Publications

[diagnosis and therapy of neurotic depressions].	the causes of depressive syndroms differ from case to case. frequently, the cause of disease cannot be reliably determined from the cross-sectional picture alone. rather, it is necessary to give careful consideration to heredity, longitudinal analyses, and psychodynamics. the etiopathogenesis of neurotic depressions is discussed for the four different forms of neurosis by reference to the classification of neuroses recommended in bad elster in 1969. to make the psychodynamics of neurotic depress ...	2004	375275
the species of mallophaga in wild birds in iran.	up to date 2 species of mallophaga have been reported from birds in iran. further studies in tehran area showed that the wild birds harbour more lice. the following species of mallophage are reported for the first time from birds in iran. anaticola crassicornis from anas clypeata, laemobothrion maximum from falco tinnunculus laemobothrion sp. from aquila chrysaetos alcedoecus annulatus from alcedo athis, colpocephalum pectinatum and strigiphilus sp. from streptopelia turtur, amrysidea fulvomacul ...	1975	1243890
[the hygienic situation of the central drinking water supply in the former east germany--an evaluation of the annual reports on water hygiene from 1984 to 1989].	in the former gdr an annual report on the situation in the field of communal hygiene had to be elaborated and submitted to the minister of public health. one part of this was the report on the hygienic situation in water supply, worked out by the reference laboratory for water hygiene in bad elster. after the political changes in autumn 1989 it became possible to analyse these reports as a whole. in this paper the reports from 1984 to 1989 are interpreted. the results of the laboratory measureme ...	1991	1801836
bird attack on milk bottles: possible mode of transmission of campylobacter jejuni to man.	a case-control study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the rise in the rate of campylobacter jejuni infection in the brigend area of south wales during may was due to the consumption or handling of milk from bottles that had been attacked by birds. 32 of 36 cases meeting the case definition were interviewed, along with 2 controls per case, matched for age, sex, and area of residence. there were strong associations between campylobacter infection and doorstep delivery of milk bottles, a ...	1990	1978882
the effects of heptachlor and lindane on birds, columbia basin, oregon and washington, 1976-1981.	the effects of heptachlor seed treatments on birds in the vicinity of the umatilla national wildlife refuge, oregon and washington, were investigated from 1978 to 1981. an egg was collected from each of 60 nests representing six species. heptachlor epoxide (he) residues were detected in 35 eggs and were particularly high (8-13 micrograms g-1) in a few eggs of the black-billed magpie, mallard, and ring-necked pheasant. these residues were within the range that induced reproductive problems in oth ...	1985	2417314
influence of environmental temperature and photoperiod on temporal structure of sleep in corvids.	a survey is presented of the author's own investigations on the effects of ambient temperature and photoperiod on sleep in corvids. daily sleep patterns of rook, corvus frugilegus and magpie, pica pica have been studied electrographically under natural ambient conditions of light and temperature. the daily amount of total sleep time (tst) was positively correlated with night duration, whereas the proportion of tst spent in paradoxical sleep (ps) was strongly reduced in low ambient temperature (t ...	1989	2638547
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus for oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: innocuity to several non-target bait consuming species.	the pathogenicity of a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein (vvtggrab) was tested in several wild animal species which could compete with the natural rabies host, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in consuming vaccine baits in europe. the following species were included in this study: wild boar (sus scrofa), eurasian badger (meles meles), wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus), common vole (microtus arv ...	1989	2681844
[on the anniversary. 50 years of the journal of rheumatology. its first editor: public health officer professor dr. med. paul köhler, bad elster].		2011	3071033
[physical therapy in degenerative diseases of the joints].	by virtue of their wide spreading and their effects on the social working ability degenerative joint diseases increasingly gain significance. in the concept of therapy of this group of disease apart from pharmacotherapy and operative treatment physiotherapy plays an important role. after having proved that kinetotherapy is a form of treatment which is to be prescribed in the first place, the passive therapeutic methods such as thermotherapy (heat and cold), application of ultrasound, electrother ...	1987	3109139
distribution of sleep and wakefulness in 24-h light-dark cycles in the juvenile and adult magpie, pica pica.	the daily organization of sleep and wakefulness was examined electrographically under natural conditions in captive juvenile and adult magpies, pica pica. electrographic indices of sleep in the magpie were found to be similar to those of other avian species. the daily amount of ts in juveniles was 17% greater than in adults. the amount of paradoxical sleep (ps) in adults was one-fifth that of juveniles. in adults sleep was confined to darkness, while in juveniles it also occurred during the ligh ...	2006	3677925
a few morphological features of interest in development of the nasal apparatus of the magpie (pica pica l.). morphogenesis and evolutionary morphology of the nasal capsule, the nasal epithelial tube and the organ of jacobson in sauropsida. xvii.		2013	3699635
[effectiveness of postoperative spa treatment at bad elster in patients with tubal sterility].	a survey of a gynecological therapy strategy is described. the results of postoperative cures at a spa (bad elster) in 69 women, suffering from tubar sterility, were investigated by means of physical examinations and questionnaires. it was found, that the number of pregnancies (8,7%) did not increase. - there was an improvement in state of health.	1985	4036404
[ultrastructural findings in the smooth muscles of the iris of magpies (pica pica)].		1985	4050018
[on the development of the rudimentary epiphyseal photoreceptors in the magpie (pica pica l)].		1966	4227999
[the rudimentary photoreceptor of the epiphysis of the bird: the basal prolongation in the sparrow pica pica l].		1967	4963634
[ruth elster; second vice-president, international council of nurses].		1967	5339790
[establishment and layout of a pathway system for terrain cure in bad elster].		2008	5886350
paronchocerca mansoni sp.nov. from pica pica sericea (gould) and caynopica cyana interposita hartert, peking, china, with observations on the genus paronchocerca peters, 1936.		1966	6006734
aploparaksis picae sp. n. (cestoda, hymenolepididae) from the black-billed magpie, pica pica hudsonia (sabine, 1823).		1967	6067107
helminth parasites of the black-billed magpie, pica pica hudsonia (sabine, 1823), from southwestern montana.		1967	6067109
cystic 'hamartomatous' gastric polyps: a disorder of oxyntic glands.	in 1977, elster et al. described gastric polyps of a new type. these polyps were formed of fundic glandular cysts in otherwise normal gastric mucosa. in this paper a series of 52 cases of this type of polyp are presented. in addition to cysts, polyps contained deformed oxyntic glands and areas where the formation of secondary irregular glands occurred from cysts and from the existing glands. however, all glands and cysts in polyps were composed of normal, but intermixed cells of oxyntic type, su ...	1983	6195074
[new filaria of the magpie, eufilaria kalifai n. sp. (lemdaninae) and its development in culicoides nubeculosus].	e. kalifai n. sp. (lemdaninae) is described from pica pica galliae captured in france (herault); this species resembles e. longicaudata from north american corvidae as well as e. delicata and e. bartlettae from european turdidae but is distinguished principally by the large size of the microfilaria (180-220 microns). the life is completed using culicoides nubeculosus as intermediate host. the above four species of eufilaria are very similar but the caudal extremity of the infective stage has fou ...	1984	6721377
[quantitative determination of co2-resorption from thermo-indifferent carbon dioxide mineral-water baths through human skin].	by means of mass spectrometric precision analysis of the natural variation of the 12c/13 relation in carbon dioxide of different provenience we contrive to pursue quantitatively the penetration of co2 from the water of natural containing carbonic acid mineral baths (mineral springs bad elster) into the human body (skin--blood--expiratory air). first experiments confirm that in a bath of 21 or 20 minutes duration must be reckoned with a quantity of approximately equal to 24 ml . min-1 . m-2 of re ...	1982	6815909
possible fenthion toxicity in magpies (pica pica).	unusual mortality in magpies (pica pica) is described. dead or sick birds were discovered in proximity to cattle in alberta feedlots. subsequent examinations indicated magpies were being exposed to fenthion, an organophosphate used on cattle for control of warble larvae and lice. the possibility of toxicity with fenthion is suggested.	1981	7248874
[polyps of the gastric stump (author's transl)].	the incidence of polyps of the gastric stump was investigated retrospectively in a group of 1292 patients having undergone gastric surgery. the classification as proposed by elster was used; polyps could be found only in 0,7% of the cases, which is about the same incidence as in stomachs not operated upon. all different types of the classification mentioned could be found. the small number of polyps found does not allow statistically significant analysis of the subgroup incidence. however it was ...	1981	7253792
[genodermatoses in the district of herzberg/elster (author's transl)].		1981	7308546
isolation and primary structure of a novel avian pancreatic polypeptide from five species of eurasian crow.	chicken pancreatic polypeptide is the prototype of the neuropeptide y (npy)/pp superfamily of regulatory peptides. this polypeptide was appended the descriptive term avian, despite the presence of some 8600 extant species of bird. additional primary structures from other avian species, including turkey, goose and ostrich, would suggest that the primary structure of this polypeptide has been highly-conserved during avian evolution. avian pancreatic polypeptides structurally-characterised to date ...	1993	8234905
feathers of the magpie (pica pica) as a bioindicator material for heavy metal pollution assessment.	this study examined the lead and cadmium content of external tail feathers of magpies from 15 localities in poland, differing in degree of industralization and urbanization. extremely high levels (up to 1500 micrograms/g dry wt. pb and about 40 micrograms/g dry wt. cd) were found in samples from areas surrounding two zinc smelting works. the correlation between metal content in feathers and size of immission (mg/m2/y) at the sites of capture was 0.96 for pb and 0.97 for cd. magpie tail feathers ...	1993	8272833
a subpopulation of large calbindin-like immunopositive neurones is present in the hippocampal formation in food-storing but not in non-storing species of bird.	the avian hippocampal formation (hp) is thought to play a role in the processing of spatial memory related to food-storing behaviour. the hp of two food-storing species (marsh tit (parus palustris) and magpie (pica pica)) and two non-storing species (great tit (parus major) and jackdaw (corvus monedula)) were compared following calbindin-like immunostaining. in the dorsal hippocampal region, both species of food-storing birds had larger calbindin-immunoreactive cells than did the two non-storing ...	1993	8348321
development of hippocampal specialisation in a food-storing bird.	previous studies demonstrated that amongst food-storing passerine birds the hippocampal region (dorso-medial cortex) is enlarged relative to the rest of the telencephalon. it has been hypothesised that this hippocampal specialisation is related to the spatial memory requirements of retrieving large numbers of stored items. here we compare the development of the hippocampus in a food-storing and a non-storing corvid, the adults of which differ in relative hippocampal volume. the volume, cell dens ...	1993	8466658
[magnetic resonance imaging and meningiomas of the posterior cerebral fossa. 31 cases].	to assess the value of mri for meningioma of the posterior cerebral fossa, in correlation with surgical and pathological findings, we retrospectively reviewed 31 cases. the patients (24 females and 6 males ranging in age from 25 to 79 years) were preoperatively studies on a 1,5 t mr imager (gems signa) between july 1989 and november 1993. the protocol included: 1. mr scan with axial sections in t2-weighted spin-echo sequence (3 mm thickness), t1-weighted spin-echo sequence before and after gadol ...	1995	8636802
flight kinematics of black-billed magpies and pigeons over a wide range of speeds	to investigate how birds that differ in morphology change their wing and body movements while flying at a range of speeds, we analyzed high-speed (60 hz) video tapes of black-billed magpies (pica pica) flying at speeds of 4-14 m s-1 and pigeons (columba livia) flying at 6-20 m s-1 in a wind-tunnel. pigeons had higher wing loading and higher-aspect-ratio wings compared with magpies. both species alternated phases of steady-speed flight with phases of acceleration and deceleration, particularly at ...	1996	9317775
the effects of the wingbeat cycle on respiration in black-billed magpies (pica pica)	interclavicular and posterior thoracic airsac pressures, tracheal airflows and pectoralis muscle activity were recorded simultaneously to determine the effect of the wingbeat cycle upon the function of the respiratory system. the effects of the wingbeat cycle on the relative positions of thoraco-abdominal skeletal structures were also assessed using high-speed x-ray cinematography of magpies pica pica flying in a windtunnel. we found that the furcula bends laterally on the downstroke and recoils ...	1997	9319297
coordination of respiratory cycles with wingbeat cycles in the black-billed magpie (pica pica)	magpies fly with a variable pattern of wingstroke, including high-amplitude rapid flaps and low-amplitude slower flaps with interspersed brief glides. this allowed us to test the hypothesis that if phasic coordination between respiratory and wingbeat cycles is important mechanically and energetically, then, as a bird changes its wingbeat cycle, its respiratory cycle should change with it. we also tested the strength of the drive to coordinate respiratory to locomotor cycles by stimulating breath ...	1997	9319310
flight style of the black-billed magpie: variation in wing kinematics, neuromuscular control, and muscle composition.	black-billed magpies (pica pica; corvidae) exhibit an unusual flight style with pronounced, cyclic variation in wingbeat frequency and amplitude during level, cruising flight. in an effort to better understand the underlying internal mechanisms associated with this flight style, we studied muscle activity patterns, fiber composition of the pectoralis muscle, and wingbeat kinematics using both laboratory and field techniques. over a wide range of speeds in a windtunnel (0-13.4 m s-1), wingbeat fr ...	1997	9360313
[pica in germany--amylophagia as the etiology of iron deficiency anemia].	pica (pica = magpie) is an eating disorder that is manifested by a craving for oral ingestion of a given substance that is unusual in kind (nonfood items) or quantity (food items). pica has been described as a world wide phenomenon, but there are more frequent occurrences of selected substances among selected groups--especially young children and black pregnant and nonpregnant women in the southern part of the usa. in central europe and germany this syndrome has not been described in the moderne ...	1998	9773481
[5 decades of debate on structure. ruth elster, honorary chairman of the german nursing society on the crisis situation of the society].		1998	9934207
retaliatory cuckoos and the evolution of host resistance to brood parasites.	we present a dynamic model of the evolution of host resistance to avian brood parasites, when the latter can retaliate against hosts that reject parasitic eggs. in a verbal model, zahavi (1979, american naturalist, 113, 157-159) suggested that retaliatory cuckoos might prevent the evolution of host resistance by reducing the reproductive success of rejecter hosts (i.e. by destroying their eggs or nestlings). here we develop a model based on the association between the great spotted cuckoo, clama ...	1999	10512655
terrestrial locomotion in the black-billed magpie: kinematic analysis of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping.	the inter-limb kinematic patterns of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping in black-billed magpies (pica pica) were studied using high-speed video recordings. the flexion/extension patterns of the joints were similar between the gait types, suggesting that the within-leg control of the angular excursions is similar. this result is further supported by the fact that running and hopping are alternative gaits at speeds higher than walking; however, magpies show a preference for hopping. moreove ...	2000	10862728
development of object permanence in food-storing magpies (pica pica).	the development of object permanence was investigated in black-billed magpies (pica pica), a food-storing passerine bird. the authors tested the hypothesis that food-storing development should be correlated with object-permanence development and that specific stages of object permanence should be achieved before magpies become independent. as predicted, piagetian stages 4 and 5 were reached before independence was achieved, and the ability to represent a fully hidden object (piagetian stage 4) e ...	2000	10890586
resolving conflicts between drinking water demands and pressures from society's wastes. proceedings of an international conference. bad elster, germany, 24-28 november 1998.		2000	10950689
dose-tissue relationships for dieldrin in nestling black-billed magpies.		2000	10960132
terrestrial locomotion in the black-billed magpie. i. spatio-temporal gait characteristics.	spatio-temporal gait characteristics are determined for walking, running, and out of phase hopping magpies, at velocities ranging from 0.4 to 4 m/s. below 1 m/s, magpies walk. at higher velocities they either run or hop, the latter being preferred. stride length and frequency during walking and running relate to speed in an identical way. it is suggested that the control of walking and running, despite the abrupt drop in duty factor and step length at the transition from walking to either runnin ...	2000	11500573
spa bad elster, bad elster, germany.		2001	11508128
the occurrence of xenoestrogens in the elbe river and the north sea.	the xenoestrogens bisphenol a (bpa), p-alkylphenols and p-alkylphenol ethoxylates were determined in water samples of the north sea, the elbe river, and its tributaries schwarze elster, mulde, saale and the weisse elster. the sampling sites of the elbe river reached from schmilka at the german-czech border to cuxhaven at the estuary. samples of the north sea were taken in the german bight. additionally, freshly deposed sediments of the river elbe and its tributaries were analyzed. partitioning c ...	2001	11592413
antibiotic resistance in bacteria from magpies (pica pica) and rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) from west wales.	the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild animal and bird populations is largely unknown, with little consistency among the few published reports. we therefore examined intestinal bacteria from magpies (pica pica) and rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) collected in rural west wales. escherichia coli isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics were grown from eight of 20 magpies trapped in spring, 1999 and one of 17 in spring, 2000; the most prevalent resistance trait among these isolat ...	2001	11722546
life history and spatial distribution of oriental beetle (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in golf courses in korea.	larval and adult activity of the oriental beetle exomala orientalis (waterhouse), a pest of turfgrass in korea, was investigated at four golf clubs in pusan, korea, from 1995 to 1999. adult emergence was first observed on the greens in late may with peak activity occurring 2 wk later. during the day, e. orientalis adults were most active between 1800 and 2200 hours. first instars were found mostly in early july, second instars mostly in late july, and third instars from august to april. the dens ...	2002	11942767
addiction:entries and exits. edited by jon elster. new york: sage, 1999.		2000	11967452
cerebral revascularization performed using posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass. report of four cases and literature review.	cerebral revascularization is often required for the surgical treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. in certain anatomical locations, vascular anatomy and redundancy make in situ bypass possible. the authors present four patients who underwent revascularization performed using the rarely reported posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica)-pica in situ bypass after their aneurysms had been trapped. at barrow neurological institute, between 1991 and the present, four male patients underwent ...	2002	12134919
comparative power curves in bird flight.	the relationship between mechanical power output and forward velocity in bird flight is controversial, bearing on the comparative physiology and ecology of locomotion. applied to flying birds, aerodynamic theory predicts that mechanical power should vary as a function of forward velocity in a u-shaped curve. the only empirical test of this theory, using the black-billed magpie (pica pica), suggests that the mechanical power curve is relatively flat over intermediate velocities. here, by integrat ...	2003	12540899
trade-off between immunocompetence and growth in magpies: an experimental study.	a trade-off between immunity and growth has repeatedly been suggested, mainly based on laboratory and poultry science, but also from experiments where parasitism intensity was manipulated in field bird populations. however, as resource allocation to different activities (or organs) during growth is difficult to manipulate, this trade-off has only been experimentally tested by studying the effects of non-pathogenic antigens. by providing some nestling magpies (pica pica) with methionine, a sulphu ...	2003	12614572
low plasma zinc and iron in pica.	to determine role of trace elements in causation of pica with specific reference to zinc and iron we studied plasma levels of iron (fe), zinc (zn), calcium (ca) and magnesium (mg) and blood lead (pb) levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in 31 children with pica (pica group) and 60 controls matched for age, sex and nutrition (control group) in an observational case and control study in the settings of outpatient clinic of a tertiary care, teaching hospital.	2003	12661808
xenoestrogens in the river elbe and its tributaries.	4-alkylphenols, 4-alkylphenol ethoxylates, 4-alkylphenoxy carboxylates, bisphenol a, bisphenol f, 4-hydroxyacetophenon, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and steroid hormones were analyzed in water samples of the river elbe and its tributaries schwarze elster, mulde, saale, havel and schwinge. additionally, freshly deposited sediments (fds, composite samples) of the river elbe and its tributaries were analyzed. the concentrations in water samples ranged from (in ng/l): bisphenol a 4 to 92, branched nonylphe ...	2003	12758029
an rapd (random amplified polymorphic dna) analysis of genetic population structure of balea biplicata (gastropoda: clausiliidae) in fragmented floodplain forests of the elster/saale riparian system.	eight german populations of the land snail balea biplicata (mollusca: clausiliidae) were studied using the randomly amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction and morphometrics (principal component and discriminant analysis) to examine population structure and gene flow patterns in a fragmented landscape mosaic along the elster/saale riparian system, germany. a variety of population genetic analyses targeting either more on the geographic scale of gene flow (genetic distances, f statist ...	2003	12834047
phylogeny of magpies (genus pica) inferred from mtdna data.	we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of species and subspecies of the cosmopolitan genus pica using 813 bp of the mitochondrial genome (including portions of 16s rdna, trna-leu, and nd1). the phylogenetic relationships within the genus pica revealed in our molecular analyses can be summarized as follows: (1). the korean magpie (pica pica sericea) appears basal within the genus pica; (2). the european magpie (pica pica pica) shows a close relationship to the kamchatkan magpie (pica pica ...	2003	13678680
[environment and success of cure. research on the subjective state of health and the objective success of a cure at bad elster].		1960	13758067
[my experiences in opthalmological activity at the bad elster federal baths].		1960	13801396
[the behavior of the systolic blood pressure during a cure at bad elster with special reference to the aging subject].		1962	14004352
[evaluation of body weight changes described by measurements during sojourn at the spa at bad elster].		1961	14004357
new species of onchocercidae (nematoda: filarioidea) from pica pica hudsonia (sabine, 1823).		1964	14215489
surgical management of fusiform aneurysms of the peripheral posteroinferior cerebellar artery.	to describe the management and outcomes of seven patients with fusiform aneurysms of the peripheral posteroinferior cerebellar artery (pica).	2003	14519215
rapid antigen-capture assay to detect west nile virus in dead corvids.	the utility of the vectest antigen-capture assay to detect west nile virus (wnv) in field-collected dead corvids was evaluated in manitoba and ontario, canada, in 2001 and 2002. swabs were taken from the oropharynx, cloaca, or both of 109 american crows, 31 blue jays, 6 common ravens, and 4 black-billed magpies from manitoba, and 255 american crows and 28 blue jays from ontario. the sensitivity and specificity of the antigen-capture assay were greatest for samples from american crows; oropharyng ...	2003	14718083
treatment of vertebral artery aneurysms with posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis combined with parent artery occlusion.	in patients with aneurysms that involve the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) and require occlusion of the vertebral artery (va), revascularization of the pica is commonly performed. we present six patients with dissecting va aneurysms who underwent pica-pica anastomosis combined with parent artery occlusion.	2004	14751640
vertebral artery occlusion in duplex color-coded ultrasonography.	to establish the diagnostic criteria for the site of occlusion in the vertebral arteries (vas) using duplex color-coded ultrasonography.	2004	15060317
interspecies differences in mixed function oxidase activity in birds: relationship between feeding habits, detoxication activities and organochlorine accumulation.	the relationship between feeding habits and interspecies differences in the detoxication ability of the mixed function oxidase (mfo) system was investigated in birds. the role of mfo (particularly aldrin epoxidase activity) in the detoxication/bioaccumulation of organochlorines was also investigated. euriphagic (yellow-legged herring gull (larus cachinnans), black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), jackdaw (corvus monedula), magpie (pica pica) and stenophagic (cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo), coot ...	1995	15091496
effects of opportunistic predation on anti-predator behavioural responses in a guild of ground foragers.	we studied factors that affect prey selection by a generalist predator that opportunistically attacks prey species, and the associated inter- and intra-specific responses of prey to this type of predation. our model system was a guild of ground-foraging birds that are preyed upon by magpies ( pica pica) during the breeding season. we found that magpies attacked up to 12 species during three consecutive breeding seasons. the overall capture success was estimated to be 4.9%. magpies tended to atta ...	2004	15133731
2003: a centennial of spinthariscope and scintillation counting.	in 1903 w. crookes demonstrated in england his "spinthariscope" for the visual observation of individual scintillations caused by alpha particles impinging upon a zns screen. in contrast to the analogue methods of radiation measurements in that time the spinthariscope was a single-particle counter, being the precursor of scintillation counters since. in the same period f. giesel, j. elster and h. geitel in germany also found that scintillations from zns represent single particle events. this pap ...	2004	15177355
pharmaceuticals in the river elbe and its tributaries.	medicinal drugs were found to be ubiquitous in the river elbe, its tributary the river saale and in other tributaries at their points of entry into the elbe. the distribution of concentration peaks along the investigated river stretches provides an indication that they are mainly due to the emission of treated waste water from municipal sewage treatment works. this leads to the conclusion that medicinal substances can be regarded as faecal indicators for water pollution caused by human activity. ...	2004	15294435
secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada.	records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ...	2004	15362815
developing a clinical risk management strategy.	the nature of most wound-care treatments makes clinical risk inevitable. nevertheless, practitioners can do much to protect themselves. mark elster and lorraine grothier outline four key measures that will help them do this.	2004	15575572
microsurgical anatomy of cerebral revascularization. part ii: posterior circulation.	revascularization is an important component of treatment for complex aneurysms, skull base tumors, and vertebrobasilar ischemia in the posterior circulation. in this study, the authors examined the microsurgical anatomy related to cerebral revascularization in the posterior circulation and demonstrate various procedures for bypass surgery.	2005	15658105
zoonotic transmission of cryptococcus neoformans from a magpie to an immunocompetent patient.	we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in an immunocompetent female patient with exposure to a pet magpie (pica pica). genetically indistinguishable isolates were cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid of the patient and excreta of the bird. our data strongly suggest zoonotic transmission of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from a magpie to this patient.	2005	15788009
in situ bypass in the management of complex intracranial aneurysms: technique application in 13 patients.	cerebral revascularization is an important part of the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms that require deliberate occlusion of a parent artery. in situ bypass brings together intracranial donor and recipient arteries that lie parallel and in close proximity to one another rather than using an extracranial donor artery. an experience with in situ bypasses was retrospectively reviewed.	2005	15987580
wall thickness of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones: measurements on humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in crows (corvus corone cornix) and magpies (pica pica).	we studied how the ratio k of the internal to external diameter of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones follows the biomechanical optima derived for tubular bones with minimum mass designed to fulfil various mechanical requirements. we evaluated radiographs of numerous humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in corvus corone cornix and pica pica. the k-values of the gas-filled humerus (k=0.78+/-0.03) and the marrow-filled femur (k=0.79+/-0.02) in corvus are practically the same, while k of the marrow-f ...	2006	16084519
geochemical signatures (c, n, delta13c, delta15n, metals) of suspended matter in the river weisse elster (central germany): their seasonal and flow-related distribution 1997-2001.	geochemical studies of carbon, nitrogen, delta13c, delta15n as well as fe, mn, cd, zn, cr and hg in suspended matter taken from the river weisse elster (central germany) between 1997 and 2001 reveal significant changes to the composition of the organic sediment load, which correlate with the hydrological period and flow rate. using c/n ratios and the isotope values of carbon and nitrogen as source indicators, it was found that the organic suspended matter fractions in hydrological winter periods ...	2005	16191766
highly pathogenic avian influenza in magpies (pica pica sericea) in south korea.	highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is an extremely infectious, systemic viral disease of birds that produces high mortality and morbidity. hpai was diagnosed in the three dead magpies (pica pica sericea) submitted to the national veterinary research and quarantine service. at necropsy, the prominent lesions were multifocal or coalescing necrosis of the pancreas with enlargement of the livers and spleens. microscopically, there were severely necrotizing pancreatitis and lymphocytic meningoe ...	2005	16244075
surgery removes eeg abnormalities in patients with chiari type i malformation and poor csf flow.	to study the outcome of eeg from patients with chiari i malformations and nonspecific eeg abnormalities, after posterior fossa decompression and csf flow normalization.	2006	16545599
structural origin of the colored reflections from the black-billed magpie feathers.	the structural origin of the weak iridescence on some of the dark feathers of the black-billed magpie, pica pica (corvidae), is found in the structure of the ribbon-shaped barbules. the cortex of these barbules contains cylindrical holes distributed as the nodes of an hexagonal lattice in the hard layer cross section. the cortex optical properties are described starting from a photonic-crystal film theory. the yellowish-green coloration of the bird's tail can be explained by the appearance of a ...	2006	16605369
maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival.	1. in many animals immunity is not fully developed until adulthood but the young still need protection against various sets of pathogens. thus, bird nestlings are highly dependent on antibodies received from their mother (in the eggs) during their rapid early growth period. the relationship between maternal immunity and the development of neonates' own immunity has been poorly studied. 2. it has been suggested that immune function plays an important part in mediating resource competition between ...	2006	16922851
[the genotyping of the west nile virus in birds in the far eastern region of russia in 2002-2004].	samples from 20 species of trapped and dead birds were collected in the far eastern region in 2002-2004 and were analyzed by the anti-wnv mab-modified immunoenzyme assay for antigen detection and rt-pcr for viral rna detection. five positive samples from cinereous vultures (aegypius monachus) and two positive samples from cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) were found in both tests. the sequencing of the 322 bp fragments of protein e gene showed 99-99.67% homology with the strain wnv/leiv-vlgoo-27924 o ...	2006	17094656
treatment of vertebral artery aneurysms with transposition of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery to the vertebral artery combined with parent artery occlusion. technical note.	the authors describe transposition of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) to the vertebral artery (va) combined with parent artery occlusion for the treatment of va aneurysms in cases in which a clip could not be applied because of the origin of the ipsilateral pica. the aneurysm is trapped through a lower lateral suboccipital craniectomy. the pica is then cut just distal to the aneurysm, and the pica and va proximal to the aneurysm are anastomosed in an end-to-end or end-to-side fas ...	2006	17121146
avian mortality surveillance for west nile virus in colorado.	we tested 1,549 avian carcasses of 104 species to identify targets for west nile virus (wnv) surveillance in colorado, determine species affected by wnv, compare virus isolation versus rna detection applied to hearts and oral swabs from carcasses, and compare the vectest wnv antigen assay (vectest) to standard assays. forty-two species tested positive. from june to september 2003, 86% of corvids, 34% of non-corvid passerines, and 37% of raptors tested positive. we developed the target species in ...	2007	17360863
cuckoo parasitism and productivity in different magpie subpopulations predict frequencies of the 457bp allele: a mosaic of coevolution at a small geographic scale.	the level of defense against great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius) parasitism in different european populations of magpie (pica pica) depends on selection pressures due to parasitism and gene flow between populations, which suggests the existence of coevolutionary hot spots within a european metapopulation. a mosaic of coevolution is theoretically possible at small geographical scales and with strong gene flow, because, among other reasons, plots may differ in productivity (i.e., reproducti ...	2007	17711473
west nile virus in wild resident birds, southern france, 2004.	an equine west nile virus (wnv) outbreak occurred in 2004 in the camargue, a wetland area in the south of france where the virus was first reported in 1962 and re-emerged in 2000. wnv neutralizing antibodies were detected in resident birds and two isolates from a house sparrow (passer domesticus) and a common magpie (pica pica) were completely sequenced. phylogenetic analyses revealed that these isolates are closely related to strains previously found in horses in southern europe and north afric ...	2007	17767404
phylogeographic patterns in widespread corvid birds.	intraspecific genetic diversity and phylogeography of corvus corone was investigated using the mitochondrial (mt) control region as a molecular marker. a split into two distinct mt lineages was observed. one represents individuals from a wide geographic range spanning from england to the russian far east (kamchatka), while the other one was found in the primorye and khabarovsk regions (southern parts of russian far east) as well as japan. for comparison, we investigated several widespread palear ...	2007	17920300
preference of birds for zinc phosphide bait formulations.	zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. the base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. in this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (columba livia gmelin) and japanese quails (coturnix japonica temm. & schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (corvus monedula l., ...	2008	18189327
role of terrestrial wild birds in ecology of influenza a virus (h5n1).	house sparrows, european starlings, and carneux pigeons were inoculated with 4 influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from different avian species. we monitored viral replication, death after infection, and transmission to uninfected contact birds of the same species. sparrows were susceptible to severe infection; 66%-100% of birds died within 4-7 days. high levels of virus were detected from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and in organs of deceased sparrows. inoculation of starlings caused no deat ...	2007	18217557
preen oil as the main source of external contamination with organic pollutants onto feathers of the common magpie (pica pica).	we investigated the possible sources of contamination with organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and metabolites, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), in and onto tail feathers of a large songbird, the common magpie (pica pica). although feathers are potentially useful as a non-destructive biomonitor for organic pollutants, concentrations may be influenced by external contamination onto the feather surface. in a first appr ...	2008	18237780
magpies as hosts for west nile virus, southern france.	european magpies (pica pica) from southern france were tested for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) and viral shedding in feces during spring-autumn 2005. results suggest that this peridomestic species may be a suitable sentinel species and a relevant target for additional investigations on wnv ecology in europe.	2008	18258098
treatment of a complex posterior fossa aneurysm in a child using side-to-side posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass.	endovascular and cerebral bypass therapies are rarely used in children. the authors describe the treatment of a partially coiled giant distal vertebral artery (va)-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) aneurysm in a child. they performed a side-to-side pica-pica anastomosis followed by endovascular va aneurysm deconstruction with pica preservation. a healthy 11-year-old boy developed progressive holocephalic headaches over the course of 2 months. magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic res ...	2008	18352808
dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: retrospective evaluation of management and extended follow-up review in 6 patients.	the authors report the management protocol and successful outcomes in 6 patients with dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica).	2008	18590429
very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolated from wild birds in korea: epidemiological implications.	to explore the epidemiological link between infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) in wild birds and domestic chickens in korea, we examined 107 free-living wild birds, representing 7 species, that were found dead of apparent natural causes in korea over the past two years for the presence of ibdv. five birds were tested positive for ibdv by rt-pcr assay: black-billed magpie (n=1), mallard duck (n=2), bean goose (n=1) and white-fronted goose (n=1). ibdv was isolated from rt-pcr-positive tissues ...	2008	18652855
what-where-when memory in magpies (pica pica).	some animals have been shown to be able to remember which type of food they hoarded or encountered in which location and how long ago (what-where-when memory). in this study, we test whether magpies (pica pica) also show evidence of remembering these different aspects of a past episode. magpies hid red- and blue-dyed pellets of scrambled eggs in a large tray containing wood shavings. they were allowed to make as many caches as they wanted. the birds were then returned either the same day or the ...	2009	18670793
in situ bypass in the management of complex intracranial aneurysms: technique application in 13 patients.	cerebral revascularization is an important part of the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms that require deliberate occlusion of a parent artery. in situ bypass brings together intracranial donor and recipient arteries that lie parallel and in close proximity to one another rather than using an extracranial donor artery. an experience with in situ bypasses was retrospectively reviewed.	2008	18695563
mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (pica pica): evidence of self-recognition.	comparative studies suggest that at least some bird species have evolved mental skills similar to those found in humans and apes. this is indicated by feats such as tool use, episodic-like memory, and the ability to use one's own experience in predicting the behavior of conspecifics. it is, however, not yet clear whether these skills are accompanied by an understanding of the self. in apes, self-directed behavior in response to a mirror has been taken as evidence of self-recognition. we investig ...	2008	18715117
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in lanner falco biarmicus feldeggli schlegel chicks and lanner prey in sicily, italy.	this paper reports on research conducted to elucidate the risk posed to the sicilian population of the endangered lanner falcon falco biarmicus feldeggii schlegel by organochlorine (oc) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), as part of a wider study on contaminant risk to the lanner. seventeen lanner nest sites were studied in northern and central sicily. sampling (in 2005) and analysis were carried out for selected oc pesticides and pcb congeners in lanner chick blood (15 chicks from ...	2008	18833798
concentrations in bird feathers reflect regional contamination with organic pollutants.	feathers have recently been shown to be potentially useful non-destructive biomonitoring tools for organic pollutants. however, the suitability of feathers to monitor regional variations in contamination has not been investigated until now. here concentrations of organic pollutants were compared in feathers of common magpies (pica pica) between urban and rural areas in flanders, belgium. the results showed that concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (dde) were significantly high ...	2009	19036412
phylogenetic analysis of west nile virus isolated in italy in 2008.	in italy the first occurrence of west nile virus (wnv) infection was reported in tuscany region during the late summer of 1998. in august 2008, the wnv infection re-emerged in italy, in areas surrounding the po river delta, and involving three regions lombardy, emilia romagna and veneto. wnv was isolated from blood and organs samples of one horse, one donkey, one pigeon (columba livia) and three magpies (pica pica). the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates, conducted on 255 bp in the region cod ...	2008	19040827
functional morphology and integration of corvid skulls - a 3d geometric morphometric approach.	sympatric corvid species have evolved differences in nesting, habitat choice, diet and foraging. differences in the frequency with which corvid species use their repertoire of feeding techniques is expected to covary with bill-shape and with the frontal binocular field. species that frequently probe are expected to have a relatively longer bill and more sidewise oriented orbits in contrast to species that frequently peck. we tested this prediction by analyzing computed tomography scans of skulls ...	2009	19128499
molecular epidemiology and characterization of campylobacter spp. isolated from wild bird populations in northern england.	campylobacter infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of campylobacter spp. consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. to address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird ...	2009	19286781