of micafungin and amphotericin b (amph-b). he received reduced-intensity unrelated cord-blood transplantation without induction chemotherapy. he developed grade iv graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) and the administration of steroids against gvhd was prolonged. voriconazole (vrcz) was ...200717571588
malic enzyme: the controlling activity for lipid production? overexpression of malic enzyme in mucor circinelloides leads to a 2.5-fold increase in lipid accumulation.malic enzyme (me; nadp(+)-dependent; ec 1 . 1 . 1 . 40) has been postulated to be the rate-limiting step for fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi in which the extent of lipid accumulation is below the maximum possible. the genes encoding the isoform of me involved in fatty acid synthesis were identified in mucor circinelloides and mortierella alpina, two commercially useful oil-producing fungi, using degenerate primers. both showed high similarity with me genes from other micro-organisms. ...200717600047
pka from mucor circinelloides: model to study the role of linker i in the interaction between r and c subunits.protein kinase a from the fungus mucor circinelloides shows high affinity interaction between regulatory (r) and catalytic (c) subunits. its r subunit shows a differential presence of several acidic residues in linker i region, in the amino terminus. mutants r1, lacking the n-terminal region, and r2, lacking the acidic cluster, were used to analyze its effect on the interaction with the c subunit, assessed through inhibition of catalytic activity and camp activation of reconstituted holoenzyme. ...200717761146
lycopene over-accumulation by disruption of the negative regulator gene crga in mucor circinelloides.lycopene has become one of the most interesting antioxidant compounds, especially in relation to human health. this work describes a genetic strategy to modify the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to develop a lycopene-overproducing strain. the crga gene, a negative regulator of carotenogenesis, was disrupted in the mucor circinelloides strain mu202, which lacks the lycopene cyclase activity and accumulates lycopene instead of beta-carotene. the resultant strain, mu224, demonstrated increased tra ...200818060399
a ring-finger photocarotenogenic repressor involved in asexual sporulation in mucor circinelloides.mucor circinelloides responds to blue light by activating the biosynthesis of carotenoids and bending its sporangiophores towards the light source. the crga protein product acts as a repressor of carotene biosynthesis, as its inactivation leads to the overaccumulation of carotenoids in both the dark and the light. we show here that asexual sporulation in mucor is also stimulated by light and that the crga gene is involved in sporulation, given that lack of crga function affects both carotenogene ...200818194338
agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of the zygomycete fungus backusella lamprospora.the agrobacterium -mediated transformation was adapted to backusella lamprospora, a zygomycete fungus closely related to mucor. the transforming plasmid contained the hygromycin b resistance (hph) and the green fluorescent protein (gfp) genes under the control of the regulator regions of the mucor circinelloides gpd1 gene. the presence of the hph and gfp genes in the transformants was detected by pcr. the introduced genes could also be amplified directly from the spores of the transformants. the ...200818247397
conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin: two separate enzymes or a bifunctional hydroxylase-ketolase protein?abstract: astaxanthin is a xanthophyll of great interest in animal nutrition and human health. the market prospect in the nutraceutics industries for this health-protective molecule is very promising. astaxanthin is synthesized by several bacteria, algae and plants from beta-carotene by the sequential action of two enzymes: a beta-carotene, 3,3'-hydroxylase that introduces an hydroxyl group at the 3 (and 3') positions of each of the two beta-ionone rings of beta-carotene, and a beta-carotene ket ...200818289382
small gtp-binding proteins are associated with chitosomes and vesicles carrying glucose oxidase from mucor circinelloides.fractions enriched with chitosomes and vesicles carrying glucose oxidase (gox) activity from the dimorphic zygomycete mucor circinelloides were obtained using two successive sucrose gradients, the first a linear-log and the second an isopycnic gradient. using an [alpha-(32)p]gtp-binding assay, we detected the association of small gtp-binding proteins (21 and 17 kda) with both types of vesicles. in addition, by adp-ribosylation with c3 exotoxin, and western blot analysis with specific antibodies, ...200818310030
[diversity of facultatively anaerobic microscopic mycelial fungi in soils].the numbers of microscopic fungi isolated from soil samples after anaerobic incubation varied from tens to several hundreds of cfu per one gram of soil; a total of 30 species was found. this group is composed primarily of mitotic fungi of the ascomycete affinity belonging to the orders hypocreales (fusarium solani, f. oxysporum, fusarium sp., clonostachys grammicospora, c. rosea. acremonium sp., gliocladium penicilloides, trichoderma aureoviride, t. harzianum, t. polysporum, t. viride. t. koning ...200818365728
[five cases of zygomycosis.].combined histological and mycological study of tissue specimens established a proven diagnosis of cutaneous zygomycosis in four patients. all patients had been treated with wide spectrum antibiotics and one patient (liver transplantation) was in addition also treated with cyclosporine. all had acidosis and cutaneous breaks and four had also been treated with systemic corticosteroids. the infecting organisms were absidia corymbifera (n=2), rhizopus stolonifer (n=1) and mucor circinelloides (n=1). ...199918473594
fatty acid production characteristics of fungi with particular emphasis on gamma linolenic acid production.the fatty acid production characteristics of fungi are described. these characteristics are the relationship between the oil content of the cell and the fatty acid content of the oil. for example, for polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) production by mucor hiemalis ipd 51, the oil content of the cell and the gla content of the oil are coupled. for fungal production of some pufa, synthesized after the rate-limiting step in the fatty acid anabolic chain, a maximum fatty acid production model was dev ...199318613085
the diversity of eukaryotic microbiota in the traditional slovak sheep cheese--bryndza.we investigated the occurrence and diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi in bryndza an artisanal slovak soft spreadable cheese prepared from raw sheep milk or from a mixture of sheep and cow milk. samples collected during four months of the summer production period from two locations (northern and southern parts of central slovakia) contained 10(5)-10(7) (cfu) yeasts and about 10(2) (cfu) of mold per gram of wet weight. further characterization by conventional taxonomy and sequence compariso ...200818639949
effect of myoinositol on sporangiospore-yeast transformation of mucor circinelloides tieghem cultivated in synthetic broth.mucor species exhibit fungal dimorphism in controlled environments. in this work, we examined the effect of myoinositol supplementation on the growth and morphology of mucor circinelloides. using sporangiospores as inoculums, diverse morphologies were induced in synthetic broth incubated at ph 4.5, temp. 20 degrees c, ambient. the morphologies included thallic suptypes (holoblastic-, holothallic-, enterothallic conidia as well as vesicular conidial headgroups), which were determinate in growth, ...200518697728
[activity of nad-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate dehydrogenase in mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus inmi under different modes of nitrogen supply].the growth and morphology as well as lipogenesis and activity of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle were studied in the fungus mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus inmi grown at various concentrations of urea (nitrogen source) added to the medium in different modes. it was shown that the maximum lipid content in the biomass was observed at a low (0.5 g/l) concentration of the nitrogen source, whereas the highest content of gamma-linolenic acid in the lipids was ...200818825970
[metabolic characteristics and lipid composition of yeastlike cells and mycelium of mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus inmi grown at a high glucose content in the medium].it is shown that the fungus mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus inmi grown under aerobic conditions in a medium with a high glucose concentration (20%) is capable of both yeastlike and mycelial growth. in the mycelium, the activity of nad-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase was more than twice as high as in yeastlike cells, whereas the isocitrate lyase activity was lower. a number of significant differences were found in the lipid composition of the cells of two different morphological variants ...200818825971
cloning of the rhizomucor miehei 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase gene and its heterologous expression in mucor circinelloides.in this study, the gene hmgr encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase (hmg-coa reductase) was cloned and characterized in the zygomycete fungus rhizomucor miehei. the hmgr gene comprises a total of 3,585 bp including the coding sequence of a 1,058 amino acids length putative protein and five introns (137, 83, 59, 60 and 69 bp in length) dispersed in the whole coding region. southern hybridization analysis revealed that the gene is present only in one copy in the r. miehei gen ...200918853273
a novel activating effect of the regulatory subunit of protein kinase a on catalytic subunit activity.the strength of the interaction between the catalytic and regulatory subunits in protein kinase a differs among species. the linker region from regulatory subunits is non-conserved. to evaluate the participation of this region in the interaction with the catalytic subunit, we have assayed its effect on the enzymatic properties of the catalytic subunit. protein kinase a from three fungi, mucor rouxii, mucor circinelloides and saccharomyces cerevisiae have been chosen as models. the r-c interactio ...200818854166
[effects of conditions for obtaining sporangiospores of the inoculum on the morphology and productivity of the fungus mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus 12 m, a producer of gamma-linolenic acid].effects of lipid composition of sporangiospores of the fungus mucor circinelloides var. lusitanicus 12 m, obtained within diverse time frames using distinct nutritive media, on the morphology of the fungus in submerged cultures, the yield of the biomass, and its content of gamma-linolenic acid have been studied. the levels of base phospholipids and individual fractions of neutral lipids in sporangiospores were correlated with the character of their germination. the spores characterized by a high ...200818924414
4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the sex hormone pathway of mucor mucedo: purification, cloning of the corresponding gene, and developmental expression.the nadp-dependent 4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase is a (-) mating-type-specific enzyme in the pathway from beta-carotene to trisporic acid. this substance and its isomers and derivatives represent the general system of sexual communication in zygomycetes. the (-) mating type of mucor mucedo was stimulated by trisporic acid and the enzyme was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. several peptides of the 26-kda protein, digested with trypsin, were sequenced by mass spectrometry. ...200918931040
a ring-finger protein regulates carotenogenesis via proteolysis-independent ubiquitylation of a white collar-1-like activator.protein ubiquitylation plays a major role in the regulation of cellular processes mainly through proteasome-dependent degradation, although it has become increasingly clear that it is also involved in other processes. in the fungus mucor circinelloides, blue light regulates carotene biosynthesis, with this response controlled by crga and mcwc-1c genes. crga shows characteristics of ubiquitin ligases and represses carotenogenesis in the dark, whereas mcwc-1c is a white collar 1-like gene required ...200818976280
mucor circinelloides as a cause of invasive maxillofacial zygomycosis: an emerging dimorphic pathogen with reduced susceptibility to posaconazole.a case of maxillofacial zygomycosis caused by mucor circinelloides, identified by phenotypic and molecular methods and treated successfully with liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) and surgical debridement, is described. the isolate was resistant to posaconazole. this report underscores the importance of prior susceptibility testing of zygomycetes to guide therapy with the most effective antifungal agent for an improved prognosis.200919171681
activity of posaconazole and other antifungal agents against mucorales strains identified by sequencing of internal transcribed spacers.the antifungal susceptibility profiles of 77 clinical strains of mucorales species, identified by internal transcribed spacer sequencing, were analyzed. mics obtained at 24 and 48 h were compared. amphotericin b was the most active agent against all isolates, except for cunninghamella and apophysomyces isolates. posaconazole also showed good activity for all species but cunninghamella bertholletiae. voriconazole had no activity against any of the fungi tested. terbinafine showed good activity, e ...200919171801
fungemia and cutaneous zygomycosis due to mucor circinelloides in an intensive care unit patient: case report and review of literature.mucor spp. are rarely pathogenic in healthy adults, but can cause fatal infections in patients with immuosuppression and diabetes mellitus. documented mucor fungemia is a very rare condition in the literature. we described a fungemia and cutaneous mucormycosis case due to mucor circinelloides in an 83-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus who developed acute left frontoparietal infarctus while hospitalized in a neurological intensive care unit. the diagnosis was made based on the growth of fungi ...200919305057
transcriptional activation increases rna silencing efficiency and stability in the fungus mucor circinelloides.initiation and maintenance of the rna silencing mechanism was investigated after transcriptional activation of the transgene carb in mucor circinelloides. light induced transcription of the reporter gene carb specifically increased the 21-nt sirna compared with the 25-nt sirna and rose the silencing maintenance from 48% up to 93% of the descendent colonies. in accordance, induced transcription of the gene carb through disruption of the gene crga increased the initial silencing frequency up to 30 ...200919375461
spectrum of zygomycete species identified in clinically significant specimens in the united states.several members of the order mucorales (subphylum mucoromycotina) are important agents of severe human infections. the identification of these fungi by using standard mycologic methods is often difficult and time consuming. frequently, the etiological agent in clinical cases is reported either as a mucor sp., which is not the most frequent genus of zygomycetes, or only as a member of the mucorales. for this reason, the actual spectrum of species of zygomycetes and their incidences in the clinica ...200919386856
a subunit of protein kinase a regulates growth and differentiation in the fungus mucor circinelloides.the cyclic amp (camp)-dependent protein kinase a (pka) signaling pathway plays a role in regulating development, growth, and virulence in a number of fungi. to determine whether pka plays a similar function in zygomycete fungi, a mutant of mucor circinelloides was generated that lacks pkar1, one of the regulatory subunits of pka. the mutant showed a reduction in growth and alterations in germination rates, cell volume, germ tube length, and asexual sporulation. the lack of pkar1 gene resulted in ...200919411621
intracellular distribution of fatty alcohol oxidase activity in mucor circinelloides yr-1 isolated from petroleum contaminated soils.in previous studies, mucor circinelloides yr-1 isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils grown in decane as sole carbon source, showed fatty alcohol oxidase (fao) activities in either particulate or soluble fractions from a cell-free extract. one is associated to internal membranes (mfao) and the other one is soluble (sfao). both activities appear to be located in the cells in specific compartments other than peroxisomes. results suggested that mfao could be located on the inner face of the mem ...200919642009
a single dicer gene is required for efficient gene silencing associated with two classes of small antisense rnas in mucor circinelloides.rna silencing in the zygomycete mucor circinelloides exhibits uncommon features, such as induction by self-replicative sense transgenes and the accumulation of two size classes of antisense small interfering rnas (sirnas). to investigate whether this silencing phenomenon follows the rules of a canonical rna-silencing mechanism, we used hairpin rna (hprna)-producing constructs as silencing triggers and analyzed the efficiency and stability of silencing in different genetic backgrounds. we show he ...200919666782
a new beta-glucosidase gene from the zygomycete fungus rhizomucor miehei.in this study, a beta-glucosidase coding gene (bgl) of the zygomycete fungus rhizomucor miehei has been cloned and characterized. the gene comprises a total of 2,826 bp including the coding sequence of a 717 amino acids length putative protein and 10 introns dispersed in the whole coding region. the putative n-and c-terminal catalytic domains (aa 68 to aa 274 and aa 358-601, respectively) were identified; the two domains are connected with a 84-amino-acids linker. the catalytic region showed an ...201019813101
synthesis of 3beta, 7alpha, 11alpha-trihydroxy-pregn-21-benzylidene-5-en-20-one derivatives and their cytotoxic activities.a series of novel 3beta, 7alpha, 11alpha-trihydroxy-pregn-21-benzylidene-5-en-20-one derivatives were synthesized and characterized by nmr, hrms. the pregnenolone (1) was first biotransformed by mucor circinelloides var lusitanicus to 3beta, 7alpha, 11alpha-trihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (3), then 3 was treated with various benzaldehydes to produce 3beta, 7alpha, 11alpha-trihydroxy-pregn-21-benzylidene-5-en-20-one derivatives. these derivatives showed remarkable activity against ec109 cells. the a ...200919864129
molecular characterization of mucor circinelloides and rhizopus stolonifer strains isolated from some saudi fruits.thirteen strains of mucor circinelloides and nine strains of rhizopus stolonifer were collected from different saudi fruits. also, two strains of m. circinelloides and one strain of r. stolonifer isolated from soil were used in this study to analyze the genetic diversity among these 25 strains. the dendrogram constructed from random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction results using two primers (v6 and m13) showed no correlation between clustering system and sources of isolation f ...201019877768
first report of mucor circinelloides occurring on yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco) from china.infected yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were sent from niushan lake fishery, hubei province, china, to our laboratory for diagnosis. macroscopic daffodil yellow mold was observed on the heads and fins of the fish and one mucor species was isolated. based on the morphological and molecular analysis, the species was identified as mucor circinelloides. its optimum growth temperature was 30 degrees c and it could not grow at 40 degrees c. the infectivity results showed wound infection coul ...201019930461
anti-inflammatory drugs selectively target sporangium development in mucor.it is known that acetylsalicylic acid, an anti-inflammatory and anti-mitochondrial drug, targets structure development and functions of yeasts depending on elevated levels of mitochondrial activity. using antibody probes, we previously reported that sporangia of mucor circinelloides also contain increased mitochondrial activity, yielding high levels of 3-hydroxyoxylipins. this was, however, not found in mortierella alpina (subgenus mortierella). in this study we report that acetylsalicylic acid ...200920029531
genotypic analysis of mucor from the platypus in australia.mucor amphibiorum is the only pathogen known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the free-living platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in tasmania. infection has also been reported in free-ranging cane toads (bufo marinus) and green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) from mainland australia but has not been confirmed in platypuses from the mainland. to date, there has been little genotyping specifically conducted on m. amphibiorum. a collection of 21 mucor isolates representing isolates fro ...201020090018
spores of mucor ramosissimus, mucor plumbeus and mucor circinelloides and their ability to activate human complement system in vitro.complement activation by spores of mucor ramosissimus, mucor plumbeus and mucor circinelloides was studied using absorbed human serum in the presence or absence of chelators (egta or edta). we found that the spore caused full complement activation when incubated with egta-mg2+ or without chelators, indicating that the alternative pathway is mainly responsible for this response. in order to compare activation profiles from each species, elisas for c3 and c4 fragments, mannan binding lectin (mbl), ...201020141371
molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: a collaborative european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid) fungal infection study group (efisg) evaluation.the present study was performed to assess the interlaboratory reproducibility of the molecular detection and identification of species of zygomycetes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney and brain tissues obtained from experimentally infected mice. animals were infected with one of five species (rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus microsporus, lichtheimia corymbifera, rhizomucor pusillus, and mucor circinelloides). samples with 1, 10, or 30 slide cuts of the tissues were prepared from each paraffi ...201020375233
endogenous short rnas generated by dicer 2 and rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 regulate mrnas in the basal fungus mucor circinelloides.endogenous short rnas (esrnas) play diverse roles in eukaryotes and usually are produced from double-stranded rna (dsrna) by dicer. esrnas are grouped into different classes based on biogenesis and function but not all classes are present in all three eukaryotic kingdoms. the esrna register of fungi is poorly described compared to other eukaryotes and it is not clear what esrna classes are present in this kingdom and whether they regulate the expression of protein coding genes. however, evidence ...201020427422
photobiology in the zygomycota: multiple photoreceptor genes for complex responses to light.light is an environmental signal that modulates many aspects of the biology of zygomycete fungi. light regulation has been investigated in the zygomycetes phycomyces blakesleeanus, mucor circinelloides and pilobolus crystallinus. examples of light regulation include the phototropism of the fruiting bodies, the regulation of the development of reproductive structures, and the activation of the biosynthesis of β-carotene. in fungi blue light is perceived by proteins homologous to wc-1, a neurospor ...201020466063
ddt degradation potential of cattle manure compost.the purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of cattle manure compost (cmc) to degrade 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (ddt). ddt was degraded during composting and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (ddd) was detected as a metabolic product. degradation of ddt at 60 degrees c was the most effective of all the stages of composting. fourteen strains of fungi were isolated and identified from cmc, and most of them were closely related to mucor circinelloides a ...201020494402
analysis of glycerol dehydrogenase activities present in mucor circinelloides yr-1.two inducible nadp(+)-dependent glycerol dehydrogenase (glcdh) activities were identified in mucor circinelloides strain yr-1. one of these, denoted iglcdh2, was specifically induced by n-decanol when it was used as sole carbon source in the culture medium, and the second, denoted iglcdh1, was induced by alcohols and aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons when glycerol was used as the only substrate. iglcdh2 was found to have a much broader substrate specificity than iglcdh1, with a low activity as ...201020512634
fungal outbreak in a show cave.castañar de ibor cave (spain) was discovered in 1967 and declared a natural monument in 1997. in 2003 the cave was opened to public visits. despite of extensive control, on 26 august 2008 the cave walls and sediments appeared colonized by long, white fungal mycelia. this event was the result of an accidental input of detritus on the afternoon of 24 august 2008. we report here a fungal outbreak initiated by mucor circinelloides and fusarium solani and the methods used to control it.201020553941
effect of dimorphic regulation on heterologous glucose oxidase production by mucor circinelloides.the production of aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (gox) and native amylase by the recombinant m. circinelloides kfa199 strain under conditions of dimorphic growth was investigated. the recombinant kfa199 strain was compared to its parental atcc 1216b strain and a wild-type cbs 232.29 strain under similar morphology-controlled conditions. cultivation in vogel's medium supplemented with ergosterol/tween-80 and sparged with nitrogen gas was most suitable for yeast-like biomass production under an ...201020568082
production, purification, and characterization of polygalacturonase from mucor circinelloides itcc 6025.mucor circinelloides produced an extracellular polygalacturonase enzyme, the production of which was enhanced when various production parameters were optimized. maximum polygalacturonase (pgase) activity was obtained in 48 h at 30°c and ph 4.0 with pectin methyl ester (1% w/v) as carbon source and a combination of casein hydrolysate (0.1% w/v) and yeast extract (0.1% w/v) as nitrogen source. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity (13.3-fold) by sephacryl s-100 gel-filtration chromatography. its ...201021048861
effect of the sesterterpene-type metabolites, ophiobolins a and b, on zygomycetes fungi.ophiobolins are sesterterpene-type phytotoxins produced by fungi belonging mainly to the genus bipolaris. in this study, the antifungal effect of ophiobolins a and b on different zygomycetes has been examined. depending on the zygomycete tested, mic values of 3.175-50 μg ml(-1) were found for ophiobolin a and 25-50 μg ml(-1) for ophiobolin b. ophiobolin a inhibited sporangiospore germination of mucor circinelloides and caused morphological changes; the fungus formed degenerated, thick or swollen ...201021054501
the effects of palm oil breakdown products on lipid turnover and morphology of fungi.the oleaginous fungi cryptococcus curvatus and mucor circinelloides were used to determine the effect of palm oil breakdown products, measured as polymerized triglycerides (ptgs), on lipid turnover and on fungal growth and morphology. in m. circinelloides, we found after 7 days of growth, a decrease in biomass and in lipid utilization and accumulation at increased ptg levels, both at low and neutral ph. in c. curvatus, there was also a decrease in lipid utilization and biomass production at incr ...201021076478
structure, function, and phylogeny of the mating locus in the rhizopus oryzae complex.the rhizopus oryzae species complex is a group of zygomycete fungi that are common, cosmopolitan saprotrophs. some strains are used beneficially for production of asian fermented foods but they can also act as opportunistic human pathogens. although r. oryzae reportedly has a heterothallic (+/-) mating system, most strains have not been observed to undergo sexual reproduction and the genetic structure of its mating locus has not been characterized. here we report on the mating behavior and genet ...201021151560
high reliability transformation of the basal fungus mucor circinelloides by electroporation.molecular approaches to study the biology of the zygomycete mucor circinelloides depend mainly on the existence of a polyethylene glycol-based transformation method, which is one of the most efficient in zygomycete fungi. however, the poor reliability and low transformation rates of this method are major obstacles in the molecular study of a number of biological processes. this paper describes an easy and reliable method to transform m. circinelloides protoplasts by electroporation. a high-volta ...201121256886
expression of three isoprenoid biosynthesis genes and their effects on the carotenoid production of the zygomycete mucor circinelloides.the zygomycete mucor circinelloides accumulates ß-carotene as the main carotenoid compound. in this study, the applicability of some early genes of the general isoprenoid pathway to improve the carotenoid production in this fungus was examined. the isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase gene (ipi) was cloned and used together with the genes encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (isoa) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (carg) in overexpression studies. transformation experiments showed th ...201121443966
a new cultivation method for microbial oil production --- cell pelletization and lipid accumulation by mucor circinelloides.abstract: introduction: the recent energy crisis has triggered significant attention on the microbial synthesis of lipids, which comprise the raw material for biodiesel production. microbial oil accumulation with filamentous fungi has great potential because filamentous fungi can form pellets during cell growth, and these aggregated cell pellets are much easier to harvest from cell broth solution than suspended individual cells. methods: this paper focuses on the cell pelletization process of th ...201121635739
sporangiospore size dimorphism is linked to virulence of mucor circinelloides.mucor circinelloides is a zygomycete fungus and an emerging opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially transplant recipients and in some cases otherwise healthy individuals. we have discovered a novel example of size dimorphism linked to virulence. m. circinelloides is a heterothallic fungus: (+) sex allele encodes sexp and (-) sex allele sexm, both of which are hmg domain protein sex determinants. m. circinelloides f. lusitanicus (mcl) (-) mating type isolates produce larg ...201121698218
a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis in a leukemic patient with a literature review from turkey.mucormycosis (zygomycosis) is a rare, invasive, opportunistic fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses, caused by a fungus of the order mucorales. we report a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis caused by rhizopus oryzae in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient and review the 79 mucormycosis cases reported in the last decade from turkey. in our case, the diagnosis was made with endoscopic appearance, computerized tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and culture of the surgical materials. follow ...201121761152
Functional analysis of the Phycomyces carRA gene encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase.Phycomyces carRA gene encodes a protein with two domains. Domain R is characterized by red carR mutants that accumulate lycopene. Domain A is characterized by white carA mutants that do not accumulate significant amounts of carotenoids. The carRA-encoded protein was identified as the lycopene cyclase and phytoene synthase enzyme by sequence homology with other proteins. However, no direct data showing the function of this protein have been reported so far. Different Mucor circinelloides mutants ...201121858003
physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of chitin and chitosan produced by mucor circinelloides using yam bean as substrate.microbiological processes were used for chitin and chitosan production by mucor circinelloides (ucp 050) grown in yam bean (pachyrhizus erosus l. urban) medium. the polysaccharides were extracted by alkali-acid treatment and structural investigations by x-ray diffraction, fourier transform ir analysis, viscosity and thermal analysis by tg, dtg, and dta were done. the highest biomass yield (20.7 g/l) was obtained at 96 hours. the highest levels of chitosan (64 mg/g) and chitin (500 mg/g) were pro ...201121862956
Alternative routes of acetyl-CoA synthesis identified by comparative genomic analysis: involvement in the lipid production of oleaginous yeast and fungi.For a bio-based economy, microbial lipids offer a potential solution as alternative feedstocks in the oleochemical industry. The existing genome data for the promising strains, oleaginous yeasts and fungi, allowed us to investigate candidate orthologous sequences that participate in their oleaginicity. Comparative genome analysis of the non-oleaginous (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Ashbya gossypii) and oleaginous strains (Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae ...201222016567
Antifungal susceptibility and phylogeny of opportunistic members of the order mucorales.The in vitro susceptibilities of 66 molecularly identified strains of the Mucorales to eight antifungals (amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and 5-fluorocytosine) were tested. Molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit to reveal taxon-specific susceptibility profiles. The impressive phylogenetic diversity of the Mucorales was reflected in susceptibilities differing at family, genus, and species l ...201222075600
A new antifungal coumarin from Clausena excavata.A new ?-lactone coumarin, named as excavarin-A, showing antifungal activity was isolated from the leaves of Clausena excavata by bioassay guided fractionation method. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and identified as 7((2E)-4(4,5-dihydro-3-methylene-2-oxo-5-furanyl)-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) coumarin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against fifteen fungal strains pathogenic against plants and human. The least MIC was recorded against the human patho ...201222088496
two distinct rna-dependent rna polymerases are required for initiation and amplification of rna silencing in the basal fungus mucor circinelloides.rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps) play key roles in the rna silencing pathway in a number of organisms. they have been involved in the production of double-stranded rna (dsrna) molecules that initiate the silencing mechanism as well as in the amplification of the silencing signal. the roles of rdrps from fungi in these processes are poorly described compared with other eukaryotes. rna silencing in the zygomycete mucor circinelloides exhibits uncommon features, such as induction by self-repli ...201122141923
Mould routine identification in the clinical laboratory by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.MALDI-TOF MS recently emerged as a valuable identification tool for bacteria and yeasts and revolutionized the daily clinical laboratory routine. But it has not been established for routine mould identification. This study aimed to validate a standardized procedure for MALDI-TOF MS-based mould identification in clinical laboratory.201122194834
disseminated fungal infection in two species of captive sharks.in this report, two cases of systemic mycosis in captive sharks are characterized. these cases were progressive and ultimately culminated in terminal disease. paecilomyces lilacinus, an uncommon pathogen in human and veterinary medicine, was associated with areas of necrosis in the liver, heart, and gill in a great hammerhead shark (sphyrna mokarran). fungal growth was observed from samples of kidney, spleen, spinal fluid, and coelomic cavity swabs. dual fungal infection by exophiala pisciphila ...201122204064
molecular and morphological identification of fungal species isolated from bealmijang meju.bealmijang is a short-term aged paste made from meju, which is a brick of fermented soybeans and other ingredients. different types of bealmijang are available depending on the geographic region or ingredients used. however, no study has clarified the microbial diversity of these types. we identified 17 and 14 fungal species from black soybean meju (bsm) and buckwheat meju (bwm), respectively, on the basis of morphology, culture characteristics, and internal transcribed spacer and beta-tubulin g ...201122210613
Rice straw-decomposing fungi and their cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes.Filamentous fungi colonizing rice straw were collected from 11 different sites in Korea and were identified based on characterization of their morphology and molecular properties. The fungi were divided into 25 species belonging to 16 genera, including 14 ascomycetes, one zygomycete, and one basidiomycete. Fungal cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes were assessed through a two-step process, wherein highly active cellulase- and/or hemicellulaseproducing fungi were selected in a first screening st ...201122210620
rapamycin exerts antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo against mucor circinelloides via fkbp12-dependent inhibition of tor.the zygomycete mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that commonly infects patients with malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and solid organ transplants. despite the widespread use of antifungal therapy in the management of zygomycosis, the incidence of infections continues to rise among immunocompromised individuals. here, we establish that the targets and mechanism of antifungal action of the immunosuppressant rapamycin in m. circinelloides is mediated via conserved complexes w ...201122210828
value-added oil and animal feed production from corn-ethanol stillage using the oleaginous fungus mucor circinelloides.this study highlights the potential of oleaginous fungus, mucor circinelloides in adsorbing/assimilating oil and nutrients in thin stillage (ts), and producing lipid and protein-rich fungal biomass. fungal cultivation on ts for 2days in a 6-l airlift bioreactor, resulted in a 92% increase in oil yield from ts, and 20g/l of fungal biomass (dry) with a lipid content of 46% (g of oil per 100g dry biomass). reduction in suspended solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (scod) in ts were 95% and 89 ...201122237170
in vitro and in vivo activities of posaconazole and amphotericin b in a murine invasive infection by mucor circinelloides: poor efficacy of posaconazole.the in vitro susceptibility of 17 strains of mucor circinelloides to amphotericin b and posaconazole was ascertained by using broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods and by determining the minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc). we evaluated the efficacy of posaconazole at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day and amphotericin b at 0.8 mg/kg/day in a neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection by m. circinelloides by using 6 different strains tested previously in vitro. in general, most of t ...201222290952
annotation and analysis of malic enzyme genes encoding for multiple isoforms in the fungus mucor circinelloides cbs 277.49.based on the newly-released genomic data of mucor circinelloides cbs 277.49, we have annotated five genes encoding for malic enzyme: all code for proteins that contain conserved domains/motifs for malic acid binding, nad(+) binding and nad(p)(+) binding. phylogenetic analysis for malic enzyme genes showed that genes id 78524 and 11639 share ~80% amino acid identity and are grouped in cluster 1; genes id 182779, 186772 and 116127 share ~66% amino acid identity are grouped in cluster 2. genes id 7 ...201222367279
in vitro antifungal susceptibility of filamentous fungi causing rare infections: synergy testing of amphotericin b, posaconazole and anidulafungin in pairs.mucormycetes (formerly known as zygomycetes of the order mucorales) and hyaline moulds such as those of the genus fusarium or paecilomyces are emerging as significant human pathogens. the aim of the study was to determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of these fungi to older and newer antifungals and to investigate the antifungal activity of amphotericin b, posaconazole and anidulafungin in dual combinations.201222535624
protein kinase a regulatory subunit isoforms regulate growth and differentiation in mucor circinelloides: essential role of pkar4.the protein kinase a (pka) signaling pathway plays a role in regulating growth and differentiation in the dimorphic fungus mucor circinelloides. pka holoenzyme is comprised of two catalytic (c) and two regulatory (r) subunits. in m. circinelloides, four genes encode the pkar1, pkar2, pkar3, and pkar4 isoforms of r subunits. we have constructed null mutants and demonstrate that each isoform has a different role in growth and differentiation. the most striking finding is that pkar4 is an essential ...201222635921
fungal photobiology: a synopsis.fungi respond and adapt to many environmental signals including light. the photobiology of fungi has been extensively investigated, but in recent years the identification of the first fungal photoreceptor, wc-1 in the ascomycete neurospora crassa, and the discovery that similar photoreceptors are required for photoreception in other ascomycete, basidiomycete and zygomycete fungi has allowed the molecular characterization of light reception and the early steps of signal transduction in a number o ...201122679584
increased virulence of cunninghamella bertholletiae in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis: correlation with circulating molecular biomarkers, sporangiospore germination and hyphal metabolism.members of the order mucorales are emerging invasive molds that cause infections in immunocompromised patients. however, little is known about the relation between different species of mucorales and their virulence in invasive pulmonary mucormycosis. based upon our earlier epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that cunninghamella bertholletiae would demonstrate increased virulence. therefore, we studied the relative virulence of c. bertholletiae (cb), rhizopus oryzae (ro), r. microsporus (rm) ...201322686246
molecular tools for carotenogenesis analysis in the zygomycete mucor circinelloides.the carotene producer fungus mucor circinelloides is the zygomycete more amenable to genetic manipulations by using molecular tools. since the initial development of an effective procedure of genetic transformation, more than two decades ago, the availability of new molecular approaches such as gene replacement techniques and gene expression inactivation by rna silencing, in addition to the sequencing of its genome, has made mucor a valuable organism for the study of a number of processes. here ...201222711119
gene fusions for the directed modification of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in mucor circinelloides.several fungal species, particularly some included in the mucorales, have been used to develop fermentation processes for the production of β-carotene. oxygenated derivatives of β-carotene are more valuable products, and the preference by the market of carotenoids from biological sources has increased the research in different carotenoid-producing organisms. we currently use mucor circinelloides as a model organism to develop strains able to produce new, more valuable, and with an increased cont ...201222711120
integration of a bacterial β-carotene ketolase gene into the mucor circinelloides genome by the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method.plasmids introduced in mucor circinelloides (and most transformable mucorales) tend to replicate autonomously, and hardly ever integrate in the genome. this is critical if we want to express exogenous genes, because plasmids are easily lost during vegetative growth, and the ratio of plasmid molecules/nuclei is invariably low. linearized molecules of dna have been used to get their genomic integration but the transformation efficiency drops extremely. we have developed and highly optimized an eff ...201222711121
metabolic engineering of mucor circinelloides for zeaxanthin production.mucor circinelloides is a β-carotene producing zygomycete amenable to metabolic engineering using molecular tools. the crts gene of the heterobasidiomycetous yeast xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous encodes the enzymatic activities β-carotene hydroxylase and ketolase, allowing this yeast to produce the xanthophyll called astaxanthin. here we describe the fermentation of x. dendrorhous in astaxanthin producing conditions to purify mrna for the cloning of the cdna from the crts gene by rt-pcr. further ...201222711122
genetic basis of carotenoid overproduction in fusarium oxysporum.the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum is a model organism in the study of plant-fungus interactions. as other fusarium species, illuminated cultures of f. oxysporum exhibit an orange pigmentation because of the synthesis of carotenoids, and its genome contains orthologous light-regulated car genes for this biosynthetic pathway. by chemical mutagenesis, we obtained carotenoid overproducing mutants of f. oxysporum, called cars, with upregulated mrna levels of the car genes. to identify the ...201222750191
zygomycota associated with traditional meju, a fermented soybean starting material for soy sauce and soybean paste.various zygomycota species were detected during a study of the mycobiota of meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans, used in korean cuisine. two hundred and sixty-eight strains were isolated from 98 finished meju products collected in various regions of korea from 2009 to 2011, and 96 strains were isolated from in-process meju on various farms from 2010 to 2011. the isolated zygomycota were identified using phenotypic characteristics combined with dna sequences of the internal transcribed spac ...201222752901
[anaerobic growth ability and alcohol fermentation activity of microscopic fungi].the method proposed in this study was used to isolate fungi grown under anaerobic conditions and to reveal distinctions in their abundance and species composition in different habitats. the ability of micromycetes of different taxa to grow under anaerobic conditions and ensure alcohol fermentation was determined for a representative sample (344 strains belonging to more than 60 species). the group of fungi growing under anaerobic conditions included species with high, moderate, and low fermentat ...201122808743
improvement of tea leaves fermentation through pectinases.the pectinase enzymes isolated from aspergillus niger, byssochlamys fulva and mucor circinelloides were used for fermentation of tea leaves from camellia sinensis plant. the use of partially purified enzymes from aspergillus niger and mucor circinelloides resulted in significant (p < 0.001) increase in the phenolic compounds, hence, improvement in tea quality. maximum increase in phenolic compounds was found in tea leaves treated with partially purified polygalacturonase (pgase) from mucor circi ...201222982636
malic enzyme activity is not the only bottleneck for lipid accumulation in the oleaginous fungus mucor circinelloides.commercial interest in microbial lipids is increasing due to their potential use as feedstock for biodiesel production. the supply of nadph generated by malic enzyme (me; nadp+-dependent; ec 1.1.1.40) has been postulated as being the rate-limiting step for fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi, based mainly on data from the zygomycete mucor circinelloides studies. this fungus contains five genes that code for six different me isoforms. one of these genes, mala, codes for the isoforms iii a ...201323053085
overexpression of malic enzyme (me) of mucor circinelloides improved lipid accumulation in engineered rhodotorula glutinis.the oleaginous yeast rhodotorula glutinis has been known to be a potential feedstock for lipid production. in the present study, we investigated the enhancement of expression of malic enzyme (me; nadp(+) dependent; ec 1.1.1.40) from mucor circinelloides as a strategy to improve lipid content inside the yeast cells. the 26s rdna and 5.8s rdna gene fragments isolated from rhodotorula glutinis were used for homologous integration of me gene into r. glutinis chromosome under the control of the const ...201323179623
isolation and identification of fungi from a meju contaminated with aflatoxins.a home-made meju sample contaminated naturally with aflatoxins was used for isolation of fungal strains. overall, 230 fungal isolates were obtained on dichloran rosebengal chloramphenicol (drbc) and dichloran 18% glycerol (dg18) agar plates. morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of a partial beta-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (its) of rdna were used for the identification of the isolates. the fungal isolates were divided into 7 genera: aspergillus, eurotium, pen ...201223221538
canthaxanthin production with modified mucor circinelloides strains.canthaxanthin is a natural diketo derivative of β-carotene primarily used by the food and feed industries. mucor circinelloides is a β-carotene-accumulating zygomycete fungus and one of the model organisms to study the carotenoid biosynthesis in fungi. in this study, the β-carotene ketolase gene (crtw) of the marine bacterium paracoccus sp. n81106 fused with fungal promoter and terminator regions was integrated into the m. circinelloides genome to construct stable canthaxanthin-producing strains ...201323224586
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of 7-hydroxy-calamenene-rich essential oils from croton cajucara benth.croton cajucara is a shrub native to the amazon region locally known as "sacaca". two morphotypes are known: white and red "sacaca". the essential oils (eo) obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of the red morphotype were, in general, rich in 7-hydroxycalamenene (28.4%-37.5%). the effectiveness of these eo regarding the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms was initially investigated by the drop test method, showing significant inhibition zones. among the microorganisms te ...201323325101
a white collar 1-like protein mediates opposite regulatory functions in mucor circinelloides.protein ubiquitylation plays a major role in the regulation of many cellular processes by altering the stability, localization or function of target proteins. crga is a protein of mucor circinelloides that shows the characteristics of ubiquitin ligases and is involved in the regulation of carotenogenesis and asexual sporulation in this fungus. crga, which belongs to a poorly characterized group of proteins present in almost all eukaryotes, represses carotenogenesis through the proteolysis-indepe ...201323357353
genome-scale analysis of the metabolic networks of oleaginous zygomycete fungi.microbial lipids are becoming an attractive option for the industrial production of foods and oleochemicals. to investigate the lipid physiology of the oleaginous microorganisms, at the system level, genome-scale metabolic networks of mortierella alpina and mucor circinelloides were constructed using bioinformatics and systems biology. as scaffolds for integrated data analysis focusing on lipid production, consensus metabolic routes governing fatty acid synthesis, and lipid storage and mobilisat ...201323541380
effect of immobilized polygalacturonase from mucor circinelloides itcc-6025 on wine fermentation.pectinases are among the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi, and plants. almost all the commercial preparations of pectinases are produced from fungal sources. mucor circinelloides itcc-6025 produced polygalacturonase when grown in riviere's medium containing pectin (methyl ester) as the sole source of carbon. immobilization of purified polygalacturonase was done on silica gel with 86% efficiency. the enzyme took 60 min to bind maximally on the support. the immobilized enzyme sho ...201323600573
detection of 3-nitropropionic acid and cytotoxicity inmucor circinelloides.mucorales are regarded as the aetiological agents of mucormycosis. their capabilities to produce mycotoxins are not profoundly investigated, in contrast to those of the fungi from the generapenicillium, aspergillus, orfusarium. the aim of this study was to isolate and identify fungi of the order mucorales and investigate mycotoxins production. twelve samples of visibly moulded grass silage and eight samples of damaged whole crop maize silage were analysed. malt extract agar plates were used for ...200823604749
mixed production of filamentous fungal spores for preventing soil-transmitted helminth zoonoses: a preliminary analysis.helminth zoonoses are parasitic infections shared by humans and animals, being the soil-transmitted helminths (sths) mainly caused by roundworms (ascarids) and hookworms. this study was aimed to assess the individual and/or mixed production of two helminth-antagonistic fungi, one ovicide (mucor circinelloides) and other predator (duddingtonia flagrans). fungi were grown both in petri plates and in a submerged culture (composed by water, nacl, na2hpo4 · 12 h2o, and wheat (triticum aestivum)). a f ...201323710451
in vitro antioxidant and antifungal properties of essential oils obtained from aromatic herbs endemic to the southeast of spain.the aim of this work was to determine (i) the antioxidant capacity of thymus moroderi, thymus piperella, santolina chamaecyparissus, and sideritis angustifolia essential oils (eos) by means of four different antioxidant tests (the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, the ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power test, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive species test) and (ii) the antifungal activity against molds and yeast of these eos by th ...201323834797
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