| isolation and genomic characterization of a pathogenic providencia rettgeri strain g0519 in turtle trachemys scripta. | providencia rettgeri infection has occurred occasionally in aquaculture, but is rare in turtles. here, a pathogenic p. rettgeri strain g0519 was isolated from a diseased slider turtle (trachemys scripta) in china, and qpcr assay was established for the rtx toxin (rtxd) gene. histopathological examination showed that many inflammatory cells were infiltrated into heart, liver and intestine, as well as the necrosis of liver, kidney and spleen. the genome consisted of one circular chromosome (4.493 ... | 2020 | 32951105 |
| on some structural and evolutionary aspects of rdna amplification in oogenesis of trachemys scripta turtles. | the features of rdna amplification have been studied in oocytes of the red-eared slider trachemys scripta using a number of specific histochemical and cytomolecular methods. a single nucleolus in early diplotene oocytes is associated with the nucleolus organizer region (nor). with oocyte growth, the number of nucleoli increases dramatically and reaches hundreds by the lampbrush chromosome stage (pre-vitellogenesis). rna-polymerase i, fibrillarin, and pcna immunodetection in the amplified nucleol ... | 2020 | 32897424 |
| modulation of the intestinal barrier adaptive functions in red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) invading brackish waters. | globally, the increase in sea levels is leading to salinization of freshwater, which might influence the freshwater organisms such as red-eared slider, trachemys scripta elegans. the turtle can invade brackish water environments, in which it must deal with elevated salinity in the gastrointestinal tract that could impact the intestinal function. the intestinal barrier provides a front-line of organismal defense against the chemical and biological environmental insults. in this study, the adaptiv ... | 2021 | 32890802 |
| comparison of lateral and dorsal recumbency during endoscope-assisted oophorectomy in mature pond sliders (trachemys scripta). | ovariectomy via the prefemoral fossa is a well-described technique for sterilization in chelonians. the choice between lateral and dorsal recumbency is generally left to the surgeon's preference, with no data supporting an objective superiority of one over the other. twenty-four sexually mature female pond sliders (trachemys scripta) were enrolled for elective prefemoral endoscope-assisted oophorectomy, and were randomly divided in two groups: 12 animals were placed in right lateral recumbency w ... | 2020 | 32825061 |
| serum biochemistry of trachemys scripta elegans and trachemys dorbignyi (testudines: emydidae) bred in captivity in the northeastern semiarid region of brazil. | this study aimed to assess fundamental biochemical values of healthy animals and to provide useful data on comparative physiologies of testudines, being assessed the serum biochemistry profiles, and body and tail biometry of trachemys scripta elegans and trachemys dorbignyi bred in interaction in the semiarid region of the são francisco river valley. | 2020 | 32801558 |
| using naturalistic incubation temperatures to demonstrate how variation in the timing and continuity of heat wave exposure influences phenotype. | most organisms are exposed to bouts of warm temperatures during development, yet we know little about how variation in the timing and continuity of heat exposure influences biological processes. if heat waves increase in frequency and duration as predicted, it is necessary to understand how these bouts could affect thermally sensitive species, including reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd). in a multi-year study using fluctuating temperatures, we exposed trachemys scripta ... | 2020 | 32752987 |
| dynamic regulation of histone h3 lysine (k) acetylation and deacetylation during prolonged oxygen deprivation in a champion anaerobe. | trachemys scripta elegans can survive up to three months of absolute anoxia at 3 °c and recover with minimal cellular damage. red-eared sliders employ various physiological and biochemical adaptations to survive anoxia with metabolic rate depression (mrd) being the most prominent adaptation. mrd is mediated by epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms aimed at shutting down cellular processes that are not needed for anoxia survival, while reprioritizing ... | 2020 | 32729004 |
| molecular cytogenetic characterization of the sicilian endemic pond turtle emys trinacris and the yellow-bellied slider trachemys scripta scripta (testudines, emydidae). | turtles, a speciose group consisting of more than 300 species, demonstrate karyotypes with diploid chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 26 to 2n = 68. however, cytogenetic analyses have been conducted only to 1/3rd of the turtle species, often limited to conventional staining methods. in order to expand our knowledge of the karyotype evolution in turtles, we examined the topology of the (ttaggg)n telomeric repeats and the rdna loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) on the karyotypes o ... | 2020 | 32630506 |
| temperature-dependent sex determination is mediated by pstat3 repression of kdm6b. | in many reptiles, including the red-eared slider turtle trachemys scripta elegans (t. scripta), sex is determined by ambient temperature during embryogenesis. we previously showed that the epigenetic regulator kdm6b is elevated at the male-producing temperature and essential to activate the male pathway. in this work, we established a causal link between temperature and transcriptional regulation of kdm6b we show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) is phosphorylated a ... | 2020 | 32299951 |
| an annotated chromosome-level reference genome of the red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans). | among vertebrates, turtles have many unique characteristics providing biologists with opportunities to study novel evolutionary innovations and processes. we present here a high-quality, partially phased, and chromosome-level red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans, tse) genome as a reference for future research on turtle and tetrapod evolution. this tse assembly is 2.269 gb in length, has one of the highest scaffold n50 and n90 values of any published turtle genome to date (n50 = 129.68 mb ... | 2020 | 32227195 |
| temporal stability of in vitro venous blood gas, ph, and lactate values of cownose rays (rhinoptera bonasus) and red-eared slider turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans). | this study assessed the in vitro temporal changes that occur in blood ph and lactate concentrations for an elasmobranch species and a chelonian species, as well as blood gases (partial pressures of carbon dioxide [pco2] and oxygen [po2]) for a chelonian species, with a portable clinical point-of-care analyzer. blood samples were collected from 10 cownose rays (rhinoptera bonasus) and 10 red-eared sliders (pseudemys scripta elegans), stored on ice, and serially analyzed at six time points up to 9 ... | 2020 | 32212553 |
| effect of benzylpenicillin on intravenous pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | the aim of this study was to determine the effect of benzylpenicillin on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). six clinically healthy red-eared slider turtles weighing 400 and 580 g were used for the study. acyclovir (40 mg/kg) and benzylpenicillin (30 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to turtles. in the study, the cross-pharmacokinetic design (2 × 2) with a 30-day washout period was performed in two periods. plasma concentrations of acyc ... | 2020 | 32212341 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum in a red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans), a noted invasive alien species, captured in a rural aquatic ecosystem in eastern poland. | little is known about cryptosporidiosis in turtles of invasive alien species (ias) inhabiting european bodies of fresh water. in this article, we report an occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum in a red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) captured in a rural aquatic ecosystem in eastern poland. | 2020 | 32141020 |
| h2s-producing enzymes in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates: effects of cold acclimation, anoxia exposure and reoxygenation on gene and protein expression. | to lend insight into the potential role of the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (h2s) in facilitating anoxia survival of anoxia-tolerant vertebrates, we quantified the gene expression of the primary h2s-synthesizing enzymes, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3mst), cystathionine γ-lyase (cse) and cystathionine β-synthase (cbs), in ventricle and brain of normoxic, anoxic and reoxygenated 21 °c- and 5 °c-acclimated freshwater turtles (trachemys scripta) and 10 °c-acclimated crucian carp (caras ... | 2020 | 32105700 |
| early-life intestinal microbiome in trachemys scripta elegans analyzed using 16s rrna sequencing. | during the early-life period, the hatchlings of red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans) rely on their own post-hatching internal yolk for several days before beginning to feed. the gut microbiome is critical for the adaptation of organisms to new environments, but, to date, how the microbiome taxa are assembled during early life of the turtle is unknown. in this study, the intestinal microbiome of red-eared slider hatchlings (fed on commercial particle food) was systematically analy ... | 2020 | 32071814 |
| protein lysine methylation in the regulation of anoxia tolerance in the red eared slider turtle, trachemys scripta elegans. | the red eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) is a champion vertebrate facultative anaerobe, capable of surviving for several months under conditions of exceptionally low oxygen availability. the ability of the turtle to facilitate this impressive tolerance to oxygen restriction is accomplished through a dramatic reduction in non-essential cellular processes. this is done in an attempt to conserve limited atp stores and match demand in the anoxic state, with atp supplied primarily thro ... | 2020 | 32066095 |
| population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (pseudemys concinna). | enrofloxacin is frequently administered to turtles in wildlife clinics during rehabilitation due to its wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and availability of injectable formulations. however, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking. the objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in chelonians presenting injured to a wildlife clinic. thirty-six eastern box turtles (ebt, terrapene carolina ... | 2020 | 32052471 |
| a claustrum in reptiles and its role in slow-wave sleep. | the mammalian claustrum, owing to its widespread connectivity with other forebrain structures, has been hypothesized to mediate functions that range from decision-making to consciousness1. here we report that a homologue of the claustrum, identified by single-cell transcriptomics and viral tracing of connectivity, also exists in a reptile-the australian bearded dragon pogona vitticeps. in pogona, the claustrum underlies the generation of sharp waves during slow-wave sleep. the sharp waves, toget ... | 2020 | 32051589 |
| induction of foxo3a protects turtle neurons against oxidative stress. | the detrimental effects of oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) factor into aging, senescence and several neurodegenerative diseases. mammalian models are extremely susceptible to the stresses that follow the restoration of oxygen after anoxia; however some organisms including the freshwater turtle trachemys scripta can withstand extended anoxia and reoxygenation without apparent pathology. the ability of the turtle to withstand these conditions is thought ... | 2020 | 32044446 |
| genetic variation and admixture of red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans) in the usa. | the most ubiquitous, abundant, and invasive turtle on earth, trachemys scripta elegans (tse, "red-eared slider"), is one of four taxa in a clade that is native to the usa and adjacent mexico (three subspecies of trachemys scripta plus trachemys gaigeae). the present range-wide study of this clade is based on 173 known-locality mtdna sequences combined with ddrad libraries for 43 samples emphasizing the western part of the range of tse, its contact with that of t. gaigeae, and anthropogenic hybri ... | 2020 | 31874235 |
| mucosal antibody quantity but not avidity predicts likelihood of salmonella infection in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta). | natural antibodies (nabs) are polyreactive, have low avidity, and are a product of b-1 cells. evidence suggests that nabs may play a key role in immune defense in turtles, as increased total mucosal antibodies are associated with a decreased number of extracellular intestinal parasites. however, it is unknown if this trend extends to other types of pathogens and if avidity of the nab to the pathogen is a factor in protection. we examined the relationship between a common intracellular bacteria i ... | 2020 | 31833242 |
| environmental dna detection and quantification of invasive red-eared sliders, trachemy scripta elegans, in ponds and the influence of water quality. | environmental dna (edna) is a powerful tool for monitoring the distribution of aquatic macro-organisms. however, environmental factors, including the water temperature and water quality, can affect the inhibition and/or degradation of edna, which complicates accurate estimations of edna concentrations and the detection of the presence/absence of species in natural habitats. further very few edna studies have been conducted for reptiles, especially with respect to estimating their biomass and/or ... | 2019 | 31824768 |
| distribution of rods and cones in the red-eared turtle retina (trachemys scripta elegans). | we have identified the photoreceptors of trachemys scripta elegans, an intensely studied species that is a model for color vision work. to recognize and count the different photoreceptor types, we labeled them with a combination of morphological and immunohistochemistry markers. the counts for the determination of the density of each photoreceptor type were made in wholemount retinas. the percentages found for each cone type were 29, 23, 21, 12, and 6%, respectively, for l (both types), double, ... | 2020 | 31785154 |
| auditory brainstem responses in the red-eared slider trachemys scripta elegans (testudoformes: emydidae) reveal sexually dimorphic hearing sensitivity. | hearing sensitivity is of general interest from the perspective of understanding the functionality and evolution of vertebrate auditory systems. sexual dimorphism of auditory systems has been reported in several species of vertebrates, but little is known about this phenomenon in turtles. some morphological characteristics, such as middle ear and tympanic membrane that influence the hearing sensitivity of animals can result in hearing sexual dimorphism. to examine whether sexual dimorphism in he ... | 2019 | 31654192 |
| fundamental niche unfilling and potential invasion risk of the slider turtle trachemys scripta. | how species colonize new environments is still a fundamental question in ecology and evolution, assessable by evaluating range characteristics of invasive species. here we propose a model approach to evaluate environmental conditions and species features to predict niche changes in non-equilibrium contexts. it incorporates potentially range-limiting processes (fundamental niche), hence allowing for better predictions of range shifts, differentiation of analog and non-analog conditions between th ... | 2019 | 31637143 |
| the development of the trunk neural crest in the turtle trachemys scripta. | the neural crest is a group of multipotent cells that give rise to a wide variety of cells, especially portion of the peripheral nervous system. neural crest cells (nccs) show evolutionary conserved fate restrictions based on their axial level of origin: cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral. while much is known about these cells in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish, relatively little is known in other types of amniotes such as snakes, lizards, and turtles. we attempt here to provide a more detai ... | 2020 | 31587387 |
| immune function in trachemys scripta following exposure to a predominant brevetoxin congener, pbtx-3, as a model for potential health impacts for sea turtles naturally exposed to brevetoxins. | many species of marine life in southwestern florida, including sea turtles, are impacted by blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, karenia brevis. sublethal exposure to toxins produced by k. brevis has been shown to impact sea turtle health. since all sea turtles in the gulf of mexico have protected status, a freshwater turtle, trachemys scripta, was used as a model for immune system effects following experimental exposure to a predominant brevetoxin congener in k. brevis blooms, pbtx-3. exposure t ... | 2019 | 31559558 |
| effects of chlorella vulgaris polysaccharides accumulation on growth characteristics of trachemys scripta elegans. | the present study investigated the effects of the accumulated polysaccharides in chlorella vulgaris microalgae on the growth characteristics of trachemys scripta elegans. sodium alginate was used to prepare immobilized c. vulgaris, and the antioxidant effects of the accumulated polysaccharides in it were determined using caenorhabditis elegans as a model. we determined the specific growth rates of t. s. elegans (10 in each group) and their levels of non-specific immune-related indexes (including ... | 2019 | 31493454 |
| red-eared slider hatchlings (trachemys scripta) show a seasonal shift in behavioral types. | correlated and repeatable patterns of behavior, termed behavioral types, can affect individual fitness. the most advantageous behavioral type may differ across predictable environments (e.g., seasonally), and maternally mediated effects may match hatchling behavior to the environment. we measured righting response, an indicator of behavioral type, of juvenile red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta) emerging from early and late season clutches to understand if the production of behavioral ty ... | 2019 | 31436909 |
| experimental removal of introduced slider turtles offers new insight into competition with a native, threatened turtle. | the red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans; res) is often considered one of the world's most invasive species. results from laboratory and mesocosm experiments suggest that introduced res outcompete native turtles for key ecological resources, but such experiments can overestimate the strength of competition. we report on the first field experiment with a wild turtle community, involving introduced res and a declining native species of conservation concern, the western pond turtle (e ... | 2019 | 31435491 |
| body coloration and mechanisms of colour production in archelosauria: the case of deirocheline turtles. | animal body coloration is a complex trait resulting from the interplay of multiple mechanisms. while many studies address the functions of animal coloration, the mechanisms of colour production still remain unknown in most taxa. here we compare reflectance spectra, cellular, ultra- and nano-structure of colour-producing elements, and pigment types in two freshwater turtles with contrasting courtship behaviour, trachemys scripta and pseudemys concinna. the two species differ in the distribution o ... | 2019 | 31417734 |
| adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling regulates lipid metabolism in response to salinity stress in the red-eared slider turtle trachemys scripta elegans. | aquatic animals have developed various mechanisms to live in either hyperionic or hypoionic environments, and, as such, not many species are capable of surviving in both. the red-eared slider turtle, trachemys scripta elegans, a well-known freshwater species, has recently been found to invade and inhabit brackish water. herein, we focus on some of the metabolic adaptations that are required to survive and cope with salinity stress. the regulation of the adenosine monophosphate (amp)-activated pr ... | 2019 | 31417422 |
| pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | to determine the pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid (ta) after different routes of administration [intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im), 2 mg kg-1] and doses (iv, 2 and 4 mg kg-1) in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | 2019 | 31395485 |
| pharmacokinetics of injectable marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans). | fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs are currently used in reptilian medicine because of their broad spectrum of activity including the most frequent pathogens of these species. the disposition kinetics of marbofloxacin (mbx) at a single dose of 2 mg/kg were determined in healthy red-eared sliders after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration. the influence of renal portal system on the bioavailability of the drug was investigated by using forelimb and hindlimb as im injection site ... | 2020 | 31393637 |
| intestinal b cells in the red-eared slider turtle, trachemys scripta: anatomical distribution and implications for ecological interactions with pathogenic microbes. | disease is a significant threat in the global decline of reptile species. many aquatic reptiles live in habitats with high levels of opportunistic microbial pathogens, yet little is known about their immune system. gut-associated lymphoid tissue is vital for protection against ingested pathogens and maintenance of normal gut microbiota. in mammals, gut mucosal immunity is well-characterized and mucosal surfaces are coated in protective antibodies. however, reptiles lack lymph nodes and peyer's p ... | 2019 | 31328906 |
| learning and behavior in hatchling trachemys scripta exposed to bisphenol-a during embryonic development. | steroids play an integral role in orchestrating embryonic development, and they can affect a suite of phenotypic traits, including learning and behavior. endocrine disrupting compounds (edcs) can alter steroid-dependent phenotypic traits during embryonic development. bisphenol-a (bpa) is an edc that disrupts the action of estrogen, and recent work indicates that bpa can affect learning and behavior similarly to estrogen. we exposed red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta) eggs to bpa during e ... | 2019 | 31301326 |
| increase in morbidity and mortality in a shipment of red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | a cohort of captive-bred red-eared slider turtles, trachemys scripta, was received from a commercial vendor. shortly after arrival, several turtles presented as lethargic with subjectively pale skin and multifocal areas of cotton-like tufts in the mouth area and distal extremities. the water was treated with a commercial anti-fungal and anti-bacterial preparation of victoria green b and acriflavine. despite treatment, 10 turtles were euthanized and others demonstrated persistent clinical signs. ... | 2019 | 31238811 |
| intravenous lipid emulsion treatment reduces symptoms of brevetoxicosis in turtles (trachemys scripta). | harmful algal blooms (habs) occur when excess nutrients allow dinoflagellates to reproduce in large numbers. marine animals are affected by blooms when algal toxins are ingested or inhaled. in the gulf of mexico, near annual blooms of karenia brevis release a suite of compounds (brevetoxins) that cause sea turtle morbidity and mortality. the primary treatment at rehabilitation facilities for brevetoxin-exposed sea turtles is supportive care, and it has been difficult to design alternative treatm ... | 2019 | 31120660 |
| twins at conspicuously different developmental stages in a turtle egg. | one-egg twins, in general, initiate embryonic development at the same time, and their developmental stages proceed in parallel. here we report a rare case of the embryonic development of the red-eared slider turtle, trachemys scripta, in which twins at conspicuously different developmental stages developed on a single yolk. one of the twins appeared to have developed at the normal developmental rate, whereas the development of the other was markedly delayed, despite the absence of any overt anom ... | 2019 | 31116532 |
| tissue-dependent variation of hydrogen sulfide homeostasis in anoxic freshwater turtles. | hydrogen sulfide (h2s) controls numerous physiological responses. to understand its proposed role in metabolic suppression, we measured free h2s and bound sulfane sulfur (bss) in tissues of the freshwater turtle trachemys scriptaelegans, a species undergoing strong metabolic suppression when cold and anoxic. in warm normoxic turtles, free h2s was higher in red blood cells (rbcs) and kidney (∼9-10 µmol l-1) than in brain, liver and lung (∼1-2 µmol l-1). these values overall aligned with the tissu ... | 2019 | 31109970 |
| the devil is in the details: identifying aspects of temperature variation that underlie sex determination in species with tsd. | most organisms experience thermal variability in their environment; however, our understanding of how organisms cope with this variation is under-developed. for example, in organisms with temperature-dependent sex determination (tsd), an inability to predict sex ratios under fluctuating incubation temperatures in the field hinders predictions of how species with tsd will fare in a changing climate. to better understand how sex determination is affected by thermal variation, we incubated trachemy ... | 2019 | 31095337 |
| regulation of p53 in the red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) in response to salinity stress. | the freshwater red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) is found not only in freshwater but also in coastal saline habitats. hyperosmotic salinity can induce cell damage. p53, regarded as the guardian of the genome, is very important and versatile in response to the change of environment. in this study, the role of p53 in t. s. elegans under environmental salinity change will be explored. the results indicated that amino acid sequence of p53 showed high similarity to p53 of other species. in ... | 2019 | 30940557 |
| pharmacokinetics of levamisole in the red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of levamisole were determined in red-eared slider turtles after single intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc) administration. nine turtles received levamisole (10 mg/kg) by each route in a three-way crossover design with a washout period of 30 days. blood samples were collected at time 0 (pretreatment), and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hr after drug administration. plasma levamisole concentrations were determi ... | 2019 | 30933367 |
| comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome in the red-eared slider trachemys scripta elegans under chronic salinity stress. | the red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans), identified as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world, is a freshwater turtle originally from the eastern united states and northeastern mexico. field investigations have shown that t. s. elegans can survive and lay eggs in saline habitats. in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation, high-throughput rna-seq was utilized to identify the changes in gene expression profiles in the liver of t. s. elegans in respo ... | 2019 | 30923649 |
| development of reverse-transcriptase quantitative pcr assays for detection of the cytokines il-1β, tnf-α, and il-10 in chelonians. | in response to viral pathogens, a host releases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (il-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (il-10). while several approaches exist to measure cytokine responses, evaluating gene transcription through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) provides a fast, reproducible, and sensitive method for quantifying this response. the objective of this study was ... | 2019 | 30856601 |
| pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular danofloxacin in red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | this study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in red-eared slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) following a single intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administrations of 6 mg/kg, using a two-way crossover study with 30-day washout period. eight clinically healthy red-eared slider turtle weighing 410-600 g (mean 490 g) were used for the study. danofloxacin concentrations were measured using the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. the plasma conce ... | 2019 | 30853667 |
| pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and red-eared slider turtles (trachemys scripta elegans). | to determine pharmacokinetic dosing strategy in bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans) based on two subcutaneously (sc) administered doses of hydromorphone (0.5 and 1.0 mg kg-1). | 2019 | 30827804 |
| contraction of atrial smooth muscle reduces cardiac output in perfused turtle hearts. | unusual undulations in resting tension (tonus waves) were described in isolated atria from freshwater turtles more than a century ago. these tonus waves were soon after married with the histological demonstration of a rich layer of smooth muscle on the luminal side of the atrial wall. research thereafter waned and the functional significance of this smooth muscle has remained obscure. here, we provide evidence that contraction of the smooth muscle in the atria may be able to change cardiac outpu ... | 2019 | 30787139 |
| the expression of genes involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in turtle (trachemys scripta) brain during anoxic submergence at 21 °c and 5 °c reveals the importance of cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia survival. | we investigated if transcriptional responses are consistent with the arrest of synaptic activity in the anoxic turtle (trachemys scripta) brain. thirty-nine genes of key receptors, transporters, enzymes and regulatory proteins of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission were partially cloned and their expression in telencephalon of 21 °c- and 5 °c-acclimated normoxic, anoxic (24 h at 21 °c; 1 and 14 days at 5 °c) and reoxygenated (24 h at 21 °c; 13 days at 5 °c) turtles quantified by real-tim ... | 2019 | 30780100 |
| antioxidant responses to salinity stress in an invasive species, the red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) and involvement of a tor-nrf2 signaling pathway. | the red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans), a freshwater turtle, is an invasive species in many parts of the world where it survives in both freshwater and coastal saline habitats. high salinity can induce reactive oxygen species (ros) production and lead to oxidative damage. in this study, we investigate the antioxidant defense mechanisms of t. s. elegans in response to salinity stress. the results showed that the mrna expression levels of superoxide dismutase (sods), catalase (cat) and g ... | 2019 | 30738853 |
| fungal planet description sheets: 716-784. | novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: australia, chaetopsina eucalypti on eucalyptus leaf litter, colletotrichum cobbittiense from cordyline stricta × c. australis hybrid, cyanodermella banksiae on banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, discosia macrozamiae on macrozamia miquelii, elsinoë banksiigena on banksia marginata, elsinoë elaeocarpi on elaeocarpus sp., elsinoë leucopogonis on leucopogon sp., helminthosporium livistonae on livistona ... | 2018 | 30505003 |
| thermal physiological performance of two freshwater turtles acclimated to different temperatures. | the thermal physiological performance of invasive species may play a crucial role in determining their invasion success. in this study, we acclimated two cohorts of hatchlings of freshwater turtles (native mauremys reevesii and invasive trachemys scripta elegans) from low and high-latitude collection sites, respectively, to different thermal conditions (20 and 30 °c) for 4 weeks, and then compared their thermal tolerance and locomotor performance. t. scripta elegans hatchlings could swim faster ... | 2019 | 30478602 |
| polycystic kidney-like disease in a red-ear slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans). | a 14-year-old red-ear slider turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) with no history of pre-existing clinical disease died and was referred for necropsy examination. grossly, oesophageal prolapse, bilateral renal cysts and a paraduodenal cystic mass were detected. tissues were processed routinely for histology and immunohistochemistry (ihc) with primary antibodies specific for wilm's tumour suppressor gene-1 (wt-1), insulin, glucagon and pancytokeratins. microscopically, renal medullary cysts and med ... | 2018 | 30360912 |
| prevalence of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica in red-eared sliders trachemys scripta elegans retailed in pet shops in japan. | we investigated the prevalence of salmonella in 227 small red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans) from 2006 to 2008. a total of 130 turtles (57.3%) tested positive for s. enterica subsp. enterica. twenty-two serotypes including s. montevideo, s. newport, s. pomona, s. braenderup, s. sandiego, and s. litchfield were identified. salmonella strains with closely related pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns were isolated from several shops located in different areas from 2006 to 200 ... | 2019 | 30270249 |
| evidence of embryonic regulation of maternally derived yolk corticosterone. | in recent years, the potential for maternal stress effects to adaptively alter offspring phenotype has received considerable attention. this research has identified offspring traits that are labile in response to maternal stress; however, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects is lagging and is crucial to appreciating the significance of this maternal effect. in the present study, we sought to better understand maternal stress effects by examining the potential for embryonic ... | 2018 | 30266787 |
| prox1 mrna expression in the medial cortex of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). | the medial cortex of the cerebrum in reptiles is thought to be homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus, based on cytoarchitectures, fiber connections, and neurochemical profiles. to support this hypothesis, we examined the mrna expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vglut1), a glutamatergic gene marker, and prox1, a selective gene marker for granule cells of the dentate gyrus, in the turtle medial cortex (zone 2). reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence ... | 2018 | 30218766 |
| a novel cerebellar commissure and other myelinated axons in the purkinje cell layer of a pond turtle (trachemys scripta elegans). | parallel fibers in the molecular layer of the vertebrate cerebellum mediate slow spike conduction in the transverse plane. in contrast, electrophysiological recordings have indicated that rapid spike conduction exists between the lateral regions of the cerebellar cortex of the red-ear pond turtle (trachemys scripta). the anatomical basis for this commissure is now examined in that species using neuronal tracing techniques. fluorescently tagged dextrans and lipophilic carbocyanine dyes placed in ... | 2018 | 30173417 |
| a new approach for measuring temperature inside turtle eggs. | for turtles, the thermal environment experienced during development plays critical roles in many biological processes. while the temperature inside an egg is assumed to match the substrate temperature, many factors such as evaporative cooling, metabolic heating and the insulating properties of extra-embryonic components can lead to thermal differences. however, no method developed to date has allowed for measurement of the embryonic temperature in live chelonian eggs. we designed a thermocouple- ... | 2018 | 30158131 |
| health status assessment of traumatic injury freshwater turtles. | a group of injured yellow-bellied sliders (trachemys scripta) and river cooters (pseudemys concinna) were evaluated for a variety of health values at presentation to the nc state turtle rescue team and prior to release. an i-stat portable clinical analyzer and cg8+ cartridges were used to determine venous blood gas and biochemical values, the packed cell volume (pcv) and total protein were evaluated using hematocrit tubes and high speed centrifugation, and a differential wbc percentage was deter ... | 2018 | 30153271 |
| spinal dorsal horn astrocytes release gaba in response to synaptic activation. | gaba is an essential molecule for sensory information processing. it is usually assumed to be released by neurons. here we show that in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, astrocytes respond to glutamate by releasing gaba. our findings suggest a novel role for astrocytes in somatosensory information processing. | 2018 | 30079574 |
| effects of time and storage temperature on selected biochemical analytes in plasma of red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans). | objective to investigate effects of storage duration and temperature on biochemical analytes in plasma from red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans). animals 8 red-eared sliders. procedures blood samples were collected. plasma was harvested and analyzed at room temperature (approx 23°c; time = 1 hour) and then fractioned into 0.1-ml aliquots that were stored at room temperature or were refrigerated (4°c) or frozen (-20°c). biochemical analysis of stored samples was performed at 4 (room temp ... | 2018 | 30058847 |
| effects of environmental hypoxia and hypercarbia on ventilation and gas exchange in testudines. | ventilatory parameters have been investigated in several species of testudines, but few species have had their ventilatory pattern fully characterized by presenting all variables necessary to understand changes in breathing pattern seen under varying environmental conditions. | 2018 | 30018853 |
| isolated adult turtle brainstems exhibit central hypoxic chemosensitivity. | during hypoxia, red-eared slider turtles increase ventilation and decrease episodic breathing, but whether these responses are due to central mechanisms is not known. to test this question, isolated adult turtle brainstems were exposed to 240 min of hypoxic solution (bath po2 = 32.6 ± 1.2 mmhg) and spontaneous respiratory-related motor bursts (respiratory event) were recorded on hypoglossal nerve roots. during hypoxia, burst frequency increased during the first 15 min, and then decreased during ... | 2018 | 30003967 |
| synaptic drive in spinal motoneurons during scratch network activity. | synaptic activity in motoneurons may provide unique insight in the relation between functional network activity and behavior. during scratch network activity in an ex vivo preparation from red-eared turtles ( trachemys scripta elegans), excitatory and inhibitory synaptic current can be separated and quantified in voltage-clamp recordings. with this technique, we confirm the reciprocal synaptic excitation and inhibition in hip flexor motoneurons during ipsilateral scratching and show that out-of- ... | 2018 | 29995609 |
| -characterization of pyruvate kinase from the anoxia tolerant turtle, trachemys scripta elegans: a potential role for enzyme methylation during metabolic rate depression. | pyruvate kinase (pk) is responsible for the final reaction in glycolysis. as pk is a glycolytic control point, the analysis of pk posttranslational modifications (ptm) and kinetic changes reveals a key piece of the reorganization of energy metabolism in an anoxia tolerant vertebrate. | 2018 | 29900073 |
| the evaluation of anoxia responsive e2f dna binding activity in the red eared slider turtle, trachemys scripta elegans. | in many cases, the dna-binding activity of a transcription factor does not change, while its transcriptional activity is greatly influenced by the make-up of bound proteins. in this study, we assessed the protein composition and dna-binding ability of the e2f transcription factor complex to provide insight into cell cycle control in an anoxia tolerant turtle through the use of a modified elisa protocol. this modification also permits the use of custom dna probes that are tailored to a specific d ... | 2018 | 29770276 |
| the histone demethylase kdm6b regulates temperature-dependent sex determination in a turtle species. | temperature-dependent sex determination is a notable model of phenotypic plasticity. in many reptiles, including the red-eared slider turtle trachemys scripta elegans (t. scripta), the individual's sex is determined by the ambient temperature during egg incubation. in this study, we show that the histone h3 lysine 27 (h3k27) demethylase kdm6b exhibits temperature-dependent sexually dimorphic expression in early t. scripta embryos before the gonad is distinct. knockdown of kdm6b at 26°c (a temper ... | 2018 | 29748283 |
| distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in the brain of the turtle (pseudemys scripta elegans). | the distribution of glutamatergic neurons has been extensively studied in mammalian and avian brains, but its distribution in a reptilian brain remains unknown. in the present study, the distribution of subpopulations of glutamatergic neurons in the turtle brain was examined by in situ hybridization using probes for vesicular glutamate transporter (vglut) 1-3. strong vglut1 expression was observed in the telencephalic pallium; the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, the medial, dorsomedial, dors ... | 2018 | 29603220 |
| emergence of serotonergic neurons after spinal cord injury in turtles. | plasticity of neural circuits takes many forms and plays a fundamental role in regulating behavior to changing demands while maintaining stability. for example, during spinal cord development neurotransmitter identity in neurons is dynamically adjusted in response to changes in the activity of spinal networks. it is reasonable to speculate that this type of plasticity might occur also in mature spinal circuits in response to injury. because serotonergic signaling has a central role in spinal cor ... | 2018 | 29593503 |
| suppression of reactive oxygen species generation in heart mitochondria from anoxic turtles: the role of complex i s-nitrosation. | freshwater turtles (trachemys scripta) are among the very few vertebrates capable of tolerating severe hypoxia and re-oxygenation without suffering from damage to the heart. as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion causes a burst of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ros) in mammals, the question arises as to whether, and if so how, this ros burst is prevented in the turtle heart. we find that heart mitochondria isolated from turtles acclimated to anoxia produce less ros than mitochondria from ... | 2018 | 29496783 |
| regeneration of the eighth nerve fibers after transection in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans. | the present study examined the time sequence of degeneration and regeneration after transection of the eighth nerve in the red-eared turtle as well as the chromatolytic reaction of the turtle auditory ganglion cells. horseradish peroxidase (hrp) transport between auditory ganglion cells and the medulla identified eighth nerve connections. the course of eighth nerve degeneration was followed with fink and heimer degeneration stain and hrp reaction. cresyl-violet-stained sections through auditory ... | 1987 | 29921105 |
| scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts of the glomeruli of two species of turtles. | scanning electron micrographs of microcorrosion casts of the renal vascular system of pseudemys scripta and testudo hermanni show fairly well-developed, round glomeruli in the former (mean diameter of casts: 83.1 μm) and fewer but bigger, ovoid glomeruli (mean diameter of casts: 111.1 μm/131.6 μm) in the more arid-adapted. t. hermanni. furthermore, the intrarenal development of the pertiubular capillary system differs in these two species. these relatively minor morphological differences correla ... | 1987 | 29925198 |
| the cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle. | the cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in nissl-stained and golgi-impregnated material. the torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. the torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle. the central nucleus can ... | 1981 | 30139190 |
| ultrastructure of the tastebuds of the red-eared turtle, chrysemys scripta elegans. | the fine structure of the turtle tastebud has been examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. it contains five types of cells on the basis of their cytological features, designated types 1,2,3,a, and b. types 1, 2, and 3 reach the taste pore, whereas types a and b are located basally. the type 2 cell has access to the tongue surface, i.e., the site of gustatory stimuli, and also synapses onto afferent nerves; it probably is a gustatory receptor cell and corresponds to the ... | 1980 | 30189715 |