| diagnosis of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits by complement fixation. | a complement-fixation (cf) test has been developed for detection of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. the antigen consisted of disrupted homogenates of encephalitozoon cuniculi spores grown in and released from rabbit choroid plexus tissue culture cells. the test was sensitive and capable of detecting experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits as early as 15 days after intracerebral infection. the test was specific for infected animals, and no cross-reactivity was demonstrated betwee ... | 1977 | 864288 |
| fine structure of the developing spore of nosema apis zander. | | 1973 | 4355875 |
| intracellular stages in the life cycle of the microsporidian nosema apis. | | 1969 | 4983939 |
| in vitro phagocytosis of nosema apis spores by honey-bee hemocytes. | | 1967 | 6064156 |
| effect of fumagillin upon nosema apis (zander). | | 1953 | 13036831 |
| [studies on the ribosomal rna gene(rdna) of a microsporidium isolated from pieris rapae l]. | nuclotide sequence (1205 bp) of small subunit ribosomal rna (ssurdna) of a microsporidium isolated from pieris rapae l. (abbr:mpr) was specifically amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). another fragment of 657 bp downstream of mpr ssurdna 3'end was amplified with two other primers. within this 657 bp fragment, the putative 3'terminus of mpr ssurdna and the extreme 5' of large subunit ribosomal rna gene. (lsurdna) were identified, which situated at base 145, 146-186 and 187, respectively. ... | 2001 | 12552809 |
| worker genetic diversity and infection by nosema apis in honey bee colonies. | the hypothesis that parasites and pathogens select for polyandry in eusocial hymenoptera was tested, using the honey bee apis mellifera and its microsporidian parasite nosema apis. five honey bee colonies with low and five with high worker genetic diversity were infected with n. apis spores. at 54-56 days after inoculation, parasite spores in the workers' midguts were counted to determine whether there was a greater variation of infection intensity (spore counts per worker) in high-diversity col ... | 2001 | 11732162 |
| a survey of nosema apis of honey bees (apis mellifera l.) producing the famous anzer honey in turkey. | the aim of this study is to find out the ratio of nosema infected honey bees which are producing the famous anzer honey that is used for the cure of the illnesses such as farangitis, tonsilitis, ulceration, and scratchs due to the experiences of the people living in turkey. honey bee samples were collected from two different regions of anzer plain in july. honey bee abdomens were homogenized and 1 ml distilled water was added for each honey bee. later, 0.1 ml out of this solution was examined by ... | 2001 | 11724408 |
| microsporidian intrasporal sugars and their role in germination. | the hypothesis that spores of terrestrial and aquatic microsporidia differ in their utilization of sugars was tested by evaluating the sugars in germinated and ungerminated spores of several species in each category. the aquatic species tested were vavraia culicis, edhazardia aedis, and nosema algerae and the terrestrial species were vairimorpha necatrix, nosema disstriae, nosema apis, vairimorpha lymantriae, and nosema spp. from spodoptera exigua and plutella xylostella. the percentage germinat ... | 1999 | 10222184 |
| the secondary structure of nosema apis large subunit ribosomal rna. | the microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites, that lack mitochondria. their ribosomes show several prokaryote-like features. this paper presents the secondary structure of the large subunit ribosomal rna (lsu rrna) of the microsporidium nosema apis. with its 2481 bases, it is the shortest known non-mitochondrial lsu rrna. the seemingly prokaryote-like features of the molecule cannot be used as evidence for the ancient origin of the microsporidia. the reduction in ... | 1998 | 9804982 |
| the ribosomal rna gene region of nosema apis (microspora): dna sequence for small and large subunit rrna genes and evidence of a large tandem repeat unit size. | the ribosomal rna (rrna) gene region of the microsporidium, nosema apis, has been examined. a new method for extracting microsporidian genomic dna from infected host tissue is described. complete dna sequence data are presented for the small subunit gene (1242 bp), the internal transcribed space (33 bp), and the large subunit gene (2481 bp to a putative termination point). this is the first time that the complete large subunit rrna gene has been published for any microsporidian species. dna sequ ... | 1998 | 9547137 |
| [nosema disease in apiaries of the piła and poznań provinces in 1983-1988]. | samples of bees from the piła and poznań voivodships were examined in 1983-1988. nosema apis infection was diagnosed in 30.9-92.6% of apiaries of piła voivodship and in 40.1-91.7% of apiaries of poznań voivodship. | 1993 | 8237010 |
| dna probes for two microsporidia, nosema bombycis and nosema costelytrae. | two dna fragments which hybridize specifically with dna of nosema bombycis and nosema costelytrae, respectively, were obtained from genomic dna of each microsporidian species and sequenced. neither fragment hybridized with genomic dna from four other microsporidian isolates tested: nosema apis, vairimorpha sp. from cabbage white butterfly (pieris rapae), and two isolates of vavraia oncoperae, one from new zealand grass grubs, costelytrae zealandica, and another from porina caterpillars, wiseana ... | 1995 | 7745281 |
| [infection tests on vespa crabro l. with nosema apis z]. | | 1965 | 5864685 |
| [the ultrafine structure of nosema apis]. | | 1967 | 5615324 |
| [effectiveness of ethylene oxide and methyl bromide on spores of nosema apis]. | | 1970 | 5480041 |
| [the effect of gamma rays emitted by co60 on the viability of nosema apis spores]. | | 1969 | 5355830 |
| [cultivation of nosema apis zander, 1909 in a culture of honey-bee tissue]. | | 1972 | 5085911 |
| nucleic acids in intestine of apis mellifica infected with nosema apis and treated with fumagillin dch: cytochemical and autoradiographic studies. | | 1971 | 5004946 |
| scanning electron microscope observations on the spore of nosema apis zander. | | 1973 | 4203445 |
| [histological changes in the midgut wall of worker bees (apis mellifica l.) infected with nosema apis]. | | 1972 | 4116902 |
| the infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee by nosema apis (zander). | | 1955 | 14370833 |
| the association of lipoidal materials with spores of nosema apis. | | 1971 | 5575747 |
| indoor winter fumigation of apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies infested with varroa destructor (acari: varroidae) with formic acid is a potential control alternative in northern climates. | formic acid treatment for the control of the ectoparasitic varroa mite, varroa destructor anderson & trueman, infesting honey bee, apis mellifera l., colonies is usually carried out as an in-hive outdoor treatment. this study examined the use of formic acid on wintered colonies kept indoors at 5 degrees c from 24 november 1999 to 24 march 2000. colonies were placed in small treatment rooms that were not treated (control) or fumigated at three different concentrations of formic acid: low (mean 11 ... | 2004 | 15154434 |
| fixation of microsporidian spores for electron microscopy. | fresh and frozen spores of the microsporidia nosema apis and nosema bombi were fixed using various fixatives at different times and temperatures. paraformaldehyde and technical formaldehyde gave results comparable to or better than glutaraldehyde. increased fixation temperature improved the fixation of spores from terrestrial hosts. freezing did not destroy the cytology of the spore. | 2005 | 16112682 |
| specific and sensitive detection of nosema bombi (microsporidia: nosematidae) in bumble bees (bombus spp.; hymenoptera: apidae) by pcr of partial rrna gene sequences. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method was developed for the specific and sensitive diagnosis of the microsporidian parasite nosema bombi in bumble bees (bombus spp.). four primer pairs, amplifying ribosomal rna (rrna) gene fragments, were tested on n. bombi and the related microsporidia nosema apis and nosema ceranae, both of which infect honey bees. only primer pair nbombi-ssu-jf1/jr1 could distinguish n. bombi (323bp amplicon) from these other bee parasites. primer pairs nbombi-ssu-jf ... | 2006 | 16376373 |
| effects of time, temperature, and honey on nosema apis (microsporidia: nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee, apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae). | newly emerged adult bees were fed with nosema apis spores subjected to various treatments, and their longevity, proportions of bees infected, and spores per bee recorded. spores lost viability after 1, 3, or 6 months in active manuka or multifloral honey, after 3 days in multifloral honey, and after 21 days in water or sugar syrup at 33 degrees c. air-dried spores lost viability after 3 or 5 days at 40 degrees, 45 degrees, or 49 degrees c. increasing numbers of bees became infected with increasi ... | 2001 | 11437529 |
| honeybee viruses in uruguay. | mortality of honeybees is a serious problem that beekeepers have to face periodically in uruguay and worldwide. the presence of rna viruses, in addition to other pathogens may be one of its possible causes. in this work, we detected chronic bee paralysis virus, acute bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, sacbrood virus and deformed wing virus in samples of uruguayan honeybees with or without varroa destructor and nosema apis. the detection of viruses in different provinces, simultaneous c ... | 2006 | 16843485 |
| influence of carbon dioxide on nosema apis infection of honeybees (apis mellifera). | young workers of the honeybee apis mellifera carnica were individually inoculated with nosema apis spores subjected to carbon dioxide (co(2)) treatment. the spores were kept in a co(2) atmosphere for 30, 35 and 40 h. the course of the infection was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of bee workers and the number of n. apis spores in their digestive tracts. co(2) treatment of n. apis spores resulted in faster proliferation of the parasite as well as higher mortality among workers infecte ... | 2007 | 17386934 |
| widespread dispersal of the microsporidian nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, apis mellifera. | the economically most important honey bee species, apis mellifera, was formerly considered to be parasitized by one microsporidian, nosema apis. recently, [higes, m., martín, r., meana, a., 2006. nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in europe, j. invertebr. pathol. 92, 93-95] and [huang, w.-f., jiang, j.-h., chen, y.-w., wang, c.-h., 2007. a nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee apis mellifera. apidologie 38, 30-37] used 16s (ssu) rrna gene sequences to demonstrate the p ... | 2007 | 17428493 |
| [problems with nosematosis in reproduction apiaries]. | nosemosis is on the list b of international animal disease office. nosema apis was found in poznań voivodship apiaries. the level of invasion of this parasite was 0-40% of investigated colonies in particular apiaries. according to the polish programme only 20% of colonies can be n. apis positive in a honeybee breeding apiary. it is suggested that the minimum should be 30% in a reproduction apiary. such a level could be found in former czechoslovakia in a honeybee breeding apiary (30-50%). in the ... | 1997 | 9289929 |
| [the effect of sodium sulfathiazole on nosema apis zander]. | | 1961 | 13728968 |
| [nosema ceranae (eukaryota: fungi: microsporea)--a new parasite of western honey bee apis mellifera l]. | nosema ceranae was discovered in apis cerana, eastern honeybee first. until recently a. cerana has been considered the only host to this parasite. a few years ago n. ceranae was recorded in honey bee apis mellifera. it appeared that n. ceranae is more pathogenic for a. mellifera than nosema apis. this parasite can cause significant losses in bee colonies. bees die without symptoms observed in nosemosis caused by n. apis such as diarrhea. | 2007 | 18441873 |
| ultrastructure of mitochondria in the corpora allata of honeybees infected by nosema apis before and after treatment with anti-nosema drugs. | ultrastructural differences were observed among mitochondria from the corpora allata of healthy, nosema-infected, and anti-nosema drug treated honeybees. mitochondria in the corpora allata of the healthy honeybees were large in size, possessed well defined membrane, numerous mitochondrial granules and less electron-dense matrix. in the corpora allata of nosema-infected honeybees, mitochondria were small in size and the mitochondrial matrix had a higher electron density. mitochondria from the cor ... | 1990 | 18620316 |
| ultrastructural differences of neurosecretion granules in the corpora cardiaca of the honeybee with and without infection by nosema apis. | axons of corpora cardiaca in the nosema infected honeybees contained numerous tightly packed neurosecretion granules. these granules invariably possessed high electron densities. neurosecretion granules of similar size were also observed in the axons of corpora cardiaca in the healthy honeybees. but these granules were shown to possess various electron densities. image analysis revealed that some of these granules possessed an electron dense core, and the electron densities decreased gradually f ... | 1990 | 18620317 |
| ultrastructural changes in the secretion granules of the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee infected by nosema apis and after treatment with fumagillin. | electron-dense secretion granules were numerous in the hypopharyngeal glands of healthy honeybees. in the hyopharyngeal glands of honeybees infected by nosema apis, these granules appeared to have increased in size and lost their electron density, possessing a core area that consisted of numerous smaller granules, and a slightly electron dense fringe area, which in some cases possessed a crystalline structure. in the hypopharyngeal glands of infected honeybees after treatment with fumagillin, th ... | 1990 | 18620318 |
| ultrastructural analysis on the gland secretion in the extracellular ducts of the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee infected by nosema apis. | the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee secrete the larval food royal jelly, along with enzymes that are used in the production of honey from nectar. the composition of this secretion mixture varies with the physiological condition of the honeybee, and the final secretion mixture is conveyed through the extracellular ducts to the large excretory duct. the secretion products in the extracellular duct of both healthy and infected honeybees, was studied by transmission electron microscopy and ima ... | 1990 | 18620319 |
| oöcytes degeneration in the queen honey bee after infection by nosema apis. | terminal oöcytes containing yolk in both healthy and nosema infected queen honey bees were studied. in the healthy queens the terminal oöcytes exhibited a layer of follicular cells which were covered by a smooth-surfaced ovariole sheath. in the oöplasm were numerous electron-dense yolk granules and lipid yolk droplets. the elecron-dense yolk granules exhibited a crystalline structure. stacks of endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the yolk granules throughout the oöplasm. numerous mitochondria ... | 1992 | 18621203 |
| the fine structure of the developmental stages of the microsporidian nosema apis zander. | schizonts, sporonts and sporoblasts of nosema apis from honey bees collected in the summer and winter were studied with the electron microscope. the nuclei usually had a diplokaryon arrangement. intranuclear spindles with polar vesicles were associated with division. schizonts had a single limiting unit membrane, whereas sporonts had a two-layered wall. sporonts from summer bees had only a thin single limiting membrane in some areas and evidence of endocytosis was sometimes seen in these. sporon ... | 1971 | 18631555 |
| [effect of dietary proteins on the multiplication of the protozoon nosema apis z]. | by counting the spores of protozoon nosema apis z. in bürker's chamber the author was able to find, in 1495 caged bees sacrificed one week after the parasite invasion, from altogether 26 samples of various feeds statistically sifnificant differences of influencing the protozoon development only in sallow pollen. the differences between the individual feeds were statistically more significant in bees sacrificed 14 days after the invasion. examination of 1260 bees 14 days after the invasion demons ... | 1975 | 810939 |
| indoor winter fumigation with formic acid for control of acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae) and nosema disease, nosema sp. | indoor fumigation of honey bees, apis mellifera l., with formic acid to control varroa mites, varroa destructor anderson & trueman, allows simultaneous fumigation of multiple colonies with little labor input and good efficacy. several experiments were designed to test the efficacy of formic acid as a treatment for honey bee mites, acarapis woodi (rennie) (acari: tarsonemidae), and nosema disease, nosema sp., indoors in winter. the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the efficacy of fo ... | 2009 | 19886435 |
| ultrastructural analysis of the freeze-etched spore envelope of the microsporidian, nosema apis zander. | the outer limiting layer of the spore coat of nosema apis is relatively smooth. the inner limiting layer shows two fractured faces, the concave face carrying many stud-like projections, 120 nm long and 50 nm high, while the convex face carries numerous depressions which are complementary to the projections. in addition, the convex face bears 7 nm particles. in between the outer and inner limiting layers lies the thick homogeneous portion of spore coat which is comprised of numerous microfibres, ... | 1975 | 813329 |
| five-year cohort study of nosema spp. in germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of nosema ceranae? | nosema ceranae and nosema apis are two fungal pathogens belonging to the phylum microsporidia and infecting the european honeybee, apis mellifera. recent studies have suggested that n. ceranae is more virulent than n. apis both at the individual insect level and at the colony level. severe colony losses could be attributed to n. ceranae infections, and an unusual form of nosemosis is caused by this pathogen. in the present study, data from a 5-year cohort study of the prevalence of nosema spp. i ... | 2010 | 20228103 |
| comparative virulence of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in individual european honey bees. | nosema apis and nosema ceranae are intracellular microsporidian parasites infecting the midgut epithelial cells of adult honey bees. n. ceranae was considered to be restricted to the asian honey bee, apis cerana, but is nowadays a parasite found also in the european honey bee (apis mellifera) across most of the world. recent surveys and experimental work suggest that n. ceranae is a serious threat to the global beekeeping industry. it has been suggested that n. ceranae induces significantly high ... | 2010 | 20299152 |
| a multiplex pcr assay to diagnose and quantify nosema infections in honey bees (apis mellifera). | correct identification of the microsporidia, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, is key to the study and control of nosema disease of honey bees (apis mellifera). a rapid dna extraction method combined with multiplex pcr to amplify the 16s rrna gene with species-specific primers was compared with a previously published assay requiring spore-germination buffer and a dna extraction kit. when the spore germination-extraction kit method was used, 10 or more bees were required to detect the pathogens, wh ... | 2010 | 20570679 |
| infections of nosema ceranae in four different honeybee species. | the microsporidium nosema ceranae is detected in honeybees in thailand for the first time. this endoparasite has recently been reported to infect most apis mellifera honeybee colonies in europe, the us, and parts of asia, and is suspected to have displaced the endemic endoparasite species, nosema apis, from the western a. mellifera. we collected and identified species of microsporidia from the european honeybee (a. mellifera), the cavity nesting asian honeybee (apis cerana), the dwarf asian hone ... | 2010 | 20600087 |
| nosema ceranae escapes fumagillin control in honey bees. | fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and has been extensively used in united states apiculture for more than 50 years for control of nosema apis. it is toxic to mammals and must be applied seasonally and with caution to avoid residues in honey. fumagillin degrades or is diluted in hives over the foraging season, exposing bees and the microsporidia to declining concentrations of the drug. we showed that spore production by nosema ceranae, an emerg ... | 2013 | 23505365 |
| a cell culture model for nosema ceranae and nosema apis allows new insights into the life cycle of these important honey bee-pathogenic microsporidia. | the population of managed honey bees has been dramatically declining in the recent past in many regions of the world. consensus now seems to be that pathogens and parasites (e.g. the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor, the microsporidium nosema ceranae and viruses) play a major role in this demise. however, little is known about host-pathogen interactions for bee pathogens and attempts to develop novel strategies to combat bee diseases have been hampered by this gap in our knowledge. one reaso ... | 2010 | 20880328 |
| iridovirus and microsporidian linked to honey bee colony decline. | in 2010 colony collapse disorder (ccd), again devastated honey bee colonies in the usa, indicating that the problem is neither diminishing nor has it been resolved. many ccd investigations, using sensitive genome-based methods, have found small rna bee viruses and the microsporidia, nosema apis and n. ceranae in healthy and collapsing colonies alike with no single pathogen firmly linked to honey bee losses. | 2010 | 20949138 |
| distribution of nosema ceranae in the european honeybee, apis mellifera in japan. | the microsporidian species, nosema apis and nosema ceranae are both known to infect the european honeybee, apis mellifera. nosema disease has a global distribution and is responsible for considerable economic losses among apiculturists. in this study, 336 honeybee samples from 18 different prefectures in japan were examined for the presence of n. apis and n. ceranae using a pcr technique. although n. ceranae was not detected in most of the apiaries surveyed, the parasite was detected at three of ... | 2010 | 21056042 |
| prevalence and infection intensity of nosema in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies in virginia. | nosema ceranae is a recently described pathogen of apis mellifera and apis cerana. relatively little is known about the distribution or prevalence of n. ceranae in the united states. to determine the prevalence and potential impact of this new pathogen on honey bee colonies in virginia, over 300 hives were sampled across the state. the samples were analyzed microscopically for nosema spores and for the presence of the pathogen using real-time pcr. our studies indicate that n. ceranae is the domi ... | 2011 | 21345338 |
| comparison of the energetic stress associated with experimental nosema ceranae and nosema apis infection of honeybees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a relatively new and widespread parasite of the western honeybee apis mellifera that provokes a new form of nosemosis. in comparison to nosema apis, which has been infecting the honeybee for much longer, n. ceranae seems to have co-evolved less with this host, causing a more virulent disease. given that n. apis and n. ceranae are obligate intracellular microsporidian parasites, needing host energy to reproduce, energetic stress may be an important factor contributing to the inc ... | 2011 | 21360094 |
| nosema ceranae in drone honey bees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian intracellular parasite of honey bees, apis mellifera. previously nosema apis was thought to be the only cause of nosemosis, but it has recently been proposed that n. ceranae is displacing n. apis. the rapid spread of n. ceranae could be due to additional transmission mechanisms, as well as higher infectivity. we analyzed drones for n. ceranae infections using duplex qpcr with species specific primers and probes. we found that both immature and mature drones are ... | 2011 | 21621543 |
| the novel organization and complete sequence of the ribosomal rna gene of nosema bombycis. | we present here for the first time the complete dna sequence data (4301bp) of the ribosomal rna (rrna) gene of the microsporidian type species, nosema bombycis. sequences for the large subunit gene (lsurrna: 2497bp, genbank accession no. ), the internal transcribed spacer (its: 179bp, genbank accession no. ), the small subunit gene (ssurrna: 1232bp), intergenic spacer (igs: 279bp), and 5s region (114bp) are also given, and the secondary structure of the large subunit is discussed. the organizati ... | 2004 | 15050536 |
| the fine structure of the frozen-etched spore of nosema apis zander. | | 1973 | 4725311 |
| polar tube protein gene diversity among nosema ceranae strains derived from a greek honey bee health study. | honey bee samples from 54 apiaries originating from 37 geographic locations of greece were screened for nosema apis and nosema ceranae. furthermore 15 samples coming from 12 geographic locations were screened also for paenibacilluslarvae and melissococcus plutonius and seven honey bee virus species, for the first time on a nation-wide level. there was a tendency in finding proportionally higher spore counts in samples from apiaries that suffered important colony losses. p. larvae bacteria were i ... | 2011 | 21802424 |
| critical aspects of the nosema spp. diagnostic sampling in honey bee (apis mellifera l.) colonies. | nosemosis is one of the most widespread of the adult honey bee diseases and causes major economic losses to beekeepers. two microsporidia have been described infecting honey bees worldwide, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, whose seasonality and pathology differ markedly. an increasing prevalence of microsporidian infections in honey bees has been observed worldwide during the last years. because nosemosis has detrimental effects on both strength and productivity of the infected colonies, an accur ... | 2011 | 22193523 |
| evidence for emerging parasites and pathogens influencing outbreaks of stress-related diseases like chalkbrood. | in agriculture, honey bees play a critical role as commercial pollinators of crop monocultures which depend on insect pollination. hence, the demise of honey bee colonies in europe, usa, and asia caused much concern and initiated many studies and research programmes aiming at elucidating the factors negatively affecting honey bee health and survival. most of these studies look at individual factors related to colony losses. in contrast, we here present our data on the interaction of pathogens an ... | 2011 | 21906600 |
| A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. | The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the multiplex PCR method and traditional light microscopy in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees from winter hive debris in the Province of Warmia and Mazury (NE Poland). A total of 1000 beesdead after from the bottom of the hive from bee colonies were analyzed. Spores were identified with the use of a light microscope (400-600x magnification). Spores were assigned to species by the multip ... | 2011 | 21957732 |
| the growing prevalence of nosema ceranae in honey bees in spain, an emerging problem for the last decade. | microsporidiosis caused by infection with nosema apis or nosema ceranae has become one of the most widespread diseases of honey bees and can cause important economic losses for beekeepers. honey can be contaminated by spores of both species and it has been reported as a suitable matrix to study the field prevalence of other honey bee sporulated pathogens. historical honey sample collections from the car laboratory (centro apícola regional) were analyzed by pcr to identify the earliest instance o ... | 2011 | 21906767 |
| cophylogeny of nosema (microsporidia: nosematidae) and bees (hymenoptera: apidae) suggests both cospeciation and a host-switch. | some microsporidian parasites belonging to the genus nosema infect bees. previous phylogenies of these parasites have produced alternative, conflicting relationships. we analyzed separately, and in combination, large and small subunit ribosomal dna sequences of nosema species infecting bees under neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian frameworks. we observed a sister relationship between nosema ceranae and nosema bombi, with nosema apis as a basal member to this gr ... | 2009 | 18684016 |
| effect of temperature on the biotic potential of honeybee microsporidia. | the biological cycle of nosema spp. in honeybees depends on temperature. when expressed as total spore counts per day after infection, the biotic potentials of nosema apis and n. ceranae at 33 degrees c were similar, but a higher proportion of immature stages of n. ceranae than of n. apis were seen. at 25 and 37 degrees c, the biotic potential of n. ceranae was higher than that of n. apis. the better adaptation of n. ceranae to complete its endogenous cycle at different temperatures clearly supp ... | 2009 | 19233948 |
| unity in defence: honeybee workers exhibit conserved molecular responses to diverse pathogens. | organisms typically face infection by diverse pathogens, and hosts are thought to have developed specific responses to each type of pathogen they encounter. the advent of transcriptomics now makes it possible to test this hypothesis and compare host gene expression responses to multiple pathogens at a genome-wide scale. here, we performed a meta-analysis of multiple published and new transcriptomes using a newly developed bioinformatics approach that filters genes based on their expression profi ... | 2017 | 28249569 |
| presence of nosema ceranae in honeybees (apis mellifera) in uruguay. | the microsporidium nosema ceranae is an emergent pathogen of european honeybees apis mellifera. using a pcr-rflp diagnosis, 29 samples of infected honeybees obtained in 2007-2008 (n=26), 2004 (n=2) and before 1990 (n=1) were analyzed for the presence of nosema apis and n. ceranae. only n. ceranae was found in all samples, indicating that this species dispersed to uruguay (and likely the region) at some time before 1990. the presence of n. ceranae in uruguay is not associated with an increase of ... | 2009 | 19358851 |
| asymmetrical coexistence of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in honey bees. | globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. recent studies showed that nosema ceranae, originally considered a microsporidian parasite of eastern honey bees, apis cerana, is a disease agent of nosemosis in european honey bees, apis mellifera, along with the resident species, nosema apis. further studies indicated that disease caused by n. ceranae in european honey bees is far more prevalent than that caused by n. apis. ... | 2009 | 19467238 |
| flight behaviour of honey bee (apis mellifera) workers is altered by initial infections of the fungal parasite nosema apis. | honey bees (apis mellifera) host a wide range of parasites, some being known contributors towards dramatic colony losses as reported over recent years. to counter parasitic threats, honey bees possess effective immune systems. because immune responses are predicted to cause substantial physiological costs for infected individuals, they are expected to trade off with other life history traits that ultimately affect the performance and fitness of the entire colony. here, we tested whether the init ... | 2016 | 27827404 |
| first detection and dominance of nosema ceranae in hungarian honeybee colonies. | microsporidiosis (nosema disease) of the european honeybee ( apis mellifera l.) is present in bee colonies worldwide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, which may have many negative effects on the colony and cause heavy economic losses in apicultures. another microsporidium species, nosema ceranae , was reported to infest the asian honeybee ( apis ceranae ), but both honeybee species are susceptible to both microsporidia. in the european honeybee ... | 2009 | 19635710 |
| immune suppression in the honey bee (apis mellifera) following infection by nosema ceranae (microsporidia). | two microsporidia species have been shown to infect apis mellifera, nosema apis and nosema ceranae. this work presents evidence that n. ceranae infection significantly suppresses the honey bee immune response, although this effect was not observed following infection with n. apis. immune suppression would also increase susceptibility to other bee pathogens and senescence. despite the importance of both nosema species in honey bee health, there is no information about their effect on the bees' im ... | 2009 | 19737304 |
| infections with the sexually transmitted pathogen nosema apis trigger an immune response in the seminal fluid of honey bees (apis mellifera). | honey bee (apis mellifera) males are highly susceptible to infections with the sexually transmitted fungal pathogen nosema apis. however, they are able to suppress this parasite in the ejaculate using immune molecules in the seminal fluid. we predicted that males respond to infections by altering the seminal fluid proteome to minimize the risk to sexually transmit the parasite to the queen and her colony. we used itraq isotopic labeling to compare seminal fluid proteins from infected and noninfe ... | 2017 | 27356667 |
| honeybee glands as possible infection reservoirs of nosema ceranae and nosema apis in naturally infected forager bees. | to determine whether nosema ceranae and nosema apis are present in different gland tissues of honeybee, apis mellifera l. and to monitor spore presence and quantity in these glands in naturally infected hives from july 2009 to july 2010 in quebec, canada. | 2012 | 22053729 |
| comparative analysis of detection limits and specificity of molecular diagnostic markers for three pathogens (microsporidia, nosema spp.) in the key pollinators apis mellifera and bombus terrestris. | global pollinator decline has recently been discussed in the context of honey and bumble bee infections from various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, microsporidia and mites. the microsporidian pathogens nosema apis, nosema ceranae and nosema bombi may in fact be major candidates contributing to this decline. different molecular and non-molecular detection methods have been developed; however, a comparison, especially of the highly sensitive pcr based methods, is currently lacking. here, w ... | 2011 | 21927870 |
| nosema spp. infections cause no energetic stress in tolerant honeybees. | host-pathogen coevolution leads to reciprocal adaptations, allowing pathogens to increase host exploitation or hosts to minimise costs of infection. as pathogen resistance is often associated with considerable costs, tolerance may be an evolutionary alternative. here, we examined the effect of two closely related and highly host dependent intracellular gut pathogens, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, on the energetic state in nosema tolerant and sensitive honeybees facing the infection. we quantif ... | 2016 | 26976406 |
| effects of nosema apis, n. ceranae, and coinfections on honey bee (apis mellifera) learning and memory. | western honey bees (apis mellifera) face an increasing number of challenges that in recent years have led to significant economic effects on apiculture, with attendant consequences for agriculture. nosemosis is a fungal infection of honey bees caused by either nosema apis or n. ceranae. the putative greater virulence of n. ceranae has spurred interest in understanding how it differs from n. apis. little is known of effects of n. apis or n. ceranae on honey bee learning and memory. following a pa ... | 2016 | 26961062 |
| The effect of induced queen replacement on Nosema spp. infection in honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis) colonies. | Microsporidiosis of adult honeybees caused by Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae is a common worldwide disease with negative impacts on colony strength and productivity. Few options are available to control the disease at present. The role of the queen in bee population renewal and the replacement of bee losses due to Nosema infection is vital to maintain colony homeostasis. Younger queens have a greater egg laying potential and they produce a greater proportion of uninfected newly eclosed bees to c ... | 2011 | 22118366 |
| first detection of nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoa of european honeybees (apis mellifera) in iran. | nosemosis of european honey bee (apis mellifera) is present in bee colonies worldwide. until recently, nosema apis had been regarded as the causative agent of the disease, that causes heavy economic losses in apicultures. nosema ceranae is an emerging microsporidian parasite of european honeybees, a. mellifera, but its distribution is not well known. previously, nosemosis in honeybees in iran was attributed exclusively to n. apis. | 2011 | 22347302 |
| evaluation of large-scale dissemination of nosema ceranae spores by european bee-eaters merops apiaster. | identification of transmission routes and of factors affecting the spatial positions of pathogens, hosts and vectors is basic to an adequate disease management. nosema ceranae is a microsporidian recently described as a parasite of apis mellifera honeybees and is currently considered the aetiological agent of an emergent illness named nosemosis type c. in this article we evaluate the role of a bird species, the european bee-eater, merops apiaster, as a large-scale dispersive agent of n. ceranae. ... | 2011 | 23761230 |
| genetic detection and quantification of nosema apis and n. ceranae in the honey bee. | the incidence of nosemosis has increased in recent years due to an emerging infestation of nosema ceranae in managed honey bee populations in much of the world. a real-time pcr assay was developed to facilitate detection and quantification of both nosema apis and n. ceranae in both single bee and pooled samples. the assay is a multiplexed reaction in which both species are detected and quantified in a single reaction. the assay is highly sensitive and can detect single copies of the target seque ... | 2010 | 19850047 |
| nosema ceranae in european honey bees (apis mellifera). | nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite described from the asian honey bee, apis cerana. the parasite is cross-infective with the european honey bee, apis mellifera. it is not known when or where n. ceranae first infected european bees, but n. ceranae has probably been infecting european bees for at least two decades. n. ceranae appears to be replacing nosema apis, at least in some populations of european honey bees. this replacement is an enigma because the spores of the new parasite are le ... | 2010 | 19909977 |
| outcome of colonization of apis mellifera by nosema ceranae. | a multiplex pcr-based method, in which two small-subunit rrna regions are simultaneously amplified in a single reaction, was designed for parallel detection of honeybee microsporidians (nosema apis and nosema ceranae). each of two pairs of primers exclusively amplified the 16s rrna targeted gene of a specific microsporidian. the multiplex pcr assay was useful for specific detection of the two species of microsporidians related to bee nosemosis, not only in purified spores but also in honeybee ho ... | 2007 | 17675417 |
| stable genetic diversity despite parasite and pathogen spread in honey bee colonies. | in the last decades, the rapid spread of diseases, such as varroosis and nosemosis, associated with massive honey bee colonies mortality around the world has significantly decreased the number and size of honey bee populations and possibly their genetic diversity. here, we compare the genetic diversity of iberian honey bee colonies in two samplings performed in 2006 and 2010 in relation to the presence of the pathogenic agents nosema apis, nosema ceranae, and varroa destructor in order to determ ... | 2015 | 26306398 |
| a freeze-fracture study of microsporidia (protozoa: microspora): ii. the extrusion apparatus: polar filament, polaroplast, posterior vacuole. | developmental stages (sporoblasts and spores) of five species of microsporidia (amblyospora bracteata, a. varians, a. weiseri, nosema apis, tuzetia sp.), fixed by conventional em fixatives or by glutaraldehyde supplemented with potassium chloride, were studied by freeze-fracture using ultrathin sections as controls. it was found that the polar filament is formed by coalescence of cytoplasmic vesicles of the golgi zone. the filament is enveloped by a single cytoplasmic membrane ("filament ensheat ... | 2011 | 23195735 |
| the honey bee pathosphere of mongolia: european viruses in central asia. | parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of managed european honey bee subspecies, apis mellifera. apicultural trade is arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. this imposes difficulties to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to survey remote areas. here, we co ... | 2016 | 26959221 |
| molecular and phylogenetic characterization of honey bee viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and parasitic mites in china. | china has the largest number of managed honey bee colonies, which produce the highest quantity of honey and royal jelly in the world; however, the presence of honey bee pathogens and parasites has never been rigorously identified in chinese apiaries. we thus conducted a molecular survey of honey bee rna viruses, nosema microsporidia, protozoan parasites, and tracheal mites associated with nonnative apis mellifera ligustica and native apis cerana cerana colonies in china. we found the presence of ... | 2013 | 23467539 |
| holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in spain: a case study. | here we present a holistic screening of collapsing colonies from three professional apiaries in spain. colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes of collapse. | 2014 | 25223634 |
| sex-specific differences in pathogen susceptibility in honey bees (apis mellifera). | sex-related differences in susceptibility to pathogens are a common phenomenon in animals. in the eusocial hymenoptera the two female castes, workers and queens, are diploid and males are haploid. the haploid susceptibility hypothesis predicts that haploid males are more susceptible to pathogen infections compared to females. here we test this hypothesis using adult male (drone) and female (worker) honey bees (apis mellifera), inoculated with the gut endoparasite nosema ceranae and/or black quee ... | 2014 | 24465518 |
| seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (apis mellifera scutellata). | the loss of apis mellifera l. colonies in recent years has, in many regions of the world, been alarmingly high. no single cause has been identified for these losses, but the interactions between several factors (mostly pathogens and parasites) have been held responsible. work in the americas on honeybees originating mainly from south africa indicates that africanised honeybees are less affected by the interplay of pathogens and parasites. however, little is known about the health status of south ... | 2013 | 23702244 |
| species-specific diagnostics of apis mellifera trypanosomatids: a nine-year survey (2007-2015) for trypanosomatids and microsporidians in serbian honey bees. | in this study, honey bees collected in serbia over 9 consecutive years (2007-2015) were retrospectively surveyed to determine the prevalence of eukaryotic gut parasites by molecular screening of archival dna samples. we developed species-specific primers for pcr to detect the two known honey bee trypanosomatid species, crithidia mellificae and the recently described lotmaria passim. these primers were validated for target specificity under single and mixed-species conditions as well as against t ... | 2016 | 27392956 |
| do the honeybee pathogens nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus act synergistically? | the honeybee pathogens nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus (dwv) cause the collapse of honeybee colonies. therefore, it is plausible that these two pathogens act synergistically to increase colony losses, since n.ceranae causes damage to the mid-gut epithelial ventricular cells and actively suppresses the honeybees' immune response, either of which could increase the virulence of viral pathogens within the bee. to test this hypothesis we exploited 322 hawaiian honeybee colonies for which dwv ... | 2013 | 23864563 |
| comparative analysis of the proteins with tandem repeats from 8 microsporidia and characterization of a novel endospore wall protein colocalizing with polar tube from nosema bombycis. | as a common feature of eukaryotic proteins, tandem amino acid repeat has been studied extensively in both animal and plant proteins. here, a comparative analysis focusing on the proteins having tandem repeats was conducted in 8 microsporidia, including four mammal-infecting microsporidia (encephalitozoon cuniculi, encephalitozoon intestinalis, encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon bieneusi) and four insect-infecting microsporidia (nosema apis, nosema ceranae, vavraia culicis and nosema bomb ... | 2017 | 28321967 |
| the genome of nosema sp. isolate ynpr: a comparative analysis of genome evolution within the nosema/vairimorpha clade. | the microsporidian parasite designated here as nosema sp. isolate ynpr was isolated from the cabbage butterfly pieris rapae collected in honghe prefecture, yunnan province, china. the genome was sequenced by illumina sequencing and compared to those of two related members of the nosema/vairimorpha clade, nosema ceranae and nosema apis. based upon assembly statistics, the nosema sp. ynpr genome is 3.36 x 106bp with a g+c content of 23.18% and 2,075 protein coding sequences. an "accctt" motif is p ... | 2016 | 27598992 |
| antimicrosporidian activity of sulphated polysaccharides from algae and their potential to control honeybee nosemosis. | nosemosis is one of the most common and widespread diseases of adult honeybees. the causative agents, nosema apis and nosema ceranae, belong to microsporidia some obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites. in this study, 10 sulphated polysaccharides from algae were evaluated for their antimicrosporidian activity. they were first shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of the mammal microsporidian model, encephalitozoon cuniculi. the most efficient polysaccharides were then tested for their abilit ... | 2015 | 26344274 |
| presence of nosema ceranae associated with honeybee queen introductions. | microsporidiosis caused by nosema species is one of the factors threatening the health of the honeybee (apis mellifera), which is an essential element in agriculture mainly due to its pollination function. the dispersion of this pathogen may be influenced by many factors, including various aspects of beekeeping management such as introduction of queens with different origin. herein we study the relation of the presence and distribution of nosema spp. and the replacement of queens in honeybee pop ... | 2014 | 24568841 |
| recent molecular biology methods for foulbrood and nosemosis diagnosis. | honey-bee colony losses are an increasing problem in western countries. there are many different causes, including infections due to various pathogens. molecular biology techniques have been developed to reliably detect and identify honey-bee pathogens. the most sensitive, specific and reliable is the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) methodology. this review of the literature describes various studies where qpcr was used to detect, identify and quantify four major honey-be ... | 2013 | 24761740 |
| quantifying spore viability of the honey bee pathogen nosema apis using flow cytometry. | honey bees are hosts to more than 80 different parasites, some of them being highly virulent and responsible for substantial losses in managed honey bee populations. the study of honey bee pathogens and their interactions with the bees' immune system has therefore become a research area of major interest. here we developed a fast, accurate and reliable method to quantify the viability of spores of the honey bee gut parasite nosema apis. to verify this method, a dilution series with 0, 25, 50, 75 ... | 2014 | 24339267 |
| nosema ceranae in south american native stingless bees and social wasp. | besides the incipient research effort, the role of parasites as drivers of the reduction affecting pollinator populations is mostly unknown. given the worldwide extension of the beekeeping practice and the diversity of pathogens affecting apis mellifera populations, honey bee colonies are a certain source of parasite dispersion to other species. here, we communicate the detection of the microsporidium nosema ceranae, a relatively new parasite of honey bees, in stingless bees (meliponini) and th ... | 2017 | 28389730 |
| microsporidia infecting apis mellifera: coexistence or competition. is nosema ceranae replacing nosema apis? | nosema ceranae has been suggested to be replacing nosema apis in some populations of apis mellifera honeybees. however, this replacement from one to the other is not supported when studying the distribution and prevalence of both microsporidia in professional apiaries in spanish territories (transverse study), their seasonal pattern in experimental hives with co-infection or their prevalence at individual level (either in worker bees or drones). nevertheless, n. ceranae has shown to present a hi ... | 2011 | 22176602 |
| genome sequencing and comparative genomics of honey bee microsporidia, nosema apis reveal novel insights into host-parasite interactions. | the microsporidia parasite nosema contributes to the steep global decline of honey bees that are critical pollinators of food crops. there are two species of nosema that have been found to infect honey bees, nosema apis and n. ceranae. genome sequencing of n. apis and comparative genome analysis with n. ceranae, a fully sequenced microsporidia species, reveal novel insights into host-parasite interactions underlying the parasite infections. | 2013 | 23829473 |
| bee++: an object-oriented, agent-based simulator for honey bee colonies. | we present a model and associated simulation package (www.beeplusplus.ca) to capture the natural dynamics of a honey bee colony in a spatially-explicit landscape, with temporally-variable, weather-dependent parameters. the simulation tracks bees of different ages and castes, food stores within the colony, pollen and nectar sources and the spatial position of individual foragers outside the hive. we track explicitly the intake of pesticides in individual bees and their ability to metabolize these ... | 2017 | 28287445 |
| microsporidia infection impacts the host cell's cycle and reduces host cell apoptosis. | intracellular parasites can alter the cellular machinery of host cells to create a safe haven for their survival. in this regard, microsporidia are obligate intracellular fungal parasites with extremely reduced genomes and hence, they are strongly dependent on their host for energy and resources. to date, there are few studies into host cell manipulation by microsporidia, most of which have focused on morphological aspects. the microsporidia nosema apis and nosema ceranae are worldwide parasites ... | 2017 | 28152065 |
| does nosema ceranae wipe out nosema apis in turkey? | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the nosema ceranae and nosema apis among apiaries using both spore counts and multiplex pcr and the replacement of n. apis by n. ceranae in some regions of turkey. | 2017 | 28096862 |